Ama-Amphibians, noma ama-amphibians (Amphibia) - yizilwane ezibandayo ezinegazi ezinemilenze emine ezinamaqanda angenalo igobolondo eliqinile lokuvikela ukuzungeza umbungu. Igama elithi "amphibian" livela kwelesiGrikhi elithi amphi, elisho ukuthi "bobabili" no "bios", elisho "impilo", ngakho-ke, "impilo ephindwe kabili". Lokhu kukhombisa iqiniso lokuthi ama-amphibians amaningi angama-biphasic, abe nesiteji samanzi, lapho achitha khona ingxenye yesikhathi sawo, kanye nesigaba somhlaba. Iningi, kepha hhayi wonke ama-amphibians, liguqukela kusuka esigabeni samanzi asemanzini, lapho lisebenzisa khona umoya-mpilo emanzini futhi lingenazo izitho, lize laphefumula linemilenze emine, nomoya ophefumulayo, abantu abadala abavumelaniswa nokuphila emhlabeni. Kunezinhlobo zezinhlobo eziphilayo eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha ezihlukene zabantu abasemanzini. Izibonelo zifaka amasele, ubuhlalu, amasalamanders, ama-newts, i-proteina kanye nezibungu.

Ukubukeka

Akukho okuhlukile kumalungu ajwayelekile esigaba. Isidumbu se-viviparous frog sizi-3 cm ubude, sinombala onsundu ngombala, futhi sinendawo ephakemeyo ebuswayo.

Ezinhlangothini, emuva kukhona umucu wokukhanya. Ikhanda alilikhulu, amehlo azungeze ne-iris emnyama. Izimbambo zakhiwe kahle, ngalinye lineminwe emine ye-webbed emile. Isusiwe emsileni Kuvela ngemibungu kuphela. Akunazinyo.

Indlela yokuphila, umsoco

Umsebenzi we-viviparous amphibians ukhuphuka kwisomiso esinzima lapho i-thermometer ihamba ngaphezulu kwama-20 degrees. Bahamba bayazingela. Ukudla kuqukethe ama-mollusks, izinambuzane namanye ama-invertebrates.

Zizwe izibungu ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Izinsikazi ziyadla, zilungiselele ukuthathwa isikhathi eside. Lapho amazinga okushisa ehla aze afike ku-12, amaxoxo we-viviparous eba ndikindiki (okujwayelekile ezinyangeni zasebusika, kusukela ngoDisemba kuya kuFebhuwari), akhetha ukucasha emifantwini edwaleni noma emgodini phansi.

Badinga imvula. Mashi, Ephreli wenyanga ye-hibernation, abesilisa bangabokugcina ukuvuka. Ehlobo, inani eliphakeme lokuhamba okuphezulu.

Ukuzala kabusha kanye nomjikelezo wokuthuthuka

Into efuna ukwazi kakhulu. Imidlalo yokumatanisa iqala ngo-Agasti. Amaxoxo wesilisa we-viviparous akhihla isililo. Lesi sikhathi siyaqhubeka kuze kube inyanga ka-Okthoba. Inqubo ende ithatha usuku lonke. Abesilisa abanyakazi ngasikhathi sinye, kanti nowesifazane uyashintsha kusuka ku-paw kuya ku-paw. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, ushiya indawo yokukhosela.

Ngemuva kwakho konke, kufanele azale izingane izinyanga eziyi-9! Le ntuthuko igxiliwe esibelethweni se-viviparous toad, ezingxenyeni ezingezansi ezikhulisiwe zama-oviducts, agcwele uketshezi olukhethekile (amaprotheni, i-yolk), osebenza njengokudla kwamaxoxo amancane, nomoya-mpilo ungena ngomsila omncane ocebile emithanjeni yegazi.

Ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, kunesilinganiso esikhulu sokuzalwa. Kufika ku-22 imvuthuluka. Kepha ngokusho kwedatha ejwayelekile - lezi zibalo zinesizotha ngokwendalo 4 - 12. Sekukonke, i-amphibian yase-Afrika iletha inzalo amahlandla ama-2 ekubeni khona kwayo. Bazalwa, njengoba ubuvele uqonde, amasele amancane impela. Ama-amphibians amasha mate ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-15, okungukuthi, ngonyaka olandelayo ngemuva kokuzalwa.

Izitha

Kukhona eziningi zazo. Cishe zonke izilwane zasendle zezwekazi lase-Afrika ziziphanga. Gcina i-viviparous frog kuphela umbala wayo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amanye ama-nectophrinoids afana nalawo chameleon.

Okusho ukuthi, atholakala kuleyo nsimu ngokuya ngombala okhona. Bayakwazi ukugoba imhlane yabo nge-hump, bavuke ngesimo esinqabisayo. Kepha isikhali esisebenzayo somzabalazo, kusobala, ukungazifihli futhi silele enhlabathini.

Amaqiniso Ahehayo

1. Abantu abaningi babuza umbuzo ovinjelwe ngokuphelele - ingabe kukhona amasele aphilayo? Impendulo: yebo ikhona!
2. Zonke ubuhlalu bezitha.
3. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlanganiswe nezindlala ezinobuthi ukuze zivikeleke, ayinangozi nakancane kubantu.
4. Lapho insikazi isesikhundleni, i-caviar ibonakala esiswini sayo.
5. Isiteji se-tadpole seqa.
6. Inganekwane eyiphutha ukuthi bachitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini, ngoba abakuthandi ngempela ukugxuma.

Uyakwazi lokho.

Isibalo sabantu abathandwa uvemvane sishintsha njalo. Inombolo ngesizini eyodwa iphezulu kwenye esengozini yokuqothulwa?

Ukuze wandise ubuhle bakho noma ubhale umbiko nekhwalithi esezingeni, sincoma kakhulu ukuthi ufunde izindatshana ezingezansi. Siyaqiniseka ukuthi ngemuva kokufunda lezi zihloko, uzofunda imininingwane eminingi eyingqayizivele futhi ewusizo. Sifisela wena umoya omuhle eqenjini lethu elinobungane!

I-Amur noma i-Ussuri tiger incazelo ibika umlayezo wesithombe sevidiyo

Isimenywa esithandekayo! Ukuze uthole imininingwane ephelele ngezilwane zasendle noma izinambuzane, udinga ukwazi ukuhlukaniswa kwazo kwesayensi. Ukuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko kwesayensi yezilwane kufaka:

Siphakamisa ukuthi ulandele isixhumanisi esingezansi futhi ungeze ulwazi lwakho ngamaqiniso esayensi. Siyabonga ngokuba nathi!

Incwadi ebomvu

Ngamamitha-skwele ayi-100 ama-akhawunti wezingcezu ezingaphezu kuka-160. Ama-amphibians ama-Viviparous, okungukuthi izinhlobo zaseNtshonalanga, abhalwe ku-Red Book njengasengozini, esekupheleni kokuqothuka, lokhu kungenxa yokuvela kwawo njalo. Manje zigadiwe ngokucophelela .

Ezinye izinto ezinobuthi zinobuthi ngisho namadisplethi ne-caviar! I-Toad-aga kulokhu idlulile konke. Ulengisa amaqanda ezintanjeni ezinde ze-mucous ngaphansi kwamanzi. Bahlanganiswa kalula ngokufakwa kweqanda kwamanye ama-amphibians, futhi amaphutha anjalo kwesinye isikhathi aphela ngendlela ebulalayo. Iqiniso ngukuthi eSouth America kaningi, uma i-sturgeon caviar ingatholakali, bakhonza ... isele. Futhi kwaba nezimo zobuthi lapho isobho laliphekwa kusuka ku-caviar ye-toad-aga.

Futhi i-toad uqobo ihlukaniswe ngokudla: amakati nezinja ezizama ukwenza lokhu zifile. Ezindlebeni ezinkulu eziyipharadesi, i-toad aga squirts ubuthi cishe ingxenye yesithathu yemitha!

I-toad emangalisa ivela ngaphambi kwesidlo.

I-Aha - grey-brown, kwesinye isikhathi i-tint ebomvu noma eluhlaza okotshani, enkulu - ifinyelela kumasentimitha angama-25. Kusendaweni ezishisayo. E-USA, alikhuli ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-18. Ububanzi - ukusuka eTexas kuya ePatagonia (izinhlobo eziseduze zihlala lapha). Emathafeni, ikakhulukazi ezingadini nasemasimini, ngisho nasezindlini nasemadolobheni, ziningi zalezi zindlubu. Zithanda ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamalambu, zigada izinambuzane ezindiza zikhanya. Lezi zibani zasemgwaqweni nasegcekeni zibonakala ziyiphuzu eliyisiqalo sendawo yomuntu ngamunye yamathoyizi. Njengoba besuka kwesinye isibani baye kwesinye, ngokuqinisekile bazobuyela kwelabo. Ntambama zivele zibonakale emvuleni. Nasebusuku obubandayo ababonakali.

Yebo - okuwukuphela kwalokho, ngokwaziwa, i-amphibian engenantambo, okuyinto i-metamorphosis engaqedi ngokuphelele emikhubeni yemifino. Ubuke okunje, ngokwesibonelo, imikhuba yakhe ehlekisayo. Ama-Toads athambile ahlala kude nenja noma ikati likhala esitsheni. Lapho izilwane ezifuywayo sezanele futhi zihamba, ubuhlalu bugijimela endishini ngamagxuma asheshayo bese budla okusalile.

Kwezolimo, yebo ingenye yamathuluzi awusizo kakhulu. Kwakudingeka emazweni amaningi lapho kutshalwa khona umoba, ngoba kunzima ukuthola isivikelo esihle kakhulu ezinambuzaneni zesitshalo. EFlorida, eJamaica, ePuerto Rico, ngisho naseziqhingini zaseSolomoni naseHawaii, lezi zinhlandla zaxazululeka.

Kuze kube muva nje, yebo bekucatshangwa ukuthi yisona toad esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Kepha ngo-1951, ngesikhathi sokuphuma komhloli wamazwe waseSweden uBlomberg, umdondoshiya omkhulu waseColombian, noma uBlomberg toad, wabanjwa mkhulu kuno-aha.

Ama-toads ahlukene ahlala e-Afrika naseNingizimu Asia. Cishe abaningi abazi lutho. Abanye kwabangebona ochwepheshe, bebonke, abanandaba. Kodwa-ke, lesi sitatimende asisebenzi kuma-nectophrinoids ...

Amathuluzi mancane. Ngobisi, cishe amasentimitha ayi-6. Emahlathini aswakeme ezintaba aseTanganyika, ungawabona emhlabathini noma emaqabungeni nakotshani obungaphakeme ngaphezu kwawo (kodwa angalokothi emanzini!). Zinezinkomishi zokuphuza emunweni wazo. Kuluhlaza botshani, lezi zinwele ziluhlaza, phakathi kwamahlamvu anwebekile - grey. Kwezinye izindawo, kuya ngombala wemvelo oseduze, anombala obomvu onsundu, aluhlaza okotshani noma ocishe abe mnyama. Ngamafuphi, chameleons!

Umhlaba wesayensi wafunda ngabo okokuqala ngo-1905, lapho isazi sezilwane saseJalimane uTornier sichaza laba bantu abathandekayo. Nge-zoology, lokhu bekungumbono. Akubalulekanga njengokutholwa kwe-coelacanth, kodwa ngempilo yohlobo olusha lwethafa lesihlahla sase-Afrika, uTornir ubike okuthile okungalindelekile futhi okuhlukile.

Zi-viviparous! Kwabesifazane, imikhawulo enwetshiwe yama-oviducts yakha uhlobo lwesibeletho. Amaqanda acwilisiwe akhula lapha, bese kuba imibungu. Bazalwa amaxoxo akhiwe ngokuphelele futhi akukho nani elincane - bafinyelela ku-135 abafowethu nodadewethu.

Uhlobo lwesibili lwalesi hlobo, i-toad enokhuni yaseTornier, yachazwa ngonyaka we-1906 yisazi sezilwane Rocks. Izindawo zokuhlala ziyafana - amahlathi eTanganyika. Ukukhula okuncane - kuze kufike amasentimitha amathathu. Izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa - kufinyelela kuma-35.

Uhlobo lwesithathu, i-toip ye-viviparous yasentshonalanga, yatholakala kuphela ngonyaka we-1942 wamakhilomitha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezinhlanu entshonalanga neyokuqala emibili, eGuinea. Amathuluzi amancanyana, anesiqubu. Futhi ububanzi bawo buncane, ngokwembulunga yonke, futhi nesimbungulu: amakhilomitha ayisikwele ambalwa ezindawo ezinamatshe otshani emithambekeni yeNtaba iNimba. Kepha lapha ngenkathi yezimvula, kusukela ngoMeyi kuya ku-Agasti, lezi zinhlayiya ziningi kakhulu: zifinyelela kumakhulu amahlanu emamitha skwele amamitha! Ngemuva kwalokho izimvula ziyaphela, futhi ubuhlalu bube sengathi buqhutshwa ngumoya: akukho lapho, lapho inqwaba ifinyelela khona kuzo zonke izitebhisi. Ucashe kuphi?

Umhlabathi ongaphansi kwezinyawo zakho uqinile, kungenzeka ukuthi laba abancane bazithola bebodwa. Kuvele ukuthi bacashe emihlathini ehlukene emhlabeni bahlala ngaphandle cishe izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye, belinde ukuthi ukushisa kwe-Afrika kudlule futhi nemvula iphinde ithele.

Futhi ngaphambi kokucasha, abesilisa bakwazi ukugcoba izinsikazi, futhi babopha imibungu. Izilwane ezincelisayo azinayo i-placenta esibelethweni se-toad. Ngakho-ke, kungokwemvelo ukulindela ukuthi imibungu idliwe, njengoshaka noma i-alpine salamanders: izakhamzimba ezigcinwe emaqanda noma imibungu ekhula sekwephuzile. Noma kunjalo, izifundo sezisunguliwe: akukho "Kainism." Okuthile esivele kwaziwa ngathi kuyenziwa - okuthile okufana nezibungu kanye nama-stingr: isibeletho sikamama siveza isisi esinama-curd. Imibungu emikhulu iyakugwinya futhi ikhule ... Futhi lapho zizalwa (kusuka kwezimbili kuya kwezingamashumi amabili ezisanda kuzalwa), zingaphansi kathathu kuphela kunina owayezithwele.

"Uhlobo lomzabalazo wokuba khona lwenzeka lapha emzimbeni womama: lapho imibungu ikhula kakhulu, incipha ukukhula kwamathumbu okuzalwa. Ungabona futhi ukuthi ngenani elingalingani lamakhomanda ezimpondweni ezihlukene zesibeletho, abancane abavela emnyangweni onabantu abangaphansi bazalwa bakhulu kunalapho bebaningi lapho bekhona ”(UHans Heuser ).

Ama-nectofrinoides kuphela ama-amphibians angenantambo angenantambo owaziwa yisayensi kuze kube manje.

Eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-USSR, endaweni ethile e-Ukraine, emabhusha marshy agcwele amahlahla, ama-willow, azungeze isiqu sehlathi ehlathini elimnyama le-Hornbeam entwasahlobo nakulo lonke ihlobo kuze kube ekwindla (kuze kube ngu-Okthoba!) Omunye uyamemeza "Krak-krak-krak" ! " Kubukhali. Ngokuzithoba. Ubungafunga ukuthi inyoni luhlobo oluthile lobusuku. Iya kokukhalela, usondele ngokucophelela, cishe eduze. Lapha kukhalelwa eduze, kepha akubonakali. Elinye igxathu, kubonakala sengathi, ungathinta okokukhwaza ngesandla sakho ... Ngokuphazima kweso wathula, kwathi cwaka. Thobeka ezihlahleni, asisakhanyi, kepha akekho owashayayo, wethukile, engagijimeli, engagugi, akahambi ngendlela yakhe ...

Noma ngabe phakathi nesikhathi sasemini buthule futhi ngokungasho lutho ungene esihlahleni ngokwaso noma esihlahleni lapho uzwe u "krak-krak-krak", ngeke ubone muntu. Kepha isihlahla asisakhali ...

Isikhafu esinomsindo omkhulu sincane kakhulu, futhi siluhlaza okotshani, njengeqabunga ahlala kulo, yonke iminwe emine inamathele emilenzeni emincane emine. Iminwe iyindilinga, inwetshiwe ibe ngama-disc, inamathele kusuka ekusithekeni kwezindlala: ukutholakala kokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhamukayo kwe-jumper ekhaliphile, ifinyelela phezulu kwekhanda.

Fucker! Ixoxo lesihlahla. Owesilisa wakhe, ebhavumula umphimbo wakhe, uyakhala kakhulu futhi ubukeka njengezinyoni ezidla ezinye. Lesi sitshalo esincane sethu sinephimbo elinamandla amakhulu, futhi umphimbo womphimbo wesikhundla esingajwayelekile: ukhiqizwa ngamandla agcwele - ngesihlahla uqobo uqobo!

Ixoxo lesihlahla liluhlaza, kepha lingamahlamvu ehlobo. Uma kufanele uphile endaweni ehlukile yombala, isihlahlana sesihlahla sibuye siguqule isembatho saso: kwesinye isikhathi singashintsha sibe nsundu emizuzwini embalwa, grey, ophuzi okhanyayo noma sicishe sibe mnyama. Kepha kuyamangaza - amasele esihlahla awahambelani njalo nesizinda esiyinhloko sezindawo ahlala kuzo. Futhi phakathi kwalabo abaphila kokuluhlaza, kukhona ushokoledi, ompunga, ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, owelilac, omhlophe kanye nowebala.

Kusentwasahlobo kuphela, ngo-Ephreli - Meyi, amasele esihlahla abhukuda emanzini. Lapha futhi zohlobo. Ngemuva kwalokho bathuthela ezihlahleni, ezihlahleni nasezitshanini ezinamaqabunga abanzi. Kepha imvamisa azihambi ngaphezu kwamamitha ayikhulu ukusuka emanzini. Izimvula ezinde kuphela ezingabaxosha baphume lapha bangene ezindlini ezithile zokufihla ikhanda noma babuyele emanzini. (Kuliqiniso, abanye abesilisa, ngasizathu simbe nangesimo sezulu esihle, bahlala emanzini ikakhulu ehlobo.)

Ntambama, ixoxo lesihlahla lihlala (imvamisa elangeni uqobo!), Lifihla umhlanga noma iqabunga, livale amehlo alo bese licindezela imilenze yalo ngokunamandla kulo. Ukuzingela kusihlwa nasebusuku. Ngaphambi kokuzingela, uma amanzi eduzane futhi kungekho mvula, isele lesihlahla bese ligeza. Lezi zigxobo zakusihlwa zivame kakhulu phakathi kwamaxoxo esihlahla seMedithera, isakhamuzi samazwe asishisayo nawomile - iSpain neMorocco.

Iqembu lezilwane elihlukahlukene kakhulu, elibonisa kabi izici zokuchazwa ezivame kakhulu, ama-amphibians ngokuvamile anesikhumba esibushelelezi futhi esingenalutho. Kodwa-ke, ezinye zazo zinezikali ze-dermal. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlanzi, ama-amphibians asemhlabeni wesigaba samanzi ngokuvamile aphefumula esikhunjeni nasemaphashini, kunokuba adlule emagemeni, futhi abe nezitho zomzimba esikhundleni samaphiko, kodwa abanye abantu base-amphibians basebenzise nezifo.

Ukuhlala ezindaweni ezihlala ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ama-amphibians abamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekulinganiseni kwemvelo. Zibonisa ukusebenza kwamahlosi amabili, ngoba zisebenzisa inani elikhulu lezinambuzane nezinye izitho zangasese futhi ngokwazo ziyizisulu zezilwane ezinkulu, okubenza babe yingxenye yokuxhumana nokudla. Ama-Amphibians nawo abalulekile kumjikelezo wezakhi kanye njengama-harbinger ezinguquko eziyingozi zemvelo.

Ama-Amphibians nawo adlala indima ebalulekile emphakathini wesintu. Kokubili ngokomlando okwamanje, izinto ezenziwe ngama-amphibians ziye zaba ngumthombo obalulekile wemithi. Sekufakazelwe ukuthi banciphisa ukwanda kwezifo ezibangelwa izinambuzane ngokunciphisa inani lazo. Ezinkolweni, ama-amphibians ayevame ukuba yizimpawu ezibalulekile, noma ngabe kuyi-shamanism, izinkolo zokuqala zaseGibhithe, noma izinkolo emazweni ase-pre-Colombian Americaas

Kusukela ngawo-1970s, inani labantu abaningi be-amphibian seliqale ukwehla, ngobuningi bokwehla kubangelwa izimbangela ze-anthropomorphic (ezenziwe ngabantu). Kuzo zombili izizathu zokuziphatha nezisebenzayo, abantu badinga ukubeka imali ekugcinweni kwalezi zilwane ezibalulekile.

Ukutadisha ama-amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo kwaziwa ngokuthi yi-hepatology..

Izici ze-Amphibian

Iningi lama-amphibians likhiqiza amaqanda ngaphandle kwamagobolondo noma ulwelwesi (ama-anamniotic), enika amanzi futhi incike kumswakama ovela emvelweni. Ama-amphibians abantu abadala anenhliziyo enamagumbi amathathu (izibungu zinenhliziyo ebicameral) futhi imvamisa amaphaphu amabili. Zine-protrusion ezimbili ngemuva kwesigaxa (i-occipital condiment), kanti ezihuquzelayo zine-condyle eyodwa ye-occipital.

Isithombe ngu-Grim Fandango flickr.com

Yize iningi lama-amphibi lintula ukuzivumelanisa nezinto ezidingekayo ukuze kube nokuphila komhlaba ngokuphelele, abanye babo empeleni bangamazwe aphelele, noma bezalwe emhlabeni, abanye bangadinga indawo enomswakama ongafani nhlobo. Ezinye zazo zingamanzi ngokuphelele. Ukuba yizidalwa ezinegazi elibandayo, ama-amphibians amaningi angena esimweni esishisayo, esaziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle (ubusika obubandayo), njenge-hibernation, futhi ngesikhathi sesomiso (ihlobo), njengokuhlanjululwa.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Amphibian nokwehlukahluka

Wonke ama-amphibians angabesigaba se-Amphibia subtype vertebrates (Vertebrata). Onke ama-amphibians akhona abekwe kusigcino esifanayo se-non-armored (Lissamphibia). Kunama-oda amathathu esiqeshini esingezansi:

• Oda ama-amphibians angenantambo (Anura - amasele kanye nobuhlalu): Izinhlobo ezingama-5,602 emindenini engama-48
• Ama-amphibians we-oda anomsila (i-Caudata noma i-Urodela - i-salamanders, okusha, i-proteina, ama-siren nama-amphiums)Izinhlobo ezingama-571 emindenini eyi-10,
• Iqembu lama-amphibians angenamlenze (i-Gymnophiona noma i-Apoda - izibungu): Izinhlobo ezingama-190 emindenini eyi-10.

Amaxoxo namacici ahlukile kunezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zasemanzini lapho kukhona imilenze emikhulu yangemuva phakathi kwezinyawo ezine. Abadala abanazo imisila. Amaxoxo nobuhlalu yizinhlobonhlobo eziningi futhi ezahlukahlukene kakhulu ezitholakala cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala, kufaka phakathi indawo yokuhlala, amanzi nezindawo zomhlaba kanye nakulelozwekazi lonke, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Izinhlobo ezintathu zinamabanga afinyelela ngaphezulu kwe-Arctic Circle. Ama-amphibians angenamisila anamazwi athuthukiswe kahle, kanti eminye imiyalo emibili ye-amphibian ilinganiselwe kuphela ngemisindo efana nokukhwehlela nokugunda.

Ama-salamanders, ama-newts, i-proteina, ama-siren nama-amphiums angamalungu e-oda lama-amphibians we-caudate, ngokulandelana, onke anemisila. Njengomthetho, zonke izinhlobo zamaqembu zinesayizi ofanayo wamalunga, kepha i-amphium inezitho ezincanyana, futhi izinhlabamkhosi azinazo izitho ezingemuva futhi zinciphise namaphambili. I-amphibian enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yi-taamander enkulu yaseChina, engafinyelela kumamitha amabili, futhi isihlobo sayo esiseduze, i-salamander enkulu yaseJapan, ikhula ibe amamitha ayi-1,6. Ama-salamanders ayizindawo eziningi kakhulu futhi ezahlukahlukene ezindaweni ezifudumele.

Umhlonyane Ifana kakhulu nezibungu ezijwayelekile, azinawo umkhawulo ongaphandle. Amakhanda ala ma-amphibians ahlelelwe ukumba, ugebhezi lwawo luphinyiswa kakhulu. Ama-Worms futhi kuphela ama-amphibians anezikali ezi-dermal; abukeka njengezikali zezinhlanzi kunezinambuzane. Ama-amphibians angenacala angenasici somqondo esiyingqayizivele, isisekelo esibuyisekayo esitholakala phakathi kwamakhala neliso, esisebenza njengezwa lamakhemikhali. Ama-Worms ahlala ngaphansi komhlaba, iningi lawo linamehlo amancane, alaziwa kahle kwisayensi futhi amaningi awanawo amagama ajwayelekile. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-200 zezinso ezaziwayo. Zitholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezishisayo nezingaphansi komhlaba.

Ama-Amphibians asukela ngosayizi ukusuka kumamilimitha ambalwa kuya kuma-salamanders angenhla angenhla. Ama-Amphibians asezungeze cishe sonke isimo sezulu emhlabeni kusuka ezinhlangothini ezishisa kunazo zonke ukuya emazweni aqandayo e-Arctic. Zitholakala cishe kuyo yonke imvelo lapho kukhona khona amanzi amasha unyaka wonke. Ngempela, ezinye izinto zokuphamba ziphila ogwadule emihosheni engaphansi komhlaba eziba kuphela ngenkathi yezimvula ezinamandla nezikhathi ezithile.

Isithombe sakhovlev.alexey flickr.com

Iningi lama-amphibians lidinga amanzi amasha ukuze lizalwe. Izinhlobo eziningi zisebenzisa amanzi abraki, kepha ama-amphibians asolwandle eqiniso awekho. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezingamakhulu ambalwa zamaxoxo azidingi manzi nhlobo. Zikhiqiza ngokuthuthuka okuqondile, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, okwabavumela ukuba bazimele ngokuphelele emanzini. Cishe wonke la maxoxo ahlala emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo, kanye nezinhlobo ezincane zabantu abadala abachithwe emaqandeni abo, edlula ngokuphelele esigabeni se-larval tadpole. Izinhlobo eziningana ziphinde zishintshelwe ezindaweni ezomile nezomile, kepha iningi lisadinga amanzi ukubeka amaqanda. I-Symbiosis ene-alckered algae eyodwa ehlala kungqimba lwamaqanda anjengejelly ikhona ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane.

Noma kunjalo, iningi labaphilayo lisebenzisa isiteji samanzi nomhlaba. Amaqanda e-Amamniotic (ngaphandle kwegobolondo) abekwa emanzini. Ngemuva kokuqhekeka, izibungu ze-amphibian ziphefumula ngama-gill angaphandle. Amaningi aqala ukuguqula kancane kancane abe ngumuntu omdala ngenqubo ebizwa nge-metamorphosis. Isibonelo, izibungu zamasele (tadpoles) kancane kancane zimunca umsila wazo futhi zikhule ngemilenze yokuhamba emhlabeni. Ngemuva kwalokho izilwane zishiya amanzi futhi zibe ngabantu abadala basemhlabeni.

Ngenkathi ingxenye esobala kakhulu ye-amphibian metamorphosis ukwakheka kwemilenze emine ukuxhasa umzimba emhlabeni, kunezinye izinguquko eziningi ezinkulu: amakhethini athathelwa indawo ezinye izitho zokuphefumula, isb. Amaphaphu, isikhumba siguquka futhi sithuthukisa izindlala ukugwema ukonakala, amehlo abe izinkophe kanye bazivumelanisa nombono ngaphandle kwamanzi, i-eardrum ibonakala ivimba izindlebe eziphakathi, inhliziyo iba ngamakamelo amathathu, umsila unyamalale ngamasele namacosho.

Amandla ezinye tadpoles zokuvuselela izingxenye zomzimba elahlekile (ezifana nomsila noma umlenze) zivame ukunyamalala ngesikhathi se-metamorphosis. Noma kunjalo, ama-salamanders amaningi agcina amandla kuyo yonke impilo yawo yokuvuselela izicubu nezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene, njengemisipha, i-cartilage, isikhumba, intambo yomgogodla, izingxenye zamehlo nemihlathi.

Ngenkathi ezinhlotsheni eziningi ze-amphibian, izibungu zasemanzini ezisanda kuboshwa zithola i-metamorphosis zibe yifomu yabantu abadala, kunokuhluka okuningi kule ndlela yokuthuthuka. Izibungu eziningi ze-salamander zifana nentsha nabadala, ngaphandle kwezinhlamvu zasemanzini ezinjengama-gill. Amanye ama-amphibians akhula ngaphandle kwefomu le-larval, enamancanyana aqandula ngqo eqandeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yize izinhlobo eziningi ziguquka ngokushesha zibe ngabantu abadala, ezinye izibungu zihlala zimanzi izinyanga, ngisho iminyaka, kuze kufike izimo ezifanele. I-Paleomorphism kungukugcinwa kwezimpawu zezibungu ezilwaneni ezivuthiwe zocansi, futhi lokhu kujwayelekile ezinhlotsheni eziningi ze-caudate.

Lapho uhlobo olujwayelekile lwe-biphasic lubuyela emanzini ukuze lwenziwe kabusha, ezinye izinhlobo zomsila, ezichitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini, zihlangabezana ne-metamorphosis yesibili, okuholela ekuzivumelaniseni nendlela yokuphila yasemanzini.

Ubusika be-Amphibian

Ama-Amphibians ancike ngqo ekushintsheni kwesizini emvelweni. Ngakho-ke, umjikelezo wabo wokuphila uhlanganisa izinkathi: ukuvuka kwentwasahlobo, ukuzalanisa (ukuqhuma), umsebenzi wasehlobo nobusika.

Ehlobo, ama-amphibians ahola indlela yokuphila esebenzayo, aqoqe izinqolobane zezakhi. Ekwindla, ngokuncipha kwezinga lokushisa elenzelwa indawo, umsebenzi wabo uyancipha kancane kancane, bese bengasebenzi. Ama-Amphibians aqala ukulungiselela ubusika futhi afune izindawo ezifanele zalokhu. Amaxoxo aluhlaza ubusika ezansi kwamachibi afanayo lapho ayesehlobo. Amanye amaxoxo amaningi asebusika ngaphansi kwamanzi nasemhlabeni, kanye nezintsha ezihlala emanzini ehlobo ebusika emhlabeni. Ukuze ubusika bube semhlabeni, ama-amphibians akhetha imigodi egcwele amaqabunga, imisele yokufakelwa, ama-cellars, amasela, izingodo ezibolile, njll. Emhlabeni, ama-amphibians angahlupheka futhi angafa ngenxa yokuchayeka emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu, futhi emanzini, lapho amazinga okushisa aphansi engeyona ingozi kangako, kwesinye isikhathi ahlushwa ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo.

Inani nokulondolozwa kwama-amphibians

Ama-Amphibians abalulekile emvelweni nakubantu. Ikakhulu, ama-amphibians amadala angabathengi ababalulekile bezinambuzane, namanye ama-invertebrates nama-vertebrates athile. Ama-amphibians ama-Larval nawo adla izinambuzane, i-algae kanye ne-zooplankton endaweni yasemanzini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokwazo zingumthombo wokudla kwezinhlanzi, izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyamazane kanye namanye ama-amphibians. Ngakho-ke, badlala indima ebalulekile kuma-webs wokudla. Ukulahleka kwama-amphibians amadala kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokwanda kwenani lezinambuzane, kanti nokunyamalala kwezibungu kungaholela ekuqhakazeni kwe-algal, amazinga aphansi komoya-mpilo futhi ngenxa yokufa kwezinhlanzi. Ngokulawula izinambuzane, ama-amphibians futhi asiza ukunciphisa usongo lwezifo ezidluliselwa yizinambuzane.

Ubuthi be-Amphibian, obuvela ekulimazeni okulimazayo kuya ekufeni, buhlala bungenangozi kubantu futhi busetshenziswa kabanzi kwezokwelapha. Ama-Amphibians namuhla asisiza ukulwa nokutheleleka kwamagciwane, umdlavuza wesikhumba kanye nekholoni, ukudangala nezinye izifo eziningi.

Ama-Amphibias adlala indima ebalulekile emasikweni nasenkolweni yabantu. Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa kwabo ngokomlando ekwelashweni kwabantu, ama-amphibians abemiswe kabanzi njengezidalwa ezimbi (mhlawumbe ngezinga elithile lesimo sawo esisebusuku), noma njengezinkomba zenhlanhla, inzalo nemvula. AmaShaman, abaholi bokomoya enkolweni yama-shamanism, bawasebenzisa njengezimpawu zenkolo futhi ekudaleni izidakamizwa ze-hallucinogenic.

Kwamanye amasiko, kufaka phakathi impucuko yase-Asiya neyase-Columbian yempucuko yaseMelika yangaphambilini, ubuciko babubhekwa njengonkulunkulu, ongumthombo nesiphetho sempilo. EGibhithe, unkulunkulukazi wokuzalwa kwengane, uHeket, uboniswa nekhanda le-frog, futhi izinto ezinamaxoxo zibekwa emathuneni aseGibhithe ukuxosha amademoni endaweni yangaphansi. Kwamanye amasiko, amasele nezinhlwayi kwakuthola okuncane okuhlobene nokuthakathwa okuhlobene nabathakathi kanye nabasebenza nabo. EGuatemala, kunezinganekwane ezingejwayelekile ngama-salamanders asebusuku aphakama ezigcotsheni zezinsana futhi azibulale ngokuzumayo.

Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1970s, ukwehla okukhulu kwabantu be-amphibian kwaqala, kepha kwaba cishe amaphesenti eyodwa kuphela ezinhlobo zama-amphibian phakathi kwenani labo abathola ukwehla komhlaba wonke. Izizathu eziningi zokuncishiswa kwazo zihlala zingaqondakali kahle, futhi njengamanje ziwudaba lweminyaka eminingi yocwaningo.

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Vota

Iningi lamathoyizi angamaduna namacele adonsela insikazi yezinhlobo zawo iphimbo, okuyi-squaring, ehlukile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene: kolunye uhlobo ibukeka njenge "trill" yekhilikithi, kwelinye - "qua-qua" ajwayelekile . Ungawathola kalula amazwi abesilisa kwi-Intanethi. Izwi elikhulu echibini elingelabesilisa, futhi kwabesifazane izwi lithule kakhulu noma alikho ngokuphelele.

Ukuthandana

• Ukubukeka nombala.

Iziduna zezinhlobo eziningi zamasele, ngokwesibonelo, amaxoxo asezindaweni ezishisayo, ngesikhathi sokukhwelana zishintsha umbala wazo, ziba mnyama. Kwabesilisa, ngokungafani nabesifazane, Amehlo makhulu, izitho zemizwa zithuthukiswa kangcono futhi ubuchopho banda, ngokulandelana, futhi amabunikeli ahlotshiswe ngezinsimbi ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-mating corns, ezidingekayo ekuzaleni ukuze okhethiweyo angakwazi ukuphunyula.

Ukunakwa kwabesifazane kungadonswa futhi ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene . UColostethus trinitatis uvele agxume ngokunethezeka egatsheni, kanti uColostethus Palmatus uba semathubeni amahle lapho bebona insikazi, kanti ezinye izinhlobo ezihlala eduze kwezimpophoma ziyakwazi ukuhambisa imilenze yazo ziye kwabesifazane.

Abesilisa uColostethus collaris badansa umdanso ngesikhathi sokuqomisana. Esiduna sikhwela size kowesifazane bese sihuba kakhulu bese sishesha, bese sikhamba, sidwebe futhi siqhume, ngenkathi iqhwa emilenzeni yaso yangasemuva isendaweni eqondile. Uma insikazi ingahlasile ngokusebenza kwayo, iphakamisa ikhanda, ikhombisa umphimbo wayo ophuzi okhanyayo, lokhu kuyabuna owesilisa. Uma insikazi ithande umdanso wesilisa, khona-ke ibheka umdanso omuhle, ikhasa ezindaweni ezahlukene ukuze iwubone kangcono umdlalo wesilisa.

Kwesinye isikhathi izilaleli eziningi zingahlangana: lapho ososayensi, bebuka i-Colostethus collaris, babala abesifazane abalishumi nesishiyagalombili ababebuka owesilisa oyedwa futhi ngasikhathi sinye bathuthele kwesinye isikhundla. Ngemuva kokudansa, owesilisa uhamba kancane, futhi uvame ukuphenduka ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi intokazi yenhliziyo iyamlandela.

Ezinkuni zegolide, kunalokho, izintokazi zilwela abesilisa . Lapho ithola owesilisa eshaya amagwebu, insikazi ishaya imilenze yayo yangemuva bese ibeka izinyawo zayo ngaphambili, ingagobisa nekhanda ekhalweni lowesilisa. Owesilisa onomdlandla omncane uphendula okufanayo, kodwa hhayi njalo. Amacala amaningi abhalwe phansi lapho lolu hlobo lwabantu abaphila nezilwane zasemanzini belwa bobabili phakathi kwabesifazane nabesilisa kowesilisa abathandayo.

Umanyolo wangaphandle

Imvamisa, amaxoxo analolu hlobo lokuzala. Iduna elincanyana libopha ngokuqinile insikazi ngamadolo ayo angaphambili futhi lifaka amaqanda esifazane akhukhulayo. Owesilisa wamukela owesimame esikhundleni se-amplexus, okuyi kunezindlela ezintathu .

1. Ngemuva kwemilenze yangaphambili yowesifazane, owesilisa wenza i-girth (amasele abheke ngqo ebusweni)
2. Iduna lifaka insikazi ngaphambili kwezingalo zesinqe (i-scaphiopus, ugalikhi)
3. Kukhona ukugqokwa kowesifazane ngentamo (amasele onobuthi).

Umanyolo owenzeka ngaphakathi

Ambalwa amaxoxo anobuthi (ngokwesibonelo, ama-Dendrobates granuliferus, ama-Dendrobates auratus) ahlanganiswe ngendlela ehlukile: insikazi nowesilisa baphenduka amakhanda abo beqonde ngakolunye uhlangothi bese bexhuma ama-cesspools. Kulesi sikhundla esifanayo, Umanyolo wenzeka kuma-amphibians wezinhlobo ezingama-Nectophrynoides, aqala ngokuthwala amaqanda bese abamba ama-tadpoles ku-utero kuze kube yilapho inqubo ye-metamorphosis iphothulwa ubelethe kwakheka amasele ngokuphelele .

Amaxoxo angamaduna omsila wohlobo lwe-Ascaphus Truei anesitho esithile sokuzala.

Ngenkathi yokuzalela emadodeni amafoni avame ukucaciswa ngokuzalanisa emabeleni. Ngosizo lwalezi zinhlamvu, owesilisa uphumula emzimbeni oshelelayo wowesifazane. Iqiniso elihehayo: ngokwesibonelo, kwitowudi ejwayelekile (i-Bufo bufo), owesilisa ugibela insikazi kude nesiqiwu futhi ugibela kuyo amamitha angamakhulu ambalwa. Futhi abanye besilisa bangagibela insikazi ngemuva kokuphothula inqubo yokubhanqa, balinde lowesifazane ukuba bakhe isidleke futhi faka amaqanda kuyo .

Uma inqubo yokuzalela iqala emanzini, iduna lingabamba amaqanda avuthiwe ngowesifazane, licindezele imilenze yakhe yangemuva ngesikhathi ukuze lixube amaqanda (buka - iBufo boreas). Imvamisa, abesilisa bangahlangana futhi bagibele abesilisa abangakuthandi ngokuphelele. “Isisulu” siveza umsindo othile nokudlidliza komzimba, okuwukuthi ingemuva, futhi sikuphoqa ukuba uphume emzimbeni wakho. Abesifazane nabo baziphatha ekugcineni kwenqubo yokufaka umquba, yize kwesinye isikhathi owesilisa angavumela owesimame ukuthi ahambe lapho ezwa ukuthi isisu sakhe sesithambile futhi asinalutho. Kaningi, izinsikazi zivala amaduna ngenkani, ezivilaphayo kakhulu ukuba zikhuphuke, ziphendukele kolunye uhlangothi futhi zelule imilenze nezandla ezingemuva.

Izinhlobo ze-Amplexus

Amaxoxo abeka amaqanda , njengezinhlanzi, ngoba i-caviar (amaqanda) kanye nemibungu aswele ukuzivumelanisa nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba (anamnia). Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-amphibians zibeka amaqanda ezindaweni ezimangalisayo:

Kuyo yonke inkathi yokuthwala ama-tadpoles, futhi kuthatha izinyanga ezimbili, isele alidli lutho, ngenkathi ligcina umsebenzi. Ngalesi sikhathi, usebenzisa kuphela izinqolobane zangaphakathi zama-glycogen namafutha, agcinwe esibindini sakhe. Ngemuva kwenqubo yokuthwala isele, isibindi sincishiswa kathathu ngosayizi futhi akukho mafutha asele esiswini ngaphansi kwesikhumba.

Ngemuva kokuzalela amaqanda, iningi lesifazane lishiya i-clutch yalo, kanye namanzi aqabulayo, liye endaweni yalo evamile.

Izinsikazi zivame ukuzungeza amaqanda amakhulu into ye-gelatinous . Igobolondo leqanda lidlala indima enkulu, njengoba iqanda livikelekile ekomeni ngaphandle, emonakalweni, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - liyalivikela ekutheni lingadliwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye.

Ngemuva kokulala, ngemuva kwesikhashana, igobolondo lamaqanda liyajuluka libe yizingqimba ezisobala ze-gelatinous, ngaphakathi lapho iqanda libonakala khona. Ingxenye engenhla yeqanda imnyama, kanti ingxenye engezansi, okuphambene nalokho, iyakhanya. Ingxenye emnyama igcwalisa okuningi, ngoba isebenzisa imisebe yelanga kahle. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zama-amphibians, izingqimba ze-caviar zithantazela ziye phezulu kwichibi, lapho amanzi afudumele khona kakhulu.

Ukushisa okuncane kwamanzi kubambezela ukuthuthukiswa kombungu. Uma isimo sezulu sifudumele, iqanda lihlukanisa kaninginingi namafomu libe umbungu wama-multicellular. Emasontweni amabili kamuva, i-tadpole iphuma emaqanda - isibungu sexoxo.

I-Tadpole kanye nentuthuko yayo

Ngemuva kokushiya i-caviar i-tadpole iwela emanzini . Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-5, esechithe ukudla kwezakhi zamaqanda, uzokwazi ukubhukuda adle yedwa. Wakha umlomo ngemihlathi emibi. I-tadpole idla ku-algae elula nezinye izinto ezincane zasemanzini.

Ngalesi sikhathi, amachaphaza asevele esedonsa ebonakalayo, ikhanda, umsila.

Ikhanda le-tadpole likhulu , azikho izimbambo, umsila wokuphela komzimba udlala indima yefin, umugqa oseceleni uyabonakala futhi, kukhona indebe yokudonsa eduze komlomo (ngendebe yokudonsa ungalukhomba uhlobo lohlobo lwe-tadpole). Ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva, igebe elizungeze imiphetho yomlomo ligcwele ngohlobo oluthile lomlomo wezinyoni, olusebenza njengesihlwitha lapho udonga lwedatha luqala. Ama-watpoles anezigcawu ezivulekile ngokuvuleka gill. Ekuqaleni kwentuthuko, zingaphandle, kepha ezinqubweni zentuthuko ziyaguqulwa futhi zinamathele kumakhonkolo e-gill, akhiwe pharynx, ngenkathi esebenza njengeziglu zangaphakathi ezijwayelekile. I-tadpole inenhliziyo enamakamelo amabili nomjikelezo owodwa wokujikeleza kwegazi.

Ngokusho kwe-anatomy, i-tadpole ekuqaleni kwentuthuko isondelene nenhlanzi, futhi lapho isikhulile, isivele ifana nokubukeka kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo.

Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili noma ezintathu, imidlwane iyakhula ibuye ibonakale, bese umsila kuqala uncishiswe bese uyawa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaphaphu ayakhula . Njengoba isakhelwe ukuphefumula emhlabathini, i-tadpole iqala ukukhuphukela phezulu endaweni yokugcina amanzi ukuze igwinye umoya. Ukushintsha nokukhula kuncike kakhulu esimweni sezulu esishisayo.

Ama-watpoles ekuqaleni adla ikakhulukazi ekudleni kwemvelo yezitshalo, kodwa kancane kancane adlulela ekudleni kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Isele elakhiwe lingaya ogwini uma luhlobo lomhlaba, noma lihlala emanzini uma luhlobo lwasemanzini. Amaxoxo akhuphukele emhlabathini angonyaka. Ama-Amphibians abeka amaqanda emhlabathini kwesinye isikhathi aqala ukukhula ngaphandle kwenqubo ye-metamorphosis, okungukuthi, ngentuthuko eqondile. Inqubo yokuthuthukisa ithatha izinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezintathu, kusukela ekuqaleni kokubeka amaqanda kuze kube sekupheleni kokukhula kwe-tadpole ibe yixoxo eligcwele.

Ama-dart frog amphibians khombisa indlela yokuziphatha ethokozisayo. Ngemuva kokuqhekeka kwezaqanda emaqandeni, insikazi ngemuva kwakhe, idlulisela eziqongweni zezihlahla eziqhakaze izimbali lapho amanzi ahlangana khona emva kwemvula. Ichibi eliyinqaba elinjalo liyigumbi lezingane elihle lapho izingane ziqhubeka nokukhula kwazo. Amaqanda angenamvundla adla njengokudla kuwo.

Amandla wokuzala kabusha ngamawundlu atholakala cishe ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila.

Ngemuva kwenqubo yokuzalanisa amasele aluhlaza ahlala emanzini noma uhlale ogwini lwesichibi esiseduze, kuyilapho onsundu esiya emhlabeni esuka kwichibi. Ukuziphatha kwama-amphibians ikakhulukazi kunqunywa umswakama. Esimweni sezulu esishisayo nesomile, amaxoxo ansundu kakhulu angaqedi, ngoba acashe elangeni. Kepha ngemuva kokushona kwelanga, baba nesikhathi sokuzingela. Njengoba izinhlobo zamaxoxo aluhlaza zihlala ngaphakathi noma eduze kwamanzi, ziyazingela nesikhathi sasemini.

Lapho kuqala inkathi ebandayo, amasele ansundu aqhubekela endaweni yokugcina amanzi. Lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi likhuphuka ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lomoya, amasele ansundu naluhlaza acwila ezansi echibini kuyo yonke inkathi yamakhaza ebusika.

Ama Toads we-Viviparous awakhombisi umsebenzi kusukela ngoDisemba kuya kuFebhuwari, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi akukho umswakama owanele. Ngalesi sikhathi, imboza enhlabathini noma emihumeni yamadwala.

Ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, abesifazane baba ngabokuqala ukukhetha izindawo zabo zokuhlala, kwathi ngoMashi-Ephreli abasebasha abangafinyeleli ebusheni baqala ukubonisa imisebenzi, kwathi abesilisa bagcina ukubonakala.

Lolu hlobo ukuphela kwembala oluvela ku-oda ka-telless. Ukuthuthukiswa kweqanda kwenzeka engxenyeni engezansi yama-oviducts abesifazane.

Ama-Toads enzelwe cishe ayazalwa. Emzimbeni wowesifazane ngamunye, imibungu eyi-1-22 iyakhula, kepha iningi lawo inani ngu-4-12. Imibungu ikhula ngokubonga ku-yolk esemaqanda. Umsebenzi wokuphefumula ku-umbungu kungenzeka kakhulu wenziwa ngumsila onamachaphaza emithambo yegazi.

Ukubukeka kwesisindo sezinsana kwenzeka ekuqaleni kukaJuni futhi kuthatha inyanga yonke. Uma isikhathi semvula siqhubeka, khona-ke amathole azalwa ngoJulayi. Ukusuka kuJulayi kuya ku-Agasti, ubuhlalu be-viviparous bubonisa ukwanda komsebenzi. Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, izinsikazi ezindala ziba zincane, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ziyashada, futhi ngemuva kokukhulelwa zithande ukucasha ezindaweni zokugcina lapho zihlala khona phakathi nenkathi yesomiso. Inqubo yokuzalela iqala ngo-Agasti futhi ingaqhubeka kuze kube ngu-Okthoba. Imidlalo yokushada yenzeka phakathi nosuku, kepha ingabambezeleka kuze kube sebusuku. Abesilisa phakathi nalenqubo bahlala bengashukumi, futhi izinsikazi, ngaphandle kokuyeka, zisuka kwesinye isilo ziye kwesinye.

Ekupheleni kwenkathi yemvula, eyenzeka ngoSepthemba-Okthoba, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ihlala kuze kube nguNovemba, ezinye izintokazi ezinezinyanga ezintathu ziba ngukuvuthwa ngokocansi. Babuye bathandane nabesilisa bese becasha ezindlini zokukhosela. Abesilisa nabesifazane abasha abangakafiki isikhathi sokuthomba bahlala basebenze isikhathi eside kunabo. Lezi zintokazi zithandana nabesilisa ngesizini ezayo lapho sezinezinyanga eziyi-15. Imvamisa, izinsikazi zezinqe ze-viviparous ziletha izikhathi ezi-2 empilweni. Ngalesi sikhathi, bazala abantu ababalelwa ku-18-20.

Ama-tovi we-Viviparous ukuphela kwento phakathi kwama-amphibians angenantambo yokuzalanisa ngendlela efanayo.

Toads viviparous kukhona abameleli abaningi bezilwane ezi-viviparous ezihlala ema-metad alps. NgoMeyi, kuwo wonke amamitha ayi-100 kukhona ubuhlalu obuyi-150-160 viviparous. Le nombolo ibonwa endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1400-1650. Kulokhu, abantu abasha baphindwe izikhathi ezi-2 kunabadala. Inani eliphakeme elinjalo liphatha cishe njalo, iminyaka emi-5, alishintshi kakhulu. Inani lobuhlalu be-viviparous lehla kuphela eminyakeni eyomile kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, kwenzeka ngo-1946, lapho inani labo lehla cishe izikhathi ezi-2.