Izivakashi zivakashela iziqhingi ezishisayo nezindawo ezishisayo emazweni asogwini lwePacific, i-Atlantic, izilwandle zaseNdiya zishaywe ngendlela engajwayelekile ngezihlahla ezinomqhele wazo, njengeziqhingi eziluhlaza okhula ngaphezu kobuso bamanzi. Kubukeka sengathi izihlahla zinqume ukushiya umhlaba, zibalekela ukugcwala, ukushisa, ukuqothuka, ukuwela ekujuleni kolwandle. Lamathanga abizwa ngokuthi ama-mangroves noma amane nje ama-mangroves.

Okuvamile

Okufanayo kungabonakala ezweni lethu. Ezindaweni eziphansi zemifula enjengeKuban, Dniester, Volga, Dnieper, amahlathi agelezayo ayakhula. Ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, zigcwele amanzi ukuze kuphela izihloko zomqhele zikhuphuke ngaphezu kobuso.

AmaMangroves futhi ayizihlahla eziqabulayo, kepha ahlala eluhlaza kuphela. Lokhu akuyona inhlobo eyodwa, ososayensi banezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-20 zezitshalo ezinjalo. Bazivumelanisa nokuphila emanzini, ezimweni zokuhlala kwama-ebbs nokugeleza. Ngokukhula kwabo nentuthuko, imvamisa bakhetha ama-bays avikelwe kumaza olwandle anamandla. Ukuphakama kwalezi zihlahla kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-15. Ekujuleni okuphezulu, kuphela izihloko zazo ezibonakalayo. Kepha lapho kufika igagasi, ungabacabanga ngokucophelela. Isici esiyinhloko se-mangroves izimpande eziyinqaba zezinhlobo ezimbili:

• ama-pneumatophores yizimpande zokuphefumula, ezifana notshani, ezikhuphuka ngaphezu kwamanzi futhi zinikeze izitshalo umoya-mpilo,
• enziwe ngensimbi - ehlela phansi “enhlabathini”, ebambelela ngentshiseko phansi, baphakamisa isitshalo ngenhla kwamanzi.

Izimpande ezinezinhlamvu zikhula hhayi kuphela esiqwini. Kumagatsha amaningi aphansi kunezinqubo, amagatsha, ngenxa yokuthi umuthi uthola ukuqina okwengeziwe.

Esinye isici esivame kuzo zonke izihlahla ze-mangrove: impilo yazo idlula emanzini olwandle, igcwele usawoti ohlukahlukene. Kubukeka sengathi “ukuhlala” endaweni enjalo akunakwenzeka. Kepha izimo zokuphila ezinzima zaphoqa ukuthi mangangeves ukwakha indlela ekhethekile yokuhlunga umswakama osungenile. Kuphela yi-0,1% kasawoti ongena ezingqamuzaneni zesitshalo, kodwa futhi sikhishwa ngemithambo etholakala emaqabungeni, okuphumela ekwakhekeni kwamakhristalu amhlophe ngaphezulu kwepuleti lehlamvu.

Inhlabathi lapho izihlahla zem mang mang kukhula khona zigcwala umswakama, kepha kukhona umoya omncane kakhulu kuyo. Lokhu kuholela ekwakhekeni kwamagciwane e-anaerobic, okuthi ngesikhathi sempilo yabo akhulule ama-sulfide, methane, nitrogen, phosphates njalonjalo. Lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi izihlahla ngokwazo nezinkuni zazo zinephunga elithile, kwesinye isikhathi elimnandi kakhulu.

Ama-mangroves ayizihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza. Amacembe awo ane-tint ekhanyayo eluhlaza. Banikezwe ubunzima bokukhipha umswakama, bazama ukubugcina ngangokunokwenzeka, ngakho-ke ingaphezulu lamapuleti eshidi alukhuni, lunesikhumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "bafunde" ukuphatha i-messata yabo ngokulawula izinga lokuvula kwabo ngesikhathi sokushintshanisa ngegesi ne-photosynthesis. Uma kunesidingo, amaqabunga angashintshwa ukuze anciphise indawo yokuxhumana ukukhanya kwelanga.

Izinhlobo zezinhlobo

Akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele ukusho ukuthi izingwebe zemihlume zikhula olwandle. Umkhawulo wendawo yabo kungumngcele phakathi kolwandle nomhlaba. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-20 zezitshalo ezinjalo, ngasinye sazo esizivumelanise nezimo ukuze zikhule ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ziyehluka ngobude besikhathi, imvamisa yezikhukhula, ukwakheka kwenhlabathi (ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kukadaka, isihlabathi), kanye nosawoti wamanzi. Ezinye zezihlahla zemangabe zikhula ezigcotsheni (i-Amazon, iGanges), ezigeleza olwandle. Inqwaba yezitshalo ingeyama-rhizophores, izinkuni zakhona zigcwele i-tannin, okubangela i-tint yayo ebomvu ngokungafani negazi. Bangaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingaphansi kwengxenye yesikhathi sonke. Alandelwa:

• I-Aviation
• i-lagularia
• ukulwa,
• Sonnetariaceae,
• izikebhe,
• myrisin
• verbena nabanye.

Amahlathi aminyene amahlathi ommbila angatholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile zolwandle, imilambo yemifula igeleza olwandle, ezintabeni ezinomusa nezikhukhula, ogwini lwaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, e-Afrika, eMelika, e-Australia, ogwini lweziqhingi zase-Indonesia, iMadagascar, Philippines, Cuba.

Ukuzalanisa kweMangrove

Akumangazi futhi indlela yokusakazwa kwama mangange. Imizwa yabo yiyona yodwa imbewu embozwe izicubu ezihanjiswa umoya. “Izithelo” ezinjalo zingantanta isikhashana ebusweni bamanzi, zishintshe nobunzima uma kunesidingo. Ezinye zezihlahla zemang mang zinezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokuzala, zingama "viviparous." Imbewu yabo ayihlukani nesitshalo sikamama, kepha iqala ukukhula ngaphakathi kwesibeletho, ihamba eduze kwayo, noma ikhule ngesikhalo sayo.

Njengoba sesifinyelele esigabeni esithile lapho isitshalo esincane sikwazi ukuba ne-photosynthesis esizimele, yona, njengoba ikhethe isikhathi se-ebb lapho inhlabathi ivezwa ngaphansi kwezihlahla, ihlukaniswe nesitshalo esidala, iwele phansi futhi inamathele ngokuqinile emhlabathini. Ezinye amahlumela azilungisiwe, kepha ngokugeleza kwamanzi "kushesha ngifuna isabelo esingcono." Kwesinye isikhathi bahamba amabanga amade futhi lapho, kwezinye izikhathi unyaka wonke, balinda isikhathi esikahle sokuqala bese siqala ukuthuthuka.

Umzabalazo wokulondolozwa kwamahlathi

Ama-mangroves amaningi anezici ezikhethekile zokhuni: umbala ongavamile, ubulukhuni obandayo, njalonjalo. Ngakho-ke, abahlali bendawo, izinkampani zaseYurophu, bazigawula kakhulu. Izinkuni zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ifenisha, ubuciko obuhlukahlukene, amabhodi eparadesi, izinto ezibhekene nazo. Lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni kwendawo yamahlathi emihlume. Kepha ziwuhlobo lwesihlangu esimboza ugu olusuka tsunami. Lapho sihlaziya ukubhujiswa okwabangelwa yi-tsunami, okwathi ngonyaka ka-2004 kwabangela ukulimala kabi esiqhingini saseSri Lanka, okwaphumela ekulahlekelweni yimpilo, kwavezwa ukuthi izivivinyo ezinzima kunazo zonke zehlela kulezo zindawo eziseduze nalapho imichilo yadilizwa.

Muva nje, izinhlangano ezisebenza ngomthetho emazweni amaningi bezilokhu zithatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo ekulweni nokusikwa kwezihlahla, ziqoqa imbewu futhi ziyitshala ngokuzimela ezindaweni ezintsha ezilungele ukuthuthukiswa kwezithombo.

Ama-mangroves awafani nawo kuphela. Ikhula ngokushesha, ivikela ugu olusogwini ekubhujisweni. Izilwelwe ezakhiwe ezimpandeni eziboshwe ngokuqinile zezitshalo, ezifaka isandla ekwakhekeni komhlaba, ulwandle luhlehla, kuqhamuka izindawo ezintsha lapho abantu bendawo betshala khona izilimo zamawolintshi, izintende zezandla zikakhukhunathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-biome eyinqaba yakheka emahlathini ama-mangroves. Ama-Arthropods, izimfudu, nezinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi zasezindaweni ezishisayo zihlala emanzini ezimpandeni zezihlahla. Ezimpandeni nasegatsheni elingaphansi elicwiliswe emanzini kunamathiselwe ama-bryozoans, ama-oysters, isipanji, esidinga ukusekelwa ukuze ukuhlunge kahle ukudla. Phakathi kwezingxenye zomqhele ezibonakala ngaphezu kwamanzi, amaxoxo, amaqhugwane, amaphara, kanye nezinduna ezimnyama zakha izidleke zazo.

Omunye umsebenzi owusizo wama-mangroves ukufakwa emanzini olwandle ngosawoti wezinsimbi ezisindayo ancibilikisiwe kuwo.

Inani lama mangroves

Mangroves i-ecosystem eyingqayizivele, okudala isimo esihle sendawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane. Uhlelo lwezimpande, olukhula ngaphansi kwamanzi, lubambezela ukuhamba, ngenxa yokuthi inani elikhulu lama-oysters libonakala emanzini asogwini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, omunye wemisebenzi ewusizo yezitshalo ze-mangrove ukuqunjelwa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo ezivela emanzini olwandle, ngakho-ke esifundeni lapho kukhula khona izingwebu, amanzi acwebezela ngokusobala.

Izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zama-invertebrates, kufaka phakathi amakhorali endawo, ama-polyps kanye nesipanji, kumboza izingxenye ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezimpande zemisundu ebomvu. Le ndawo yokuhlala iyindawo ekhulayo ebalulekile futhi ihlinzeka ngezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi.

Indima enkulu yama-mangroves ukwakhiwa kwenhlabathi. Bayakwazi ukuvimba ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kanye nokubhujiswa kwezindawo ezisogwini ngama-ebbs nokugeleza. Lokhu kufakazelwa ucwaningo lokubhujiswa esiqhingini saseSri Lanka ngenxa ye-tsunami yango-2004. Ngokusho kocwaningo, imichilo yasogwini lapho imila mangves ikhula khona ayithinteki kangako. Lokhu kuphakamisa umphumela odabukisayo wamathanga e-mangrove ngesikhathi senhlekelele yemvelo, okuthi, maye, isifunda sase-Asia kufanele sibhekane kaningi.

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, umuntu ubesebenzisa amahlathi emihlume njengomthombo wezinkuni ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukwenziwa kwezikebhe nezinsimbi zomculo kanye nophethiloli wokushisa. Amaqabunga amaMangrove angukuphakelwa kwemfuyo okuhle, izitsha zasendlini ezahlukahlukene zakhiwe ezivela kumagatsha, kanti amagxolo aqukethe ama-tannins amaningi.

Ihlathi laseMangrove

Izinzuzo ezingenakuphikwa zama-mangroves akusho ukuthi akukho okusongela ubukhona bazo. Amashumi eminyaka edlule amakwe njengezihlahla zemikhondo ngomzabalazo wokusinda nelungelo lokuba khona. Namuhla, cishe ama-35% ama-mangroves aseshonile futhi lesi sibalo siyaqhubeka ukukhula ngokushesha. Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwamapulazi ama-shrimp, okwenzeka eminyakeni engama-70s edlule, kwabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekubhujisweni kwawo. Ngenjongo yokulima ama-shrimp okwenziwa ngemithi, imichilo yasogwini yahlanzwa ngemisundu, futhi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwakungalawulwa emazingeni wombuso.

Muva nje, kuye kwenziwa imizamo yokuvikela inhlekelele yemvelo futhi kulondolozwe uhlelo oluhle lwama-mangrove. Ngemizamo yamavolontiya, izihlahla ezincane zitshalwa ezindaweni ezisikiwe. Izama ukusindisa amahlathi ahlukile nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Ikakhulu, eBahamas, eTrinidad naseTobago, ukulondolozwa kwama mangange kwakubaluleke kakhulu ngohulumeni wasekhaya kunokuthuthukiswa kwamachweba olwandle ahwebayo. Siyethemba ukuthi lesi simangaliso sangempela semvelo siyojabulisa iso lesizukulwane samanje, kodwa nesizukulwane sethu.

Ngenhloso yemfundo ejwayelekile, sincoma ukuthi ubuke i-CCTV "Red Mangroves eLwandle oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", kanye nevidiyo yokuqhuma kwemisipha ekhaya.

Ngeminyaka engu-30 yesikhungo saseRussia-Vietnamese Tropical Center

UVladimir Bobrov,
ozimele weSayensi yezebhayoloji,
I-Institute of Ecology and Evolution A. N. Severtsova RAS (eMoscow)
"Imvelo" №12, 2017

Isivumelwano sohulumeni bezinhlangano zenhlangano yeSoviet (manje eyiRussia) iVietnam Tropical Research and Technology Center (iTropical Center) sasayinwa ngoMashi 7, 1987. Asidalelwanga nje kuphela izinjongo ezisebenzayo (ukuhlola ukumelana kwezindawo ezishisayo nezinto zokwakha, ukuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi okuvikela ukugqwala) , ukuguga kanye nokulimala kwemvelo kwezobuchwepheshe, ucwaningo ngemiphumela emide yesayensi yemvelo neyomvelo yokusetshenziswa okukhulu kwebutho lase-US lama-herbicides kanye nama-defoliants ngesikhathi sezimpi s neVietnam, ucwaningo lwezifo ezithathelwanayo eziyingozi ikakhulukazi, njll.), kodwa futhi nangocwaningo oluyisisekelo lwebhayoloji nemvelo. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30 eyedlule, izazi zezilwane zasekhaya kanye nezitshalo okokuqala ngqa zathola ithuba lokufunda unyaka wonke ngokunotha kwemvelo yokunotha emhlabeni. Izibhedlela eziphambili nezindawo zemvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuxosha imvelo kanye nezindawo ezazisenkingeni kwakungezamahlathi anqumayo asezingeni elithile lenkathi yonyaka (umsebenzi wezindawo eziphila ngokulandelana kwezolimo wachazwa encwadini eyedlule enikelwe ocwaningweni lwezikhala zaseVietnam). Kepha kunenye futhi imvelo ethakazelisa kakhulu imvelo, ucwaningo lwayo olungazange lubhekwe kakhulu ohlelweni lomsebenzi wesayensi iTropical Center ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlukahluka kwayo kwezinto eziphilayo akucebile kangako uma kuqhathaniswa namahlathi ezindawo ezishisayo ase-zonal. Kukhulunywa ngemangroves.

Lapho ezindaweni ezishisayo khona ugu lolwandle luvikelekile kumaza amakhulu e-surf eziqhingini eziseduze noma ezigodini zamakhorali, noma lapho imifula emikhulu ingena olwandle nasolwandle, enye yezindawo ezahluke kakhulu zezitshalo iyakha - mangroves, ebizwa nangokuthi mangroves noma imangroves nje. Ukusatshalaliswa kwabo akugcini ezindaweni eziphethwe isimo sezulu esishisayo, lapho imisinga efudumele yolwandle ithanda khona lokhu, izihlahla zem mangove zikhula zisenyakatho neNyakatho noma eningizimu yeSouth Tropic. ENyakatho Nenkabazwe, asatshalaliswa aye eBermuda naseJapan aze afike ku-32 ° C. N, naseNingizimu - emaphethelweni eSouth Australia naseNew Zealand kuze kufike ku-38 ° S. w. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kogu, okuhlanzwa yimifudlana ebandayo, ayakhi. Ngakho-ke, ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika, okuyisimo sezulu saso sithonywe ubandlululo lwamakhaza asePeru, ama mangroves avela kuphela enkabazwe.

Ukuze ujwayele ihlathi le-mangrove, kwahlelwa uhambo lokuya eCan Zyo Biosphere Reserve, etholakala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yedolobha laseHo Chi Minh City (Saigon) - indawo enkulu kunazo zonke eVietnam, enwebeka ngamakhilomitha angama-60 ukusuka enyakatho kuye eningizimu kanye nama-30 km ukusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga. EHo Chi Minh City, ihhovisi elikhulu leSouth Branch leTropical Center likhona, ukusuka lapha senza uhambo lokuya ezindaweni ezahlukene zemvelo ezivikelwe lapho kwenziwa izifundo ezijwayelekile. Manje siqonde eningizimu, ogwini loLwandle lwaseNingizimu China (eVietnam olubizwa ngeMpumalanga).

Kuthatha cishe amahora amabili ukusuka ehhovisi elikhulu kuya esitokisini. Endleleni, udinga ukunqoba amabhuloho amaningana nokuwela ngesikebhe emifuleni egcwele iVam Ko naseSaigon, uthwele amanzi olwandle. Ku-reservation, sahlala endlini eyakhiwe ngamatshe. Zonke izakhiwo zokuhlala nezokuphatha zixhunywe ngamapulatifomu enziwe ngokhuni, nawo emi ngezitali, ngoba inhlabathi kulezi zindawo ayinyakazeki futhi iyabonakala, ayifaneleki ngokuphelele ukuhamba phezu kwawo, ngoba lonke ugu, lumbozwe ngamahlathi e-mangrove, luhlala ligcwala amanzi ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwansuku zonke. Futhi lapha kufakwa sediment silty ebonakalayo. ICan Zyo Nature Reserve idume ngokuba ngowokuqala eVietnam ukuthola isimo sezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wososayensi baseVietnam kwaphawuleka ukuthi ngubani owabuyisela isimo semvelo esachithwa ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sempi ne-United States.

Indlu Ehlanganisiwe eKan Zyo Nature Reserve

Izakhiwo zeMangrove zimpofu kakhulu: izihlahla ezizakhelayo zingokwendalo ethile - I-Rhizophora, iBrugiera, Avicennia, Sonneratia. Lokhu kwehluka kanjani nesimo semvelo samahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo (ezingekho emithini, lapho kubalwa amakhulukhulu ezinhlobo zezihlahla! Zonke izihlahla ze-mangrove zingezama-halophytes (asuka esiGrekini sakudala. I-Αλ and - 'usawoti' kanye ne-plantτον - 'isitshalo'), okungukuthi, anezinto ezivumelanisa nezinto ezenza ukuba kube lula ukuhlala ngaphansi kwezakhi ezinosawoti omningi. Zibonakaliswe ngesikhumba esomile, esinamaqabunga aqine; kwezinye izinhlobo, amakhethini akhipha usawoti kuwo, avumela lesi sitshalo ukuba sikhiphe usawoti owedlulele.

AmaMangroves asezingeni eliphakeme (phezulu) kanye naphansi. Lapha futhi ngezansi kwesithombe sombhali

Izihlahla lapha zingaphansi kwethonya njalo le-ebb nokugeleza, ngakho-ke zajwayela kulokhu kuguqulwa kwezimo ngokuthi "zibeke" izimpande ezihlanganisiwe ezinhlangothini zeziqu. Ngesikhathi sokuguguleka okukhulu, ihlathi alihlukile ngokubukeka ngokujwayelekile ezindaweni ezibandayo. Lapho amanzi esehla, imangange ihlanza ukubukeka okuhlekisayo - yonke izihlahla zimi kule "stilts". Indima yalezi zimpande ezihlanganisiwe lapho kukhona khona izihlahla zemangrove ichazwe ngomunye wongcweti abaphambili ekuhlolweni kwezindawo ezishisayo uG. Walter:

“Izimbambo zezimpande zalezi zimpande ezihlanganisiwe, noma ama-pneumatophores, zibhobozwa ngezimbobo ezincane kangangokuba zivumela umoya kuphela, kodwa hhayi amanzi. Esimweni esithe xaxa, lapho ama-pneumatophores embozwe ngokuphelele ngamanzi, umoya-mpilo oqukethwe ezikhaleni ze-interellular ukhishelwa ukuphefumula, bese kuthi ingcindezi encishisiwe idaleke, ngoba isikhutha, esincibilika kalula emanzini, siphunyuka. Ngokushesha lapho kukhuphuka izimpande ezingaphezulu kwamanzi, ingcindezi iyalingana, bese izimpande ziqala ukuncela emoyeni. Ngakho-ke, kuma-pneumophores kunokushintshwa ngezikhathi ezithile kokuqukethwe komoya-mpilo, okuvumelanisa isigqi semisinga ”[3, kk. 176-178].

Izimpande ezihlanganisiwe zezihlahla ze-mangrove ezidalulwa ezindaweni eziphansi

Okunye ukuvumelana nobukhona bezihlahla zemang mang yinto ezalwe ngayo. Imbewu yabo imila ngqo kwisithombo somama (izithombo zinobude obuyi-0.5-1 m) bese kuphela lapho zihlukaniswa. Ewela phansi, anamathela kusilika ngesiphetho esindayo, esikhombe phansi, noma, abanjwe amanzi, adluliselwe kwezinye izingxenye zezigodi, lapho zigxile emhlabathini ogcwele izikhukhula. Njengoba ukuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo ze-mangrove kwenzeka ngesikhathi sezikhukhula (ngenxa yokushintshwa kwamagagasi), kungenzeka ukukhomba ushintsho ezinhlotsheni ezivelele, ngenxa yezici ezithile zendawo, ikakhulukazi - ukuqoqwa kasawoti. Isibonelo, abamele uhlobo Avicenna usawoti obekezelela kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke izitshalo ze mang mang. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izitshalo zohlobo Sonneratia ungakubekezeleli ukugcotshwa kukasawoti omkhulu kunalokho okunamanzi olwandle.

I-Nipa palm - ummeleli ojwayelekile wezwe wezitshalo zemang mangve

Ngaphezu kwezihlahla zemisundu ezijwayelekile, lesi simiso semvelo semvelo sitholakala ngesitshalo esithandekayo njengesundu se-nipa mangrove (Ama-Nypa fruticans) okuvela emndenini wezihlahla zesundu (Arecaceae), okwakha izingwebu ezinkulu ezinde ezingamakhilomitha amakhulu ezifundeni nasezintabeni zomfula osilika kusuka eSri Lanka kuya e-Australia. Ukubonakala kwe-nipa kwehlukile: ihlukaniswa ngamaqhuqha amaqabunga aluhlaza acwebezelayo aluhlaza ngama-petioles anamandla angama-cylindrical. UNipa udlala indima enkulu empilweni yabantu bomdabu. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza iwayini, ushukela, utshwala, usawoti, i-fiber. Amaqabunga e-Nipa ayindwangu enhle yophahla, kusetshenziswa amaqabunga amadala ukusoka, kuthi kusetshenziswe i-petioles eyomile njengamafutha nezikethi zamanetha okudoba.

AmaMangroves luhlobo lomhlaba olunezindlela ezikhethekile zezitshalo nezilwane ezihlukile kuzo. Ezindongeni zemangange "imigwaqo ehlangene" yabantu abahlala emhlabeni kanye nasolwandle. Emiqheleni yezihlahla, izakhamuzi zasehlathini zingena olwandle, zigudle udaka olubhekise ezweni lapho zihamba khona, kuze kufike lapho usawoti wamanzi uvumela khona, izilwane zasolwandle.

Isilwane esivelele kunazo zonke ehlathini le-mangrove singatholakala ezindaweni eziphansi, lapho izimpande eziningi ezihlanganisiwe zivezwa. Kulezi mpande izinhlanzi ezihlekisayo zithanda ukuchitha isikhathi (ubude bemizimba yazo bufika kungabi ngaphezu kwama-25 cm) nekhanda elikhulu elinesiqu, elinamehlo agxekayo, anqwabayo njengexoxo, amaza anodaka (Periophthalmus schlosseri), abamele umndeni wegama elifanayo (Periophthalmidae) we-oda wama-perciformes (Perciformes). Into emangalisa kakhulu ukuthi lezi zinhlanzi zichitha isikhathi sakho esiningi emhlabeni. Bangakwazi ukufaka i-oksijini hhayi kuphela emanzini, ngosizo lwama-gill, kodwa futhi ngokuqondile emoyeni womkhathi - ngokusebenzisa isikhumba futhi sibonga isitho esikhethekile sokuphefumula se-suprajugal.

Esimweni esiphansi, iziqaqa zodaka ziyabonakala yonke indawo ezindaweni zemihlume. Ukuthembela kumaphini we-pectoral, njengezinduku, izinhlanzi zigxuma ngokushesha nge-silt noma zikhuphukele ezihlahleni zemihlume, ukuze zikwazi ukukhwela zize zikhule ngaphezulu komuntu. Ama-Mud jumpers anamahloni kakhulu kanti kuthi lapho umuntu evele, anyamalale ngaso leso sikhathi angene mink. Umbala ovikelekile (isizinda esimpunga ngombala onsundu esinamabala amnyama) uwavumela ukuba azivikele kwizinyoni ezidla inyama. Ukuhlala esigaxeni, isiqaqa sodaka kunzima kakhulu ukukuqaphela, ngakho-ke ihlangana nesizinda esejwayelekile. Ingozi enkulu yokweqa odakeni kufanekiselwa yi-herons, egobela usilika ibambe izinhlanzi ezigcotshwa yilanga ngomlomo omude.

Izinkunzi zamaMangrove eziningi eKan Zyo ziyefana kakhulu nangamaqhuqha odaka ngaphakathi nangaphandle ekuziphatheni.Boleophthalmus boddarti) kusuka emndenini wakwa-goby (Gobiidae), ophila ngendlela efanayo.

Umucu olwandle lwamanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo (kufaka phakathi izihlahla zem mangange) uhlalwa yizilwane ezingafani nalutho, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-all crabs (uhlobo olwejwayelekile) Uca), okungokuhleleka kwama-decapods (i-Decapoda) kwesigaba sama crustaceans (Crustacea). Lezi zincanyana (kububanzi begobolondo 1-3 cm) ezihlala emhlabathini onosilika emakoloni amakhulu: kusentimitha eyodwa yesikwele kuvame ukuba nemisele yazo engama-50 noma ngaphezulu, umqhele owodwa uhlala endaweni ngayinye. Lezi zilwane ziphawuleka ngoba abesilisa, ngesigqoko sabo esikhulu ngokweqile, benza ukunyakaza okuyinkimbinkimbi, bakhuphule isigqi futhi basinciphise. Emadodeni, umbala wesigqoko esikhulu uvama ngokuhlukahluka ngombala we-carapace, kanye nomhlabathi, okwenza ukunyakaza kwesigaxa kubonakale kakhudlwana. Okokuqala, ngale ndlela abesilisa basabisa abanye abesilisa, babatshele ukuthi lesi sigaba sihlala abantu, uma owesilisa othile engasinakanga isixwayiso futhi ehlasela insimu yomunye umuntu, kungqubuka ingxabano phakathi komnikazi wawo nomfokazi. Okwesibili, ngesikhathi sokuzalela, ukunyakaza okuheha abesilisa kuheha izinsikazi.

Iningi lezinkalankala ezidla ezinye, zithola izilwane ezahlukahlukene (ama-mollusks, ama-echinoderms), ziklebhula noma zichithe inyamazane yazo ngozipho, bese ziyigaya ngemifino bese ziyidla. Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, wonke umkhovu ngokuthula nangokucasha ucasha ezindlini zokukhosela, futhi aqaphela umuntu ebangeni elingaba ngamamitha ayi-10 futhi azise omakhelwane ngalengozi, eshaya udaka phansi. Isiginali sitholwa ngisho nalapho imfoloko ingaboni ngaso linye.

AmaCrazy kufanele aqaphele - kukhona abazingeli abaningi lapha. Okokuqala, lawa ama-macaque ama-crabeater (IMacaca fascicularis) - kunalokho izinkawu ezinkulu, ezifika kubude obungu-65 cm, ezinamadevu amhlophe namabhulukwe amadala kubantu abadala nomsila omude, kuze kube yingxenye yemitha. Lapho nje unqamula uthango oluzungeze indawo yokubhuka, uzozithola usuzungezwe ama-macaque amnandi. Kepha ungesabi, babukeka benamandla amakhulu, bebejwayele ukuphakelwa lapha, ngakho-ke bazungeza izivakashi, futhi abanye bazama nokugxumela emahlombe abo. Kepha ungavuki, ungashiyi ikhamera noma izibuko ebhentshini - bazoyintshontsha ngokushesha, futhi abaphathi ngeke banxephezele ukulahlekelwa. Lezi zinkawu zihlala emindenini emikhulu, zihola izindlela zokuphila ezinamahlahla nezisemhlabeni. Umsebenzi kuma-macaque nsuku zonke. Bazondla ngokudla okuhlukahlukene kwezitshalo kanye nezilwane ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ama-vertebrates amancane. Lezi zinkawu zaba negama lazo ngesizathu: imihuzuko yindlela yazo eyithandayo. Izinkawu zaseCrustacean ezinwabuza ogwini zilandelwa ngenkathi zihleli esihlahleni, osebeni lomfula noma olwandle. Ngemuva kwalokho behlela emhlabathini ngokucophelela bese bekhwela phezulu emihubeni enamatshe ezandleni, bashaye baphule igobolondo lesisulu sabo balidle.

Ukudla ama-macaque Esiqiwini, lezi zilwane azesabi nhlobo izivakashi.

Impela, njenge-herpetologist, nginesifiso esikhulu kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ukuceba kwe-herpetofauna "Kan Zyo" akunakuqhathaniswa nokuqongelelwa okuku-zonal ecosystems. Kunezinhlobo ezingama-24 eKukfong (uhlobo olunothile kakhulu lwezidalwa ezakhiwe ezikhungweni zaseNyakatho neVietnam), eKat Thien naseFukuok (izindawo ezigcina imvelo eSouth Vietnam) - izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20 [6, 7]. EKan Zyo, nokho, izinhlobo zezinyoni kuphela ezivumelaniswe kahle nokuphila ezindaweni ezihlukile zezinto eziphilayo, kufaka phakathi i-anthropogenic, zitholakala kulo lonke izwe (futhi kaningi cishe kulo lonke elaseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia). House geckos kusuka kuhlobo IHemidactylus ahlala ngobuningi ezindlini naseziqwini zezihlahla zemi mangibe. Imisinga ye-Gecko (IGekko gecko) cishe noma kuphi (ngaphandle kwezindawo eziphakeme) zaseVietnam zikhipha ubukhona bazo ngokukhamuluka okuyisimilo kwe "ta-ke, ta-ke." Iziqu ze-Bloodsucker (Ibala i-versicolor) - Izakhamizi ezejwayelekile ezisezindaweni zasemakhaya zaseVietnam - ngombono obalulekile, zihlala ngakwesokudla komgwaqo odlula ezindleleni ezihlanganisa izindlu. Kokwehlukahluka kakhulu kwezilwane zezwe, umndeni wezibankwa - Scincidae (Scincidae) - eKan Zyo ungabona kuphela ama-skinks elanga avumelaniswe nokuphila eduze kwabantu kusuka kuhlobo I-Eutropis, njengokungathi ucela ngokukhethekile kunoma iyiphi indawo enzima yezwe. Ngakhuluma ngezimbungulu zalezi zinhlobo, indlela yazo yokuphila kanye nokuziphatha kwincwadi eyedlule enikelwe eVietnam.

I-halot bloodsucker (kwesobunxele) kanye ne-long-tailed skink solar

Ama-Crocodiles ezinhlobo ezimbili ahlala eVietnam: comeda (I-Crocodilus porosus) noSiamese (C. siamensis) Kuhlanganisiwe kungummeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke (kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-7) kwendawo yokufakwa kwesinye sezingwenya ezimbalwa ezivumelaniswe kahle nokuphila emanzini kasawoti. Kungaba sengozini enkulu kuma-batherless angenandaba: kukhona izimo lapho lezi zingwenya zitholakala olwandle, amakhulu amakhilomitha ukusuka ogwini oluseduze. Ingwenya yeSiamese incane kakhulu kune-congener yayo, ayidluli kumamitha ayi-3. Ayibhukudi olwandle, kepha uyibona njalo osebeni lomsele weKan Zyo.

Izingwenya zaseSiamese. E-Can Zyo Nature Reserve, zingabonakala endaweni yazo yemvelo.

Zonke izinhlobo zezingwenya zezilwane zomhlaba zisengozini, futhi kuwo wonke amazwe lapho zihlala khona, lezi zilwane zivikelwe ngumthetho. Akukho okuhlukile futhi neVietnam. Endle, cishe azikho izingwenya lapha, zihlala ikakhulukazi emapulazini, lapho zigcinelwa khona ukujabulisa izivakashi, futhi kutholakale nesikhumba ngobuciko obuhlukahlukene (amawashi, izindandatho zokhiye, njll.). Kepha indawo yokugcina yemvelo yaseKan Zyo ingenye yezindawo ezimbalwa kakhulu eVietnam lapho izingwenya zingabukwa khona hhayi ngenxa yezithiyo zezinkundla ezingenhla kwamakhanda esivakashi amaningi, kodwa endaweni yazo yemvelo. Kucace bha ukuthi lapho befika bebonakalile osebeni lomsele, ngeke bakudlulisele esikebheni esintekenteke. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni eziningi zesibekeli, izindishi zokhuni (ezifanayo nezindawo ezixhumanisa izindlu) zibekwe phezu kwezimbobo eziphakeme, ongahamba kuzo, ubuka izingwenya zisuka kude futhi ungasabi impilo yakho.

Kuyiqiniso, ihlathi le-mangrove alinakuqhathaniswa nehlathi lemvula lasezindaweni ezishisayo ngokuya ngokunotha kwazo kwezilwane nezimbali. Kepha umhlaba wakhe uhlukile kangangokuba ngaphandle kokuvakashela le nqubo engajwayelekile yemvelo, awunakusho ngokuqiniseka okugcwele: “Yebo, ngifunde i-“ Jungle Book ””.

Izifundo zasensimini eKan Zyo Nature Reserve zazisekelwa iSikhungo Sokucwaninga Nobuchwepheshe saseRussia-Vietnamese.

Izincwadi
1. I-Bocharov B.V. Ingemuva le-Tropcenter. M., 2002.
2. Bobrov V.V. EMbusweni weFlying Dragons // Imvelo. 2016, 8: 60-68.
3. I-Walter G. Izindawo ezishisayo nezingaphansi kwezitshalo // Izitshalo zemvelo yomhlaba: izici zezemvelo nezokuphila. M., 1968, 1.
4. I-Shubnikov D.A. Umndeni wama-silly jumpers (Periophthalmidae) // Impilo Yezilwane. Ku-6 t. Ed. T. S. Russian. M., 1971, 4 (1): 528-529.
5. IBobrov V.V. Izibalo zeKukfyong National Park (North Vietnam) // Sovr. i-herpetology. 2003, 2: 12–23.
6. I-Bobrov V.V. Ukwakheka kwezidalwa zezilokazana (iReptilia, iSauria) zemvelo ezahlukahlukene zaseningizimu yeVietnam // Izifundo zezindawo zemvelo zomhlaba zeVietnam / Ed. L.P. Korzun, V.V. Rozhnov, M.V. Kalyakin. M., Hanoi, 2003: 149-16-166.
7. I-Bobrov V.V. Izibazi zePhu Quoc National Park // Izinto zokwenziwa kocwaningo lwezilwane kanye nezitshalo ngesiqhingi sasePhu Quoc, eSouth Vietnam. Umq. M.V. Kalyakin. M., Hanoi, 2011, 68-79.
8. UDao Van Tien. Kukhonjwa izimfudu namagagasi aseVietnam .. Thepha u-Chi Sinh Vat Hoc. 1978, 16 (1): 1-6. (ngesiVietnam).

Ekujuleni kwesihlahla somango

Imvelo yeMangrove ingumqondo ophikisana nalokhu: Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa ezivela emindenini eyishumi nambili zitholakala lapha, phakathi kwazo kukhona izidalwa zesundu, i-hibiscus, i-holly, i-plumbago, i-acanthus, i-myrtle kanye nabamele izinhlanga. Ukuphakama kwawo kuhlukile: ungathola isihlahlana esincane esinwabuzelayo, nezihlahla zokhubhula, kufinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha ayisithupha.

Kubahlali bezindawo ezisogwini zamazwe asezindaweni ezishisayo, imangango izitolo ezinkulu, amakhemisi, nezitolo zezingodo.

Emhlabeni wethu, amahlathi ama-mangrove asatshalaliswa ikakhulukazi e-Southeast Asia - ngokwesiko le ndawo kubhekwa njengekhaya lawo. Kodwa-ke, manje imangroves isezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba. Imvamisa akutholakali edlula ama-degree angama-30 ukusuka ku-ikhwetha, kepha kunezinhlobo eziningana ikakhulukazi ezinzile ezikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu esifudumele. Enye yezinhlobo zemang mangves ikhula futhi kude nelanga elishisayo - eNew Zealand.

AmaMangroves anekhwalithi ebaluleke kakhulu: nomaphi lapho akhula khona, ahlala evumelana nezimo zasendaweni ngokuphelele. Ummeleli ngamunye we-mangrove unesistimu yezimpande eyinkimbinkimbi nekhono elihlukile lokuhlunga, ukuvumela ukuba kube semhlabathini ongaphezulu ngosawoti. Ngaphandle kwalolu hlelo, bekuzoba nzima ukuthi ama-mangroves aphile endaweni emincane eshisiwe. Izitshalo eziningi zinama-pneumatophores okuphefumula angena kuwo umoya-mpilo. Ezinye izimpande zibizwa nge- "stilted" futhi zisetshenziselwa ukwesekwa kwezentengiselwano ezithambile zentaba. Uhlelo olunamandla lwezimpande lubamba udoti oluhanjiswa yimifula, futhi iziqu zezihlahla namagatsha akuvumeli amagagasi olwandle ukuba acekele phansi ugu.

AmaMangroves enza umsebenzi oyingqayizivele - ukwakheka kwenhlabathi. Abantu bomdabu baseNyakatho ye-Australia baze baveze ezinye zezinhlobo zezihlahla zemang mang ezinamadlozi wazo anganekwane okuthiwa uGiyapara. Inganekwane yasendulo ithi yazulazula izungeza isilika futhi wavusa umhlaba ngengoma.

Izinkawu ezinamaNosy zidlula ngezimpande zemisundu epaki yezwe laseMalawi iBako

Izihlahla zalezinhlobo ezingandile emvelweni zingabantu abayizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili kuphela, futhi zihlala esiqhingini saseKalimantan kuphela. Ihlathi leMangrove seliyikhaya lezinhlobo eziningi ezisengozini yezilwane - kusuka ezingwebeni ezinkulu futhi izingwenya ezi-phlegmatic zaya ezihlwabeni ezintekenteke.

Umshuwalense ovela ku-COVID-19

Umbuzo wokulondolozwa kwamahlathiundu ommbila wavuswa okokuqala ngo-2004, ngemuva kwe-tsunami ebhubhisayo olwandle i-Indian Ocean. Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi ama-mangroves asebenza njengezindawo zemvelo ezivikela ogwini emafwini amangalisayo, anciphise ukulimala okungenzeka futhi mhlawumbe asindise izimpilo. Kubukeka sengathi lezi zingxabano kufanele zanele ukuvikela ama-mangroves, okwasebenza isikhathi eside njengezihlangu zabantu.

ISundarban Forest esogwini lweBay of Bengal nayo isebenza njengomakhi wezinqola. Leli ihlathi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni wonke (cishe amakhilomitha skwele ayi-10,000) akhiwe eBangladesh naseNdiya. AmaMangroves abuye avimbele ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi futhi avimbele ukufakwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngaphansi komhlaba.

I-Bangladesh ibilokhu ilandela umgomo ongahle we-mangrove. Leli lizwe elimpofu ogwini lweBay of Bengal enabantu abaningi abangama-875 ngekhilomitha elilodwa lesikwele alikwazi ukuzivikela ngokuphelele phambi kolwandle ngakho-ke likweleta izihlahla zem mangango, cishe ezingaphezulu kwezinye izifundazwe. Ngokutshala izihlahla zemangange eGanges, eBrahmaputra naseMeghna deltas, ezisuka eHimalaya, iBanglandi ithole amahektha angaphezu kuka-125,000 womhlaba omusha ezindaweni ezisogwini. Phambilini, akukaze kwenzeke kumuntu ukutshala imangro - bakhule ngokuzimela lapha kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ama thickets aminyene eGanges delta aqanjwa iSundarban, okusho ukuthi "ihlathi elihle." Namuhla yindawo enhle kakhulu evikelekile yamahlathi omhlaba emhlabeni.

Emagumbini aminyene ehlathi, izihlahla zikhula zisondelane, zakha i-labyrinth eyinkimbinkimbi. Amanye awo afinyelela kumamitha alishumi nesishiyagalombili ukuphakama, futhi "phansi" kwalo mklamo kwakha indawo yokubhukuda enezimpande zokuphefumula. Izimpondo ezinde njengezimpondo zempondo, izimpande zikhuphuka ngamasentimitha amasilika angamashumi amathathu. Zixhumeke ngokuqinile kangangokuba kwesinye isikhathi akunakwenzeka ukubeka unyawo phakathi kwazo. Ezindaweni ezomile kakhulu, kutholakala izinhlobo zemihlume enganqumi - amaqabunga awo ajika abe nsomi ngaphambi kwenkathi yemvula. I-deer deass iyazulazula emthunzini wezithsaba. Ngokuphazima kweso ubamba esaba, ezwa ukukhala kwezindlebe kwama-macaque - lokhu kuyinkomba yengozi. I-Woodpeckers i-scurry emagatsheni aphezulu. Izinkalankala zigcwele emaqabunga awile. Lapha uvemvane luhlala egatsheni, olubizwe ngokuthi igwababa leSundarban. Amalahle grey, anemibala yamabala amhlophe, ihlala ivula futhi isonga amaphiko ayo.

Lapho kusihlwa kwehla, ihlathi ligcwele imisindo, kepha lapho kuqala ubumnyama konke kudambisa phansi. Ubumnyama bunenkosi. Ebusuku, ihlosi libusa kakhulu lapha. Lawa hlathi ayisiphephelo sokugcina, indawo yokuzingela nekhaya le-tiger yaseBengal. Ngokwesiko lendawo, igama lakhe langempela - bagh - alikwazi ukubizwa: ihlosi liza njalo kule kholi. Izilwane lapha zibizwa ngegama elithi uthando lomama - okusho ukuthi "umalume." Umalume ihlosi, inkosi yeSundarbana.

Minyaka yonke, cishe isigamu sesigodi samaBangudiis, ebeka engcupheni yokuthukuthelisa “umalume wehlosi,” eze eSundarban enhle izipho zomusa ezitholakala lapha kuphela. Abadobi kanye namapulangwe bavele, ophahleni beza ngamaqabunga esundu ophahleni, abaqoqi bezinyosi zasendle bazulazula. Sekuphele amasonto, laba basebenza kanzima behlala ezihlahleni zemihlume ukuthola okungenani ingxenye encane yengcebo yehlathi futhi basizakale ekusebenzeni kwabo emakethe.

Amagugu eSundarbana agcwele ingcebo ehlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwezinhlobonhlobo zokudla kwasolwandle nezithelo, izinto zokusetshenziswa okwenziwa ngemithi, amakhowe ahlukahlukene, ushukela kuyakhishwa lapha, kanti nezinkuni zisetshenziswa njengamafutha. Lapha ungathola noma yini, noma izakhi zokukhiqiza ubhiya nogwayi.