I-salamander enkulu (yegigantic) iyinhlangano yohlobo lwama-amphibians angcolile omndeni we-tamaris futhi imelelwa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: i-salamander yaseJapan enkulu (Andrias japonicus) ne-Chinese salamander enkulu (Andrias davidianus), okuhlukahluka endaweni lapho kukhona khona amashubhu ekhanda nendawo yokuhlala. Ngokusho kwegama, i-salamander enkulu yaseChina ihlala emifuleni esezintabeni enkabeni ye-East China, kanye neJapan - emifuleni yaseJapan.

Namuhla yi-amphibian enkulu kunazo zonke, engafinyelela ku-160 cm ubude, isisindo esifinyelela ku-180 kg. Iminyaka eyi-55 yobudala esemthethweni ebhaliswe ngokusemthethweni eyi-salamander yiminyaka engama-55.

Lezi zigidi zeminyaka ezinkulukazi zeminyaka eyedlule zahlangana nama-dinosaurs futhi zikwazi ukusinda futhi zizivumelanise nezimo ezintsha zokuphila. I-salamander enkulu ihola indlela yokuphila yamanzi, isebenza ngokuhlwa futhi ebusuku, ithanda ukubanda, imifudlana yezintaba edlula ngokushesha, imifula eluhlaza nemifula engaphansi komhlaba.

Umbala onsundu omnyama onamabala amnyama afiphele enza ukuthi i-salamander ingabonakali ngokumelene nesizinda sedwala elingaphansi kwemifula. Umzimba nekhanda elikhulu le-salamander kuthambile, umsila, ocishe ube yingxenye yobude bonke, ubunjiwe njengogobolondo, ama-paws angaphambili aneminwe emi-4 kanye nemilenze yangemuva iminwe emi-5 ngakunye, amehlo angenamashiya abanzi kakhulu futhi namakhala asondele kakhulu ndawonye.

I-salamander ihlukaniswa ukungaboni kahle kwamehlo, okunxephezelwa umqondo omuhle kakhulu wephunga, ngosizo lwayo ithola amasele, inhlanzi, ama-crustaceans, izinambuzane, zihamba kancane kancane ngaphansi komfula. I-salamander ithola ukudla, ifihle ngaphansi komfula, ibambe futhi ibambe isisulu ngemihlathi emincane ngamazinyo amancane anamakhanda abukhali. I-metabolism ye-salamander ihamba kancane, okuvumela ukuthi yenziwe ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside.

Ngo-Agasti-Septhemba, i-salamander iqala isikhathi sokuzalela. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda angamakhulu ayisi-6,7 mm ngosayizi, ifana namarosari amade, ngemisele evundlile engaphansi kwamanzi ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-3, okungajwayelekile ukuthi kube ngama-amphibians. I-Caviar ivuthwa izinsuku ezingama-60-70 ekushiseni kwamanzi ngo-12 ° C. Kulokhu, njengomthetho, owesilisa uhlala ehlinzeka ngamaqanda, enza umfula wamanzi ngomsila.

Izibungu zingaba ngu-30 mm ubude, ngazimbili ezintathu zama-gill angaphandle, iziqalo zamalungu kanye nomsila omude onomphetho obanzi. Ama-salamanders amancane ahlala esemanzini isikhathi esingangonyaka nesigamu, kuze kube yilapho sekuvele amaphaphu awo, futhi angakwazi ukuhamba emhlabeni. Kepha i-salamander ingaphefumula ngesikhumba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthomba kwe-salamander enkulu kakhulu kuqala.

Inyama enkulu ye-salamander inambitheka kahle futhi iyadliwa, okuholele ekunciphiseni kwenani lezilwane kanye nokufakwa kwalo kwiBhuku elibomvu njengezinhlobo ezisongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Ngakho-ke, njengamanje eJapan, i-salamander cishe ayiveli emvelweni, kodwa ifuzwa ezindlini ezikhethekile.

E-China, eZhangjiajie Park, sekwenziwe isisekelo sokuzalela izwe ngo-salamander, lapho kugcinwa khona izinga lokushisa elihlala njalo lika-16-20 ° C emhubheni ongamamitha angama-600, okulungele ukwenziwa kabusha kwe-salamander.

Incazelo

Ama-salamanders amakhulu aseJapan angakhula abe ngamamitha amahlanu (160 cm) namakhilogremu angama-25 ubude. Isidalwa esikhulu kunazo zonke zasendle kwirekhodi esinesisindo esingama-26.3 kg futhi ubude besingu-136. Siyi-amphibian yesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, eseduze nesihlobo saso esiseduze, i-salamander enkulu yaseChina. Izikhumba zazo ezinsundu nezinsundu zinikeza isizotha kusuka ezinhlamvwini zemifudlana nemifula. Zinamehlo amancane kakhulu angenawo ijwabu leso kanye nokungaboni kahle emehlweni. Imilomo yabo igijimisana nobubanzi bamakhanda abo, futhi ivuleke nobubanzi bemizimba yabo.

Lezi salamanders zinezikhala ezinkulu zesikhumba entanyeni ezikhulisa ngempumelelo indawo yazo yomzimba ephelele. Lokhu kusiza ekushintshelaniseni igesi e-epidermal, yona elawula ukushintshaniswa kwekhabhoni kanye nomoya-mpilo namanzi. Ama-capillaries ebusweni besikhumba enza lokhu kushintshana kwegesi.

Zingahlukaniswa kusuka kuma-salamanders amakhulu aseChina indawo lapho kukhona khona amashubhu ekhanda nasemqaleni. Ama-tubercles amakhudlwana futhi maningi ngokuqhathaniswa ne-tubercles ehlanganiswe ngokulinganayo futhi engalingani eyabiwa ye-salamander enkulu yaseChina. I-muzzle nayo iyindilinga, futhi umsila umfishane.

Ayikho i-dimorphism ebonakalayo yangaphandle.

Ukuziphatha

I-salamander enkulu yaseJapan, njengoba inqunyelwe emifudlaneni enamanzi ahlanzekile, abandayo, anamanzi ngokuphelele futhi icishe ibe nobusuku ngokuphelele. Ngokungafani nezinye salamanders, abalahlekelwa gill zabo ekuqaleni komjikelezo wokuphila kwabo, bavele baphuke amakhanda ngaphezu komhlaba ukuze bathole umoya ngaphandle kokuphuma emanzini nangaphansi komhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu nokungabikho kwama-gill, akhawulelwe emanzini agobhozayo, lapho i-oksijini idlulele khona. Ama-salamanders amunca umoya-mpilo esikhunjeni, esinama-folders amaningi okukhulisa indawo yangaphezulu.

Lapho zisengcupheni, lezi salamander zingathola isisi esinamandla esinephunga elimnandi lesikhumbuza iphunga laseJapan (yingakho igama laso elivamile laseJapan, inhlanzi enkulu yepepuru). Unamehlo angaboni kahle, futhi unamaseli wezinzwa akhethekile amboza isikhumba sakhe, aqala kusuka ekhanda kuye ezinzwaneni, kulayini oqondile wohlelo. Izinhlobo zezinwele La maseli wezinzwa athola ukunyakaza okuncane kakhulu endaweni, futhi kufana kakhulu namaseli wezinwele endlebeni yangaphakathi yomuntu. Lesi sici sibalulekile ekuzingeleni kwakhe ngenxa yombono wakhe ompofu.

Idla ikakhulu izinambuzane, amasele nezinhlanzi. Ine-metabolism ehamba kancane futhi kwesinye isikhathi ingaqhubeka amasonto ambalwa ngaphandle kokudla. Ungenazo izimbangi zemvelo. Le yinhlobo ehlala isikhathi eside, enethumba lokuqoshwa ingabantu ababehlala e-Amsterdam Zoo, eNetherlands, iminyaka engama-52. Endle, zingaphila iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-80.

Umjikelezo wokuphila

Iziphepho zaseJapan ezifihliwe zihlala echibini lempilo yazo yonke. Ngesikhathi sokuzala ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti, abantu abadala abavuthiwe ngokocansi bakhuphukela ezintabeni bayokhipha amaqanda. Abesilisa abakhulu bavikela indawo yokuzalwa futhi baziwa ngokuthi ama-denmasters. Bathandana nabesifazane abaningi isizini yonke. Amadoda amancane angenawo umgede angazama ukungena emgodini futhi afake amanye amaqanda. Owesilisa ukhipha ubisi amaqanda abekwe ngowesifazane. IDenmaster ikhombisa ukunakekela kwabazali futhi iqapha amaqanda nabalandeli bamanzi ngaphezulu kwabo ngomsila wayo wokukhulisa ukuhamba komoya-mpilo. Izibungu zivela emaqanda avundisiwe. Izibungu bese zakha ama-gill kanye nemilenze, bese zilahlekelwa yi-gill zazo lapho ziphenduka abantu abadala.

I-Asa Zoo yaseJapan kwakuyinhlangano yokuqala yokuzala ngempumelelo ama-salamanders amakhulu aseJapan ekudingisweni. Ezinye zezinzalo zabo zadluliselwa eSmithsonian Zoo e-United States ukuze zisungule uhlelo lokufuya. Isikhungo saseHanzaki saseJapan selokhu sagqekeza ngempumelelo isi-salamander esikhulu saseJapan sisebenzisa izindlela ze-ASA zoo zokwakha amachibi okwenziwa.

Indaba

Isidumbu saseJapan, i-salamander, sabanjwa okokuqala ngabaseYurophu lapho udokotela owayehlala esiqhingini saseDejima eNagasaki, uPhilip Franz von Siebold, ethwebula ubuso bakhe, wasiphonsa eLeiden eNetherlands ngeminyaka yo-1820. Lo mbono waqokwa njengesikhumbuzo semvelo esikhethekile ngo-1951, futhi savikeleka kwezombusazwe.

Isimo

I-salamander enkulu yaseJapan isongelwa ngokungcoliswa, ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala (phakathi kwezinye izinguquko, ngokufaka isilika kuze kufike emifuleni lapho ihlala khona), kanye nokugcwala ngokweqile. Ukwephulwa komfula kuholele ekwehleleni kwenani lezindawo ezidlekayo nezindawo ezivimba amadamu. Lokhu kubhekwe njengekuseduze nokwesatshiswa yi-IUCN futhi kufakwa ku-CITES Isithasiselo I. Kungatholakala eziqhingini zaseKyushu, eHonshu naseShikoku eJapan. Esikhathini esedlule, babebanjwa emifuleni nasemifuleni njengomthombo wokudla, kepha ukuzingela kuye kwaphela ngenxa yezenzo zokuzivikela.

I-salamander enkulu yaseJapan ivikelwe ngokwezimali njengesikhumbuzo esikhethekile semvelo yiJapan Agency for Cultural Affairs kusukela ngo-1952 ngenxa yenani lamasiko nezemfundo.

Izixhumanisi zamasiko

I-salamander enkulu yaseJapan kwakuyindaba yezinganekwane nobuciko eJapan, ngokwesibonelo, ku ukiyo-e umsebenzi ka-Utagawa Kuniyoshi. Isidalwa sezinganekwane esidumile saseJapan esaziwa ngokuthi kappa ingahle iphefumulelwe i-salamander enkulu yaseJapan.

Kunomkhosi omkhulu we-salamander njalo ngonyaka ngo-Agasti 8 eYubara, MANIWA City, i-Okayama Prefecture ukuhlonipha izilwane nokugubha izimpilo zazo. Ama-salamanders amakhulu abizwa ngokuthi yiHanzaki eYubara, ngenxa yenkolelo yokuthi noma edwengulwa ngesigamu (i-Han), ayaqhubeka nokusinda. Kunezintambo ezimbili ezinkulu ze-salamander: owesilisa omnyama nobovu besifazane.

Kusukela ngonyaka we-2017, incwadi enemifanekiso ebizwa ngokuthi uZakihan ishicilelwe ngesiJapan nesiNgisi, lapho umlingiswa oyinhloko eyi-hanzaki ebizwa ngeZakihan.

Ukubukeka

I-giant salamander (isilwane) ayibukeki ikhanga ngokukhethekile. Ukuchazwa kwakhe kusikisela ukuthi unomzimba ombozwe ngokuphelele umquba nekhanda elikhulu elithobekile kusuka ngaphezulu. Umsila wayo omude, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ucindezelwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi imilenze yakhona imfushane futhi iqinile. Amakhala asemaphethelweni ekugcineni kwesisondele kakhulu. Amehlo akhumbuza ubuhlalu ngandlela-thile angenawo amajwabu amehlo.

I-salamander enkulu inesikhumba esisontekile esinomphetho ezinhlangothini, okwenza izinhla zesilwane zibonakale zingacaci ngokwengeziwe. Umzimba ongenhla we-amphibian unombala onsundu omnyama onamabala ansundu kanye namabala amnyama angenazici. Umbala onobuhlakani onjalo uvumela ukuba ungabonakali ngokuphelele ezansi kwedamu, njengoba usifaka kahle lesi silwane phakathi kwezinto ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba ongaphansi kwamanzi.

Le amphibian imangalisa ngosayizi wayo. Ubude bomzimba wakhe kanye nomsila wakhe kungafinyelela amasentimitha ayi-165, nesisindo - ama-26 kilos. Unamandla amakhulu ngokomzimba futhi uyingozi uma ezwa ukuthi isitha sisondela.

Uhlala kuphi?

Izinhlobo zaseJapan zalezi zilwane zihlala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yesiqhingi saseHondo, futhi futhi zande enyakatho neGifu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlala kuso sonke isiqhingi. UShikoku noFr. I-Kyushu. I-salamander enkulu yaseChina ihlala eningizimu yeGuangxi neShaanxi.

Indawo yokuhlala la ma-amphibians angenamanzi imifula yezintaba nemifudlana enamanzi ahlanzekile futhi apholile, atholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angamakhulu amahlanu.

Indlela yokuphila nokuziphatha

Lezi zilwane zikhombisa imisebenzi yazo kuphela ebumnyameni, futhi phakathi nosuku zilala kwezinye izindawo ezifihliwe. Lapho kuqala ukungena, bayazingela. Njengokudla kwabo, imvamisa bakhetha izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane, ama-amphibians amancane, izinhlanzi kanye nama-crustaceans.

Lawa ma-amphibians ahamba ngezansi ngezinyawo zawo ezimfishane, kepha uma kunesidingo sokusheshisa okubukhali, axhumeka nomsila. I-salamander enkulu imvamisa ihamba ngokulwa negagasi, ngoba lokhu kunganikeza ukuphefumula okungcono. Iphuma emanzini iye ogwini ezimweni ezingandile kakhulu futhi ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuchitheka okubangelwa izimvula ezinamandla. Lesi silwane sisebenzisa isikhathi saso esiningi emgodini ohlukene, ekwakhekeni okukhulu phakathi kwezingibe, noma ezihlahleni zezihlahla nasemibekweni eye yashona yazithola isezansi komfula.

I-salamander yaseJapan, kanye namaShayina, ayinamehlo angaboni kahle, kepha lokhu akubavimbeli ukuzivumelanisa nokuzilungiselela ngokwabo emkhathini, ngoba banikezwe iphunga elimnandi lokuhogela.

Ukuhlanjululwa kwalezi amphibians kwenzeka kaningana ngonyaka. Isikhumba esidala esidonsayo sivele sivele ngokuphelele ebusweni bomzimba wonke. Izingcezu ezincane nama-flakes akhiwa kule nqubo angadliwa ingxenye yesilwane. Ngalesi sikhathi, esithatha izinsuku ezimbalwa, benza ukunyakaza okufana nokudlidliza. Ngale ndlela, ama-amphibians ageza yonke indawo esele yesikhumba elahliwe.

I-salamander enkulu ithathwa njenge-amphibian yendawo, ngakho-ke kunezimo lapho abesilisa abancane bebhujiswa ngabalingani babo abakhulu. Kodwa, empeleni, lezi zilwane azihlukile ngokufutheka ngokweqile futhi uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi kuphela lapho zingakhipha imfihlo enamathelayo, enombala o-milky futhi ifana nento efana nepepper yaseJapan.

Ukuzala

Imvamisa lesi silwane siyashada phakathi kuka-Agasti noSepthemba, kuthi ngemuva kwalokho insikazi ibekele amaqanda ayo emgodini wembiwa ngaphansi kogu ngaphansi kwamamitha amathathu. Lawa maqanda anobubanzi obucishe bube ngu-7 mm, futhi angamakhulu awo. Zivutha cishe izinsuku ezingamashumi ayisithupha ekushiseni kwamanzi okulingana nama-degree Celsius ayishumi nambili.

Kuphela lapho kuzalwa, izibungu ziba nobude obungama-30 kuphela, ukuqala kwamalunga nemsila omkhulu. Lawa ma-amphibians akahambi emhlabathini aze afike onyakeni owodwa nesigamu, lapho amaphaphu awo esakhiwa ngokuphelele, futhi azofinyelela ekuthangeni. Kuze kube yilesi sikhathi, i-salamander enkulu ihlala ingaphansi kwamanzi.

Umsoco

Emzimbeni walezi zinhlwathi zangaphansi ze-caudate, izinqubo ze-metabolic zihamba kancane, ngakho-ke zingakwenza ngaphandle kokudla izinsuku eziningi futhi ziyakwazi ukubulawa yindlala isikhathi eside. Lapho benesidingo sokudla, bayahamba bazingele babambe inyamazane yabo ngokunyakaza okukodwa okuvulekile kwemilomo yabo, ngenxa yalokho kutholakala umphumela womehluko wokucindezela. Ngakho-ke, isisulu sithunyelwa ngokuphepha esiswini kanye nomfudlana wamanzi.

Ama-salamanders we-gigantic athathwa njenge-carnivores. Ekuthunjweni, kuye kwaba nezimo zokubulawa kwabantu ngamanyala, okungukuthi, ukudla uhlobo lwabo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi

Le amphibian eyivelakancane inenyama emnandi kakhulu, ebhekwe njengentengo yangempela. I-salamander enkulu isetshenziswa kabanzi emithini yabantu. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngalesi silwane asikisela ukuthi amalungiselelo enziwe kuwo angavikela izifo zomgudu wokugaya ukudla, ukwelapha ukusetshenziswa kwawo futhi futhi usize ngokulimala kanye nezifo ezahlukahlukene zegazi. Ngakho-ke, lesi sidalwa, ama-dinosaurs asindayo futhi azivumelanisa nalo lonke ushintsho empilweni nezimo zezulu eMhlabeni, njengamanje sisondele ekuqothulweni ngenxa yokungenelela komuntu.

Namuhla, lolu hlobo lwe-amphibian olunomsila lungaphansi kokubhekwa okuqinile futhi luboniswa emapulazini. Kodwa ukwakha indawo yokuhlala yemvelo yalezi zilwane kunzima kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ikakhulukazi ngabo, kwakhiwa iziteshi ezijulile zolwandle ezinkulisa ezenzelwe lokhu. Kodwa-ke, ekudingisweni, ngeshwa, azinkulu kangako.

Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-salamander enkulu?

I-amphibian enkulu, ubude bayo evame ukufinyelela kumitha eyodwa nesigamu. Isisindo se-salamander esikhulile singafinyelela kumakhilogramu angama-27. Umsila mude futhi ubanzi, imilenze iminyene futhi imfushane. Izinzwani ezine ezibunjiwe ezinhlanu nemilenze yangemuva. I-salamander enkulu yaseJapan imbozwe ngokuphelele ngesikhumba esimnyama esibonakala sinamakhwapheni futhi sinokukhula okuncane okubukeka njengama warts. Ngenxa yalokhu kukhula, indawo yesikhumba, okuyi "khala "le-salamander, iyanda, ngoba iphefumulela esikhunjeni. Amalunga, kunjalo, akhona, kepha awahlanganyeli enqubweni yokuphefumula, ngoba awumbala. Amehlo amancane we-salamander akahlukaniswa ngokuqapha, umbono wakhe ukhule kabi kakhulu. I-salamander enkulu iyahluka kwezinye izihlobo zayo ngoba inendawo evulekile.

I-Habitat ye-Japan Gigantic Salamander

I-salamander enkulu yaseJapan ibizwa ngokuthi ngoba ihlala eJapan kuphela, noma kunalokho, enyakatho yesiqhingi saseKyushu nasentshonalanga kweHonshu, ebandeni, ezintabeni olushiya kude kakhulu.

I-salamander yaseJapan iyi-amphibian eyingqayizivele ephefumula ngokugcwele isikhumba.

Indlela yokuphila enhle ye-salamander

Emini, i-salamander ithanda ukulala kamnandi endaweni ethile eyedwa, wonke umsebenzi wayo uwela kusihlwa nesikhathi sasebusuku. Ihamba ngezansi emaphethelweni ayo, ingabe yenza kancane, ngokungafani nama-salamanders amancane, ajwayelekile kithi. Uma udinga ukusheshisa, i-salamander enkulu ixhumanisa umsila ema-paws ayo. Ihlala ihamba ngokulwa negagasi, lokhu kusiza ukuthuthukisa inqubo yokuphefumula. Kwesinye isikhathi abantu abancanyana bangachotshozwa abafowabo abakhulu. Njengesexwayiso, i-salamander ifaka imfihlo yokufihla ethola ukuthungwa kwe-gelatinous obala.

Amaqanda we-Gigantic Salamander

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-salamander yaseJapan kungenzeka ingadli amasonto ambalwa, ngenxa yokuhamba kancane kwayo, ihlala izingela. I-salamander i-carnivorous. Akanawo amathe - akayidingi, ngoba inqubo yokudla inyamazane kwenzeka ngaphansi kwamanzi. I-salamander ivula umlomo wayo kakhulu futhi kabanzi, futhi imunca ngokoqobo isisulu namanzi. Izinhlanzi ezilungiselela ukudla, ama-amphibians amancane, ama-crustaceans kanye nezinambuzane ezithile.

Izitha zeJapan Salamander

Kufihlwe ngempumelelo, i-salamander enkulu yaseJapan ifihla kalula izitha zayo. Kepha entweni ebaluleke kunazo zonke, kumuntu, akahlali njalo uyakwazi ukucasha. Ama-salamanders we-gigantic ayathakazelisa kubantu hhayi njengenyama kuphela. Ezinye zezitho zabo zomzimba zisetshenziswa ngempumelelo komunye umuthi.

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