Ibhungane lesinkwa libhekwe njengenkathazo yomnotho wasensimini eningizimu yeRussia. Ngama-paws alishumi, la mabhungane ahlela izinhlwathi bese endiza ezitshalweni ezintsha eyofuna ukudla.
Ngolimi lwasekhaya, leli bhungane libizwa nge- "pain gruel." Kepha, ngaphandle kwegama elihle kangaka, leli bhungane lingenye yezinambuzane eziningi zezilimo ezinobungozi kakhulu. Lezi zinambuzane zidala umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo.
Ukuvela kwebhungane lesinkwa
Isihlangu ekhanda sezimbungulu zezinkwa zidluliselwa phambili. Imihlathi ifakwe amazinyo abukhali. Imilenze ithuthukiswe kahle. Imilenze yangemuva iminyene. Emilenzeni yangaphambili kukhona imiphetho eboshwe, lapho lesi sinambuzane sibanjelwe ezitshalweni.
Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha ayi-15-20. Umbala uluhlaza okotshani obumnyama nge-metenic sheen. I-Elytra ephuzi-bomvu, futhi ngasemaphethelweni angaphandle aba nsundu. Imvamisa kuba khona indawo enkulu yama-quadrangular kwi-elytra.
Ibhungane lesinkwa libizwa nangokuthi isikwa sinkwa.
Izinwele ezingavuthiwe ezingatheni zimboza ingemuva, kanti nomzimba ongezansi umbozwe izinwele ezinde ezimhlophe- grey.
Habitat yesinkwa
La mabhungane ahlala e-Asia naseYurophu. Amabhungane wesinkwa amaningi kakhulu aseningizimu yeRussia, avame futhi eNtshonalanga Yurophu, emazweni anjenge-Italy neHungary. Zitholakala eNhlonhlo yeBalkan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinambuzane zihlala eSiberia nase-Asia Minor.
Igama elingelona lesinambuzane alisho ukuthi alinangozi.
Ezweni lakithi, zivamile ePodolsk, Kherson, Yekaterinoslav, Kharkov nakwezinye izindawo, naseCaucasus naseTranscaucasia. Eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, indawo yokuhlala kwamabhungane wesinkwa isabalale nasenyakatho-mpumalanga: iVladimir, Saratov, izifunda zaseKazan nokunye okunjalo.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abantu bobungqingili bahlukile ekwakhekeni kwezitho zangasese. Izici zesibili zocansi zihlukile.
Owesifazane. Isigaxa sezimpondo sifushane kancane kunesiduna. Umugqa owalandela we-elytra engxenyeni engaphandle noma uqinisiwe kancane ngobude. I-Pygidium ebanzi icishe iflethi. Uma ubukwa uvela ohlangothini, isisu siyabonakala. Izinyo le-Apical le-anterior tibia ebanzi. I-spur onqenqemeni lwangaphakathi lomlenze ongezansi itholakala ngokuningana ngenhla yezinyo eliphambili. I-tarsi yangaphambili ibe mncane ngesigaba sokuqala esincanyana neside, esilingana nobude obulandelayo obubili, isigaba sokugcina siqine kancane. Uzipho olukhulu lwe-tarsus yangaphambili imfushane, ilula, ibunjiwe kancane, icijiswe ku-apex. Uzipho oluncanyana lwethars ngaphambili lude kunolo lowesilisa.
Owesilisa. Umngcele we-elytra oseceleni unguchungechunge lwamaseti aminyene, kwesinye isikhathi kuphela abesilisa. UPygidium usevele wavuvukala kancane phambi kwengqungquthela. Uma ubukwa uvela ohlangothini, isisu siyabola. I-spur onqenqemeni lwangaphakathi lwe-tibia yangaphandle itholakala malungana nezinyo eliphambili. Hind tibia isikhathi eside kunowesifazane. I-tarsus yangaphambili ikhule ngokuqinile, izigaba ezi-1 - 4 ziyagqagqana, zilingana 5 noma zinde kunabo bonke, ziyizikhulu, ngeshubhu ngezansi. Uzipho olukhulu lwe-tarsus yangaphambili alula aluhlukanisi, lude noma lufushane kunengxenye yokugcina ye-tarsus, eboshelwe endaweni ephakeme, emincane, ene-denticle ngaphansi phakathi nendawo noma iexex. Kwesinye isikhathi okuphezulu kusikwa noma kungacacisiwe. Amawashi emilenze ephakathi nangemuva ayemincane kunalowesifazane.
Iqanda ivame ukukhanya ngombala, eyindilinga ngesimo.
ULerva mncane, ogobile. Umbala we-integument uphuzi-mhlophe. Ikhanda limdaka, alinamehlo. Izimpondo ezinezinxenye ezine. Imilenze yinde, ihlome ngezingubo ezimbili ezimfishane. Ubukhulu ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu bufika kuma-35 mm, ezincanyana - kungabi ngaphezu kwama-25 mm.
Idoli i-oval-oblong, ikhanya ekuqaleni kwentuthuko, iba mnyama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ibhayoloji
Izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-Bread Bugs (Anisoplia) zisetshenziselwa ukondliwa kwezindlebe zokusanhlamvu. Lokhu kudale umehluko obukhali kusuka kolunye uhlobo lomndeni womndeni wakwaLamellar ekwakhekeni kwe-clypeus kanye nezihlakala zemilenze yangaphambili.
Iminyaka yayo yonke inhlobo yohlobo ihlangana nenkathi yokukhula okukhulu kwezimila zamakhokho (ukuphela kukaMeyi - ukuqala kukaJuni - Julayi-Agasti). Zonke izinambuzane ezi-Photophilous ne-thermophilic zasemini, ezisebenza phakathi nosuku. Ebusuku bawela ezitshalweni, ngaphansi kwezixha zenhlabathi futhi kude. Ngezinsuku ezinamafu, aziveli ezitshalweni.
Kuzo zonke izimo, zithanda izikhala ezivulekile, zigwema izindawo ezinomthunzi.
Ukuze uthole i-oviposition, izinsikazi zithanda inhlabathi eyenziwe ngendlela ekhanyayo, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zazo zithambekele ezindaweni ezinosawoti.
Izibungu zihlala emhlabathini, zondla izimpande zezitshalo kanye nama-humus. Ezinye izinhlobo esigabeni se-lazval hibernate kabili, ezinye kube kanye.
Pellet endaweni ephezulu, emhumeni okhethekile. Isigaba se-Pupa amasonto ama-2-3.
Indlela Yokuphila Yengulule
Njengomthetho, kwenzeka eningizimu yezwe lethu ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi, nangasenyakatho ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Ekuqaleni, udla amakhambi akhula endle, ikakhulukazi utshani bukakolweni, abese eshintshela ezitshalweni: ukolweni nebhali. IBarley ayidli ngokudla, kanti amabele awanaki ngokuphelele.
Ubumnandi obuphambili be-smith izitshalo zezinkwa.
Bachitha ubusuku emijondolo yomhlaba nangaphansi kwamatshe. Ngesikhathi sokulala, izimbungulu zesinkwa ziseyikho ngokuphelele. Ekuseni kakhulu, izinambuzane zigibela ezindlebeni bese ziqala ukondla. Uma isimo sezulu sinamafu noma sinomoya, khona-ke isinkwa asisuki, futhi uma lishonile ilanga, indiza isuka kwesinye isiqaqa iye kwesinye. Babonisa umsebenzi omkhulu kunabo bonke ngehora lesibili ntambama, ngaleso sikhathi indiza ihamba ngaphezulu kwenkambu futhi ihlokomisa isimilo. Lapho ukushisa kuncipha, amabhungane aba nokuthula futhi aqale ukudla okusanhlamvu okuningana. Kusihlwa, izinambuzane ziba ngokubabazekayo bese zehlela emhlabathini ukuhlala ubusuku obubodwa.
Emini, ibhungane lidla okusanhlamvu oku-6.
Isilo ngasinye sokudla okusanhlamvu sidla okusanhlamvu okungu-6 kolweni ngosuku, ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsikazi zilimala kakhulu kunabesilisa. Isikhathi sokuphila kwalezi zinambuzane cishe inyanga, ngakho umuntu ngamunye ubhubhisa okusanhlamvu okuyi-180, okuyizindlebe eziyi-9. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zivame ukungondli okusanhlamvu bese ziqala entsha.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhungane wesinkwa
Lapho nje izimbungulu zihamba emhlabathini, ziqala ukushada. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwenzeka ezindlebeni zommbila. Abesifazane cishe izikhathi eziphindwe kabili kunezabesilisa. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-12, insikazi iqala ukubeka amaqanda. Uma izimo zingalungile, lesi sikhathi singabambezeleka.
Insikazi ifihla ibhodlela emhlabathini, ibekele amaqanda ngasikhathi sinye noma ngezingxenye ezincane. Le nqubo ihlala izinsuku ezingama-2. Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda amaningi, ama-femes futhi, abese azimboza emhlabathini futhi enza ukubekwa okusha. Le nqubo iphindwa kaninginingi. Njengoba sekwenzile ukubeka kokugcina, yena, njengomthetho, uyafa.
Amaqanda wesiphazamiso sesinkwa: yindlela yokubhujiswa kwesitshalo eqala ngayo.
Amaqanda amhlophe, cishe ayindilinga. Zintekenteke kakhulu, ngakho-ke, azikubekezeleli umswakama nokoma. Amaqanda akhula cishe amaviki ama-3, bese izibungu zivela ekuqaleni kukaJulayi.
Izibungu cishe zimhlophe ngombala, bese ikhanda liphenduka elibomvu. Isimo somzimba senziwe ngesigaxa, inhloko ibanzi, kanti emuva komzimba kunwetshwe kakhulu. Amathumbu akhanya emzimbeni wonke ngomugqa omnyama. Ekupheleni kukaJulayi, izibiliboco okokuqala, i-molt yesibili yenzeka ngonyaka olandelayo ngo-Ephreli, neyesithathu ngo-Agasti. Izibungu zondla imfucumfucu yesitshalo ebolile enhlabathini, kanye nezimpande zezitshalo.
Ngonyaka wesibili ngemuva kokushiya iqanda, ngoMeyi, ama-larva pupates. Lesi simo sihlala cishe kuze kube sekupheleni kukaJuni. I-larva iguqula ibe yi-chrysalis ekucindezelweni okwenziwe ngesimo se-oval, okwenza emhlabathini uqobo. Amaphayiphu athambile, awakwazi ukubekezelela inhlabathi eminyene kakhulu noma emanzi kakhulu.
Kuvela izimbungulu ezincane ku-pupae. Zithambile, i-elytra yazo imhlophe. Izinsuku eziningana, izimbungulu zihlala emhlabathini, kuthi lapho umbala wazo ugcina, ziphume.
Izitha Zomqambi
Izibungu zeBhungane zibhujiswa ngojikijolo nangamabhungane. Ngesikhathi sokulima amasimu, izinyoni nazo ziyazidla: amankonyane, izingwe, amagwababa kanye nama-jackdaws. Amabhungane amadala azingelwa yizinyoni, ondlunkulu, ama-shrikes, ama-stingrays, ama-storks nama-hopoes.
Futhi kuyingozi kubona yizimpukane ezidla izimbotshana nezinambuzane ezimunca mabhungane. Izikelemu ezincane nazo zigibela emizimbeni yezibungu, ngenxa yalokho zifa.
Izizathu zokuzala kabusha kwalezi zinambuzane
Phambilini, la mabhungane ayedla utshani bukakolweni, bese eqala ukushintshela ukuze kutshalwe izilimo zikakolweni. Lapho izinambuzane zondliwa ngotshani bukakolweni, inani lazo lalingaphansi, ngoba ngemuva kokuqhakaza lesi sitshalo, kwakungekho okunye ukudla okufanele. Lapho ezolimo zikhula, amabhungane ashintshela ku-rye, ukolweni nebhali. Ngenxa yalokhu, isikhathi sokuba khona kwaleli bhungane lesinkwa selikhuphukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho ukusakazeka kwalezi zinambuzane kuthinteka ngokulinywa okungesihle kwensimu.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Ukuzala
Ngaphambi kokuba yisinambuzane esidala, i-goose ihlala isigaba eside njenge-larva: izinyanga ezingama-22, izibungu zikhula enhlabathini. Izibungu ziyazalwa, zifana kakhulu nezibungu zebhere, ezweni lamaqanda amancane amhlophe esigabeni sesibili sehlobo futhi zondla ikakhulu ngamaqabunga abolile nezimpande ezifile. Ekwindla, lapho nje kubanda, bangena ngokujulile emhlabathini ukuze kudlule ubusika.
Ubusika bokuqala bezimpilo zabo, izibungu zichitha enhlabathini ziye ekujuleni kwengxenye yemitha, kanti entwasahlobo ziyabuya zisondele ebusweni bese ziqala ukudla izimpande ezintsha, esevele zilimaza kakhulu izilimo uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka wokuqala wokukhula kwazo.
Isibungu sinombala omhlophe ophuzi. Umzimba wayo onobukhulu obunamanzi ugobile ngendlela efana ne-arc, futhi engxenyeni yayo yesifuba kunamabili amathathu wemilenze emifushane. Ubukhulu be-larva bungafinyelela ku-33 mm ubude. Lapho izibungu zemidumba ekugcineni kukaMeyi, ukubukeka kwayo kuyashintsha futhi umzimba uba mnyama, ucishe ube nsundu. Unodoli uchitha amanye amasonto amabili enhlabathini ngaphambi kokuba abe ngumuntu omdala futhi akhuphukele phezulu. Lapho amabhungane ephuma emhlabathini, ukundiza kwawo kuqala, okuthatha cishe inyanga futhi kubangele inkathazo enkulu emasimini ngezivuno ezivuthiwe. Amabutho wangempela alambile izinambuzane zihlasela amasimu okusanhlamvu aseduze.
Ubhungane olwakhiwe ngokuphelele lubukeka luhluke ngokuphelele kunolwelwe oluye lwaphila cishe iminyaka emibili emhlabathini. Usayizi wayo ngokwesilinganiso ifinyelela ku-13 mm. Isisu se-goose simnyama ngokuphelele, njengekhanda laso, ngazimbili zemilenze ne-pronotum. Ngaphansi komzimba wayo kumbozwe ngombala okhanyayo obomvana. Ibhungane line-elytra enzima yombala onsundu noma obomvu ngombala onsundu, okuthi lapho abesifazane benziwe ngopende abamnyama eduze kwes scutellum, futhi leli banga elimnyama livame ukwakheka isikwele, okulula ukulihlukanisa phakathi kowesifazane nowesilisa. Njengawo wonke ama-lamellae, ku-mabhungane, amadevu we-goose aphela ngamapuleti aqonde futhi afane nabalandeli ababili.
Amabhungane, ngokungafani nezibungu, aphila kuphela izinsuku ezingama-35 kuya kwengama-40, lapho enza khona ukuthi angagcini nje ngokulimaza isivuno kuphela, kodwa futhi azalele futhi abeke amaqanda amaningi. Ebusuku, amabhungane acasha emhlabathini ngaphansi kotshani nezinqwaba zomhlaba, kuthi ntambama abe esekhuthele, endiza esuka ezitshalweni kuya kwesinye, adle okusanhlamvu nomlingani. Emavikini amabili emva kokuzala, i-goose insikazi iqala ukubeka amaqanda ayo ezinhlakeni zobumba - inzalo yabo esizayo. Ehlobo, insikazi iyakwazi ukubeka isilinganiso samaqanda angama-50. Sesiyifezile injongo yaso, insikazi iyafa, kuthi emva kwezinsuku ezingama-20 ukuya kwengama-35, izibungu zibambe amaqanda bese ziqala umjikelezo wazo weminyaka emibili.
Ukudla okunempilo kanye nokulimaza izitshalo
Ibhungane lesinambuzane lesinkwa langempela usongo ezitshalweni emasimini ezolimo. Imenyu yamabhungane ifaka cishe wonke amabele akhula emasimini: ibhali, i-rye, i-oats, kanye nokolweni wasentwasahlobo konke kuvela kwalesi sinambuzane.
Uma izibungu zonakalisa uhlelo lwezimpande zama-beet, i-oats, ukolweni nezinye izitshalo, khona-ke ukulimala okubangelwa izinambuzane ezindala kukhulu kakhulu futhi kubhebhetheke. Ngemuva kokuphuma okukhulu ezindlini zabo zobumba, mabhungane aqala ukubulala ngentshiseko okusanhlamvu okubalulekile. Bazondla ngezinhlamvu ezithambile ezingakavuthwa, bezidla ezindlebeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, amabhungane akagcini nje ngokudla okusanhlamvu okuningi kanye nama-anther, kepha akhipha okusanhlamvu okuningana okuvela kuma-spikelets bese ewaphosa emhlabathini. Bavele banciphise izindlebe, bamemeze konke okuqukethwe kwabo okubalulekile. Ngakho-ke, isivuno esikhulu kakhulu sibhujiswa kunokuba amabhungane akwazi ukusidla.
Beetle isinkwa grinder - kanjani ukuqeda?
Ezikhathini zasendulo, abalimi babevele baqoqe amabhungane ngesandla, bawachoboze noma bawabhoboze izinambuzane ezindlebeni. Le ndlela ayilungile nhlobo esikhungweni sezimboni lapho umhlaba omkhulu wezolimo uhlwanyelwa khona manje. Namuhla, kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zesimanje zokulawula isinambuzane, esishunqelwa unyaka nonyaka emasimini ukuze sisindise isivuno samabele emabuthweni wabadli ababi. Cabanga okuyiyona ephumelela kunazo zonke.
Enye indlela ephumelelayo yokulima inhlabathi ejulile ngesikhathi sokuhlwitha ukuqothula izibungu ne-pupae ye-goose nokuyivimba ekuqhubekeni phambili. Amasimu ayalinywa ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvunwa ukuze kugaywe inhlabathi ngamaqanda nangezibungu ezishunqisiwe.
IBhungane lidla okusanhlamvu okuncane kakhulu, ngakho-ke indlela efana nokuvunwa okusheshayo kokusanhlamvu ekuqaleni kokuvuthwa kwensimbi yayo ivame ukusetshenziswa.
Ngokuqondene nomthelela wamakhemikhali ezinambuzaneni, awukona ukwelulekwa njengezindlela ezichazwe ngenhla ngenxa yokuthi kubalulekile ukufafaza amasimu ngama-insecticides ekugxekeni okukhulu, futhi amakhemikhali enza isenzo kuphela ngemuva kokuthi isilokazana sesivele sonakalise isitshalo. Kodwa-ke, lo mphumela uvame ukubhekiselwa kuwo.
Ukulwa nezinambuzane, izidakamizwa ezifana:
Lezi zimali zisetshenziselwa uma inani lezinambuzane liphezulu (lisuka kwizimbungulu ezi-3 nge-1 m2).
Isixazululo se-insecticidal "Karate Zeon" sihlakazeka sisuka endizeni noma sisebenzisa izibhamu zokufafaza ngesilinganiso esingama-0,5 l / ha. Isidakamizwa "Parachute" sifafazwa ngesilinganiso esingu-0,5-1 l / ha. / ha. Kwanele ukufeza ukucutshungulwa kwezilimo izikhathi ezi-1-2 ngesizini ukunciphisa kakhulu inani lezinambuzane.
Lezi zinambuzane zinokuxhumana okuhlukahlukene nemiphumela ehlelekile kwizinambuzane futhi zisetshenziselwa ukufafaza ingxenye ethambile yezitshalo. Baphephile ezilwaneni nakubantu.
Yiziphi izindlela zokubhekana neklabishi ukundiza.
Kuze kube namuhla, ibhungane lesinkwa se-goose lisalokhu liyinkinga enkulu yezolimo, kepha izinyathelo ezithathwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziyasiza ekuxazululeni ngempumelelo, zivimbela inkathazo ekubhubhiseni amasimu avuniwe okusanhlamvu Ngokwazi umjikelezo wokuphila komqhumo, izazi zezolimo zezinkanyezi ziqapha futhi zisebenze ngesikhathi, zivikela isivuno esibalulekile.
I-Timur the Crusader
Timur the Crusader Uma ikhulu le-XIII laqala ngokulethwa kweRussia e-Western European Crusader Order, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ukuphela kwekhulu le-XIV kuphawulwe ngokudluliselwa kwamandla eRussia kusuka kuma-crusaders aseNtshonalanga kuye kwiByzantines, futhi lokhu kuguquka kwaqala ngempi yaseKulikovo
II. Crusader ngaphandle kokholo
I-III. I-crusader ephelele
Isahluko 1. ICradader
I-Crusader
Kuzka
G. Ukuqagela. Kuzka
G. Ukuqagela. Kuzka Izithameli zahlakazeka. Kube nzima futhi kube nzima enhliziyweni ka-Kuzka: akakwazanga ukumelana nomuzwa owodwa omnandi kusukela ekuhambeni, ama-ruble ayisikhombisa awanikela ngezinhlekele zakhe ngenhliziyo yonke.
I-Crusader
I-Crusader Labo abathanda ukuhamba cishe ngeke baphikise ukuthi izifiso zabo zisekwe ethembeni lokuhlangana nabangaziwa. Ngazulazula futhi ngabona okuningi, kepha ngiyavuma ukuthi into ebimangalisa kakhulu kimi bekuwumhlangano nami. Nakhu ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani. Igama lami
Ibhungane lesinkwa libukeka lifana kakhulu noMeyi. Kubanga ukulimala okukhulu ezitshalweni zobusika nasekusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu. Ngamawashi alishumi, udonsa kahle izikhwebu bese endiza entweni entsha eyofuna ukudla. Ngokuphathelene nomonakalo, aliphansi kunhlobo lwezinambuzane ezinonya zebhungane lamazambane leColorado. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi lokhu okugcina kungukuhlupheka kwamazambane, kanti nesinkwa sokudla okusanhlamvu.
Ngabe ibukeka kanjani bug yesinkwa?
Lesi sinambuzane siyingxenye yomndeni wamabhungane ama-lamellar.Indawo le yande endaweni yase-Russia ese-Russia, ikakhulukazi esifundeni seVolga, izifunda ezise-Ukraine, eCaucasus nase-Asia.
Kuyathakazelisa! Lesi sinambuzane besaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. E-Russia, isiphanzi sesinkwa sasibizwa ngokuthi yi-Kuzka. Ngokusho komunye umbono, lo mabhungane waba “ngumsunguli” wenkulumo edume ngokuthi “umama kaKubkin”. Uhola indlela yokuphila yemfihlo ukuze ayithole, okungukuthi, "ukukhombisa umama we-Kuzkin", kuzofanela azame kanzima ukumba umhlaba ujule.
Isici esibonisa ukwahlukahluka kwa bhungane indawo emnyama engunxande ngaphansi kwesisekelo se-elytra ne-longitudinal grooves
Izici zokuzalela mabhungane wesinkwa
Umjikelezo wokuphila kwe-mabhungane wesinkwa se-Kuzka kusuka kuqanda ukuya ekufeni cishe iminyaka emi-2. Iningi lazo, cishe izinyanga ezingama-22-24, uchitha esigabeni sezibungu. Lapho usuqedile ukuqothula, amabhungane amancane ashiya inhlabathi ngoJuni. Masinyane iqala iminyaka yabo esebenzayo, ehlala kuze kube ngu-Agasti. Ezifundeni ezihlukile, ukuphambuka okuncane kwesheduli lasehlobo kuyaqoshwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ungabona izimbungulu zesinkwa kuphela ngesikhathi sosuku. Zisebenza ikakhulukazi esimweni sezulu esishisayo selanga. Bacitha ubusuku bacasha ngaphansi kwamagumbi omhlaba noma emifantu enhlabathini. UBeetle Kuzka akahlukaniswa ngokuvuka ekuseni kakhulu futhi uphuma ezindlini zokukhosela ngemuva kwamahora we-9.
Ehlobo, izimbungulu zesinkwa ze-Kuzka zikhipha i-buzz enobuntu. Inani eliphakeme le- “gluttony” yezinambuzane liphawulwa ngemuva kuka-15-00, lapho ukushisa kuqala ukuncipha. Ngezinsuku ezibandayo nezibandayo, amabhungane awavuki enhlabathini.
Emavikini lamabili ngemuva kokumuka, mabhungane wesinkwa aqala ukukhula. Imvamisa inqubo yenzeka ezitshalweni zokudla. Emva kwalokho, insikazi iqhubeka nokulala iqanda. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kubantu inani labantu besifazane liliphinda kabili inani labesilisa.
Ukuzala inzalo, insikazi igaya inhlabathi ibe ngu-15 cm ngokujula endaweni efanayo lapho kudliwa khona. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda emahlayeni ambalwa. I-clutch ngayinye iqukethe imibungu engama-30- 40. Uma umhlabathi uvulekile futhi uthambile, insikazi yenza ukubumbeka okungama-2-3, emva kwalokho ifele emhlabathini. Ubungako obukhulu bhungane ngalinye lesinkwa besifazane alidluli amaqanda ayi-100.
Izigaba zokuthuthukisa ibhungane lika-Kuzka
Ukuthuthukiswa kombungu kuthatha amasonto ama-3. Umswakama owengeziwe, kanye nokuntuleka kwawo, kungashabalalisa amaqanda abuthakathaka. Izibungu ezisanda kuzalwa ezivela ezinambuzini ezindala zihluka ngobude, umbala omhlophe okhazimulayo nosayizi wekhanda lekhanda. Njengoba ukhula, ikhanda liba mnyama ngombala. I-molt yokuqala yenzeka ngasekupheleni kwehlobo. Izibungu ziphinda zidlule ezinye ezimbili ngonyaka olandelayo.
Okubhaliwe! Izibungu zihlala enhlabathini. Ukujula kuncike kumswakama, emazingeni okushisa. Entwasahlobo nasekwindla, zingatholakala cishe engqimbeni olungaphezulu kobubanzi obuyi-1-5 cm. Ngokuqala kwesomiso nesithwathwa, izibungu zezinambuzane zesinkwa se-Kuzka ziya ngokujula okungama-25-30 cm.
Amacimbi amancane adla ezimpandeni ezincane, kubola imfucumfucu yesitshalo etholakala emhlabathini. I-larvae hibernate kabili. Isikhathi sobusika senziwa ngesimo sokuxineka. Izinga lokushisa elikhulu lokudilizwa kwamabhungane wesinkwa lingaphakathi kuka-0 ° С.
Izibungu ezishunqise ngempumelelo imvula ebusika ezi-2 ngoMeyi ziqala ukuncipha. Inqubo yenzeka enhlabathini ekujuleni okungamasentimitha ayi-15. Izibungu zizilungiselela indawo yokuphuza engemuva. Njengamaqanda, i-pupae isengozini enkulu yokushintsha umswakama nokukhanya.
Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-2-3, amabhungane amancane avela kwi-pupae. Ezinsukwini zokuqala, i-elytra yabo ithambile, futhi isembozo asikatholakali amandla adingekayo. Abantu bachitha izinsuku eziningana emhlabathini. Ngemuva kokuzivumelanisa nezimo, ukufiphala kwe-elytra, amabhungane amasha akhethwa emhlabathini.
Ukulimala okubangelwa izimbungulu zesinkwa
Ubhungane yisinambuzane sokusanhlamvu. Ukulimala kubangelwa zombili izibungu ezindala ezilimaza uhlelo lwezimpande zezithombo, izitshalo, namabhungane amadala:
- entwasahlobo, izibungu zingaphezulu kwenhlabathi enomswakama futhi ziyakwazi ukudla izitshalo zasentwasahlobo, izithombo zikabhekilanga, amabhele,
- ekwindla, ukushintshana kwezibungu kuya amahlumela ebusika.
Okubhaliwe! Izibalo zonyaka wesibili wokuphila zibeka engcupheni enkulu izithombo ezincane zikakolweni zasentwasahlobo. Ngabantu abangama-45-60 umuntu ngamunye nge-1 m² yendawo, ukuncipha kwesithombo kufinyelela ku-70%.
Akukho ukulimala okuncane okubangelwa izimbungulu zabantu abadala Kuzka. Izinsimu ezinokolweni wasentwasahlobo zihlupheka kakhulu kuzo kunezilimo zasebusika, ngoba isikhathi esichithwa kuzo zinde kakhulu. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, okusanhlamvu okubandayo ebusika, u-Kuzka ubhubhisa i-1.1 g, kuthi okusanhlamvu kwasentwasahlobo kungalimaza u-2.3 g.
Ekuhlaziyeni kabusha okusanhlamvu, bug ngayinye yesinkwa ibhubhisa cishe izingcezu eziyi-180, eziyizindlebe eziyishumi. Ngokweminye imibiko, ukulimala kufinyelela okusanhlamvu okungu-400. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukonakala kwesinambuzane kuqhathaniswa nenkulumo eyaziwayo: "Angizange ngidle, ngiyaluma." U-Kuzka akagcini nje ngokudla okusanhlamvu, kodwa umane angqongqoze ngama-paws akhe.
Izimbangela Zokukhiqizwa Kwezinambuzane Eziningi
Emakhulukhulu eminyaka ambalwa edlule, igridi yengqolowa yayiwumthombo oyinhloko wokudla wezimbungulu zezinkwa. Ukuthuthuka kwezolimo kuholele ekutheni izinambuzane ziguqukele emthonjeni omnandi kakhudlwana womsoco - okusanhlamvu. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezimo zabo zokuphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungahambisani nokushintshwa kwezilimo, ukutshala okunganele kwamasimu kuvumelana kuphela nentuthuko yabantu.
Izimo zezulu ezithandekayo nazo zinomthelela ekwandeni kwenani lamabhungane wesinkwa:
- ubusika obufudumele abufakeli ekubhujisweni kwabantu ubusika,
- ukuna kwemvula ngesikhathi sokukhula kombungu nokuqhakaza izibungu kuthinta kahle ukukhula kwezinambuzane.
Ungabhekana kanjani nesiphazamiso sesinkwa
I-Kuzka bhungane inezitha zemvelo ezilawula inani lezilokazane. Lokhu kufaka izingwegwe, ama-jackdaw, amahlaya, undlunkulu, izinkanyezi, amahlosi, izinhlobo ezidla inyama yezimpukane, iminyovu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Phambilini, abalimi baqaphela iqiniso lokuthi izimbungulu zesinkwa ze-Kuzka zisebenza ikakhulukazi emaphethelweni enkambu futhi zingalokothi zigibele ngaphakathi. Mayelana nalokhu, izitshalo ezingabizi kakhulu ezitshalwe ezungeza umngcele wethimu lesinkwa ukuze kudluliselwe ukunaka kwezinambuzane.
Kwezolimo zesimanje, kuthathwa izinyathelo ezilandelayo ukulwa ne-buka yesinkwa:
- ukuhambisana nokujikeleza kwezitshalo zomjikelezo,
- ukulima ukwindla kwasekwindla - akusizi ngalutho ngokuphelele maqondana nezibungu, njengoba ziya ekujuleni okukhulu,
- ukuhlukaniswa komugqa ngoJuni
- ukuvuna okusanhlamvu kusenesikhathi,
- ama-insecticides ngokumelene namabhungane asetshenziswe kule minyaka eyi-10 edlule, amakhompiyutha e-organophosphorus azibonakalise kahle. Ukusetshenziswa kwe- "Metaphos" noma "Chlorophos" kuqinisekisa ukufa kwamabhungane.
Imvamisa, ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali ngokumelene nezinambuzane zesinkwa kungabhubhisa ngasikhathi sinye izibungu zezinambuzane.
Akubona nje kuphela ukuthi thina bantu siyathokozela esivunweni sethu, abanye futhi abanandaba nokudla imikhiqizo yethu eseyikhululwe inkinga. Vele kunabantu abaningi abanjalo, kepha ake sihlale kwisifo esisodwa, esidume ngokuthi yi-bhungane. Ngamawindi akhe ayishumi, ngobuhle bomlingo, wahlunga ama-spikelets, endiza esuka entweni iye kwenye.
Ngesifiso esithile, idla ibhali, i-rye, ukolweni, okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu. Ama-larvae ahlukaniswa yi-voracity eyandayo futhi, ngaphezu kwezitshalo zikakolweni, adla izimpande ze-beet, ugwayi, ummbila, amazambane, nojongilanga. Ngabe ibukeka kanjani le nkathazo yomnotho wezwe futhi ikhona indlela yokubhekana nayo?!
Isitha kumele sazi mathupha
Umuntu omdala unobude obufushane bomzimba - cishe u-10-16 mm, okuthi, kanye nekhanda, kumnyama. I-Elytra ine-brown egcwele brown noma aphuzi obomvu, futhi eduze kwemiphetho iphenduka ithoni emnyama emnyama. Izinsikazi zinesici esibonayo - ibala elincane lombala omnyama kanye noxantathu, eseduze nekhanda.
Izingalo, ezimbozwe izinwele ezimpunga, zakhiwe kahle futhi zikuvumela ukuba ubambelele kalula ezindlebeni ngenkathi indiza isuka endaweni iye kwenye. Ekhanda ungabona i-antennae encane, futhi kumathiphu abo kukhona amapuleti acwebile, okuthi ngesimo esithe xaxa afane nefeni.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kunomehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane: izinsikazi zinemilo eyindilinga eyengeziwe, kuyilapho ibhungane leduna lebhokisi linemikhono emilenzeni yangaphambili.
Izigaba zokuthuthuka
IBhungane lihamba ngezigaba eziningana zokuthuthuka:
Isikhathi sokuvula amaqanda kuze kube amasonto amathathu. Ngasikhathi sinye, inani elikhulu lomswakama, kanye nokuntuleka kwaso, kulimaza inzalo. Izibungu ezinamahloni zinombala omhlophe ogqamile, kodwa njengoba zikhula ziya mnyama. Ukuze kucace kakhudlwana, i-bug beetle wethulwa ngezansi. Lesi sithombe sikhombisa ukuthi sibukeka kanjani esigabeni se-larval.
Ikhanda lesigaxa esidala sithola umnyama omnyama. Kungokokuqala ukuthi balahlekelwe yisikhumba sabo ehlobo ekugcineni konyaka, bese ngonyaka olandelayo bethola ezinye ezimbili.
Livare Zihlala ikakhulu emhlabeni, futhi ukujula lapho zangena khona kuya ngesilinganiso somswakama kanye namazinga okushisa asendaweni. Entwasahlobo nasekwindla, zilele ekujuleni kwe-1-5 cm, cishe khona kanye ebusweni, futhi kulula kakhulu ukuyithola. Kepha uma kunesomiso noma isithwathwa sidlula, izibungu zijula ngamasentimitha angama-25-30. Ezifundeni ezibandayo, zingcwaba ngisho nokujula ubusika - cishe 80 cm.
Umthombo wokudla kwezibungu ezincane yizimpande ezincane noma imfucumfucu yokubola etholakala kuyo kuphela. Ukudla kwezibungu ezindala sekuvele kunezimpande zezitshalo. Zonke izibungu zebhungane lesinkwa, ezidlule ngempumelelo ukukhethwa kwemvelo ngemuva kweminyaka emibili yokuhlala emhlabathini, ziqala ukulungiselela isigaba esilandelayo.
Ukuguqula chrysalis izibungu zihlelela indawo yokukhosela esekujuleni okufika ku-15 cm. Ngalesi sikhathi, ziba sengozini yokukhanya, kanye nangokuhambisana nokushisa nokushisa komswakama.
Isigaba sabadala iza ngemuva kwamaviki ama-2-3 wokuvuthwa kwe-pupae. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni, amabhungane amancane asenama-elytra athambile futhi isembozo asikaqinile ngokwanele. Intsha isachitha izinsuku ezimbalwa emhlabathini ize iqiniswe ngokuphelele, bese ifika ebusweni. Lapho-ke ungabamba ibhungane ihansi likakolweni esidlweni.
Indawo yokusabalalisa
Ensimini yamazwe e-CIS, kubangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kubahlali basePodolsk, Kherson, Yekaterinoslav, ezifundeni zaseKharkov, kubandakanya nezinye izindawo eziningi. Kepha eminyakeni engama-30 eyedlule, indawo abahlala kuyo iye yanda ngandlela thile isiya ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga: iVladimir, Saratov, izifunda zaseKazan. Futhi, izimbungulu zizizwa zilungile eCaucasus noma eCaucasus.
Beetle ukulimala
Ukulimala okuvela kubhungane le-bug akulona eliphansi ngokwemibandela yomonakalo encintisana nalo lapho kubhekene nesinambuzane saseColorado. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi owokuqala ugxile kakhulu ezitshalweni zikakhokho, kanti iLeptinotarsa decemlineata idla amaqabunga amazambane.
Ukulimala okuvela ku-mabhungane akunakucatshangwa, futhi ukulimala kokudla okusanhlamvu akulethwa hhayi kuphela ngabantu abadala, kodwa futhi nezibungu. Naphezu komjikelezo wayo wokuphila omfushane, ibhungane elilodwa elivuthiwe liyakwazi ukudla okusanhlamvu okungu-180 (noma ama-spikelets ayi-10). Futhi uma ucabanga ukuthi mangaki, kuzoba yini ukulahleka kwesivuno?! Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingozi enkulu ile hhayi kuphela ekudleni okusanhlamvu, kodwa futhi naseqinisweni lokuthi amabhungane akwazi ukuwaqongqotha kusuka ezindlebeni kuya emhlabathini. Kulokhu, inani le-180 lingakhuphuka lifike kuma-400.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe, isinambuzane sesinkwa singacekela phansi isivuno samahektha ayi-1,1 kakolweni obusika. Ukolweni wasentwasahlobo ungahlupheka kakhulu - kuze kufike kumahektha ayi-2,3.
Ngingakwazi ukuvikela isivuno sami?
Kwezolimo zesimanje, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulawula:
- ukulungiswa kwemigwaqo phakathi (isikhathi esihle kakhulu kuyizinsuku zokugcina zangoMeyi - izinsuku zokuqala zikaJuni),
- Ukuvuna kusenesikhathi
- ukusetshenziswa kwama-insecticides (ukusebenza kufakazelwe ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-10 yokusebenzisa),
- ukuqhuba iklabhu yokuqala yasekwindla.
Phakathi kwama-insecticides, izidakamizwa ezifana neMetaphos, Chlorophos, Sumition ne-Decis Extra zithandwa kakhulu.
Isilinganiso esinjengalesi sokulawula ubhungane lwamabhungane senziwa cishe ezinsukwini ezingama-20 ngaphambi kokuqala kokuvunwa, akukho ngokuzayo. Kulokhu, ukufa kwezinambuzane kufinyelela ku-90%.
Isitha sesitha sami ngumngane wami
Ngenhlanhla, inkathazo inezitha esingabiza ngazo abangane bethu. Izibungu ze-Shrew zingadliwa ngama-shrews nezinye izimbungulu. Lapho kulima amasimu, kungavela ngaphezulu, okungadonsela ukunaka kwezinye izinyoni: amankonyane, izingwe, amagwababa kanye nama jackdaws.
Ezinye izinyoni ngeke zenqabe ukudla izimbungulu zabantu abadala:
Izimpukane ezihlanzayo kanye nemila nakho kuba yingozi enkulu kubathandi bezilimo eziyizigaxa. Izibungu ezincane zingagibela ngaphakathi izibungu, okuholela nasekufeni kwazo. Ngiyabonga, inani lezilokazane alikho ikakhulukazi esikalini.
Isizathu sokuthuthuka kwesinambuzane
Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, kwezolimo zaqala ukukhula, okwenza ukuba izinambuzane zinambithe ukudla okusha. Njengoba ukwazi ukuqonda, bamthanda ngokukhethekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucubungula insimu okungekuhle kuthinta kuphela izinambuzane.
Izinhlobo ezivelele zama-phytophages we-agrocenosis wezilimo zokusanhlamvu uhlobo lwesinambuzane isinkwa-ibhungane-Kuzka (isithombe 1). Eminyakeni yamuva, emapulazini ngamanye, ukulahleka kwesivuno kwezitshalo zasebusika nezisentwasahlobo kumonakalo yi-beetle-bug bekungama-20- 40%, minyaka yonke ngesilinganiso esingu-5- 10% okusanhlamvu akuvunwa.
IBhungane lesinkwa sezinambuzane: incazelo
I-Kuzka pain beetle (i-Anisoplia austriaca H.) ijwayelekile ezifundeni eziseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Western Europe, ngaphandle kwezifunda ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga nePoleye. Okubi kakhulu, leli bhungane lesinkwa lilimaza ezifundeni zaseSouthern Forest-Steppe naseSteppe (iVinnitsa, iKiev, iPoltava neKharkov). IBhungane lilimaza okusanhlamvu kukakolweni, i-rye, ibhali kanye nezibungu zazo kulimaza uhlelo lwezimpondo lukakolweni nezinye izilimo.
Isidumbu sesilonda sebhungane lesinkwa silinganiselwa ku-13-16 mm ubude, simnyama, nekhanda, i-pronotum ne-scutellum ene-sheen eluhlaza okotshani, i-elytra red-brown, enendawo emnyama yesikwele e-scutellum. Isisu nemilenze yebhungane ngombala obomvana ngombala obomvana. Iqanda lifinyelela ku-2 mm ubukhulu, elimhlophe, okusaqanda. Isibungu sezilokazane ezinambuzane singama-30-35 mm ubude, simhlophe, simise okwe-C, sinekhanda elinombala onsundu nemilenze ekhule kahle (isithombe 2). I-Pupa mahhala, imhlophe, ubude be-15 mm.
I-wrecker bug beetle iba minyaka emibili, okubangela ukubukeka kwesinambuzane ngonyaka, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni. Ukukhula kwamaqanda, izibungu kanye ne-pupae yebhungane lesinkwa sezinambuzane kwenzeka emhlabathini. Ngonyaka wokuqala, izibungu ze-goose beetle goose zidla ama-humus nezimpande ezincane, futhi ngonyaka wesibili sezivele zilimaza kakhulu ingxenye engaphansi yezitshalo, zivimbela ukukhula futhi zingadala ukufa kwazo. Izibungu zonyaka wokuqala wobusika ebusika enhlabathini ngokujula kwama-30-55 cm, kwesibili - cm 20-45. Isibungu esisodwa sebhhungane lesinkwa sonyaka wesibili wokuphila singabhubhisa izitshalo ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu. Emasimini lapho kuhlala khona izibungu zebhungane le-Kuzka, kune-liquefaction ebalulekile yezilimo ezitshalwe esikhathini esihambisanayo. Isinambuzane sezinambuzane zesinkwa senzeka ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi - ekuqaleni kukaJuni ekubunjweni kwenhlabathi ekujuleni kuka-10-15 cm, kuya ngomswakama wenhlabathi. Isigaba sezingane sithatha amasonto amabili.
Izinambuzane zesinkwa samabhungane zivela ezitshalweni ngesikhathi sokulayishwa okusanhlamvu - kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi (izilimo zasebusika) kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti (izitshalo zasentwasahlobo). Ngakho-ke, amabhungane okuqala esinkwa avela otshanini lukakolweni, emva kwalokho andizela amabele ebusika, futhi njengoba imbewu iba lukhuni, okusanhlamvu okuvuthiwe kwentwasahlobo kuye kamuva. Ngakho-ke, izinambuzane zesinkwa zidonsa izilimo ezinokhokho bese zidla okusanhlamvu ngezigaba zobisi nokuvuthwa kwe-wax. Izinambuzane ziyasebenza ngesikhathi sokushisa kwelanga sosuku, lapho indiza ifuna ukudla, ihlale ezindlebeni zommbila zidle. Kusihlwa, ingxenye enkulu yabo yehla futhi icashe ngaphansi kweziqongo noma emifantu nasemifantu enhlabathini. Izinsikazi zamabhungane wesinkwa ziphila ngezinsuku eziyi-16 kuye kwezingama-24, izintokazi - 21-35.Amaqanda bhungane lesinambuzane lesinambuzane aqala ukubeka izinsuku eziyishumi nane ngemuva kokuvela, azibeka ezinqwabelweni ezincane zenhlabathi enomswakama ekujuleni kuka-8-20 cm. Ubhungane ngalunye lwesinkwa lwenkosazana lungabekela amaqanda angama-30 kuya kwama-40 noma ngemithamo emibili. Imvamisa, babeka amaqanda kukolweni wasentwasahlobo (ezindaweni ezisenyakatho), naphezu komoya ophuma nasemajukujukwini. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-777 kuzelwe, aze afike ku-80% wabantu besifazane abavuthiwe ngokocansi, avundise bese athuthela emhlabathini lapho ebeka amaqanda. Ngakho-ke, ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali, kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza lo msebenzi ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi - ekuqaleni kwesibalo sabantu abaningi bezitshalo ezinamabhungane ngezinambuzane.
Izifundo zesikhathi eside zisungule ukuthi ukuzalaniswa kwenqwaba ye-Kuzka beetle (isinambuzane sokudla kwezinambuzane) kubonwa ngeminyaka efudumele neyomile, kanti yona ebandayo nemvula ibangela ukwehla okukhulu kwamanani abo.
I-Bread Beetle: inkathazo ebusayo
Ukuhlwanyela Kuzka (A. segetum H.) kusatshalaliswa kabanzi e-Ukraine, inani eliphakeme libonakala esifundeni se-steppe naseCrimea.
Umzimba wamabhungane wezinambuzane ungama-8-12 mm ubude, ikhanda ne-pronotum kumnyama ngethayela eliluhlaza okotshani, ama-elytra anombala onsundu ngaphandle kwephathini emnyama. Izibungu bume ngo-C obunjiwe, ubude bawo buyi-30- mm, mhlophe, mhlophe, nsundu.
Izibungu hibernate enhlabathini, iphenduka ipupa entwasahlobo. AmaBhungane ahlala ezitshalweni ngezigaba zezimbali nokugcwaliswa okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu ebusika, adla ama-anthers, ama-ovari nokusanhlamvu okwakhiwe. Amabhungane ezinambuzane abesifazane abeka amaqanda enhlabathini kwizilimo ezilandelanayo noma ngababili. Izibungu zilimaza izimpande, zikhule izinyanga eziyi-10.
I-Crusader beetle (A. kilimoola Poda.) Isatshalaliswa yonke indawo, imvamisa e-Polesie nasengxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Forest-Steppe. Kulimaza okusanhlamvu kakolweni, i-rye, ibhali, nezibungu - uhlelo lwempande lwamabele.
Umzimba wamabhungane wezinambuzane ubude bube ngu-10.5-13 mm, umnyama nge-tintish-metallic tint, i-elytra brownish-ephuzi nephethini emnyama ngendlela yesiphambano. Umjikelezo wokuthuthuka ufana ne-goose yesinkwa.
Ama-Pread Bread Bugs Harm
Zombili izimbungulu kanye izibungu ziyalimaza. Esigabeni sokulayisha, amabhungane aqubule ngaphakathi kokusanhlamvu. Ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa, badla i-endosperm ezinhlangothini, eduze kombungu. Ukubhula okusanhlamvu okunjalo kuyachithwa. Amabhungane okusanhlamvu okuvuthiwe awakwazi ukulimaza, kepha agxotshwa endlebeni. Isinambuzane esisodwa sidla ama-7-8 g okusanhlamvu ngesikhathi sokuphila kwaso. Kepha okunye ukulimala okungaphezulu okuvela ku-mabhungane we-Kuzka ukuthi, efuna okusanhlamvu okuthambile, ungqongqoza amanye asevele eselukhuni, ngakho-ke uyakwazi ukubhubhisa ama-spikelets ayi-9-10, noma okusanhlamvu okungu-50-90 (isithombe 3). Kulinganiselwa ukuthi uma kubukeka inqwaba yamabhungane wesinkwa wezinambuzane, ukulahleka kufinyelela ngaphezu kwe-100 kg / ha yama okusanhlamvu. Ukulahleka okuncane kwesivuno sokusanhlamvu ehektheleni elilodwa lezilimo phambi kwe-1 m2 yensimu eyodwa yezinambuzane kuzoba ama-40-50 kg, amabhungane amathathu - 120-150, ishumi - 400-500 kg. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokubambezeleka kokuvunwa, ukulahleka kokusanhlamvu kungaphinda kabili. Ngokwesibalo sezilokazane ezingaphezulu kwe-10 zamabhungane kanye nokutshala kwabantu okuphakathi kwama-250 ngeziqu nge-1 m2, ukulahleka kwesivuno sokusanhlamvu kufinyelela ku-50%. Eminyakeni evumayo, ukubhebhetheka kwamabhungane ezinambuzane emaphethelweni amasimu kungafinyelela abantu abangama-60-100 umuntu ngamunye nge-1 m2. Isinambuzane sezinambuzane sidla izimpande nezithombo zamabele, kungadala i-liquefaction eqinile yezitebhisi.
Izinyathelo zokuvikelwa bug bug bug
- Ukuhlwanyelwa kwentwasahlobo kanye nokutshala kokuqala kwezitshalo zasentwasahlobo.
- Ukwenza ukulima okujulile (ukuqeda izibungu), ngaphambi kwalokhu - ukutshalwa kwesigqila okuphoqelekile.
- Ukusetshenziswa kokulima phakathi kwezintambo kuya ekujuleni kuka-9 ukuya ku-12 cm (ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi - ekuqaleni kukaJuni) ngokubhubhisa izibungu kanye nesikhukhamba sebhhungane lesinambuzane. Eminyakeni emvula, ukulungiswa kwemigwaqo yangaphakathi kwenziwa kwenziwa ukujula kwama-8-10 cm, eminyakeni eyomile - kuya ku-12 cm cm nangaphezulu.
- Inikeza ukwelashwa kwezimbewu ngama-insecticides, ukwethulwa kwamanzi e-ammonia ne-ammonrous ammonia enhlabathini ukuze kubhubhise izibungu zezinambuzane zesinambuzane.
- Vikela amasimu avinjelwe, sebenzisa i-herbicides ukuqothula uhlaza olungafuneki ukuze unciphise indawo enempilo.
- Ekuqaleni kokuvuthwa kwe-wax, kuyadingeka ukwenza iqoqo elihlukile elihlukile, sithathe ama-roll.
- Faka isicelo sokulashwa kwezinambuzane zezitshalo uma unqamula umkhawulo wobungozi (abantu abadala abayi-3-5 nge-m2 eyodwa), kusukela kumabhande asemaceleni. Ingxube ye-organophosphorus insecticides enama-pyrethroids iyanconywa ngesilinganiso sokusebenzisa kwabo amanani. Lapho ukhetha isilokazana esilawula inambuzane yesinambuzane se-Kuzka, udinga ukunquma ukuthi imuphi umuthi ovunyelwe (ngokusho kweRejista) owemukelekile ukusetshenziselwa indawo ethile nenhlabathi yesimo sezulu ngokusebenza okuphezulu kanye nokungabikhona kwezomnotho, hhayi ngokumelene ne-Kuzka kuphela, kepha futhi nokuphikisana nenkimbinkimbi nezinye izinambuzane.
Ngakho-ke, ukukhethwa kwezidakamizwa ukuvikela okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu kusuka ezinambuzaneni zezinambuzane zesinkwa kufanele kwenziwe ngokubalwa kwezinto ezahlukahlukene: ubuthi bokuqala bomuthi, isikhathi sokusebenza kwawo kokuvikela, ukuphikelela, isimo somzimba sabantu, inani lezitshalo, i-phenophase yesitshalo, isimo sezulu.
I. Niska, V. Petrenkova,
Isikhungo Sokukhiqiza Izitshalo V. Ya. Yuryev, NAAS
Ibhungane elinegama elihlekisayo elithi “goose” lingenye yezinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu emasimini kakolweni. Kwehlisa kakhulu isivuno sokusanhlamvu futhi kubangela inkathazo enkulu kubasebenzi bezolimo. Leli bhungane libizwa nangokuthi bug yesinkwa, ngoba lilimaza okusanhlamvu okuningi.
Ukulwa nalesi sinambuzane kwenziwa esikhathini esedlule, kepha kuyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi lezi zinambuzane zifeza ingxenye enkulu yesiphetho sazo ngaphansi kwenhlabathi.
Yini inkathazo lezi, izindawo kanye nendawo yokuzalanisa
Lo mabhungane ungowomndeni kaLamellar. Ngaphandle kwezimbungulu kuncane, kunekhanda nesisu esimnyama, ama-lumbar ansundu noma ansundu. Izinsikazi eduze kwekhanda zinendawo emnyama ngendlela yonxantathu.
Izimbungulu zinezimbambo ezi-3 zemilenze futhi zindiza kalula ukusuka endaweni kuya kwenye. IBhungane kumathiphu wezimpova zabo linamapuleti ama-2 agobile, angabhebhetheka njengesithingo.
Ibhungane livame ukubonakala eningizimu yeRussia naseCaucasus. Kungenzeka ukuthi uhlangane naye eqinisweni ezifundeni ezi-steppe ezinengqondo. Leli bhungane linezici zalo zomjikelezo wempilo, okwenza kube nzima ukulithola futhi ulilwe:
- Izibungu zomphathi zizokwazi ukuchitha cishe iminyaka emi-2 enhlabathini, zisindile ebusika ezi-2. Ama-larvae hatch aqhamuka emaqandeni amancane (2 mm ubukhulu), ahlala emhlabathini izinyanga ezingaphezu kwama-20 ngaphandle kokuba aguqulwe abe umuntu omdala. Akunangqondo ukuqaphela izibungu ezinjalo emasimini, ngoba zihlala zijula ngokweqile.
- Isibungu sikhulu ngokwanele, kufinyelela ku-3 cm, simhlophe, ekugcineni kokugcotshwa mnyama. Ama-larvae amancane amancane adla ikakhulu izinsalela zezimpande ezihlisiwe, ngokwesisekelo salokhu umonakalo ovela kuwo awubonakali ngonyaka wokuqala. Kepha ngonyaka wesibili wokuphela, izibungu ezikhulayo ziqala ukuba nezimpande ezintsha, futhi izitshalo ziqale ukoma ngokuqinile.
- Ngonyaka wesibili wokuphelelwa yithemba, izibungu ziyaguquka zibe yipupa elinsundu. Kulesi simo, lesi sinambuzane sichitha cishe izinsuku eziyi-14, ngemuva kwalokho kuvela abantu abadala.
- Ubhungane lwe-goose oludala luhlala kuphela inyanga nesigamu, kepha ngalesi sikhathi luyakwazi ukudala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni. Izinyosi zidla futhi zishade ngesikhathi sasemini. Kokubili umswakama okhanyayo kanye nehlobo elomile kumnandi kubo. Badla okusanhlamvu, futhi ebusuku bacasha ngaphansi kotshani noma imbobo yenhlabathi.
- Isikhathi esincane sokuphela, amabhungane ayakwazi ukubeka amaqanda afinyelela kwangama-50. Izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda enhlabathini ukuze ziba ngu-20 cm, bese zifa zingashiyanga ngaphandle. Ngemuva kwalokho kuqala umjikelezo omusha weminyaka emibili wokuphelela kwalo mabhungane.
Ukulimala okudala izindlela zabantu kanye nembhungane yomzabalazo
Kunzima ukungabuzwa ububi obudalwa yi-kuzka. Iqala ukuzibonakalisa esigabeni se-larval, idla izimpande zezilimo. Ubhungane lungalimaza hhayi ukolweni kuphela, kepha futhi ne-oats, ibhali, i-rye nezinye izitshalo zokusanhlamvu.
Izitshalo ezilinyazwe izibungu ziqala ukoma futhi zife, futhi isimo sokuthi imibuso icaciswe isiseduze kakhulu, ngoba izibungu azibonakali ngaphansi kwenhlabathi.
Abantu abadala banokukhanya okuningana futhi baqala ukuhlasela okusanhlamvu kusukela ezikhathini zokuqala zokuphela, benyuka begcwala emasimini. Isikhathi esincane sokuphela, elinye ibhungane elinjalo lingadla lifinyelele ku-8 g wokusanhlamvu, kepha selivele likhulu impela. Kepha umonakalo oyinhloko ubangelwa amabhungane hhayi kangako njengokudla, kodwa iqiniso lokuthi aletha okusanhlamvu kusuka ezindlebeni kuya emhlabathini.
Kunokusanhlamvu okuningi okuphukile kunalokho abangakudla, kepha okusanhlamvu okunjalo sekuvele kungafanele abantu.
Ibhungane laziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Phambilini, kungenzeka ukuthi yadilizwa ngesandla ngezintambo ezikhethekile, okwamanje, izindlela zabantu zokulwa ne-goose sezithuthukisiwe:
- Ubhungane lunamathela okusanhlamvu okusencane, ngokwesisekelo salokhu, ukuvuna masisha kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengezindlela zabantu, ngaphambi kokuba amabhungane alambile abe nesikhathi sokukulimaza.
- Ibhungane lezinambuzane lihlala kuphela emaphethelweni ezinsimu, maphakathi nalo alisabonakali, ngenxa yalesi sizathu kungenzeka ukusebenzisa umgibeli omuhle ophazamisayo. Abantu bahlwanyela izitshalo ezingabizi kakhulu endaweni ezungeze insimu, okuwukudla kwamabhungane, futhi insimu ngokwayo ihlala ingakenziwa.
- Njengomuthi wabantu, kungenzeka futhi ukusebenzisa isixazululo se-acetic, lapho amasiko afafazwa ngawo.
- Ukubulala ibhungane nomlotha we-birch. Udinga uthuli lwezilimo ezizungeze uzungu lwensimu. Ngeshwa, ikhambi elinjalo alisebenzi ngokweqile ngokumelene nezimpande zokudla izibungu. Inqubo yothuli yenziwa ekugcineni kwemvula, noma ekuseni ekugcineni kokubonakala kwamazolo, ngoba isebenza kakhulu. Ezingxenyeni eziyikhulu zesiza zisebenzisa i-10 kg yomlotha. Kungenzeka ukufafaza ngomlotha ngaphezu kwalesi sabelo somhlaba phakathi kokulandelana.
Amakhemikhali nezinyathelo zokuvimbela
Ukulwa ne-bug beetle, amalungiselelo wamakhemikhali nama-insecticides asetshenziswa kaningi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ezinye izindlela zisebenza kahle. Ukulawula inkathazo, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izinto ezinobuthi ngokwanele ekugxilweni okuphezulu, kepha ziqala ukubhubhisa izinambuzane ngemuva kokuba izimbungulu ziqale ukulimaza izindlebe.
Izidakamizwa ezihamba phambili ezivela ku-bug beetle:
- Karate Zeon. Lesi sidakamizwa sinokwethenjelwa ezilwaneni nakubantu, ngokwesisekelo salokhu kungenzeka ukuthi bakwazi ukucubungula zombili izitshalo emasimini nokuvele sekuvunwe okusanhlamvu. Ingena ngamagobolondo avikelayo e-carapace yebhungane futhi isebenze ohlelweni lwayo lwezinzwa. Ngenxa yalokho, i-bug iyayeka ukudla. Isigaba esilandelayo ngukufa nokukhubazeka kwezifo. Umuthi yi-ergonomic ngoba itholakala emigodini yokuhlanza ukumiswa, igcinwa ngokuphelele futhi ayinephunga elimnandi. Lapho sifafaza ingxenye engaphansi yesitshalo, cishe amalitha angama-200 ukuya kwangama-200 ngehektha ngalinye.
- Parachute. Lesi sidakamizwa sibuye siholele ekufeni nasekukhubazekeni kwebhungane, kepha akulimazi izitshalo nabantu. Isebenza kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezifihliwe zezinambuzane. Umphumela womuthi uqala ezinsukwini ezi-2 zokuqala emva kokuphela kokufafaza. Kepha ibhungane liba umlutha, ngenxa yalokhu, ama-insecticides anconyelwa ukuba aguqulwe.
- I-Euphoria. Umuthi ulwa nezinambuzane ngentshiseko futhi ungena ekuthambekeni kwezitshalo, okuqinisa kakhulu ukumelana kwazo nezici ezingezinhle zemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma umuthi ungashayisi bug, uyafa ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokudla.
Ezinye izidakamizwa zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha imbewu ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, ukuvikela ukubonakala kwamabhungane, kepha lezi zindlela zokuvimbela azihlali zisiza. Kaningi, ibhungane kufanele lilwe ekugcineni kokuvela kwalo.
Akunangqondo ukungabulala amagciwane kuwo wonke umhlaba emasimini, ngenxa yalokhu baphendukela ezindleleni ezinjengokulima okuvunyelwe ngemuva kokuvunwa komhlaba. Ikuvumela ukuthi ususe ingxenye yamaqanda nezibungu.
Imininingwane engaphezulu inganqunywa kusukela kuvidiyo:
Izindlela zokuvikela ukubhungana kwezinambuzane kanye namabhungane wesinkwa
Ukulima kanye naphakathi-irowu tillage on irowu izitshalo ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo - ekuqaleni kwehlobo, okuholela ekufeni mass of pupae isinkwa mabhungane. Ukuhlanza okusheshayo okuhlukile ekuqaleni kokuvuthwa kwe-wax ngokukhethwa kwama-rolls, okunciphisa ukulimala kokusanhlamvu yizimbungulu. Ukulima okugwingcizayo kanye nokulima ngaphambi kokuvunwa kwangemva kokuvunwa, okwandisa ukufa kwamaqanda nezibungu.
Ngenani lamabhungane entwasahlobo nasebusika ukolweni kanye ne-rye esigabeni sokuvuthwa kobisi, edlula ama-3-5 ama-PC. nge-1 m 2, kufafaza izitshalo ngama-insecticides: I-Decis Extra - 0,05 l / ha noma i-Sumition - 0.8-1 l / ha (ukwelashwa kokugcina kwenziwa kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-20 ngaphambi kokuvunwa).
Ibhungane lesinkwa libukeka lifana kakhulu noMeyi. Kubanga ukulimala okukhulu ezitshalweni zobusika nasekusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu. Ngamawashi alishumi, udonsa kahle izikhwebu bese endiza entweni entsha eyofuna ukudla. Ngokuphathelene nomonakalo, aliphansi kunhlobo lwezinambuzane ezinonya zebhungane lamazambane leColorado. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi lokhu okugcina kungukuhlupheka kwamazambane, kanti nesinkwa sokudla okusanhlamvu.
Isitha sesitha sami ngumngane wami
Ngenhlanhla, inkathazo inezitha esingabiza ngazo abangane bethu. Izibungu ze-Shrew zingadliwa ngama-shrews nezinye izimbungulu. Lapho kulima amasimu, kungavela ngaphezulu, okungadonsela ukunaka kwezinye izinyoni: amankonyane, izingwe, amagwababa kanye nama jackdaws.
Ezinye izinyoni ngeke zenqabe ukudla izimbungulu zabantu abadala:
Izimpukane ezihlanzayo kanye nemila nakho kuba yingozi enkulu kubathandi bezilimo eziyizigaxa. Izibungu ezincane zingagibela ngaphakathi izibungu, okuholela nasekufeni kwazo. Ngiyabonga, inani lezilokazane alikho ikakhulukazi esikalini.