Inkathi ye-Archean

Isikhathi se-Praterozoic

Isikhathi se-Paleozoic

Isikhathi se-Mesozoic

Zonke izibankwakazi Uhlu lwamagama Izingane mayelana nama-dinosaurs Imibhalo Yezidina

I-Ankylosaurus

I-Ankylosaurus : "lukolin eligobile" "
Isikhathi sokuba khona: ukuphela kwenkathi ye-Cretaceous - cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-74-65 eyedlule
Isigcawu: Izinkukhu
Isizinda: Ama-Ankylosaurs
Izici ezijwayelekile zama-ankylosaurs:
- uhambe ngemilenze emine
- udle imifino
- ingemuva kusuka emsileni kuye ekhanda kumbozwe ngezembatho zempi
Izinhlobo:
ubude 10 - 11 m
ukuphakama - 2,5 amamitha
isisindo - amathani ama-4.
Umsoco: dinosaur herbivorous
Kutholakele: Ngo-1908, e-USA

I-Ankylosaurus yayingokoqobo ithangi lesikhathi se-Mesozoic. Izikhali zempi ezinamandla zazimboze umzimba wakhe, futhi emsileni kwakukhona isigaxa esinamathambo anamandla. I-Ankylosaurus yayiyingozi ngisho nakwabanolaka tyrannosaurus noma i-albertosaurus. I-Ankylosaurus yathola igama layo ukuhlonipha ukuguquguquka kwesimo, ubuciko obukhali bezimbambo zithusi ngaphandle (ngesiGreek, lwalugobile, lwalugobile)

Ikhanda:
Ikhanda le-ankylosaurus lalinejamo elingunxantathu futhi laphela ngoqhwaku olufana nomlomo wopholi wanamuhla. Igebhezi, eli-1 imitha ubude, lalibanzi futhi likhulu kakhulu. Amathambo ekhanda aboshwe ngohlaka oluqinile olwakhiwe ngebhokisi. Ingqondo incane. Kwabekwa izimpondo ezimbili ekhanda, zaqondiswa emuva, amapuleti emathanjeni amboze amehlo.

Ikhanda elalisesisekelweni sikakhanda lalivikelwe yimichilo yejamo lobunxantathu. Amazinyo ayejule emlonyeni futhi emincane kakhulu. Imihlathi ayakhiwe kahle, kepha nokho ibilungele ukuhlafuna ukudla kwezitshalo ezithambile.

Amandla nesakhiwo somzimba:

Ama-Ankylosaurs - ama-dinosaurs amakhulu ahamba ngemilenze emifushane nenamandla. Umzimba we-ankylosaurus wawude uma uqhathaniswa nebhasi elijwayelekile.

Umzimba wonke we-ankylosaurus, noma kunengxenye engaphezulu ukusuka ekhanda kuye emsileni, wawumbozwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokukhula kwamathambo, izikhala kanye namhubhu. Ngezansi idayinaso yayingavikelwe. Leli kwakuyiphuzu elibuthakathaka le-ankylosaurus. Ngaphandle igobolondo obukhulu

i-ankylosaurus yayine- "kilabhu" enkulu futhi esindayo ekugcineni komsila. I-mace yayicishe ibe ngu-5-6 kasayizi wekhanda lomuntu. Ihamba ngentambo enjalo, idayinaso ingashayisa ngamandla amakhulu ngokumelene nezitha zayo.
Idayinaso lalibukeka lithambile kusukela phezulu futhi lize lifane nefudu ukube bekungengenxa yomsila wayo onamandla onomsipha osindayo ekugcineni. Umsila wedayinaso ene-mace ekugcineni yayisetshenziswa ukunyakaza yimisipha etholakala ngaphansi komsila.

Ukuvikelwa:

U-Ankylosaurus wayehlala ngasikhathi sinye nama-dinosaurs anjenge-tyrannosaurus ne-albertosaurus. Lokhu kungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yemishini enjalo. I-ankylosaurus yayicishe ingakwazi ukuvela ngaphezulu. Njengoba kunikezwe ukukhula komeluleki wezilwane walesosikhathi, i-ankylosaurus yayivikelwe kahle.
Iqaphela ingozi, i-ankylosaurus ngokushesha yaqala ukuzivikela. Ubuchopho be-ankylosaurus babuncane. Ngakho-ke, uma kwenzeka kwenzeka ingozi, angahlasela i-theodod ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Idayinaso yaphendukela eceleni komhlaseli yafika yalinda umkhondo wayo osuka ngapha nangapha umzuzwana ukuthi ushaye. Ngokuqhuma okukodwa nje, i-ankylosaurus ayikwazanga ukwenze icace kwabazingeli be -ropod ukuthi cishe akunakuba nesidlo sasemini lapha, kodwa futhi silimaze kakhulu umhlaseli. Ngokuhlasela okukodwa, i-ankylosaurus ingahle yephule ithambo noma ilimaze amalungu angaphakathi edayinasi yangaphambili.

Naphezu kokubonakala kungenakonakala, i-ankylosaurus yayinendawo ebuthaka. Iqiniso ngukuthi izembatho zempi zazimboza ingxenye engaphezulu yedayosaur kuphela. Isisu se-ankylosaurus sasingavikelwe. Ukube abahlaseli bebekwazi ukuguqula i-ankylosaurus emhlane wakhe, ubungeke abe nalo ithuba lokutakula.
Kepha ukuvula i-dinosaur enesisindo samathani amane akuwona neze umsebenzi olula.

Indlela Yokuphila:

Ama-dinosaurs we-Herbivorous ajwayele ukuhola indlela yokuphila yomhlambi. Lokhu kuyabasiza ukuba bazivikele kuma-dinosaurs ezidla ezinye. Kuze kube manje, izazi ze-paleontologists azitholanga inqwaba yezinsalela zama-ankylosaurs, ngokwesibonelo kwakunjalo nge-triceratops. Kungenzeka ukuthi ama-ankylosaurs ayezihlalela eyedwa.

Ama-Ankylosaurs kungenzeka ayenamawundlwana ambalwa kakhulu. Ekupheleni kweCretaceous, lokhu kwaba yinkinga ejwayelekile kubo bonke abadayisi. Ngokusho kososayensi, lokhu kungenxa yezinguquko emvelweni.
Ama-ankylosaurs abantu abadala angaphila isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngoba izembatho zabo zempi kanye nezikhala zazibenza bangahlaselwa. Ukuvikelwa okuhle bekuyisihluthulelo sempumelelo yama-ankylosaurs.

Imininingwane yesakhiwo somzimba

Lapho ubheka kuqala, i-ankylosaurus, noma ngaphezulu kwesibalo somzimba wayo, ifana nesigaxa sikaphayini esigqoke igobolondo lesifufula. Ngokuvamile, idayinaso isuka ekhanda iye emsileni yayimbozwe ngezikhali zamathambo ezinamathambo abukeka njengama-spike, asindayo kakhulu, anciphisa kakhulu ijubane lokuhamba, kepha yanikeza isivikelo esihle kakhulu. Umzimba wawumude kakhulu, uqhathaniswa nobude namabhasi akhona.

Indaba yokutholwa

• Ngo-1900, uBrown wathola ama-ilyoderms angama-77 ezingqungqutheleni zeLance, Wyoming, ekuqaleni ezazibizwa nge-tyrannosaurus.
• Ngokokuqala ngqa izinsalela ze-ankylosaurus (lat. I-Ankylosaurus) atholakala ngonyaka ka-1906 ngumqoqi wezinsalela uPeter Caysen ngesikhathi esendleleni eya eMnyuziyamu Wemvelo Wezemvelo oholwa nguBarnum Brown ezingxenyeni zeHell Creek Fform, Montana, e-USA.
• Uhlobo lokulinganisa (i-holotype) lachazwa nguBrown ngo-1908. Ku-holotype (AMNH 5895), ingxenye engenhla yogebhezi, amazinyo amabili, ama-vertebrae wesibeletho amahlanu, ama-vertebrae angama-11 dorsal, ama-vertebrae amathathu e-caudal, i-scapula yangakwesokudla, izimbambo ne-osteoderma.
• Ngo-1910, uhambo olusha olwaluholwa nguBrown, ezingqeshweni zokwakhiwa kweSkollard, e-Alberta, eCanada, wakwazi ukuthola isampula eyayihlanganisa imephu yokuqala neyokuphela kokuphela komsila we-ankylosaurus. Ikhilomitha ukusuka kule ndawo ngo-1947, abaqoqi bezinsalela uCharles Mortram Sternberg noT. Potter Chamney bathola ugebhezi nomhlathi we-ankylosaurus. Lesi sgebhi esikhulu kunazo zonke esaziwa kakhulu nge-dinosaur sishe (AMNH 5214), umhluzi ogcwele, kwesobunxele nangakwesokudla, izimbambo eziyisithupha, i-caudal vertebrae enekilabhu ehambisana nayo, i-humerus kwesokunxele, i-femur kwesokunxele kanye nengubo yesikhumba.
• Ngo-1960s, izidumbu ezinhlanu ze-caudal vertebrae, i-osteoderma, namazinyo kutholakala eHero Creek, eMontana.
• Amasampula okukhulunywe ngawo esithombeni:

I-AMNH 5866: amapuleti angama-77 osteoderm kanye ne-steoderm encane,

I-CCM V03: isigaba se-fuse caudal vertebrae,

I-NMC 8880: igebhezi nomhlathi ophansi ongaphansi.

• Ingxenye yokuqala yegama lohlobo ihunyushwa isuselwa esiGrekini ngokuthi "ukhula", "ugobe" - isethenjwa ku-ankylosis, lapho ukuqina kuhlangana khona ngenxa yokuhlangana kwamathambo. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kokubukeka kwangaphandle kwe-ankylosaurus okwenziwe nguBrown kuhlukile kulokhu kwesimanje, ngoba usosayensi emsebenzini wakhe wayeqondiswa kabusha kwe-stegosaurus ne-glyptodon.

Isakhiwo se-Skeleton

I-Ankylosaurus ingummeleli omkhulu womndeni wayo. Wayenemilenze emilenze emine, ingemuva ngemuva kunangaphambili. Amathambo amaningi emathambo, kufaka phakathi iningi lamathambo e-pelvic, umsila nezinyawo, kuze kube manje. Uhlobo olude lwedayinisi liqukethe engxenyeni ephezulu yekhanda, amazinyo amabili, okuyingxenye yebhande lamahlombe, ama-vertebrae avela kuyo yonke iminyango, izimbambo kanye nama-osteoderm angaphezu kwama-30. Amahlombe akhe ayisi-61.5 cm ubude afake ne-coracoid. Isigaxa esisodwa sifaka ugebhezi oluphelele nomhlathi ophansi, izimbambo, amathambo omlenze, imvukuzane ne-osteoderm. I-humerus yalombono imfushane, ibanzi, ingama-51 cm ubude. I-femur yesampula efanayo yinde, inamandla, ingama-67 cm.Imilenze yangemuva ye-ankylosaurus yayineminwe emithathu, njengamanye amalungu omndeni.

Izinqubo ezijikelezayo ze-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho (bheka isithombe kugalari) ze-ankylosaurus zibanzi. Ukuphakama kwabo kancane kancane kukhuphuka kusuka kokuqala kuye kwe-vertebra yokugcina. Phambi kwenqubo yokuhluza kusungulwa okufakiwe (izindawo zokunamathiselwa ze-ligament noma i-tendon), obekukhombisa ubukhona ngesikhathi sokuphila kwama-ligaments anamandla asekela inhloko enkulu yedayinaso. Imizimba yama-vertebrae e-dorsal ibanzi kakhulu kunobude, futhi izinqubo zawo ezi-spinous zimfushane futhi mncane. Lezi zinqubo zaziphambanise amathenda ebambelele kuma-vertebrae amaningana. Lezi zakamuva zitholakala ziqinile komunye nomunye, ezazinqamula ukuhamba komhlane phansi. Isifuba se-ankylosaurus sibanzi. Kunokutholakala kokuxhunyaniswa kwemisipha ezimbanjeni. Izimbambo zama-vertebrae amane wokugcina wahlangana nawo. Imizimba ye-caudal vertebrae yi-amphicelic (ikhonkotha ngokuqinile ngaphakathi nangaphandle).

Isakhiwo segebhezi

Izingibe ezintathu ezidumile zedayinaso ziyahlukahluka ngokuningiliziwe - ubufakazi bokuthi umehluko phakathi kwabantu abathile, kanye nezimo zokungcwaba emva kokufa. Isigaxa sikhulu, sinxantathu ngesimo. Ngaphambili kwakunguqhwaku lomlomo olwakhiwa amathambo angaphambi kwele-premaxillary. Ama-Orkits ayindilinga noma awindi omncane. Amehlo ayengaqondiswanga kahle ezinhlangothini, njengoba ugebhezi lunqenqeka lubhekiswe kubuhlalu. Ibhokisi le-skull lifushane futhi linamandla.

Amaphrotheni ngaphezulu kwezisekelo zeso ahlangene ngezimpondo ze-pyramidal ezakhiwa ngamathambo e-scaly. Baqondiswa emuva naphezulu. Ngaphansi kwezimpondo eziphakeme yilezo ezingaphansi, ezakhiwa ngamathambo e-zygomatic. Ziqondiswe phansi naphansi. Phezu kwekhanda kukhona ama-caputhegules (amathambo athambile, ama-osteoderms amboze amathambo kaswazi). Iphethini eyakhiwe yibo yahlukahluka ohlolweni ngalunye lwedayinaso, kodwa eminye imininingwane yayivamile. Emakhaleni kwakukhona ezinhlangothini zesizalo, phakathi kwamakhala ngaphambili kwakukhona i-rhomboid enkulu noma i-hexagonal caputegula, ngaphezu kwesihlalo samehlo kwakukhona ezimbili ezibukhali, futhi emuva kwesigebhezi kwakukhona ubuhlakani be-caputegules.

Ingxenye yangaphandle yesigebhezi (i-rostrum) ibunjiwe futhi icekeceke ngaphandle. Amakhala awekho okusaqanda, aqondiswe phansi kuya ezinhlangothini. Akubonakali kusukela ngaphambili, njengoba amasende epanana afakwe emaceleni amathambo we-premaxillary. I-loreal caputegulum rostrum enkulu ezinhlangothini yamboza ukuvuleka okubanzi kwamakhala. Ngaphakathi kuzo, i-septum engangeneki ihlukanisa izindinyana zesinono kuma-sinuse. Kunezono ezinhlanu ohlangothini ngalunye lwe-rostrum, ezine zazo zinwetshwa emhlathini. Izimbobo zesisu se-ankylosaurus zinde futhi zihlukaniswe komunye nomunye yi-septum enezimbobo ezimbili.

Amathambo emihlathi anwetshwe ezinhlangothini. Zineziziqa zokunameka izihlathi. Enye yamasampula yayinamazinyo angama-34- 35 ohlangothini ngalunye lomhlathi ongenhla. Lokhu kungaphezu kwamanye amalungu omndeni. Ubude be-dentition buyi-20 cm. Eduze kwe-alveoli lapho kufanele khona amazinyo atholakala khona, amathiphu wamazinyo wokufaka ayabonakala. Umhlathi ophansi wedayinaso uphansi ngobude bawo. Uma kubukwa kusuka ohlangothini, indawo yokuhlala iqondile futhi ayihlanganisiwe. Umhlathi ongaphansi ophelele obungu-41 cm ubugcinwe kuphela kwisibonakaliso esincane kunazo zonke. Akuqediwe - kusampula enkulu kunazo zonke. Kunamazinyo angama-35 ohlangothini lwesobunxele sohlobo lokuqala, kuthi angama-36 ngakwesokunxele. Amazinyo - amancane, amise okwamaqabunga, acindezelwe kamuva, ngaphezu kobubanzi. Ekupheleni komugqa, amazinyo agobile emuva. Olunye uhlangothi lomqhele luthambile kunolunye. Lokhu kunguphawu lwe-ankylosaurus. Amazinyo asezingeni le-dinosaur makhulu, ukusuka phambili - kusuka ku-6 kuye ku-8, kusukela emuva - kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-7. Bheka isilayidi esinomfanekiso osondelene wamazinyo e-ankylosaurus kugalari.

Ukuvikelwa kwepredator

Izikhali ze-Ankylosaurus zakhiwe ngama-osteoderms - izigaxa namapuleti - ukuphuma kwethambo esikhunjeni. Abatholakalanga ngokuvezwa kwemvelo namathambo emathambo, kepha ukuqhathanisa namanye amalungu omndeni kwasiza ukubuyisela indawo yabo emzimbeni wesidina. Ukwakheka nosayizi wama-osteoderms ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-35,5 cm. Ama-osteoderms amancane nama-ossication ayephakathi kwamakhulu. Kunemisebe emibili eyindilinga entanyeni yedayinaso, yize aziwa kuphela yizicucwana. Bamboza intamo ngendandatho yesigamu. Kuwo munye ngamunye kuwo kwakunama-osteoderm ayisithupha anesisekelo sokusaqanda.

Ama-Osteoderms ngemuva ngemuva ngemuva kwezakhi zomlomo wesibeletho ayelingana. Lapho-ke ubukhulu bawo wehlile waya emsileni. Ubujamo be-osteoderm ezinhlangothini zomzimba babuyizikwele kune-dorsal. Ama-osteoderms angunxantathu, acindezelwa kamuva abekwe ezinhlangothini zesifunda se-pelvic kanye nomsila. Ama-vooderms angama-ovoid, a-keeled futhi acwebe izinyembezi abekwe emabunzini angaphambili.

Isigaxa esisekupheleni komsila we-dinosaur sakhiwe ngama-osteoderms amabili amakhulu, phakathi kwawo kukhona inani elincanyana nezicucu ezimbili ngaphezulu. Bafihla i-vertebra yokugcina ye-caudal. I-Mace yaziwa ngesimo esisodwa kuphela. Ubude bawo buyi-60 cm, ububanzi - 49 cm, ukuphakama - cm eziyi-19. Isilinganisi sesibonakhulu esikhulu kunazo zonke se-ankylosaurus silingana nobubanzi bamasentimitha angama-57. Uma sibukwa ngenhla, ukwakheka kwesimo sendoda yedayinaso kuyinto eyodwa. Ama-vertebrae ayisikhombisa okugcina akha i- "hilt" ye-kilabhu. Kwakungekho bhotela phakathi kwabo, bamelana futhi bangashukumi. Imisipha ye-vertebrae engaphambi kwenduku yaphucwa, kwaqinisa ukwakheka. Amathambo we-metatarsal angahle aqhamuke ngenxa yesigaxa somphangi omkhulu. I-Ankylosaurus iyakwazi ukuswilisa umsila wayo ezinhlangothini nge-angle engu-100 degrees.

Anodontosaurus, Euplocephalus, Scolosaurus, Ziapelt, Talarur, Nodocephalosaurus.

Yisho emakhathuni

• Abasebenzi beDokhumenti "Ukutholwa: Izimpi Zama-Dinosaurs", 2009, ochungechungeni olu-3 "Abavikeli"
• uchungechunge olunezithombe "Sitimela seDinosaur", 2009-2017 I-ankylosaurus egama linguHank ivela amahlandla amathathu kuchungechunge. Ungumdlali we-dinoball omuhle kakhulu.
• Ikhathuni elibhalwe phansi I-Last Days of Dinosaurs, 2010. Umashiqela uhlasela i-ankylosaurus. Ngemuva kokuwa kwe-meteorite, ama-ankylosaurs amaningana afa ngefu elishisayo lokukhuphuma. I-ankylosaurus elambile futhi engenamandla ilwa ne-trizeratops efanayo yesihlahla esinesizungu. I-tyrannosaurus eyalimala futhi ibulala le ankylosaurus.
• okubhalwe phansi ochungechungeni lwe- "Dinosaur Era", 2011, ochungechungeni lwe-4 "Ukuphela Komdlalo"
• ifilimu "Umhlaba weJurassic", 2015. Umhlambi wama-ankylosaurs uphunyuka ku-Indominus rex. Enye yazo ishaya ngokumelene ne-gyrosphere ngamaqhawe. Umhlaseli ubamba, abulale aze abulale i-ankylosaurus eyodwa.
• ifilimu "Jurassic World 2", 2018. I-Ankilosaurus ibaleke intaba-mlilo futhi igxume olwandle. Izilwane ezihlengiwe zilethwe efeni laseLokwood ukuze zidayiswe.
• uchungechunge oluyimibhalo "Ukuhamba NamaDinosaurs", 1999, ochungechungeni lwe-6 "Ukufa kobukhosi"
• ifilimu "Jurassic Park 3", 2001. Esiqeshini.

Isisho Sencwadi

• I-Encyclopedia in Augmented Reality "Ama-Dinosaurs: Ukusuka ku-Conssognath kuya kuRamforinh"
  
• "Okuyisisekelo kwe-paleontology (ngamanani angu-15), umqulu we-12. Ama-Amphibians, izirhubuluzi, izinyoni", 1964, iphe. 575-576
• Dinosaurs izingane "

• UJoachim Opperman, "Ama-Dinosaurs" ochungechungeni lwe- "What What", 1994, k. 11, 34-35
• Bailey Jill, Seddon Toney, Umhlaba we-Prehistoric, 1998, ikhasi 111
• UMichael Benton, amaDinosaurs, 2001, ikhasi 38, 56, 60
• UDavid Burney, i-Illustrated Dinosaur Encyclopedia, 2002, k. 165
• UJohnson Ginny, “Konke Mayelana Yonke Into. Ukusuka eDiplodocus kuya kuStegosaurus ”, 2002, amakhasi 52-53
• L. Kamburnak "Ama-Dinosaurs nezinye izilwane ezingasekho", 2007, k. 50-51
• I-Dougal Dixon, i-World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric viumbe, 2008, 381
• UGregory Paul, Umhlahlandlela Wensimu yePrinceton kumaDinosaurs 2010 nango-2016 ekhasini 234-235 no-265, ngokulandelana
• UTamara Green, "AmaDinosaurs Complete Encyclopedia", 2015, iphe. 66-69, 226, 249
• K. Yeskov, "paleontology emangalisayo. Umlando woMhlaba nokuphila kuwo ”, 2016, kk. 179-180
• D. Hawn, “IziKronike ZaseTyrannosaurus Rex. I-Biology kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesidalwa esidume kunazo zonke emhlabeni ”, 2017
• D. Nash, P. Barrett, “Dinosaurs. Iminyaka eyi-150,000,000 yokubusa eMhlabeni, ka-2019

Yisho Umdlalo

• I-Warpath: Jurassic Park, uhlobo: umdlalo wokulwa, 1999. I-Ankylosaurus ivezwa ngokuhlukahluka ezintathu: okumhlophe, okuphuzi-mnyama nesiliva.
• IJurassic Park: I-Operation Genesis, uhlobo: i-simulator yezomnotho, 2003. Ilungisa imvelo yasemanzini. Ungabamba iqhaza kuzindawo zokuhlala nge-tyrannosaurus. Inempilo ephezulu kakhulu kumdlalo - amaphuzu we-1600 hit.
• I-Zoo Tycoon 2: Izilwane ezi-Extinct, uhlobo: i-simulator yezomnotho, 2007. Ayisebenzisi imephu ukuzivikela, kepha ingahlasela izivakashi ngayo. Kwangathi run amok. Bulala kalula izinyamazane ezinesiqingatha esincane.
• I-Dinosaur King, uhlobo: i-arcade ye-Nintendo DS, 2008
• I-Jurassic World: Umdlalo, uhlobo: i-simulator ephathekayo, 2015. Isidina esingajwayelekile kakhulu. I-Ankylosaurus inganqamula nge-diplodocus bese ithola i-hybrid.
• "Saurian", uhlobo: isenzo, 2017. Okunqabileyo futhi okwamanje okungadlaleki, ngaphansi kokulawulwa yi-AI. Lapho esondela kuye, umdlali udlulisa umsila wakhe ngentambo. Ungabulala ngokukuluma amahlandla amaningana entanyeni.
• I-ARK: Ukusinda Kuvele, uhlobo: i-simulator yokusinda, i-2017I-Ankylosaurus ingavinjelwa futhi igibele, uma uthola isihlalo esifanele.

• I-Jurassic World Evolution genre: I-Simulator Yezomnotho, i-2018