URajapushka yinhlanzi emangalisayo, ebhekwa njengomkhiqizo obalulekile wabathengi. Isetshenziselwa ukulungisa izitsha ezahlukahlukene eziphansi kilojoule, ngenxa yokuthi kulusizo ukusebenzisa izinhlanzi kubantu abadlayo. I-Rapushka ibizwa nangokuthi i-raus, ama-kilts. Lo mbhalo uxoxa ngezindlela zokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi nokuzalaniswa kwazo ezweni.

Ukubukeka nezinhlobonhlobo

I-Razapushka njengohlobo lwe-whitefish ine-subspecies:

• Umthengisi waseYurophu. Ngokwehlukana, izinhlobo zePereslavl ziyahlukaniswa, kepha empeleni zingezokubhaliswa okungokwaseYurophu,
• I-carapace yaseSiberia,
• Belomorskaya.

Umthengisi waseYurophu aziwa kakhulu njenge-kilz, noma i-ripus. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile bale nhlanzi buvela kumasentimitha ayi-13 kuye kwangama-20, noma kunjalo, ubude obuqoshwe phansi bomzimba wakhe babu amasentimitha angama-35 ngesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-1000. Isimo somzimba wezinhlanzi sifana ne-herring: sithambile kusukela ezinhlangothini, futhi kukhona i-notch emhlathini ongezansi. Imihlathi engezansi ibuye idlulele ngale kwalokho okungenhla. Isikali sikhulu kunalokho, kepha isikali esingu-91-96 silingana kulayini emugqeni we-lateral. Emuva kunemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nge-tint grey, isisu simhlophe, kanti umsila kanye namachaphaza asempunga ngimpunga, izinsalela ezisele zidwetshwe zimhlophe noma ezinye zisondele kumhlophe.

I-creeper ehlala eSiberia ibukeka ngendlela efanayo. Ngisho nobungako bayo buhlala bufana: I-vendace ikhula ibe amasentimitha angama-35, futhi isisindo asidluli i-1 kilos. Lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi luphila iminyaka eyi-12 noma eyi-15. Futhi ifinyelela ubudala bokuzala eneminyaka eyi-6, lapho isisindo somzimba sifinyelela ku-200 amagremu.

I-Carapace yasolwandle Olukhulu inosayizi omncane kunazo zonke: ngobude ayidluli amasentimitha angama-25 ngesisindo esingekho ngaphezulu kwama-300 amagremu. Iningi lezinhlanzi ngobude cishe ngamasentimitha ayi-16-17, futhi ngesisindo - amagremu angama-50. Uma ehlala echibini, khona-ke usayizi womthengisi uba mncane kakhulu. Umzimba womthengisi wolwandle oMhlophe umfishane, ingemuva lithambile, kanti isisu siyabumbeka. Umbala womzimba uyefana nowezinye izinhlobo zasesitolo, ngaphandle kwama-fins, apendwe mhlophe, kanti okuphezulu kuphela kwabo kumnyama. Umlomo wenhlanzi ubheke phezulu.

Incazelo

Usayizi wokuthengiswa ngamasentimitha ayi-13-20. Kakhulu abantu abakhulu bangafinyelela ubude bamasentimitha angama-35. Isimo somthengisi sifana ne-herring ngokubukeka, umzimba waso ucindezelwa ezinhlangothini, umhlathi ongaphezulu umfishane kunaphansi, kanti nothi ukhona emhlathini ophansi. Umzimba wale nhlanzi umbozwe esikalini esikhulu, izinhlangothi zinombala wesiliva, ingemuva liphuzi ngokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isisu simhlophe. Amaphiko wezinhlanzi amhlophe, ngaphandle kwalawo owenqenayo kanye nowamaduna, angwevu.

Indawo yokuhlala komthengisi

IRäpuska ithanda ukuhlala emanzini abandayo asenyakatho. Ngakho-ke, eRussia kungatholakala ikakhulukazi kumachibi amakhulu, njenge-Onega, iLadoga, Amhlophe, iPlescheevo, iChudskoe, iP Pskov. Kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala emifuleni, kanti kuhlala ezindaweni ezihlala oLwandle lwaseBaltic nolweFinland.

I-creeper ithande indawo enzulu ngodaka noma ngaphansi kwesihlabathi. Izinhlanzi zigwema amanzi angajulile namanzi afudumele. Ngaphezu kweRussia, ungathola umthengisi eScotland, eDenmark, eBelarus, eJalimane, eScandinavia, eFinland.

Izinhlanzi zidla ikakhulukazi kuma-crustaceans amancane (ama-cyclops, daphnia, njll). Ukuthola ukudla, umthengisi uvame ukuthontelana ekujuleni okuncane kwamaphakethe.

Ukulungiselela izinhlanzi kuqala ekwindla noma ekuqaleni kobusika. Emachibini asenyakatho, izinhlanzi zihluma kancane ngaphambili - ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, nasechibini lamachibi asePeipsi nasePlescheevsky - kusukela maphakathi no-Novemba kuya maphakathi no-December. Amaqanda omthengisi omncane mancane futhi ububanzi bangamamilimitha ayi-1.5, kepha ngasikhathi sinye impela - amaqanda angama-3600 kubantu besifazane. Amandla wokuzala ezinhlanzini avele avele ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, lapho ubukhulu bawo bufinyelela cishe amasentimitha ayi-7.

Isitha esibi kakhulu somthengisi ezimweni zemvelo yi-stickleback, esidla encane ne-caviar yale nhlanzi.

Naphezu kosayizi wayo omncane, i-vendace iyinto ebalulekile yokudoba. Ukupheka okuthengiswayo kungenzeka cishe kunoma yiluphi uhlobo - okuthosiwe, obhemayo, nosawoti. Futhi, i-caviar yezinhlanzi ibhekwa njengomkhiqizo wokudla obalulekile.

Umthengisi ubanjwa esebenzisa amanetha ahlukahlukene, kanti nenhlanzi ayifane ibanjwe lapho. E-Russia, izinhlanzi sezisondele ekuqothulweni ngenxa yokuzingela okukhulu, kepha eJalimane kufakwa ezitolo ezikhethekile.

Ukwakheka nokuqukethwe kwekhalori komthengisi

Inhlanzi inamanzi, amaprotheni namafutha, kanye namaminerali: i-fluorine, i-magnesium, i-zinc, i-phosphorus, i-nickel, i-histidine, i-calcium, i-chromium, i-chlorine, i-molybdenum ne-Vitamin PP.

Inyama ye-vendace igcwele ama-omega-3 acid, kanye ne-calcium ne phosphorus. Kule nhlanganisela, ukumuncwa kwe-calcium kwenzeka ngokubuya okuhle komzimba.

Enye inzuzo ebalulekile yomthengisi okuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-magnesium (175 mg nge-100 g yomkhiqizo).

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile, okuqukethwe kwekhalori okuthengiswayo kuphansi impela futhi kufinyelela kuma-78 kcal nge-100 g yomkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa komthengisi kulungele imenyu yokudla.

Izinzuzo nezakhiwo zomthengisi

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ama-omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids akhona endaweni yezitolo, athambekele ukubola ngokushesha, okuholela ekutheni izinhlanzi zibe ngumkhiqizo owonakalayo. Impilo yeshelufu yomthengisi omusha ayifanele idlule ngosuku olulodwa, futhi kungcono ukuyigcina eqhweni.

Eminyakeni eyi-15-18, ukuthengiswa kwakuyilungelo lethebula lasebukhosini, izitsha ezivela kulo zaziyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko lokugcotshwa kombuso noma kwi-Principality yaseMoscow. Futhi, noma kunjalo, izakhiwo zokudla okunempilo zomthengisi zanikeza umsoco ofanele kwizicubu zenhliziyo kanye nakumaseli obuchopho. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezifana ne-histidine ne-magnesium enyameni yezinhlanzi kuvuselela amasosha omzimba nama-immune.

Futhi ukuze izinhlanzi zihanjiswe amabanga amade, zifakwa ngaphansi kweqhwa elijulile, eliwuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze izimfanelo zalo ezisebenzayo isikhathi eside. Ubuncane bezinhlanzi bungaphezu kwenxephezelo ngenani elincane lamathambo - hhayi ngaphezulu kwe-9%. Zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezizuzisayo nezondlayo ziyagcinwa ngisho noma zinosawoti noma zibhema.

Izindlela zokupheka ezithengiswayo

Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokupheka komthengisi. Yaziswa ngefomu elibhemayo, elinosawoti, elisha. Ukusuka kulo ungapheka izitsha ezinjenge- “Sprats Homemade from vendace”, “Marinace marinacea”, “Racupa okuthosiwe ngo-ukhilimu omuncu”, njll.

Yinhlanzi le efaka isidlo sendabuko sesiFinnish - uphayi owenziwe inhlama ethosiwe entsha.

Futhi nansi enye indlela yokupheka i-vendace: geza izinhlanzi kahle, ususe isikhumba kulo bese uvumela amanzi akhwabane. Beka inhlanzi epanini, elivuthwe ngamanzi abilayo bese upheka isikhashana, uvuse ngezikhathi ezithile. Lapho inhlanzi ibilisiwe, ipholise. Ngalesi sikhathi, lungiselela ukugqoka kweqabunga le-bay, uviniga, i-horseradish eqoshiwe nosawoti (zonke izinto kufanele zibiliswe). Dlulisa inhlanzi esitsheni esihlanzekile bese ufafaza nge-dill, iqabunga le-bay, i-allspice, uthele ukugqoka ngaphezulu bese ukuvumela ukuba kube nokuzenzela izinsuku eziningana. Lapho inhlanzi igcwele kahle uviniga, uyichoboze ngokucindezela bese ugcizelela amanye amasonto amabili.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nomthengisi

Umthengisi ovuthayo ubabaza ijazi lezingalo zedolobha lasePereslavl-Zalessky.

URapushka, ohlala eLake Pleshcheyev, wayevame ukuba yingxenye yemenyu yasebukhosini futhi wayeyingxenye yesidlo sakusihlwa samakhosi. Leli chibi laliyizinhlanzi ezinkulu nezinamafutha ikakhulukazi, ezazingabanjwa futhi zithengiswe. Uma kwenzeka ngokungalaleli, abadobi basatshiswa ngesigwebo sentambo.

Izinhlanzi ezithandwa yiFinnns ziyizimpahla zokuthengisa, okuyisiko ukupheka kuwo wonke umkhosi wasemgwaqweni, owake wadonswa ngofulawa ngaphambili. Fry it emafutheni aseFinland esengeziwe ngokufakwa ukhilimu.

I-Vendace fish - incazelo

Le nhlanzi inezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane: Isikebhe esimhlophe, iSiberia, iYurophu kanye nePereslavl.

Umugqa wolwandle i-White Sea uhlala indawo enkulu kunazo zonke ehlala izidumbu zamanzi oLwandle Olumhlophe, okubandakanya inqwaba yemifula namachibi amakhulu. Abadobi bakaKarelian nabadobi base-amateur bayibiza ngothando ngokuthi yi-herring. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezikhona, lincane kunazo zonke. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile yi-15-17 cm, ubude obuphakeme bomuntu omdala womfula ngamasentimitha angama-25. Isisindo siyahlukahluka kusuka ku-50 siye ku-100 g, yize kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala izibonakaliso ezinkulu - kufinyelela ku-150 g. Kumachibi lo omele i-ichthyofauna ukhula kubi kakhulu kunezindawo ezivulekile zomfula. Umthengisi weWhite Sea angachazwa kanjena:

• umzimba omncane ngokuqina kwesisu,
• inhloko encane enamehlo anamehlo amancane,
• ngenxa yomhlathi omfishane ongaphezulu, umlomo ungaphezulu,
• umbala onsomi ompunga ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka uphenduka kahle ube yisiliva ezinhlangothini futhi ucishe waba mhlophe ngesisu,
• dorsal fin mnyama mnyama kunabanye
• kuphuka, kukhulu ngokwanele.

Izinhlanzi ezihlwabusayo kakhulu nenyama ethambile, lapho ungapheka izitsha eziningi ezahlukahlukene.

I-carapace yaseSiberia inkulu kune-umzala wangaphambilini, ngobude ingafinyelela kuma-35 cm futhi ifinyelele ku-300 g wesisindo. Kusatshalaliswa emgodini weYenisei, lapho kuhlala khona njalo, kwakha imihlambi eminingi. Uchitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi e-delta, futhi ungena emfuleni uqobo ngesikhathi sokuhlanza (Septhemba-Okthoba) ukubeka amaqanda. Ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni engu-4-5 ubudala, kanti abesilisa bavuthwa ngaphambi kwabesifazane cishe unyaka. Umzimba omude futhi mncane womthengisi waseSiberia umbozwe ngezikali ze-cycloidal. Umhlane ungwevu onsundu ngombala obonakale ungabonakali obomvu, izinhlangothi nesisu zinobuso besiliva. Izikhumba, kufaka phakathi i-fat, grey light. Le nhlanzi idla ikakhulukazi kwi-zooplankton, futhi amaqanda ayo afaka i-caviar yezinye izinhlobo nama-crustaceans amancane.

I-ryapushka yaseYurophu inhlanzi enkulu kakhulu yezinhlobo zayo, ihlala ezindlini ezivalekile engxenyeni esenyakatho yezwe lethu naseFinland. Ukuqagela okuphezulu kakhulu kuyaphawulwa emachibini ase-Onega, Peipsi naseLadoga. Akakuthandi ukugeleza komfula, ngakho-ke akuvamile emifuleni, kutholakala ezindaweni eziLwandle iBaltic. Le nhlanzi enomzimba owandisiwe kanye nomhlathi ophansi okhombisa ukufana kakhulu ne-herring, kepha iphansi ngobukhulu bawo. Isisindo esikhulu yi-300 g, ubude bufika ku-30 ​​cm. Umbala uyafana nalowo mzala we-White Sea.

I-Pereslavl carapace ifomu laseYurophu elilungisiwe. Kuhlala endaweni eyodwa yokugcina ebizwa ngokuthi yiPleshcheevo. Leli igama lechibi elikhulu elinendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angaphezu kwama-50, etholakala eningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifunda saseYaroslavl. Umthengisi wendawo ukhula ngobude ukuya ku-30-35 cm, ngenkathi ethola isisindo esingu-250-300 g. Prefers amanzi apholile anokuqukethwe okuphezulu komoya. Kubhekwa njengasengozini, sekuyisikhathi eside kufakwe ku-Red Book. Kulokhu, kanye nokunambitheka kwayo okuhle, kuyaziswa ngabadobi.

Habitat

Ikuphi i-vendace? Ukhetha ukuhlala emanzini apholile, anomoya-mpilo. Izichibi namachibi amile, lapho izinqaba zasebusika zenzeka khona njalo ngonyaka, akuzona ezakhe. Ukulondolozwa ikakhulu ezindaweni ezinesihlabathi esinzima, ngaphezu kwenhlabathi enosilika, amatshe amatshe kanye nezindawo ezinamadwala akuvamile.

Kwesinye isikhathi bavakashela imiphetho emaweni eduze nasogwini enamaconsi abukhali ekujuleni. Kodwa kunoma yikuphi, ukusesha kufanele kuqale kumasayithi ajulile.

Ngezikhathi ezihlukile, izikole eziningi zale nhlanzi zikhuphukela phezulu (cishe eduze kobuso) futhi zifuduka kuyo yonke indawo enamanzi. Ngezinsuku ezinjalo, kulula ukuthola ukutholwa kwendawo okuthengiswa kuyo, bheka nje. Ngaphezulu komhlambi okhulayo kuhlala kukhona izingwekazi zasolwandle ezihlala zindlala.

Bheka isimilo

Azikho izinto ezingajwayelekile ngendlela yokuphila komthengisi nokuziphatha kwayo. Kulokhu, akuhlukile kwabanye abamele abomndeni wakwaSigov, okungokwakhe.

Le yinhlanzi enokuthula, ihlangana emhlambini futhi ifuduka ngasemfuleni noma echibini iyofuna ukudla. Ama -organices ahlukahlukene asebenza njengokudla kuwo - ama-cyclops, i-daphnia, nabanye. Abantu abadala ngeke balahlekelwe yithuba lokudla i-misid noma i-gazing yezinye izinhlobo.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nabameleli abaningi bombuso wokudoba, ukukhula kwe-vendace kuncishisiwe. Uba nocansi kuphela eneminyaka eyi-5. Ifomu lePereslavl liyingqayizivele, le nhlanzi isilungele ukuzalaniswa ineminyaka emi-2 nambili.

Ukuzala

I-vendace iyaqhuma ngoNovemba, lapho ekwindla sekuvele kulahlekelwa umhlabathi. I-Spawning ihlala isikhashana, i-spawning ihlala cishe amasonto amabili. Ngokuya ngezimo zezulu, le nqubo ingahamba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi yenzeke ekuqaleni kukaDisemba. Izinhlanzi zihluma ezindaweni ezingagijimili kulelondolozi, zikhetha izindawo ezinodaka noma isihlabathi, ezakhiwe ngaphansi. Izinsikazi zeminyaka ehlukene zizalela amaqanda angama-7,000 kuya kwayi-15,000, iningi lawo lidliwa ngama-ruffs, ama-perches kanye nezinye izakhamizi ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezidinga ukudla okunekhalori ephezulu. Kusuka ekusindeni entwasahlobo ka-fry hatch.

Ngaphambi kokusaphaza, inhlanzi iphambuka iye ezikoleni eziningi. Ukufuduka okuningi kuya ezinhlafunweni ezinwebekayo kuqala ekwindla. Ngentwasahlobo, ihlobo nobusika, umthengisi udla amanoni, ngokuzungeza echibini efuna ukudla, futhi abadobi bawajaha ukuze athole amakhilogremu amaningi enhlanzi.

Izindlela zokudoba

Ngenkathi efudumele, umthengisi ubanjwa ngezindlela ezihlukile: kusukela ogwini - ezansi naphansi kuyabanjwa, kusuka esikebheni - izinduku zokuloba eziseceleni ezifakwe ngohlangothi oluseceleni.

Njengoba le nhlanzi eqaphile yesaba ukusondela kakhulu ogwini, ngenduku ye-fly kuzoba ngengozi emsulwa. Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-Bologna noma inketho yokufanisa, ekuvumela ukuthi uqhubekisele phambili isheyini. Ama-nozzles ahehayo kakhulu izibungu ezahlukahlukene, izibungu, izingcezu zenhlanzi nenyama ye-shellfish.

Ukudoba nobusika okuthokozisayo nobusika. Ukusuka eqhweni kungabanjwa kuvulandi ejwayelekile, i-mormyshka noma i-garland ye-mormyshka. Njengoba ukudoba kuvame ukwenzeka ekujuleni kwamamitha angaphezu kwangama-20 futhi, njengomthetho, endaweni evulekile, abaningi abathanda le nhlanzi emnandi bathanda ukudoba ethendeni. Lapho kutholakala khona i-jamb enkulu, idolobha lonke lamatende likhula ngokushesha.

Izindlela zokupheka ze-Vendace

Iresiphi engcono kunokuthosa epanini lokuthwala izindikimba ezincane okwamanje. I-Räppa ilungele indishi enjalo, ngaphandle kwalokho ilungiselelwe endabeni yemizuzu. Okokuqala, udinga ukususa izikali nokufakwa ngaphakathi, hlamba ngaphansi kwamanzi agobhozayo, bese ukhipha izidumbu ngofulawa we-rye, ngaphambili ungeze izinongo ekubhekeni kokunambitheka kwakho. Imizuzu embalwa epanini elishisayo (kufanele uthose izinhlangothi zombili), futhi isidlo isilungile! Umthengisi othosiwe onamakha ungadliwa kanye namathambo akhe amancane, okuthi ngemuva kokubhaka kube ngesihluku futhi kungabi bungozi.

Futhi, umthengisi angaba nosawoti, ukuze kamuva ukwazi ukujabulela isidlakudla esilula futhi ngasikhathi sinye. Abayihlanze ukuze kwenziwe usawoti, ngoba kungaba nobisi ne-caviar esiswini. Inhlanzi inosawoti iphelele ebhakedeni elihlanzekile, lapho libekwa khona ezingxenyeni, zifafazwe ngosawoti. Ibhakede elinamalitha ayi-10 lithatha cishe u-1.5 kg kasawoti. Lapho ibhakede ligcwele, okuqukethwe kwalo kubekwa ngaphansi kwengcindezelo - isiyingi sokhuni sicindezelwe ngento esindayo. Ngokuqondene nezinongo, le ndlela yasendulo yeKarelian ayizikhulumeli. Uma ufisa, kunjalo, ungazama ukuzama ngezinongo, kepha kungcono ungavumi. Kunobungozi bokuthi bazobulala ukunambitheka okukhohlakele kwezinhlanzi.

Uhlobo luni lwezinhlanzi okuthengiswayo?

Kuwo wonke umndeni omkhulu we-salmon, ohlanganisa i-whitefish, umthengisi wezinhlanzi onobuhlanya ufana kakhulu ne-herring. Ngakho-ke, kwezinye izindawo kuthiwa ngephutha kubizwa ngokuthi i-herring (ngokwesibonelo, abantu abakhulu batholakala eLake Pleshcheyev futhi banegama elidumile elithi "Pereslavl herring"). Amagama asemthethweni abhalwe kule encyclopedia angama-vendace, i-killet, i-ripus kanye nesiLatini - i-Coregonus albula.Kukhona neNorth American Coregonus artedii ne-Arctic Coregonus autumnalis.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Ummeleli womndeni we-salmon, i-vendace (i-Coregonus albula) inhlanzi encane enamanzi ahlanzekile ehlala ikakhulu echibini laseNyakatho Yurophu naseRussia, kanye naseLwandle iBaltic. I-Räpuska iyinhlobo ebalulekile yokudoba emanzini amhlophe, kanye nokudoba kwasolwandle eGulf of Bothnia (enyakatho yeBaltic Sea) kanye ne-Gulf of Finland. AmaCreepers angeniswe ezinhlelweni zamachibi okungezona ezomdabu emazweni amaningi.

Abanye babo bafundele ushintsho kwinani labakoloni, futhi kwancipha ukutholakala kokudla. Ukwethula okuningi kuhlobene namasheya ngamabomu kanye nokwenziwa kwezinhlanzi zasolwandle ukuze kwandiswe amandla ezokudoba kwamanzi ahlanzekile. Ukusungulwa nokwabiwa okulandelayo kuncike kuzinhlobo ze-ecosystem yokubamba futhi kungabangelwa ukwakhiwa kwama-reservoirs.

Ividiyo: ICassock

Kunezibonelo eziningi zokusebenzisa, ikakhulukazi eYurophu, phakathi kobubanzi bendawo yemakethe yendawo. IRajapushki nayo ikhona ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu, njengeMaine, i-USA neKazakhstan. ENorway, i-fry etshalwe kuma-hatcheries yangeniswa ngamabomu ochungechungeni lwamachibi phakathi kuka-1860 no-1900. Kumacala ayi-16 abhaliwe, munye kuphela ophumelele. Yize ezinye zezethulo ziphumelele, iningi lazo kungenzeka zehlulekile.

Kwamanye amachibi amakhulu, kunezindlela ezimbili ezihlukile zokuthengisa, ngesimo esincane seplanktivorous kanye nesakhiwo esikhudlwana esidlula i-40 cm ubude futhi sifaka nezinhlanzi ekudleni kwakho. Kunzima kwesinye isikhathi ukwahlukanisa phakathi komthengisi ne-Arctic cisco, ngisho nezimpawu zofuzo. I-taxonomy yokwethengiswa iyonke ivame ukungqubuzana ezingeni lezinhlobo nezinhlobo ezingaphansi, ngoba i-polymorphism kanye ne-hybridization ngokusobala zivamile emigqeni eminingi yokuthengisela.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Photo: Ngabe ubukeka kanjani umthengisi?

Ngokubukeka, ukuthengiswayo kufana ne-whitefish encane, kepha umhlathi wayo ophansi mude kunaphezulu, kanti okuphambene nalokho kuyiqiniso ku-whitefish. Amehlo omthengisi mikhulu, njengoba kuvame ukuba njalo ngazo zonke izinhlanzi ezidla ngeplankton impilo yazo yonke. Ngemuva komzimba womthengisi luhlaza okotshani noma luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izinhlangothi zimhlophe-ngesiliva, isisu simhlophe qwa, isicoco sesikhuhla nomhlathi ophansi kumnyama.

Ebantwini abasha, umzimba uyamamatheka futhi ulinganiselwe ngokulingana ngosayizi owandayo. Ikhanda lincane, umhlathi ophansi uphuma ngaphesheya kwesihlanganisi, umhlathi ongenhla ubuyela ezingeni lomfundi, ichopho lomhlathi ophansi lingena ekubekeni komhlathi ongenhla. Ibanga langaphambi kweshadi likhulu kunebanga ukusuka ekuqaleni kokuqala kuya kwisisekelo sesiphetho sokugcina.

Umthengisi uvuthwa phakathi kweminyaka yesibili kuya kwemihlanu yempilo, futhi abe ubude obungu-9-20 cm. In iningi labantu, umthengisi akavamile ukufinyelela kubude obungaphezu kwama-25 cm, kepha abantu abadala abancane nabakhulu bahlala ndawonye kumachibi athile.

Ngokuthengiswa, i-cannibalism iyabonakala. Ocwaningweni lwalesi simo, ukubonwa kweqanda akubange kusatholakala, ngenkathi ukulunywa nokugwinya kwezibungu ezisanda kubanjwa kubonakale ku-23% wabantu abathengisa izinto ezindala. Abantu abancane (lapho kutholakala khona umthengisi. Ake sibheke ukuthi kudliwa yini le nhlanzi.

Ngabe kudlani umthengisi?

Isithombe: inhlanzi yezitolo

I-Ranapo ibonakala njenge-planktivore ekhethekile, futhi i-zooplankton imvamisa iba ngama-75-100% wokudla okuphelele. Kumachibi ezinhlobo ezincane nezinkulu, ifomu elikhudlwana lingadliwa ngokwenxenye, kanti nezinhlanzi zingakha u-20-74% wokudla.

Ukuba yi-zooplanktivore esebenzayo, i-vendace ingakunciphisa kakhulu ukulethwa kwe-zooplankton, okuzoholela ekunciphiseni kwamadlelo e-algae ngenxa ye-zooplankton (trophic Cascade). Lokhu kungasiza eutrophy echibini.

Kodwa-ke, ukuthengiselana kuzwelana ne-eutrophication, futhi ngenxa yalokho umphumela wayo ongaba umphumela wokudla kwamadlelo kumthengisi we-zooplankton ulinganiselwe. Futhi kuholele ekunciphiseni okukhulu kobuningi beplanktivore yemvelo - i-whitefish.

Ukwakheka kokudla komthengisi kuyahluka ekujuleni okuhlukahlukene nangezinsuku ezihlukile zosuku, kepha ukusatshalaliswa kwe-zooplankton kuvame ukufana kakhulu enkathini ngayinye, kungakhathalekile ukuthi kuya kangakanani ekujuleni noma isikhathi sokuntywiliselwa.

Ukudla okuyinhloko komthengisi:

Ukubala kwe-indndace selectivity indices kukhombisa ukuthi bavame ukukhetha izinhlobo ezinkulu zama-cladocera nama-Copepods kanye nommeleli omncane we-cladocera, iBosmina coregoni.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Umthengisi waseYurophu

I-creeper ibhekana nokufuduka okume mpo, indlela yokuziphatha evame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuvimbela inyamazane. Kodwa-ke, usengozini enkulu kune-Europeanfishfish ehlobene, okuvame ukuhlala kuzwela kumthengisi. Umthengisi unamaqanda amancane kakhulu, i-fecundity ephezulu, nesikhathi sokusinda esiphansi kune-whitefish.

Iqiniso elihehayo: I-Rappus imvamisa ihlala iminyaka engama-5-6. Eminyakeni engu-8 yobudala, babhekwa njengabadala. Kwezinye izixuku ezinkulu, ubudala bokuthengiswa kwempahla bungafinyelela eminyakeni eyi-15.

I-Creeper ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile zamanzi echibini nasezintabeni zezamachweba, okubonisa isimo semvelo sokuzungeza kwe-zooplankton. Kulindelwe ukuthi kutholakale kujule phakathi nesikhathi sasemini kunasebusuku ngenxa yokufuduka okume mpo. Njengoba kuwuhlobo lwamanzi abandayo, kuvame ukugwema izingqimba zamanzi ezingaphezulu lapho izinga lokushisa lidlula i-18-20 ° C.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ezinyangeni zokuqala noma ezimbili ngemuva kokudonswa kwentwasahlobo, izibungu nezinsana zingatholakala ezindaweni ezisogwini. Ngemuva kwalokhu, umthengisi uthatha ukusetshenziswa kwe-pelagic kwendawo. Esikhathini sasemini, sicwila ekujuleni okukhulu kakhulu kunokujula okusetshenziswe ebusuku. Futhi kwakha izimbotshana ngesikhathi sasemini.

I-Creeper yinhlanzi enamanzi amasha. Noma ingathwala amanzi angenamkhawulo ngosawoti ophansi, ukusatshalaliswa kwemvelo phakathi kwemifudlana ehlukene kuvame ukukhawulelwa ngosawoti ophakeme wamanzi asesilinganisweni. Umuntu angalindela ukusakazeka phansi komfula ngaphakathi komfula wamanzi, noma ngabe umfula wamanzi ulawulwa ngamadamu. Ukushesha kokusheshisa kukhawulelwe ama-rapids aqinile nezimpophoma.

Ukusatshalaliswa ngokwethula ngamabomu kwenzeka ngezinhlelo zokuhlinzeka, njengokuhlinzeka ngohlu lweLake Inari kanye nezinkokhelo. Abadobi bezemidlalo kwesinye isikhathi basebenzisa i-vendace njengezithiyo, futhi uma behambisa isheyini bukhoma lokhu kungafaka ingozi yokungena ezinhlelweni zamanzi ezingezona ezomdabu. Ubungozi bendalo ephumelelayo buhlotshaniswa ne-host ecosystem.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Iningi lomthengisi wesitolo oyindilinga livela ekwindla kwesihlabathi noma kugrabile, imvamisa ezindaweni ezi-6 ukuya ku-10 m ukujula, kepha kukhona nezindawo zasebusika nezentwasahlobo ezivuthayo. Umthengisi une-fecundity ephezulu namaqanda amaningi amancane (amaqanda angama-80 ukuya kwangama-200 ngegramu yesisindo somzimba).

Amaqanda azalwa ngesikhathi sokunyamalala kwechibi leqhwa entwasahlobo. Ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane bamaqanda, i-yolk sac inemithombo ekhawulelwe, ngakho-ke, impumelelo yokuqashwa emakethe ingancika kakhulu esikhathini esifanele phakathi kokukhiqizwa nokugeleza kwentwasahlobo.

Kwezinye izihlambi zamachibi, kuvuthwa izidlakudla ezivuthiwe nemifantu emifuleni. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuya maphakathi no-Okthoba, umthengisi ohlekisayo ukhuphuka umfula emanzini angajulile, futhi uvele emfuleni ekwindla sekwephuzile. Muva nje kubhungwe izibungu ziqonde ezigodini zechibi ngemuva nje kokubanjelwa. Njengomthetho, ubude bezibungu ngesikhathi sokuqhanyelwa buyi-7-11 mm.

Kokunye ukuhlola, i-vendace yadalulwa i-pH 4.75 ne-5.25 nge-aluminium noma (i-200 μg = 7.4 micromoles AlL (-1)) ngenxa yokuphela kwesikhathi kwe-vitellogeneis yangoJulayi ngesikhathi sokuhluma. Esikhathini esivamile sokuhluma, lapho ama-48% abesifazane abalawulayo esevele ekhiphe amaqanda abo, ama-50% abesifazane ku-pH 4,75 + Al ebene-oovytes ephelele.

Izilinganiso zokugcina zabesifazane abazalwe ngokuphelele zazingu-14%, 36%, 25%, 61% no-81% ku-pH 4.75 + Al, pH 4.75, pH 5.25 + Al, pH 5.25 naseqenjini elilawulayo, ngokulandelana. Ukubambezeleka kokubuyiswa kwe-testicular kwabonwa emadodeni ku-pH 4.75 + Al. Ukwehla okucacile kwe-plasma yeNa (+) noCl (-) kanye nokwanda kokuxineka kweglucose egazini kutholakale kuphela ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuze kube nguNovemba, okuhambisana nokuqongelela kwe-Al ngaphakathi kwezicubu ze-gill.

Izitha zemvelo zomthengisi

Isithombe: inhlanzi yezitolo

Izitha zemvelo zomthengisi izinhlanzi ezidla izinhlanzi, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, imvamisa lezo ezidla ezindaweni ezi-pelagic ezinjenge-brown trout, loons kanye ne-cormorants. I-trout ka-brown iyisisulu esibalulekile sokuthengiswa kwezitolo.

Ama-creepers ayizisulu ezibalulekile zezinhlanzi ezidla izinhlanzi kanye nama-waterfowl, futhi zingabaluleka ekudluliseleni amandla kusuka ekukhiqizweni kwe-pelagic kuya ezindlini ezihlala emanzini noma ezinemifudlana (izinhlanzi ezifudukayo), noma kusuka ezinhlelweni zechibi kuya ezinhlelweni zomhlaba (eziqondiswa yizinyoni ezidla izinhlanzi).

Iqiniso elihehayo: I-Ranch ihlala iphendula ekubeni khona kwe-pike ekhuphuka ukusetshenziswa kwe-oxygen. Kucatshangwa ukuthi izinguquko ezilinganisweni zokuphefumula ngesikhathi sokuchayeka kumphangi zidalwa ngukwehluka kwemisebenzi yezimoto ngenxa yokuziphatha okuqondisiwe okuqondiswe kumphangi.

Ubuningi bezilwane ezidliwayo emachibini bubalulekile ekushoneni kwezifo zasentwasahlobo nakubantu abasha ehlobo, futhi kuthonywa yizimo zokushisa. Enye yezinyamazane ezivame kakhulu ezithengiswayo ezisencane i-perch, ubuningi bonyaka obuhambelana kahle nokushisa kwehlobo. Ngakho-ke, okubangelwa ihlobo elifudumele kakhulu, amakilasi aqinile we-bass avela kaningi kakhulu ngeminyaka yama-1990s nowe-2000 kunangawo-1970 noma ama-1980s, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi lo mkhuba uqhubeke.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Photo: Ngabe ubukeka kanjani umthengisi?

URajapochki uvame ukuba nokushintshashintsha okukhulu ngosayizi wabantu, futhi kungahle futhi kuncike ekubeni khona kwamanye ama-planktivors. Ngenxa yalokho, kwabalwa abantu abasukela kumakhulu ayi-100 ngehektha ngalinye kuya kwabangu-5000 ngehektha ngalinye. Emachibini amaningi, inani labantu abathengisayo linokushintshashintsha kwe-cyclic, okusikisela ukuthi ukuncintisana kwe-intraspecific kungaba yinto ebalulekile ekuwolekweni kwezidakamizwa.

URajapushki uzwela kakhulu:

• ukonakala kwekhwalithi yamanzi,
• ukukhuphuka kwezilonda,
• deo oxygenation.

Kwezinhlobo ezikhona ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi, amaphethini okuwohloka kwamandla kagesi nawo ayinkinga. Inani labantu lingancipha - noma linyamalale - uma kuvela izinhlobo ezingaziwa njengama-ruff. Ukwethulwa okwenziwe ngenhloso kokuthengiswa kwendiza kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokwazisa ngamathuba amasha ezinhlelweni ezintsha zamachibi.

Lezi zingeniso zazivame ukusungulwa nguhulumeni ngenhloso yokwandisa izinsiza zezinhlanzi nezasolwandle. Ezinye izingeniso ezenziwe ngamabomu zenziwa ukulawula omiyane, kepha aziphumelelanga. Abanye abadobi bezemidlalo basebenzisa isitolo njengento yokudla.

Umthelela wezomnotho wokuphazamiseka kwemakethe awukakhutshwa. I-Ranyapok ingaba nenani elihle kwezomnotho njengomthombo wezinhlanzi uqobo, njengoba isekela inani lezinhlanzi ezidla izinhlanzi ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezokudotshwa kwemidlalo (ngokwesibonelo, i-trout brown).

Kepha ukuthengiselana kungathinta nemiphumela emibi yezomnotho ngokudoba kwezinye izinhlobo ezingathinteka kabi ekuhlaselweni kwemboni yokudoba, njengokuphaka kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezinamapulangwe. I-creeper ihlukaniswa njengohlobo olusengozini futhi ibhekwa njengengozi enkulu yokuqothuka endle.

Vendace ukuvikelwa

Photo: Red Book Rappa

Umphakathi uwonke kufanele ukhuthazwe ukuthi ulwele ukugcina izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zemvelo, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo zezilwane ezi-zooplankton ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemvelo. Kungaba nzima ukukubona kwabangebona ochwepheshe, ngoba abanakubonwa ngaphandle kokunyuka okuhambisanayo. Ukulawulwa kokuphilayo kwezebhizinisi kungavuswa yizinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izinyamazane noma amasheya azingelayo.

Impumelelo yalezi zinyathelo incike ku-morphology echibini kanye nomphakathi odla izinhlanzi. I-Razpushka yinhlanzi emnandi futhi ebalulekile kwezinye izimakethe, futhi ukulawulwa kwesibalo kungenziwa ngokudobela ukuthengisa okuqinile, ngokwesibonelo, ngokudoba emachibini nasezihlanjeni noma ngokubamba izinkumbi zabantu ngesikhathi sokufuduka okusabisayo.

I-Razapushka yinhlanzi ye-pelagic eveza isikhathi sasemini futhi yehlela ekujuleni okukhulu ebusuku. Inani labantu lihlakazeka kakhulu ebusuku, ngakhoke amasampula kufanele enziwe ebusuku ukunciphisa ukwehluka kwawo. Ukuqapha kufanele kufake phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwesandi somsindo wesayensi kuhlanganiswa nezindlela zokudoba ezingakhethi (ama-gillnets ama-multi-tiered, ukubamba noma ukukhetha) ukuthola ulwazi ngezinhlobo namasampuli emvelo.

Imiphumela ehlaselayo yokuthengiswa kwempahla iqondiswa ukuncipha kwe-zooplankton. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokunciphisa ezingcono kakhulu zindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulawula usayizi wabantu (ngokwesibonelo, ukubanjwa okuqondisiwe kokuthengiswa kwezitolo, ukwanda kwenani labazingeli ekuthengiseni).

Umakhi - Le yinhlanzi encane, evikelekile futhi ethambile enomhlana oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isisu esimhlophe nemiphongolo yesiliva. Amaphiko awo ampunga aba mnyama ngokubheka emaphethelweni. Inhlanzi inamehlo amakhulu, umlomo omncane kanye ne-fat fat. Indawo ekhethiwe yomthengisi ngamachibi ajulile abandayo, lapho edla khona kuma crustaceans e-planktonic, njengama-Copepods.

Ukubukeka nesimilo

Isimo senhlanzi sifana ne-herring, futhi uma ubheka kancane kumthengisi, bamane badideke. Umthengisi ubonakala ngomzimba ocindezelwa ngokuqinile kamuva. Kepha isici sayo esihlukanisayo ukuthi umhlathi ongaphansi mude kakhulu kunaphezulu, futhi une-notch enezimpawu, lapho kufakwa khona ukuphela komhlathi omisiwe.

Umzimba we-kilz umbozwe esikalini esikhulu, umugqa oseceleni usondele emuva, onombala onsomi grey. Izinhlangothi zezinhlanzi ziyisiliva, kanti isisu simhlophe. Amaphiko we-dorsal ne-caudal anombala onsomi, kanti amanye enziwe amhlophe.

Ubukhulu be-raus buncane - ubude bomzimba buyehluka phakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-15 - 20, ngesinye isikhathi kutholakala abantu abanobudeamasentimitha angama-35. Imvamisa, isisindo sokuthengiswa kwamagremu yi-100-180 amagremu. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zifinyelela ku-300 amagremu.

Ihlala kuphi inhlanzi?

Ngaphezu kwakho konke, i-raus ithanda izindawo ezijulile lapho kukhona khona ubumba noma isihlabathi phansi. Inhlanzi izama ukugwema amanzi angajulile namachibi ngamanzi afudumele. Umthengisi uhlala eFinland, eScotland, eScandinavia, eDenmark, eJalimane, naseBelarus. Idla kuma-crustaceans amancane (daphnia, cyclops, njll).

URipus uncamela ukuhlala emanzini abandayo asenyakatho .. Ensimini yaseRussia, abadobi bayadoba emachibini afana ne-Onega, iLadoga, iChudskoye, i-Beloye, iP Pskovskoye, iPlescheevo. Kwesinye isikhathi ihlala emifuleni, kanye nase-Finish kanye naseBotanical bays yoLwandle iBaltic.

Isitha senhlanzi esibi kakhulu ku-vivo yi-bobbin, esidla esencane ne-caviar yale nhlanzi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-kilz incane, izinhlanzi zithathwa njengezakhamizi ezibalulekile zokudoba.

IsiSiberia

I-Rapushka, abadobi abayinikeza amagama anjengokuthi "Ob herring", "saurei". Kwenzeka ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, kusuka ku-White Sea kuya e-Alaska uqobo. Le yinhlanzi eyinhlanzi ebhekwa njengomkhiqizo obalulekile wokudoba. Ngebanga elingaba amasentimitha angama-35, isisindo senhlanzi singafinyelela ku-1 kilos. Badla umthengisi waseSiberia ngendlela entsha, enosawoti neyabhema.

I-European

Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu ezitholakala emanzini avalekile eFinland naseNyakatho neRussia. Kuyaqabukela, lokhu okubhalwayo kuhlala emaBhaneni aseFinland naseBotanical. Iningi labantu abathile lihlala echibini laseLake Ladoga, Psych, Onega, nasePeipsi.

Umthengisi wase-Yurophu ufana nangaphandle kwe-herring: unomzimba omude omude, umhlathi ophansi we-convex. Amafulethi amakhulu atshalwe ngokukhululekile ebusweni. Ngemuva kwenhlanzi kungwephuzi-aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isisu simhlophe, izinhlangothi ziyisiliva. Izinhlanzi zingafinyelela amasentimitha angama-30 ubude ngesisindo esingama-300 amagremu.

I-Pereyaslavskaya

Lokhu kungukususwa kwembangi yase-Europe ehlala kuphela emzimbeni owodwa wamanzi - iLake Pleshchevo, okuyisidumbu samanzi asanda kufakwa esihlala eningizimu yesifunda saseYaroslavl. Izinhlanzi zibhekwa njengezinhlobo ezisengozini, ezibhalwe ku-Red Book. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuthokozelwa kakhulu ama-angler.

Ukhetha ukuhlala emanzini apholile futhi anomoya-mpilo. Ubude bezinhlanzi bungafinyelela amasentimitha angama-35 ubude. Isisindo esijwayelekile somthengisi singama-gramu ayi-300.

Belomorskaya

Izinhlanzi ezivame kakhulu futhi ezinkulu. Ihlala emifuleni yoLwandle Olumhlophe kanye namachibi alesi sifunda. Umdobi angahlangana naye emifuleni egeleza oLwandle iBarents. Abadobi bendawo babiza le nhlanzi ngokuthi "herring" noma "zeldom". Ukubhaliswa okuncane kakhulu komthengisi.

I-White Sea ripus ine-nyembamba, i-convex engxenyeni yesisu, emuva kuqondile. Ekhanda elincane kunamehlo amancane nomlomo ongaphezulu. Umhlathi ongaphezulu umfishane kunaphansi. Emzimbeni kunesilinganiso esikhulu, esifanelekile. Ngemuva kwenhlanzi kungwephuzi-aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izinhlangothi zizwele, isisu sicishe saba mhlophe. Amachaphaza amachashaza e-dorsal ne-caudal anombala omnyama, amanye anombala omnyama okhanyayo.

Umuntu omdala ufinyelela ubude obufika kumasentimitha angama-25. Imvamisa, amasampula amasentimitha ayi-14-17 atholakala ekubambeni. Isisindo senhlanzi singama-gramu angama-50. Umuntu ngamunye angafinyelela isisindo esingama-gramu ayi-150, kepha akuvamile ukutholakala. Umthengisi wolwandle i-White Sea ohlala emachibi usenesisindo esincane kakhulu.

Isabelo sokudla

Ukudla okuyinhloko unyaka wonke ama-crustaceans amancane. Kutholakala esiswini somuntu ngamunye daphnia, cyclops, cypris nabanye. Esikhathini sasemini, ama-crustaceans asezansi, ngokulandelana, futhi okuthengiswayo kugcinwa kujule. Ebusuku, inyamazane ihamba iye ogwini lolwandle, futhi izikole zama-rips ziyalandela.

Ngaphezu kwama crustaceans, ukudla okuthandwayo kokuthengiswa yizibungu, ama-mollusks nezibungu zezinambuzane. Ehlobo, idla izinambuzane eziwile emanzini. Lokhu kwenzeka ikakhulukazi phakathi nenkathi lapho ziphuma ziphuma ngamandla. Lapho-ke, izisu zenhlanzi zigcwaliswa kakhulu ngamayunithi ahlukahlukene nezinye izinambuzane.

Indlela yokuphila nokusatshalaliswa

I-ryapushka ayihlukile kakhulu empilweni kusuka kubo bonke abanye abomndeni we-whitefish. Ungabonisa uphawu lwentengiso njengenhlanzi enokuthula ekhetha ukufunda. Izinhlanzi zidla ukudla kwezilwane futhi zivame ukuhambahamba emanzini zifuna ukudla. Ukukhula kwezinhlanzi kuhamba kancane. Ifinyelela ekukhuleni kuphela eneminyaka eyi-6. Okuhlukile kulokhu kuyizinhlobonhlobo zePereyaslovsky, lapho inqubo yokuzala isivele ineminyaka engu-2-3.

Ukulungiselela i-Vendace kuqala ekwindla sekwephuzile. Akuhlali isikhathi eside futhi kuhlala amasonto amabili. Ngokuya ngonyaka, ukuphela kokukhula kwezinhlamvu kungenzeka ekuqaleni kobusika. Ukuze zizalaniswe, inhlanzi ibuthana ezikoleni ezinkulu futhi ihlala ezindaweni ezingenamanzi ezindaweni lapho kukhona khona isihlabathi noma udaka phansi, enikeza ukuthandwa kwamagquma angaphansi kwamanzi, imithambeka nokulahlwa.

Ukuqhekeka kwe-Vendace kwenzeka ebumnyameni. Kwindlela eyodwa, insikazi, ngokuya ngesisindo somzimba, iyakwazi ukuqhakaza isuka emaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-7 kuya kwayi-15, cishe amamayela ayi-millimitha nesigamu. Hatching kwenzeka entwasahlobo. Ama-ruffs, ama-perches, kanye nezinye izakhamizi zakule ndawo zidla ingxenye enkulu yamaqanda.

Isikhathi sonke, umthengisi “uhamba”, edabula echibini eyofuna ukudla. Izinhlanzi zitholakala ngamanani amakhulu ezingxenyeni eziseduze nomfula nasezindaweni eziphansi zemifula. Ekuqaleni kwekwindla, ukufuduka kwesikhathi sonyaka kwenzeka emithanjeni nasemachibini - lokhu kwenziwa ukuze kwenziwe ngaphambi kobusika.

Kumagiya entanta

Izinhlanzi zibanjwa kuphela ebangeni elikhulu ukusuka ogwini nasekujuleni okukhulu. Amadada ajwayele ukuhlala ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi zamanzi. Ngokudoba, kuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa kokubili i-float kanye ne “donka esebenzayo”. Kungcono ukukhetha izinduku ezine "imishini yokusebenzisa". Kunzima ukubiza inhlanzi enamahloni, kepha akunconywa ukuthi kube nokudotshwa okunzima.

Ehlobo

Ehlobo, njengasebusika, basebenzisa amagiya aginqe ifakelwe izinduku ze-flywheel ngezihloko ezikhethekile. I-creeper ibanjwa kuma-mormyshki asebusika ajwayelekile: i-pellet, i-droplet, intuthwane. Kungcono ukunikela ngokuthandwa kwama-nozzles wombala omnyama. Ama-Nods kanye nesisindo se-mormyshek kukhethwa ngokuya ngezimo zokudoba.

Ukuzala nokukhula komthengisi

Ukukhulisa izinhlanzi echibini kuyinzuzo futhi kuyabiza. Kepha ukuze ahlele ibhizinisi, usomabhizinisi udinga ukuthola uhlobo olufanele kunazo zonke lwezinhlanzi, indlela yokuzalanisa kanye nezici zokulungiswa kwayo. Inzuzo nenzuzo yokuzalanisa nokuthengisa izilokotho ezikhula ngokusobala kuzoba sobala uma ulandela yonke imininingwane yecebo lebhizinisi.

Ukulima kwezinhlanzi zamachibi: zonke izinhlobo

Namuhla, ukulima izinhlanzi echibini kuhlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu: amanzi afudumele namanzi abandayo. ICassock yizinhlanzi ezizama ukugwema izidumbu zamanzi ngamanzi afudumele, ngokulandelana, inketho yesibili ilungele kakhudlwana. Mayelana nohlobo lwenqubo yokujikeleza, amapulazi echibi ahlukaniswe yizinhlelo ezigcwele, zokudla kanye nezinhlanzi.

Umnotho wohlelo oluphelele uhlinzeka ngawo wonke umjikelezo wokukhula kwezinhlanzi kusuka kuFry kuya kubantu abadala abangase bakwazi ukutholwa. Ukondla amapulazi kukhulisa izinhlanzi ezindala, kanti ama-hatcheries akhula izibungu, gazinga, kanye nonyaka; kwesinye isikhathi izinhlanzi zikhula zize zibe yiminyaka emi-2. Ngokuya ngokwesikhathi, amafemu ahlukaniswe amapulazi anonyaka owodwa, nonyaka owodwa, kanye neminyaka emithathu.

Izidumbu zamanzi zokugcina isitolo

Ipulazi lamachibi athuthukisiwe lihlinzeka ngobukhona bezindawo zokugcina eziningi zezidingo nezinkathi ezahlukahlukene zonyaka. Ipulangwe lokuqala nelibalulekile elizotholakala epulazini liyachitheka. Le ndawo yokugcina inezidingo eziningi eziphakeme mayelana nokuhlelwa nokulungiswa. Ichibi kufanele litholakale endaweni engaxhunyiwe enezimbali ezincane kanye nezimo ezinhle zokuzala, ukuqandusela amaqanda nokukhula kwezibungu.

Emachibini, ukuhambisa nokugeleza kwamanzi kufanele kube okusheshayo nokuzimele. Isichibi se-Spawning kufanele sisetshenziselwe kuphela ukuhlanza abesifazane.

Okulandelayo, udinga ukwakha ichibi lokuthosa, lapho imvelo kufanele ibe nokunempilo khona, azikho ubuthi nezinambuzane ezingalimaza izinhlanzi ezincane.

Ngemuva kwechibi, izinhlanzi zidedelwa echibini lokukhula, lapho kudliwa khona abantu abathile, futhi lapho izingane zonyaka ubudala zivuthwa khona ngokuzayo. Ukuze kube lula, kunconywa ukubeka amachibi akhula kahle eduze kwalawo asebusika.

Enye into ebalulekile kunoma yikuphi ukudoba okuphumelelayo ukutholakala kwechibi lokubamba ubusika. Imvamisa, abathengisi abaningi bafa ebusika. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-oksijini kanye nezimo zokushisa ezingezinhle. Ukujula kwechibi akufanele kube ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1.5. Kunconywa ukuthi kufakwe umthombo wamanzi ukufakwa eduzane nendawo engenantambo.

Ukondla amachibi kuhlinzekela ukutshalwa kwezimpahla zezentengiso, ngenxa yokuthi osayizi bawo wedlula amapharamitha abanye, ngoba ukuthengisa kudinga inkululeko ethe xaxa. Kunconywa indawo engamahektare ayi-150. IVolumu akufanele yenziwe futhi; kunzima kakhulu ukulawula zonke izikhathi zokukhula kwezinhlanzi nokukhula kwezinhlanzi. Ukwenziwa kabusha kwemigodi emincane kuphakeme ngenxa yokudalwa kwezimo ezingcono zokuthuthukiswa kwesisekelo sokuphakelayo.

Izici eziwusizo

I-creeper yinhlanzi enamanzi amhlophe, kepha amanoni ayo anempilo aqukethe inani elikhulu le-omega-3 acid, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinhlanzi ezincane zincamela ukudla hhayi i-phytoplankton, kepha ama-crustaceans amancane kunazo zonke, atholakala ngobuningi emachibi asenyakatho nasentshonalanga.

Izinzuzo ze-Omega-3 ziyaziwa kwabaningi. Okokuqala, lamafutha adingekayo ukuze umzimba womuntu ulondoloze ubuqotho bolwelwesi futhi ulondoloze amakhono engqondo - abantu abaningi abadala bathola ukushoda kanye nokushoda kwalezi zinto.

Kwinyama ye-omega-3 yokuthengisa inyama, ayihlali isikhathi eside njengasenyameni yasolwandle. Kepha u-cingo wesimanjemanje ojulile uyasiza ukuxazulula le nkinga. Uma uqhola kahle inhlanzi, igcina izakhiwo zayo ezilusizo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Phakathi kokunye, i-ripus iqukethe izinto ezilandelayo:

• Amaprotheni. Imunwa kalula futhi igaywe ngumzimba.
• IVithamini PP Uthatha ingxenye ebonakalayo ekuphenduleni kwe-redox kuwo wonke umzimba.
• Umlando. Yi-acid ebalulekile ekhuthaza ukukhula kweseli nokuvuselelwa kweseli.

Futhi, inyama yezinhlanzi inothile ngamaminerali: isibabule, i-molybdenum, chlorine, i-fluorine, i-zinc, i-chromium, i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-phosphorus nabanye.

Enye impahla ewusizo ukuthi i-vendace inokuqukethwe okuphansi kwama-khalori - ama-kilojoule angama-45-88 kuphela kumagremu ayikhulu omkhiqizo. Futhi iqukethe inani eliphansi lamathambo kunezinye izinhlobo zamanzi ahlanzekile: akunakwenzeka ukuthi i-1/10 yalo itayelwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, kumnandi kakhulu ukujabulela ithikithi elithengiwe, elinosawoti nelomisiwe.

Inani lesithelo

Ukupheka i-ripus kuvunyelwe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Ayibalulekanga nje kuphela, kepha futhi incamela ukudla okunosawoti noma okubunjiwe. Ukuthengiswa okumnandi nokuthandwa utamatisi, kukhethwe. Sebenzisa izinhlanzi zokuthosa ku-ukhilimu omuncu usoso.

Kungumugqa oyisisekelo sendwangu yendabuko yesiFinnish - uphayi owenziwe inhlama entsha ethosiwe. Ukulungiswa okufanele komthengisi kuqinisekisa ukutholwa kwezitsha ezimnandi. Ngaphambi kokupheka, qiniseka ukuthi ugeza inhlanzi, ususe isikhumba kuyo bese ulinda kuze kube yilapho amanzi ekhishwa. Ngokulandelayo, inhlanzi ilungiswa ngokususelwa kokuthandayo.

Isibonelo, kuyathandwa kakhulu ukunqothula i-vendace, ukuyibilisa isikhashana, bese kuthi ngemuva kokupholisa, uthele ukugqoka kusuka kuviniga, iqabunga le-bay kanye ne-horseradish ebunjiwe, usawoti. Ngemuva kwalokho, inhlanzi ifafazwa nge-dill ne-allspice, kufakwa i-dill, ishiywe izinsuku eziningana. Ngakho-ke inhlanzi ifakwe uviniga, bese ubeka umthwalo kuyo bese ushiya amasonto amabili. Isitsha esinjalo sizoba umhlobiso wangempela wanoma iyiphi ithebula lemikhosi.

Umthengisi omnandi kakhulu othosiwe, kanye nendlebe, olungiselelwe ngesisekelo sale nhlanzi. Akukho okubangisana lapho kuzosetshenziswa khona, okuwukuphela kokuphela kokuba khona kokungafani komzimba kokudla kwasolwandle.

Imininingwane ethokozisayo ngezinhlanzi

Kunamaqiniso ambalwa athakazelisayo mayelana nomthengisi. Nazi ezinye zazo:

• Ejokeni lezingalo zedolobha lasePereslavl-Zalessky othanda ukubhema uboniswa.
• Le raus, ehlala eLake Pleshcheyevo, yayisetshenziselwa ukupheka izitsha ezabe ziphiwa abantu basebukhosini. Phambilini, bebenqatshelwe ukudoba nokuthengisa. Uma lo mthetho wephulwa, ababambisi bezinhlanzi babethunyelwa ekufeni.
• ICassock ibiyingxenye yokudlela kwamakhoroni.
• IRyapushka ithathwa njengenhlanzi eyintandokazi yakwaFinns, ngoba kuyisiko ngabo ukuthambisa ifilimu yezinhlanzi, bayigingqe ngofulawa, bayinikeze abantu abeza emkhosini wasemgwaqweni. Inhlanzi ithosiwe emafutheni amabili: ukhilimu kanye ne-rep. Ngakho-ke ukunambitheka kwezinhlanzi kuthuthukisa kaningana.

IRajapushka yinhlanzi eyingqayizivele enambitheka okuhle, empeleni ayinawo amathambo, atuswa kakhulu ngama-gourmet amaningi. Izitsha eziningi ezimnandi zilungiselelwe kusuka ezinhlanzini, kufaka phakathi izinhlanzi zokupheka kanye nezindawo eziphakemeyo zedombolo. Izinhlanzi ezinjalo ziyaluswa futhi zikhule emachibini, kanti nesidingo sazo asiwa.

Ngabe udoba yiphi igiya?

Amapiki we-ripus ebusika nasehlobo, awubambe ngokuntanta, ezansi, kwigiya le-mormyshevye. I-fillet yezinhlanzi, igobolondo kanye nezibungu ze-invertebrate, izibungu zegazi, kanye nezibungu kusetshenziswa njengezithiyo.

Ukusetshenziswa kokudoba:

• izinduku ezinemishini yokusebenzisa,
• avume izinduku zokudoba.
• imvukuzane "imbovane", "pellet", "droplet".

Abadobi babamba izimbambo nge-zakidny nezinsimbi ezingaguquki noma amanetha.

Kufakwe futhi kubhakwe

Hlanza inhlanzi ngayinye kusuka esikalini (ungasebenzisa ngisho nohlangothi olunzima lwesiponji sokuwasha izitsha), gazinga kufulawa (iscrumbs) nezinongo bese ufaka epanini elinamafutha avuthayo. Fry kuze kube nsundu yegolide imizuzu emi-3-5 ohlangothini ngalunye.

Uhlobo lwesitsha lwesiFinnish luhluka kuphela kulolo ufulawa we-rye usetshenziselwa ukufaka isinkwa.

• inhlanzi (iminyene futhi ihlutshiwe),
• ibhotela
• anyanisi, osikiwe emasondweni,
• amazambane (ehlutshiwe futhi asikiwe)
• iqabunga le-bay, ama-peppercorns, usawoti.

Faka u-anyanisi, inhlanzi, namazambane ezingxenyeni ezingcolile ezinamafutha. Kungaba nezendlalelo eziningana (kuya ngenani lemikhiqizo). Faka izinongo futhi ungeze amanzi ungqimba olungaphezulu. Cwilisa kuze kuphekwe amazambane.

• izinhlanzi ezibunjiwe
• amazambane, ehlutshiwe futhi asikiwe,
• izaqathe eziphakathi nendawo
• u-anyanisi osikiwe,
• imayonesi
• imifino nezinongo.

Hlanganisa amazambane ngengxenye yemayonesi kanye nezinongo. Esitsheni sokubhaka, esigcotshwe uwoyela wemifino, uthele amazambane, bese izaqathi, u-anyanisi, izidumbu zezinhlanzi. Mboza isitsha nge imayonnaise ngaphezulu bese uthumela kuhhavini osuke usushisa kakade. Bhaka cishe imizuzu engama-40.

Kalakucco

• ukolweni nofulawa we-rye - 200 g lilinye,
• amanzi - izingilazi ezi-3,
• uwoyela yemifino - 2 tbsp.,
• usawoti.

• inhlanzi engenamakhanda nemisila - 700 g,
• ubhekeni - 150 g,
• ilayisi - 1 isipuni,
• ukhilimu - 50 ml,
• usawoti.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhotela (yokugcoba).

Bopha inhlama bese ugoqa uhhafu ekwakhiweni. Faka irayisi kanye nezidumbu zezinhlanzi enkabeni (ungasebenzisa futhi izihlavu), uthele ukhilimu. Usawoti. Beka ubhekeni ngaphezulu. Khipha ingxenye yesibili yenhlama, isembozo, xhuma imiphetho yephayi ukuze wenze umkhiqizo obukeka njenge-bun. Phala ikhekhe kuhhavini bese ubhaka imizuzu engama-20 ku-200 ° C.

Bese ususa, gcoba ngebhotela, usonge ngephepha lokubhaka no-foil bese ufaka kuhhavini amanye ama-3 amahora, wehlise izinga lokushisa libe ngu-140 ° C.

Ukusatshalaliswa nezindawo zokuhlala

Izinhlobo zase-European vendace ikakhulukazi zihlala emachibini, kepha zivame ukwenzeka emifuleni, kanye nasezindongeni zeBaltic nolwandle: ngesiFinnish nesiBothnian. I-creeper iyathanda ukuhlala phezu kobumba noma ngaphansi kwesihlabathi, igwema amanzi afudumele. Ungahlangana naye eFinland nasezindaweni ezisenyakatho neRussia, eDenmark, eScandinavia, eScotland, eJalimane, eBelarus naseLithuania. Izinhlobo zePereslavl zitholakala kuphela eLake Pleshcheevo.

Umthengisi wePereslavl uhlala echibini elilodwa elibizwa ngePleshcheevo. Itholakala esifundeni eseningizimu yesifunda saseYaroslavl: lo mthengisi unothando olubandayo, njengoba eyeka ukuzizwa ekhululekile ngisho noma ekushiseni kwamanzi okungu-16 ... + 17 degrees Celsius. Ngenxa yomthelela we-anthropogenic, umthamo wezitolo eLake Pleshcheyevo ubonwa kuphela ezindaweni ezithile ezihlangabezana nezidingo zokushisa kwamanzi kanye nokugcwala komoya komoya. Ungayithola ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-10-25, kepha ngokushona kwelanga itholakala iphakeme. Muva nje, abantu abathile echibini baqala ukukhula kancane, futhi isikhathi sabo sokuphila esiphansi sehle ngeminyaka emi-2.

Umthengisi waseSiberia uhlala eLaptev Sea Basin. Le carapace ithathwa njengenhlanzi ejwayelekile efudukayo, engahlala emanzini anosawoti kakhulu, kepha ngesikhathi sokukhula kukhuphuka emifuleni. Izinhlobo ze-White Sea zitholakala ezingxenyeni zasolwandle ezingolwandle lwe-Arctic. Umthengisi onjalo udume ngokuthi yi-herring, noma iZeldyu.

Ukubamba i-vendace

Ehlobo, umthengisi ubanjwa esikebheni futhi evela ogwini. Ukusuka ogwini - kuya phansi kokulwa, i-flywheel noma induku yokudoba yeBologna, futhi kusuka esikebheni - kuya kudondolo oluseceleni oluhlotshiswe ngenduku. Ukubhekelwa phansi akusiyona ndlela ehamba phambili yokudotshwa kwale nhlanzi engena kuyo ngengozi.

Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukudoba ebusika. Ukusuka eqhweni, umthengisi ubanjwa e-garland, mormyshka kanye nesicoco. Ukuqhafaza kusethwe kanzima. Ukudoba kwenzeka ekujuleni okungaphezu kwama-20 m, ngakho-ke esimweni sezulu esinomoya akukho ongakwenza ngaphandle kwetende eqhweni. Lapho kutholakala khona umthengisi, abantu bendawo bakha izindlu echibini futhi babambe ngenduduzo.

Imininingwane ekhangayo

URapushka, otholakala eLake Pleshcheyeva, ubengeyona nje ingxenye yokudlela kwamakhoroni, kodwa futhi ufakwe kumenyu eyenzelwe abantu basebukhosini. Izinhlanzi ezinkulu nezinamafutha ezazivela kuleli chibi, ezazibizwa nangokuthi ("Pereslavl herring"), azikwazanga ukubanjwa noma ukuthengiswa ngekhulu le-16 ngaphansi komyalo we-tsar. Ngokwesenzo esinjalo, uTsar Alexei Mikhailovich, owayekhathazekile ngesimo sokuthengiswa, futhi wasabisa ngokufa nokudoba. kubadala.

Umthengisi ovuthayo ubabaza ijazi elisemthethweni lezingalo zedolobha lasePereslavl-Zalessky.

Futhi eFinland, kuwo wonke umkhosi wasemgwaqweni, ungabona ukuthi inhlanzi eyithandayo yaseFinland, umthengisi, iphekwa kanjani epanini elikhulu lokuthosa, ngemuva kokugoqwa ngofulawa we-rye. Umthengisi uthosiwe emafutheni aseFinland, qiniseka ukufaka i-bhotela lapho upheka.