Isimo sezulu siyisimo sezulu esishisayo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokungena kwezixuku zomoya ezivela ku-Atlantic kanye nokugeleza komoya ezwenikazi.

Amazinga okushisa ebusika yi -10-15 ° С, kuma-Urals aze afike ku-20 ° С, ehlobo + 20 + 25 ° С. Ama-intrusions omoya we-Arctic ahambisana nokukhuphuka kwesithwathwa kuya ku-30-35 ° C futhi kubangele isithwathwa sentwasahlobo. Ehlobo, imimoya evela ezindaweni ezishisayo ikhulisa izinga lokushisa ifike ku-30 ​​+ 35 ° C, ilethe isomiso.

Ukugcwala kwamanzi yi-600-700 mm / ngonyaka nge-predominance yemvula.

Umsebenzi wezomnotho

Umsebenzi wezomnotho osebenzayo emahlathini obanzi weRussia uhlotshaniswa nenhlabathi evundile kanye nokukhishwa kwama-phosphorites nama-glauconite clays.

Namuhla, indawo enamapulazi namapulazi akhiwe endaweni yamahlathi, amahlathi nawo ashabalala ezindaweni zezokumbiwa phansi, kanti iPutokko-Terrasny, iBryansk Forest nezinye izindawo zemvelo zenzelwe ukugcina imvelo.

Imifino

Amahlathi amakhulu abanzi. Esihlahleni esingenhla kukhona oki, umlotha, amamephu, ama-elms. Ekhungweni elingaphansi le-linden, i-apula yasendle nethanga, i-hazel, isihlahla somswakama se-warty, i-sihlahla sasemanzini, viburnum, bird cherry.

U-fig. 1. Isihlahla se-spindle si-warty.

Amakhambi amelelwa ama-sedges, ama-ferns, ama-chives, ama-Horsetails, ama-nivyanik, ama-not-me-nots nezinye izitshalo.

Ama-ephemeroids entwasahlobo ajwayelekile - i-snowdrop, i-crested crest, i-anemone, u-anyanisi we-goose, avela ngaphansi kweqhwa futhi ngokushesha anyamalale kuze kube sentwasahlobo elandelayo.

U-fig. 2. I-Prioksko-Terrasny reservation, galanthus noma iqhwa leqhwa.

Izilwane

Ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezivela emahlathini ahlanganisiwe (ibhele elinsundu, i-elk, i-lynx) nezinhlobo zasendaweni (inyamazane ebomvu, izingulube zasendle, inyamazane yodoti, amagundane, amalulwane) kuyinto ebonakalayo.

Kusukela ngo-1948, i-Prioksko-Terrasnyi Zapovednik ibilokhu ibamba izingathi ezibhalwe kwi-Red Book of Russia; phakathi naso sonke lesi sikhathi izinkukhu zingaphezulu kuka-600 zizelwe lapha, ezibuyele endaweni yazo yangaphambili eRussia, Belarus nakwamanye amazwe; namuhla kunabantu abangama-50 emhlanjini.

U-fig. 3. Inyosi eSerokokko-Terrasny Reserve.

Ibhonasi

• Ukuhlolwa Okuhlobene

• Izilwane nezitshalo ze-steppe zone
• Izilwane zasogwadule zaseRussia
• Amahlathi axubile futhi aqobayo
• Izilwane zasogwadule Indawo yokuhlala yamahlathi abanzi aseRussia
• Izici zeTaiga
• Izilwane zasendle
• Izimboni zezilwane
• Umhlaba wezilwane waseRussia
• Imithombo yemvelo yeMpumalanga Ekude
• Imfuyo
• Amandla wemithombo yemvelo weRussia
• Izokudoba

Ngokudinga okudumile, manje ungagcina: yonke imiphumela yakho, uthole amaphuzu bese ubamba iqhaza kuzikhundla eziphelele.

1. 1. IPolad Ismailov 503
2. 2. UMurad Alekperov 499
3. 3. UValentin Drugakov 348
4. 4. UVagif Ismailov 260
5. 5. Adelia Avkhadeeva 255
6. 6. Katya Deeva 249
7. 7. UTatyana Galkina 193
8. 8. Daria Markelova 192
9. 9. Ksenia @@ 175
10. 10. UJulia Zharikova 164

1. 1. UKristina Volosocheva 19,120
2. 2. Ekaterina 18,721
3. 3. UJulia Bronnikova 18,580
4. 4. UDarth Vader 17,856
5. 5. Alina Saibel 16,787
6. 6. UMaria Nikolaevna 15,775
7. 7. Larisa Samodurova 15,735
8. 8. Liza 15,165
9. 9. TorkMen 14.876
10. 10. UVlad Lubenkov 13.530

Ababambe iqhaza abakhuthele kakhulu ngesonto:

• 1. IVictoria Neumann - ikhadi lesipho lesitolo sezincwadi ama-ruble angama-500.
• 2. I-Bulat Sadykov - ikhadi lesipho lesitolo sezincwadi ama-ruble angama-500.
• 3. I-Daria Volkova - isitolo sezincwadi zamakhadi wesipho ama-ruble angama-500.

Abathathu abanenhlanhla abaphumelele isivivinyo okungenani esingu-1:

• 1. UNatya Starostina - ikhadi lesipho lesitolo sezincwadi ama-ruble angama-500.
• 2. I-Nikolay Z - ikhadi lesipho lesitolo sezincwadi ama-ruble angama-500.
• 3. UDavid Melnikov - ikhadi lesipho lesitolo sezincwadi ama-ruble angama-500.

Amakhadi we-elekhthronikhi (ikhodi), azothunyelwa ezinsukwini ezizayo ngomyalezo weVkontakte noma i-imeyili.

Amahlathi anqumayo

Amahlathi aseYurophu abanzi anezindawo ezisengozini yokuhlalisa imvelo. Emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, bangena engxenyeni enkulu yeYurophu futhi babephakathi kwabacebile kunabo bonke futhi abahlukahlukene kakhulu emhlabeni. E-XVI - XVII century. amahlathi ama-oki wemvelo akhula endaweni engamahektare ayizigidi eziningana, futhi namuhla, ngokwesikhwama sehlathi, awekho amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu asele. Ngakho-ke ngaphezulu kwamakhulu eminyaka, indawo yalama hlathi inciphile kayiphindwe kayishumi. Kwakhiwa izihlahla ezinqabayo ezinamaqabunga amabala obubanzi, amahlathi anwebekile anqabile avamile empumalanga yeNyakatho Melika, eYurophu, eNyakatho neChina, eJapan naseMpumalanga Ekude. Bahlala endaweni ephakathi kwamahlathi ahlanganisiwe enyakatho kanye nama-steppes, izimila zaseMedithera noma izimila eziseningizimu.

Amahlathi amakhulu anwebayo akhula ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esinomswakama futhi esinomswakama, esibonakala ngokwabiwa ngokulinganayo kwezulu (kusuka ku-400 kuye ku-600 mm) unyaka nonyaka futhi izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu. Amazinga okushisa ajwayelekile ngoJanuwari ngu -8 ... 0 ° C, futhi ngoJulayi + 20 ... + 24 ° C. Izimo zezulu ezifudumele nezomswakama ezifudumele futhi zisebenza, kanye nomsebenzi osebenzayo wezinto zomhlaba (amagciwane, isikhunta, ama-invertebrates) abamba iqhaza ekuwohlakalweni okusheshayo kwamaqabunga nokuqongelela i-humus. Ngaphansi kwamahlathi anwebekile obanzi, ihlathi elinsundu elivundile nenhlabathi yamahlathi ansundu ayakhiwa, ngokuvamile ayi-chernozems.

Ihlosi elingaphezulu kula mahlathi kuhlala i-oki, i-beech, i-Hornbeam kanye ne-linden. EYurophu kukhona umlotha, i-elm, imephu, i-elm. Ingxenye yaphansi yakheka izihlahla - hazel, umuthi we-warty spindle, ihlathi honeysuckle. Esembozweni obukhulu botshani obukhulu bamahlathi aseYurophu abanzi kukhona ama-hibernation, greenfinch, utshani obunamakha, i-medunica, i-woodruff, i-sedge, i-ephemeroids yasentwasahlobo: i-Corydalis, i-anemone, isithwathwa seqhwa, ukuqhuma, u-anyanisi we-goose nabanye eNyakatho Melika, izinhlobo ezijwayelekile ze-oki zikhula kule ndawo. kuphela kuleli lizwe. Emahlathini aqothulayo e-hemisphere eseningizimu, i-beech yaseningizimu iyanqoba.

Amahlathi anamuhla anwebekayo futhi anamahlathi abanzi enza izinkulungwane zeminyaka ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisikhombisa ezedlule, lapho iplanethi yayifudumala futhi izinhlobo zemithi ebanzi zingahamba ziye enyakatho. Eminyakeni eyinkulungwane eyalandela, isimo sezulu sasiya sibanda futhi indawo yamahlathi aqotayo yahamba kancane. Njengoba inhlabathi evundile kakhulu evela kuyo yonke indawo yamahlathi yakhiwa ngaphansi kwala mahlathi, amahlathi anqunywa ngokuphelele, futhi umhlaba olimekayo wahlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho i-oki, enezinkuni eziqinile kakhulu, yayisetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakheni.

Ukubusa kukaPeter I kwakuyisikhathi sokuba iRussia idale imikhumbi ehamba ngomkhumbi. "Umbono kaTsar" ubufuna inani elikhulu lezinkuni ezisezingeni eliphakeme, ngakho-ke lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yimikhumbi kwakulindwa ngokuqinile. Izakhamizi zehlathi nezindawo ezihlala emahlathini zigawula ngentshiseko amahlathi abengeyona ingxenye yezindawo ezivikelwe ngaphansi komhlaba namamayithi amahle. Maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX. isikhathi sokuphela kwemikhumbi yokuhamba ngomkhumbi saphela, izinqolobane zemikhumbi zaphela ukuqapha, futhi amahlathi aqala ukuncipha ngokwengeziwe.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 izingcezwana kuphela zebhande elihlangene elihlanganisiwe nelinamahlathi amakhulu abanzi ziyagcinwa. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, bazama ukutshala ama-oki amasha, kepha lokhu kwavela kwaba nzima: ama-oki amancane asanda kushona ngenxa yesomiso esijwayelekile nesinzima. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngaphansi kobuholi besazi esikhulu se-Russian geologist V.V. UDokuchaeva wakhombisa ukuthi lezi zinhlekelele zihambisana nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi amakhulu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izinguquko embusweni we-hydrological kanye nesimo sezulu sale ndawo.

Noma kunjalo, kulelikhulu lama-20, amahlathi ama-oki asele anqunywa ngokuphelele. Izinambuzane eziluhlaza kanye nobusika obubandayo bokuphela kwalelikhulu leminyaka kuye kwenza ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi e-oki wemvelo akunakugwenywa.

Namuhla, kwezinye izindawo lapho amahlathi amakhulu abesetshenziswa ukukhula, amahlathi wesibili nokutshala okuhlanganisiwe, lapho kusakazekele khona izinhlobo zezihlahla ezihlakazekile. Akunakwenzeka ukubuyisela ukwakhiwa namandla ehlathi lemvelo lama-oki wemvelo hhayi eRussia kuphela, kodwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu (lapho babone khona ithonya le-anthropogenic ngisho nangokwengeziwe).

Izici zobuntu

Izici zamahlathi anwebekile obanzi ukuthi angahlukanisa amahlosi amabili ahlukile. Enye yazo iphakeme, enye iphansi. Lawa hlathi anamaqabunga, utshani obukhona bukhula ngamahlaya amathathu, isembozo somhlabathi simelelwa ama-lichens kanye nama-mosses.

Esinye isici esibonakalayo yimodi yokukhanya. Emahlathini anjalo, kuhlukaniswa iziqongo ezimbili ezikhanyayo. Owokuqala ubonwa entwasahlobo, lapho izihlahla zingakambozwa ngamaqabunga. Owesibili - ekwindla, lapho amaqabunga ancipha. Ehlobo, ukungena okukhanyayo kukuncane. Imodi engenhla ichaza isici sekhava yotshani.

Inhlabathi yamahlathi obanzi anezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Zivela ngenxa yokubola kokungcola kwesitshalo. Izihlahla ezingamahloni aqukethe umlotha. Ikakhulu eningi yayo emaqabungeni - cishe amaphesenti amahlanu. U-Ash yena ucebile nge-calcium (amaphesenti angamashumi amabili esetshenzisiwe). Kubandakanya ne-potassium (cishe amaphesenti amabili) ne-silicon (kuze kube ngamaphesenti amathathu).

Izihlahla ezihlazisayo zamahlathi

Amahlathi alolu hlobo abonakala ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezihlahla. Okokugcina lapha kungabalwa cishe ishumi. Isibonelo, amahlathi abanzi e-taiga, awacebile kulokhu. Isizathu ukuthi izimo zesimo sezulu esibi se-taiga azikukhuthazi ukukhula nokukhula kwezimbali. Izinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla ezifuna ukwakheka kwenhlabathi kanye nesimo sezulu nje ngeke ziphile ezimweni ezingezinhle.

Engxenyeni eseningizimu yesifunda saseTula kunehlathi elaziwayo. Inika umbono omuhle wokuthi amahlathi anwebekile angaba yini. Inhlabathi yale nsimu iyathandeka ekukhuleni kwezihlahla ezinjenge-petioles, lindens ezincane-leaved, holly and map map insimu, ash ejwayelekile, i-elm, i-elm, i-apula yasendle nethanga. Izihlahla ze-oki nezomlotha ziphakeme kakhulu, zilandelwa ngamabalazwe angama-holly, ama-elms kanye nama-lindens. Okuphansi kakhulu ngamapulazi asensimini, amapharele asendle nezihlahla zeapula. Njengomthetho, isikhundla esivelele singu-oki, kanti ezinye zonke izihlahla zisebenza njengama-satellite.

Cabanga ngemininingwane eminingi ngabamele abaphezulu be-dendroflora.

Oak. Kuyinto ihlathi eliyinhloko lokwakha ihlathi elinwebekile elisenkabeni yensimu yaseYurophu. I-Cherry oak ingenye yezihlahla ezinde kakhulu futhi ezikhule kunazo zonke. Kutholakala ezindaweni ezizimele ezindaweni ezihlala zodwa. Ngenxa yekhono le-oki ukubekezelela ukuthenwa, kungenzeka ukuthi kwakheke ama-tapeworms amahle kakhulu anama-spherical, obovate, amajamo womqhele okwenziwe itende.

Amakhambi

Izitshalo zasehlathini ezibanzi zibonakala ngamaqabunga amaqabunga amakhulu futhi abanzi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abizwa ngokuthi amahlathi amakhulu e-oak. Amanye amakhambi akhula ngezinhlobonhlobo zodwa, awakheki amathangi angenakungeneka. Abanye, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bakha uhlobo lwekhaphethi olusibekela izikhala ezinkulu. Amakhambi anjalo ayabusa. Phakathi kwazo, i-dash evamile, i-sedge hairy ne-zelenchuk ephuzi ziyahlukaniswa.

Izitshalo eziningi ezine-herbaceous ezitholakala emahlathini aqobayo zihlala zisetshenziswa. Baphila iminyaka emashumi ambalwa. Njengomthetho, ubukhona babo busekelwa ukusakazwa kwezitshalo. Ngembewu bazala kabi. Isici esibonakalayo salezi zitshalo - amahlumela amade angaphansi komhlaba nangaphezulu, akhula ngokushesha ngezindlela ezihlukile futhi athumbe umhlaba omusha.

Izingxenye zezindiza zabameleli abaningi botshani obuluhlaza obukhulu bafa ekwindla. Izimpande nama-rhizomes kuphela akhiwe kwi-overwinter yenhlabathi. Zinezimbali ezikhethekile, ezivela kuzo amahlumela amasha entwasahlobo.

Shesha Oak Ephemeroids

Lezi zitshalo zithakazelisa kakhulu ochwepheshe abafunda izimbali zehlathi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-spring chisty, i-buttercup anemone, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-corydalis ne-anyanisi ye-goose. Lezi zitshalo zivame ukuba zincane ngosayizi, kodwa zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Ama-Ephemeroid asethubeni lokuzalwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokunyamalala kwesembozo seqhwa. Ezinye amahlumela athokomele ikakhulukazi adlula eqhweni. Ngemuva kwesonto, inani eliphakeme kabili, ama-buds abo asevele eqhakaza. Ngemuva kwamaviki ambalwa, izithelo nembewu ziyavuthwa. Emva kwalokhu, izitshalo zilele emhlabathini, ziphenduke ziphuzi, emva kwalokho ingxenye yazo engaphezulu komhlaba iyafa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nqubo yenzeka ekuqaleni kwenkathi yehlobo, lapho, njengoba kungabonakala, izimo zokukhula nentuthuko zinhle ngangokunokwenzeka. Imfihlo ilula. Ama-Ephemeroid anesigqi sawo sokuphila, esihlukile ohlelweni lokuthuthukisa ezinye izitshalo. Ziqhakaza kuphela entwasahlobo, kanti ihlobo yisikhathi sokuba zibune.

Isikhathi esifanelekayo ekukhuleni kwabo ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka, inani eliphakeme lokukhanya liyabonakala ehlathini, ngoba izihlahlana nezihlahla bezingakayitholi ikhava yazo eluhlaza obukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngalesi sikhathi, inhlabathi igcwele umswakama. Ngokuqondene nokushisa okuphezulu kwehlobo, ama-ephemeroid awakudingi nhlobo. Zonke lezi zitshalo zingabantu. Abafi ngemuva kokuba ingxenye yabo engaphezulu yomile iphele. Izimpande ezibukhoma ezingaphansi komhlaba zimelelwa ngama-tubers, ama-bulbs noma ama-rhizomes. Lezi zitho zisebenza njengeziqukathi zezakhi, ikakhulukazi isitashi. Kungakho iziqu, amaqabunga nezimbali kuvela ekuseni kakhulu futhi kukhula ngokushesha okungaka.

Ama-Ephemeroid asabalele emahlathini ama-oki ayinqaba. Sekukonke kunezinhlobo eziyishumi. Izimbali zabo zipendwe ngombala onsomi okhanyayo, onsomi, ophuzi. Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, ama-ephemeroids akha ukhaphethi omuhle obukhulu.

Amahlathi amakhulu aseRussia ayindawo yokukhula kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-mosses. Ngokungafani namahlathi e-taiga, lapho lezi zitshalo zakha khona inhlabathi eluhlaza obukhulu, ama-mosses emahlathini ama-oki awembozi inhlabathi kangako. Indima yama-mosses emahlathini aqobayo inesizotha kunalokho. Isizathu esikhulu iqiniso lokuthi ukungcola kwamaqabunga amahlathi aqothulayo kuyalimaza lezi zitshalo.

Fauna

Izilwane zasehlathini ezinobubanzi be-Russia azikhohlisi, izinyamazane, ukungavikeleki, izinduku namalulwane. Ukwehlukahlukana okukhulu okubonakalayo kulezo zindawo ezingathintwanga ngumuntu. Ngakho-ke, emahlathini ane-wide-leaved ungabona ama-roe deer, izingulube zasendle, inyamazane engwe, i-red and inyamazane ebomvu, i-elk. Ukuhleleka kwezinyamazane kumelelwa izimpungushe, izimpisi, ama-martens, ama-ermines nama-weasels. Amahlathi anabanzi abanzi, amabala awo acebile futhi ahlukahlukene, ayikhaya lama-beavers, squirrels, muskrats ne-nutria. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zindawo kuhlalwa kuzo amagundane, amagundane, izindunduma, ama-hedgehogs, ama-shrews, izinyoka, izibankwa nezimfudu.

Izinyoni zamahlathi anqenqayo - izintambo, amachibi, ama-scallops, ama-vit, ama-flytraps, ama-swallows, ama-starlings. Amagwababa, izingwegwe, i-grouse emnyama, izinqola zomgwaqo, izihlokwana, ama-jackdaws kanye ne-grouse nazo zihlala lapho. Izinyoni ezidla inyama zimelelwa oklebe, izikhova, izikhova, izikhova nezikhova. Swamp - ikhaya lezidleke, imicwebezane, imichilo, indunduma, amadada kanye namahansi.

Esikhathini esedlule, amahlathi aqobayo ayakhelwa yinyathi. Manje, ngeshwa, kunenqwaba yabo esele. Lezi zilwane zivikelwe ngumthetho. Bahlala eLuzvezhskaya Pushcha (eRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus), ePutoksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve (Russian Federation), kwezinye izifundazwe zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu nasePoland. Kwathunyelwa izilwane eziningana eCaucasus. Lapho, zihlala eduze kwenyathi.

Isibalo sezinyamazane ezibomvu naso siguqukile. Baqala baba bancanyana kakhulu ngenxa yezenzo zomuntu ezixakile. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu nokulima amasimu kwaba bulala kulezi zilwane ezinhle. I-Deer ingafinyelela amamitha amabili nengxenye ubude nama-kilogremu angamakhulu amathathu namashumi amane. Imvamisa zihlala emhlanjini omncane wezilwane ezingafika kweziyishumi. Ovelele ezimweni eziningi ngowesifazane. Inzalo yakhe ihlala naye.

Ekwindla, abesilisa baqoqa uhlobo lwe-harem. Ukubuye kukhunjulwe umsindo wepayipi, ukubhonga kwabo kuthathwa amakhilomitha amathathu kuya amane. Izinyamazane eziphumelela kakhulu, njengoba sezinqobile izimpi zezimbangi zazo, zingaqoqa abesifazane abangamashumi amabili bezizungezile. Ngakho-ke kwenziwa olunye uhlobo lwenyamazane yezinyamazane. Ekuqaleni kwesizini yehlobo, kuzalwa amawundlu amaxhama.Bazalwa benesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayisishiyagalombili nanye. Kuze kube izinyanga eziyisithupha sebethole ukukhula okukhulu. Abesilisa abanonyaka owodwa bathola izimpondo.

Ama-deers adla otshanini, amaqabunga kanye namahlumela ezihlahla, amakhowe, ama-lichens, umhlanga, umhlonyane obabayo. Kepha izinaliti azifanele ukudla. Endle, izinyamazane zihlala iminyaka engaba yishumi nanhlanu. Ekudingisweni, le nkomba iyaphindwa kabili.

Ama-beaver angenye indawo ehlala emahlathini amakhulu. Izimo ezinhle kakhulu kuzo ziyabonakala eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika, e-Asia. Isisindo esiqoshwe phansi salesi silwane singamakhilogremu angamashumi amathathu, futhi ubude bomzimba yimitha eyodwa. I-beaver ihlukaniswa ngumzimba omkhulu kanye nomsila othobekile. Izilonda eziphakathi kwezinzwane zemilenze yangemuva ziyasiza ekuqhubekeni kwendlela yokuphila yasemanzini. Umbala woboya ungahluka kusuka kokukhanya okukhanyayo kuya kokumnyama. Ukuthambisa izinwele zabo ngemfihlo ekhethekile, ama-beaver avikelekile ukuthi angabi manzi. Lapho ucwiliswa emanzini, izindlebe zalesi silwane, namakhala asvale. Ukusetshenziswa komoya komoya kuyamsiza ukuthi ahlale ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingaba imizuzu elishumi nanhlanu.

Izingulube zasendle zingenye yezakhamuzi ezihlala emahlathini amakhulu. Banekhanda elikhulu nesihlwitha eside kakhulu. Isikhali esinamandla kunazo zonke lezi zilwane ama-fangs abukhali onxantathu, agobekile futhi emuva. Umbono we-boar awulungile neze, kepha lokhu kususwa ngokuzwa okuhle nomuzwa ojulile wokuhogela. Abantu abakhulu bafinyelela isisindo samakhilogremu angamakhulu amathathu. Umzimba walesi silwane uvikelekile ngama-bristles amnyama ansundu. Uhlala isikhathi eside.

Izinkukhu zasendle zingabagijimi abahle kakhulu nokubhukuda. Lezi zilwane zingabhukuda zidlule emzimbeni wamanzi, ububanzi bawo bungamakhilomitha ambalwa. Isisekelo sokudla kwabo izitshalo, kepha singasho ukuthi izingulube zasendle zingama-omnivores. Ukudla kwabo okuthandwa kakhulu ama-acorns namantongomane we-beech; angeke anqabe amasele, amagundane, amachwane, izinambuzane nezinyoka.

Abamele izilozi

Amahlathi anwebekile anezinyoka, izinyoka, ama-Copper, ama-spindleworms, ama-lizipper aluhlaza kanye nama-viviparous. Ingozi kubantu imelelwa kuphela yizinyoka. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ngephutha ukuthi i-ironfish nayo inobuthi, kepha akunjalo. Izilwane ezinwabuzelayo eziningi kakhulu zamahlathi anqabile izinyoka.

Izici zosizo

Umngcele wamahlathi obanzi (futhi oxutshwe) engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia akha unxantathu ohlukile, isisekelo sawo sitholakala emngceleni osentshonalanga yezwe, futhi isihloko siphezulu sibhekene nezintaba zase-Ural. Njengoba le ndawo ibimbozwe ngaphezu kweqhwa elingumhlaba kule Quaternary, ukukhululeka kwayo kakhulu kunamagquma. Ukulandelwa okusobala kakhulu kokuba khona kweValdai Glacier kugcinwe endaweni esenyakatho nentshonalanga. Lapho, isizinda samahlathi abanzi futhi ahlanganisiwe sibonisa inqwaba yezintaba zamagquma, imigodi, imigodi evaliwe nemigodi. Ingxenye eseningizimu yensimu echaziwe imelelwa ngamathafa ase-mora moraine, akhiwa ngenxa yokuncipha komhlaba othambekele ezindaweni ezinamagquma. Ukukhululeka kwamahlathi ahlanganisiwe futhi aqinile kubonakaliswa ukuba khona kwamathafa enhlabathi onobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Imvelaphi yabo ingamanzi qhwa. Banokuqaqeka, kwesinye isikhathi ungabona izindunduma zesihlabathi.

Amahlathi ahlekisayo-anqenqayo aseThafeni laseRussia

Le ndawo itholakala endaweni yesimo sezulu esishisayo. Isimo sezulu lapho sincane futhi sinomswakama. Umhlabathi walezi zindawo yi-sod-podzolic. Indawo eseduze yoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic yacacisa izici zokukhululeka. Inethiwekhi yemifula emahlathini ama-coniferous-deciduous ithuthukiswe kahle. Amachibi anendawo enkulu.

Umsebenzi wenqubo yokubheka amanzi unqunywa ukusondela kwamanzi aphansi komhlaba kanye nesimo sezulu esinomswakama. Izitshalo ezihamba phambili esembozweni sotshani zinamaqabunga amaqabunga abanzi.

Isiphetho

Amahlathi amakhulu abanzi aseYurophu abalwa njengezemvelo ezisengozini yokuphela. Kepha ngisho emakhulwini amabili noma amathathu edlule, bebengolunye lwezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukene emhlabeni futhi babekhona iningi leYurophu. Ngakho-ke, ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha neshumi nesishiyagalombili, bangena endaweni elingana namahektha ayizigidi eziningana. Namuhla, awekho ngaphezu kwamahektare ayikhulu.

Ekuqaleni kwalelikhulu lamashumi amabili, izingcezwana kuphela zebhande elikhulu elinenwele ebanzi zazingasasebenzi. Ekuqalekeni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, ezindaweni ezilahliwe, kwenziwa imizamo yokukhulisa oki. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwaba yinkimbinkimbi: ukufa kwama-oki amancane kwakubangelwa isomiso esiqhubekayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwenziwa izifundo, ziholwa isazi esidumile saseJussia uDokuchaev. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwatholakala ukuthi ukwehluleka kulinywe kwezihlahla ezintsha kuhlotshaniswa nokuqunjelwa kwamahlathi amakhulu, ngoba lokhu kwashintsha ngokuphelele umbuso wamanzi nesimo sezulu sendawo leyo.

Namuhla, ezindaweni ezazihlala amahlathi aqothulayo, ihlathi lesibili liyakhula, kanye nokutshala okwenziwe ngezinto zokufakelwa. Izihlahla zeConiferous zinqoba kuzo. Ngeshwa, njengoba ochwepheshe besho, amandla namandla esakhiwo samahlathi om-oki wemvelo awekho ngaphansi kokubuyiselwa.

Izici zokuma amahlathi e-coniffort aseRussia

Amahlathi amaConiferous atholakala endaweni engokwemvelo ye-taiga, futhi ahlala cishe ama-70% endaweni ephelele yamahlathi ezwe. Le ndawo yaziwa ngokushisa okuphansi nomoya omswakama. Amahlathi amaConiferous asuka emngceleni osentshonalanga neRussia aye eVerkhoyansk Range. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezakha ihlathi yi-spruce, pine, fir kanye ne-larch.

Ebusika obunokhahlo, amahlathi ahlanganisiwe atholakala kakhulu: i-coniferous emnyama futhi ekhanyayo i-coniferous. Izinhlobo zesihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza zikhula kahle. I-Photosynthesis iqala entwasahlobo ngokuqala kwezimo zezulu ezinhle. I-undergrowth in the taiga cishe ayikho. Lapha inhlabathi ye-podzolic kanye namaxhaphozi amaningi. AmaConifers alahla izinaliti, okuthi lapho zibolile, zikhiphe amakhompiyutha anobuthi ezitshalweni eziningi emhlabathini. Umhlaba umbozwe, njengomthetho, ngama-mosses nama-lichens. Izihlahla nezimbali ikakhulukazi zikhula ogwini lwemifula, ezindaweni ezimnyama zehlathi kunezimbalwa kakhulu zazo. Kukhona ama-lingonberry, ama-junipers, umlotha wentaba, ama-blueberries kanye neminduze egobile.

Yizimo zezulu ezinquma umhlaba wezitshalo waseRussia. Esifundeni sehlathi esinobuningi, isimo sezulu esishisayo sase-Continental sikhona. Ubusika bomile futhi buyabanda, futhi buhlala isilinganiso sezinyanga eziyisithupha. Ihlobo elifushane lifudumele futhi linomswakama, lineziphepho eziningi. Njengomthetho, inyanga eyodwa kuphela eyabelwe ekwindla nasentwasahlobo. AmaConifers awafunwa ngokweqile kwezinga lokushisa.

Abamele umhlaba wezilwane badla ama-moss, ama-lichen, amagxolo nama-cones. Umqhele ophakeme wehlathi uvikela izilwane emimoyeni, futhi amagatsha enza ukuba kwakhiwe izidleke. Abamele ejwayelekile bezilwane zamahlathi e-coniferous angama-voles, ama-hares amhlophe, ikoloni, ama-chipmunks. Kwezilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo, umuntu angabona ihlosi laseSiberia, ibhele elinsundu, ilynx ne-elk, futhi ama-reindeer avela esifundeni sehlathi-tundra aya emahlathini ama-coniferous. Izinkozi nezimpungushe zikhuphukela esibhakabhakeni.

Izinkuni zeConiferous zibhekwa njengenye ebaluleke kakhulu. Indawo ebekelwe kuyo ingamamitha ayi-5.8 billion. Ngaphezu kokungena ku-taiga, kukhishwa uwoyela, igolide negesi. Amahlathi eConiferous eRussia - ihlathi elikhulu. Uhlushwa imililo yehlathi nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi okungalawulwa. Ngenxa yemisebenzi engemihle yabantu, izilwane ezingavamile ziyafa. Ziningi izinqolobane zokugcina, kepha ukuze kubuyiselwe ngokuphelele amahlathi, kuyadingeka ukuhlela kahle ukuvikelwa nokusebenzisa imithombo yamahlathi yezwe.

Izici zamahlathi abanzi aseRussia

Indawo yamahlathi amakhulu asuka emngceleni osentshonalanga neRussia iya ezintabeni zase-Ural. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zemithi yi-beech, oak, elm, linden, maple kanye ne-Hornbeam. Amahlathi anezakhi eziningi: ihlosi elingaphezulu lithathelwa indawo yi-canopy ne-undergrowth, yona-ke, izitshalo ze-herbaceous nodoti wehlathi. Inhlabathi imbozwe ama-mosses. Kunezindawo lapho umqhele othambile ubususa ngokuphelele ubuhlalu. Ukhula, ukuwa, ukubola kanye nama-humus. Umhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba ugcwele kumakhompiyutha e-organic-mineral.

Amahlathi akhiwe endaweni ethokomele yezwekazi. Isimo sezulu lapha sifudumele kakhulu kunasoiga elingumakhelwane. Ihlobo ligcina izinyanga ezine, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lesizini ngu + 10 ° C. Lokhu kunomthelela ekukhuleni kwezihlahla eziqothulayo. Isimo sezulu simanzi, kunemvula eningi. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nenyanga ngoJanuwari lehla laya ku-16ºС. Ukuphakama kwezulu kwehla ehlobo, asikho isembozo seqhwa esijulile.

Amahlamvu awakwazi ukusinda ngenkathi ebandayo, futhi awele phakathi ekwindla. Isembozo esiminyene samahlamvu, amagatsha namagxolo kuvikela umhlaba ekuhwamukeni ngokweqile. Umhlabathi ucebile ngezinto zokulandela umkhondo, unikeza izihlahla ngakho konke okudingekayo. Amahlamvu awile ebusika amboza uhlelo lwezimpande, aluvikele emakhaza futhi avuse izimpande ukuze zikhule.

Ukwakhiwa kombuso wezilwane engxenyeni yaseYurophu kuhlukile ngandlela-thile namahlathi akude aseMpumalanga. Amazwe ase-Asia amboza amathanga e-fern, ilmeni ne-linden. I-Elk, ibhele leHimalayan kanye ne-Ussuri tiger bahlala ezitolo ezinkulu. I-Shchitomordnik, i-viper ne-Amur inyoka ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezivamile. Amahlathi asakazeke kabanzi aseYurophu aseyikhaya lezinkukhu zasendle, i-elk, inyamazane, impisi, i-weasel, i-beaver, i-muskrat ne-nutria. Kuhlala lapho amagundane, izibankwa, izinyoka, iminyuzi kanye nama-hedgehogs. Izinyoni zimelelwa ngo-grouse abamnyama, izikhova, izikhova, izinyoni, ukugwinya kanye namalambu.

Isizinda sehlathi esinqumayo kudala sakhiwa umuntu, ikakhulukazi entshonalanga yeRussia. Abantu bekumele banciphise kakhulu indawo eluhlaza okotshiswayo, yezitshalo kanye neyokwakhiwa emadolobheni. Izihlahla ziyinto ebalulekile eluhlaza embonini yokugawula izingodo. Ukucwaningwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo kabusha kusunguliwe. Umhlaba ongaphansi ucebile ngamaminerali, futhi emifuleni emikhulu kukhona amandla okukhula kwe-hydropower.

Indawo yehlathi incishiswa kakhulu, kanti amahlathi anqunywa ngezinga elidlule. Ngenxa yomthelela we-anthropogenic, izitshalo ezibomvu zeRed Book nezilwane ziyafa. Osomabhizinisi abangathembekile bagawula izindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi. Ukuze kulondolozwe izakhiwo zemvelo, kudalwe izindawo eziningi zokugcina kanye namapaki kazwelonke, kepha lokhu akwanele. Izihlahla ezinwebekile zikhula ngokushesha. Kuyadingeka ukuhlela ukutshala izithombo endaweni yamahlathi agawuliwe, kanye nokusebenzisa ngokucophelela amahlathi agcinwe.

Izici zamahlathi axubile eRussia

Amahlathi ahlanganisiwe atholakala ezindaweni eziseRussia Plain, West Siberian Plain, Amur Region kanye nePrimorye. Kulesi zone, kutholakala izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezihlahla. Lawa hlathi abonakala ngokuthi indawo ebekiwe. Iziqhwaga, amapayipi kanye nemifino yezithelo kunwebela ukukhanya. Ngezansi kwazo kuphakama imephu, ama-elms, izindengendwe zezihlahla zom-oki. Ihlumela lezihlahlana limelelwa yi-hawthorn, rose rose, okusajingijolo kanye ne-blackberry. Ama-lichens, ama-mosses kanye notshani obuphansi bamboza inhlabathi.

Izihlahla ezixubile zamahlathi zithwala ubunzima besimo sezulu kalula kunasendaweni ebanzi engomakhelwane. Imifino imelana neqhwa iye ku-30ºС. Imvula iyahlukahluka ngesifunda. Kuneqhwa eliningi emahlathini aseYurophu kunaseMpumalanga Ekude. Imvula ephezulu yenzeka ngenkathi efudumele. Ihlobo limnene futhi limanzi. Isimo sezulu siqala ngasolwandle ukuya ezwenikazi, sisuka entshonalanga siye empumalanga.

Ukuvuselela okuqhubekayo kwesisindo esiluhlaza kusiza ukondla izihlahla futhi kuhlanze umhlaba ngezinto ezingadingekile. Abahlali basehlathini basebenzisa izinsiza zawo wonke amahlosi njengendawo yokudla. Imbewu eyiConiferous iheha izinyoni, izinduku zidla amantongomane, izibungu ngaphansi kwamagxolo kungukudla kwezinyoni ezingavikeleki.

Izilwane eziningi zaqothulwa ngenxa yokuzingela okungalawulwa. Ungaphinde uhlangane ne-roe deer kanye ne-boar yasendle. Inyathi kanye nezinyamazane ezibomvu zigcinwa ezindaweni ezigcinwe kuphela. Isidlakela esidumile sehlathi elixubekile yisimpungushe esivamile. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu, umuntu omubi uhlala. I-squirrel, i-mink, i-sleepyhead, i-marten, ikati lehlathi, ibhere elinsundu kubhekwa njengabamele abavamile bezilwane zasehlathini ezixubile. Umhlaba wezinyoni ubuye wahlukahluka, ikakhulukazi omningi wamapulangwe, i-capercaillie, amajuba asendle, ama-Finchesfish kanye nobusika.

Amasheya wezinkuni ezibalulekile asengxenyeni yase-Asia. I-Manchurian walnut, umsedari waseKorea, isithambisi seqabunga lonke aziwa ngamandla awo nangokumelana nokubola. Ngezinjongo zokwelashwa, kusetshenziswa u-Eleutherococcus noSchisandra. Imisebenzi yokungena ngemvume yenziwa eYurophu.

Amahlathi ahlanganisiwe ahlupheke kakhulu ezandleni zabantu. Lokhu kuholele ezinkingeni eziningi zemvelo. Isidingo somhlaba wezolimo siholele ekuqothulweni kwengxenye ebalulekile yezindawo. Ngenxa yokudonsela phansi kwamaswidi, i-ecosystem isishintshile. Ukukhula kwezindawo zokuhlala, ikakhulukazi entshonalanga, kuholele ekwehlekeni kokuvalwa kwamahlathi ngama-30%.

Amahlamvu ezihlahla asebenzisa kahle ikhabhoni dayoksi. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi, okufike kwafinyelela ubukhulu obukhulu, kubhubhise izigidi zamahektha. Ngenxa yalokhu, amagesi alimazayo aqoqana emkhathini, adala umphumela wokugcina ukushisa komhlaba. Amakhulu ezinhlobo zezilwane nezilwane zezitshalo ayanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngenxa yephutha labantu, imililo yasehlathini yenzeka kakhulu eshintsha isimo semvelo. Izinhlobo ezingalingani zizingelwa ngokungemthetho. Izinsizakalo zicishe zaphela amandla, ukusebenzisana kombuso kanye nezakhamizi kuphela ezingamisa inqubo yokubhujiswa kwamahlathi axube izwe.

Isimo samahlathi amancane aseRussia

Umngcele wamahlathi amancanyana osuka eMpumalanga YaseYurophu uya eMpumalanga Ekude. Amahlathi anwebeka emceleni omncane, kwesinye isikhathi athatha indawo ye-wideleaf. Izihlahla ezinamacembe amancanyana zidlala indawo yehlathi lesibili, zithathe indawo yezilwane ezinwebekayo nezinwebekayo.

Izinhlobo eziphambili zokwakha ihlathi ziyi-birch, alder kanye ne-aspen. Amahlamvu awo ahlukaniswa ipuleti leqabunga elincane. Izihlahla azincishisi isimo sezulu kanye nekhwalithi yenhlabathi. Amahlathi eBirch ajwayelekile kakhulu.

Imvamisa izihlahla zikhula lapho kuhlangana khona imililo noma ukugawulwa kwamahlathi. I-Alder isakazeka ngamahlumela, ne-aspen - ngenzalo yezimpande. Lapho kwakungekho hlathi, izihlahla zikhula ngembewu. Isici esimangalisayo yikhono lokuqongelela umswakama. Izikhuhla zomhubhe kanye ne-birch zivimba indlela eya emlilweni, ungavumeli ukusakazekela ezinhlafunweni ezinhle.

Umhlaba wezilwane wenziwa ngaphansi kwethonya lezihlahla zomdabu. Izinyoni eziningi. Kwezilwane ezincelisayo, hares, lynxes, moose kanye squirrels kuyatholakala. Imivimbo yehlathi elincane elihlangene neplasi lezindawo eziyizintandokazi zezinja zezinja.

Amahlathi wesibili afaka isandla ekuvuseleleni izindawo eziluhlaza, yize kuthatha iminyaka eyi-180 ukuvuselela ngokuphelele. Basebenza njengesicishamlilo. Kwethenjwa ukuthi amahlathi amancane anele azoba negalelo ekwakhiweni kabusha kwemithombo yamahlathi yezwe.

Broadleaf Forest Zone of Russia

Amahlathi amakhulu aseRussia anendawo enjengonxantathu. Isihloko saso sisezansi kweziNtaba zase-Ural, futhi isisekelo sasemngceleni wezwe osentshonalanga. Ukufika kwezihlahla ezinwebekile kufakwa engxenyeni yaseYurophu: eningizimu yeCentral Russia, izifunda zeMiddle Volga.

Umcebo walezi zinqwaba unqunywa ukwahlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezihlahla nezitshalo ezikhula lapha. Ngokumangazayo, yila hlathi oluvame kakhulu ezifundeni eziningi zezwe lethu ngenxa yokuvumelana kwazo nezimo zezulu ezishintsha ngokushesha nezimo lokushisa.

Isizinda samahlathi anqumayo ngaphakathi kweRussia, futhi ikakhulukazi ingxenye yaso yaseYurophu, sakhiwe kabanzi ngabantu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo futhi sidinga ukuvikelwa okukhethekile ethonyeni le-anthropogenic lezimbali zalo nezilwane.

Umlotha ojwayelekile

Lesi sitshalo sifinyelela amamitha angamashumi amathathu kuya kwamashumi amane. Lesi sihlahla sifanekelwa yisigaxa esiqonde kahle, amagxolo akhanyayo amnyama (kumnyama ngaphezulu kwesikhathi), umqhele ovulekile ovulekile odlulisa ukukhanya okuningi kwelanga. Uhlelo lwayo lwezimpande luhlotshiswe kakhulu, lunamandla, ama-inflorescence aminyene futhi anethukile. Isici esiyingqayizivele - izimfuno eziphezulu zokwakheka kwenhlabathi. Umlotha ojwayelekile ungenye yezinhlobo eziyinhloko zokuzalela ezivikela insimu. Lesi sitshalo esifudumele futhi esithambile, asizibekezeleli kahle isithwathwa sentwasahlobo. Ukuqhakaza kwe-Ash kwenzeka ngoMeyi, inqubo yokuvota yenziwa kusetshenziswa umoya. Isikhathi sokuvuthwa sezithelo ngu-Okthoba-Novemba. Ziya ngokuwa ebusika noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.

I-Forest beech

Ukuqhubeka nokwenziwa kokuthi yiziphi izihlahla ezikhula ehlathini elinamandla, umuntu ngeke akwazi ukusho. Ifinyelela kumamitha angamashumi amane ukuphakama nohafu wamamitha ububanzi Amagxolo ka-Beech aluhlaza grey, amaqabunga aqhamile. Izindawo ezinabile kakhulu entshonalanga yeYurophu, iCaucasus, neCrimea. Inani eliyinhloko le-beech yehlathi likhona ezithelo zalo. Amantongomane anomsoco avuthwa phakathi kukaSepthemba kuya ku-Okthoba. Bacishe babe ngamaphesenti angamashumi amathathu abunjwe uwoyela owomile wamafutha, inani elifanayo lezinto ze-nitrogen. Izithelo ezibalulekile nazo zicebile ngesitashi, ushukela, ama-acid (malic kanye ne-citric), ama-tannins.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-alkaloid enobuthi ebizwa ngokuthi i-phagin ivame ukubola lapho isongwe amantongomane. Ngakho-ke kuphephe ngokuphelele empilweni yomuntu. Esikhundleni sekhofi kukhiqizwa izithelo, kuthi lapho umhlabathi, ufakwa kufulawa ojwayelekile lapho kulungiswa imikhiqizo kafulawa. Izinkuni zeBeech ziyinto enhle futhi eqinile yokuhlobisa.

Amahlathi anwebekile abekwe engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia, kanye naseCaucasus, abonakala njengendawo enhle yokukhula kwamamephu we-acutifoliate (ejwayelekile). Lezi zihlahla zikhula zibe amamitha angamashumi amabili ukuphakama. Amacembe awo makhulu, aluhlaza okotshani, anemikhono emihlanu. Umbala wegxolo ungwevu.

Amahlumela namaqabunga alesi sihlahla asetshenziswa kabanzi ekwelashweni kwezifo ezahlukahlukene. Lezi zipho zemvelo ziqukethe inani elikhulu le-ascorbic acid, alkaloids, tannins. Ama-decoctions kanye ne-infusions aphatha amanxeba, ukuvuvukala. Bakhiqiza nomphumela we-choleretic, diuretic, antiseptic ne-analgesic. Abalandeli bomuthi wamakhambi bazi kahle ukuthi yiziphi izihlahla ezisehlathini elinamandla kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, amaqabunga e-maple kanye namahlumela anconyelwa ukwelashwa okusebenzayo kwe-jaundice, amatshe ezinso, ukuqeda isicanucanu nokuhlanza.

ILinden ingummeleli ojwayelekile wamahlathi abanzi futhi ikhula ibe ngamamitha angama-30 ukuphakama. Ama-linden anesiqu esiqondile, umqhele we-oval compact. Amagatsha amancanyana ama-linden kulula ukukuqonda ebusika uma kungenamaqabunga kuwo. Ama-buds we-ovval azungezwe ngaphezulu atholakala ngokuhlukile ekuhlolweni. Zibushelelezi ngokuphelele futhi zicwebezelwe, kepha zinesici esisodwa esithile - izinso ngasinye simbozwe izikali ezimbili kuphela. Ama-buds anjalo awatholakali kwezinye izihlahla zethu.

ILinden iqhakaza kungekudala kakhulu kunazo zonke ezinye izihlahla zethu, esivele phakathi nehlobo. Izimbali zalo ezincane eziphuzi nondescript zinephunga elimnandi futhi zicebile ngompe. ILinden ingesinye sezitshalo ezinhle kakhulu zoju.

ILinden luhlobo oluvame ukubekezelela umthunzi. Kulokhu, kungokwesibili kuphela ukuba yi-beech, spruce, fir, Hornbeam. Ikhetheke ngokubekezelela umthunzi kakhulu amahlumela ama-linden, akhula ngempumelelo ngaphansi kwesembozo sotshani obanzi, futhi adinga ngisho nomthunzi ezindaweni ezivulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingaphansi kombango wehlathi elibekezelela umthunzi futhi uqobo lwawo lubeka kabi inhlabathi.

Omama

Izilwane ezincelisayo zamahlathi amakhulu abanzi aseNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga Yurophu: izingulube zasendle, izinyamazane (izinyamazane ezibomvu, endaweni yamahlathi ngaphandle kweYurophu imininingwane yazo efana nezinyamazane ezibomvu, i-wapiti, inyamazane ebomvu), i-elk, inyamazane yenyamazane, inyathi, ihlathi lomdanso, ipulunk, i-beaver, i-vole ebomvu, igundane elinombala ophuzi, i-dormouse (polchka, dormouse ehlathini, ingadi kanye ne-hazel), i-hare emhlophe, i-brown hare, i-hedgehog ejwayelekile, ikati lehlathi, i-lynx, impungushe, impisi, ibhere elinsundu, ibheji, i-ermine, i-pine marten, i-weasel, i-European mink. Izilwane ezinkulu zisinda kuphela kumasipha ahlukene angazange abhujiswe ngumnotho womuntu (ngokwesibonelo, ezintabeni zaseCarpathian).

Izidalwa zamahlathi amakhulu asakazwayo eMpumalanga Ekude (i-Amur-Ussuri, isiShayina, isiKorea) acebe kakhulu, ngoba ukubuka kusuka eningizimu kungena lapho. Kwezilwane ezincelisayo, ussuri imvukuzane, i-Manchu hare, i-deer, i-goral, i-Ussuri emnyama ibhele (iHimalayan, noma ibele elimhlophe-ibele), i-harza, inja ye-raccoon, i-Amur tiger, ingwe yase-Far Eastern, ikati lasehlathini laseMpumalanga.

Isilwane esingajwayelekile samahlathi aseMelika obanzi yi-skunk. Kanye nengubo emnyama ye-skunk ukusuka ekhanda kuye emsileni omkhulu we-fluffy kukhona imivimbo emibili emhlophe ebanzi. Enye into ehlala ehlathini eyingqayizivele eMelika yi-raccoon, noma i-strip raccoon.

Izinyoni

Izinyoni eziningi zidla imiqhele yezihlahla. Lezi yizintambo nezimila, izingwegwe nezinyanga, izingwe kanye nama-Nightingales, amagwababa nezinyosi, izimbotshana kanye nondlunkulu. Imvamisa ezindaweni ezihlalwa ngokhuni ungathola amajuba, ama-bullfinches, ama-woodpeckers, izibungu, amakhukhu, ama-orioles. Phakathi kwezinyoni ezinkulu, ama-pheasants kanye ne-grouse emnyama, kanye nezikhova nezikhova, zitholakala emahlathini aqatha. Ezinye izinhlobo zobusika emahlathini, kanti ezinye zishiya izwe lakubo bese zindizela ezindlini ezifudumele ekwindla, zibuyela entwasahlobo.

Izilwane ezihuquzelayo nama-Amphibians

Emahlathini aqobayo kukhona izinyoka nezinyoka, izinyoka nabaphepheli. Lolu uhlu oluncane lwezinyoka. Kukhona izibankwa eziningi emahlathini. Lezi izibankwakazi eziluhlaza okotshani, iziphanzi, izikhala ezibomvu ze-viviparous. Amaxoxo esihlahla, amathoyizi, ama-marsh ama-marsh, ubuso obukhali kanye namaxoxo echibi, izidalwa ezintsha, amasalamanders abonakalayo ahlala eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi.

Konke kuncike ekutheni emhlabeni wonke amahlathi abanzi angena kuphi nokuthi yimiphi imizimba yamanzi esemasimini awo. Emifuleni, amachibi nasezigungwini, kungatholakala isalmon kanye nama-cyprinid. I-Catfish, i-pike, ama-minnows kanye nezinye izinhlobo nazo zingaphila.

Ihlathi lidinga usizo

Amahlathi ama-Broadleaf adinga usizo lomuntu ngempela. Kuyamangaza njengoba kuzwakala, kepha nguyena kuphela okwazi ukunciphisa umphumela olimazayo emvelweni.

Ukusindisa amahlathi, udinga:

• ukutshala izithombo kulezo zindawo lapho amahlathi ephazanyiswa nganoma yisiphi isizathu,
• aqinisekise ukuvikelwa kwama-wide-leaved kanye nezinye izinhlobo zamahlathi ekuhlaselweni ngabazingeli kanye nosomabhizinisi abangazethembi, ngokunquma ngokungenasisekelo izindawo ezinkulu zalokhu okwenziwe ngemvelo,
• dala zonke izimo ukuze izakhiwo namadolobha akude kude nehlathi.

Zonke lezi zimo akulula ukuzibona, ngoba eziningi zazo azilawulwa ngumbuso. Amabhizinisi wezimboni enza inani elikhulu kakhulu lokukhuphuka emoyeni wethu. Amahlathi kuphela angasiza ngokuhlanzwa komoya. Ngakho-ke, ukulondolozwa kwabo kubaluleke kakhulu ekusaseni lomhlaba wethu.

Amahlathi amakhulu abanzi, njengamanye amahlathi, angumhlaba okhanyayo. Ngaphandle kwamahlathi, umhlaba wethu ubungeke ube khona lapho usebenza futhi uthuthuka manje.

Konke okudingekayo ukuze kulondolozwe impilo yemvelo yeplanethi ukuvikelwa kwamahlathi. Lokhu akunzima kangako, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi kuphela ezweni lethu kukhula amahlathi anabalelwane abaningi, abacishe bangabi nawo umhlaba ngobude bawo. Njengoba ingcebo enjalo ikhula endaweni eyodwa, imane nje idinga ukulondolozwa.

Yini ihlathi eliqabayo

Amahlathi amakhulu abandakanya amahlathi lapho kukhula khona izihlahla ezinamacwecwe amakhulu amaqabunga. Ekwindla, izihlahla ezinjalo ziwisa amaqabunga, ngakho-ke zibizwa nangokuthi yi-deciduous. Lokhu kufaka, okokuqala, ama-oki, ngenxa yalesi sizathu amahlathi anobubanzi obuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-oki okhula.

Kepha ikakhulukazi, amahlathi anjalo ahlukaniswa uhlobo olunothile lwezihlahla, phakathi kwazo ezivamile:

Lolu hlobo lwamahlathi luhlanganisa ingxenye ebalulekile yeWestern Europe, ungabathola ePoland, e-Ukraine, eRussia, ezifundeni ezisenyakatho yeChina, Korea, Japan, North America.

Indawo yesizinda sehlathi elibanzi se-Russia

Amahlathi amakhulu aseRussia anendawo enjengonxantathu. Isihloko saso sisezansi kweziNtaba zase-Ural, futhi isisekelo sasemngceleni wezwe osentshonalanga. Ukufika kwezihlahla ezinwebekile kufakwa engxenyeni yaseYurophu: eningizimu yeCentral Russia, izifunda zeMiddle Volga.

Imihlambi ebanzi ebanzi nezinye izindawo zemvelo eRussia

Zibuye futhi zihlanganise izindawo ezincane ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeMpumalanga Ekude. Amahlathi anjalo awatholakali eSiberia ngenxa yezimo zezulu ezinzima kakhulu.

Umhlaba wezilwane

Amahlathi amakhulu aseRussia ahlukaniswa ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezinothile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidalwa zamahlathi asezingeni eliphakathi naseningizimu yeMpumalanga Ekude zinomehluko omkhulu.

Emahlathini aseFar East obanzi anezimbali ungahlangana nabamele abakhethekile bezilwane, njengalawa:

• I-Ussurian tiger,
• Inyoka ye-Amur,
• Ufudu lwesiShayina
• ibhere elimnyama,
• Ingwe ekude yaseMpumalanga
• Manchu hare.

Ensimini yaseYurophu, izinhlobo zezilwane ezihluke kakhulu kunazo zonke kuleyo ngxenye yamathanga asehlathini ezingakhiwanga ngabantu.

Izitshalo ezihlazisayo zamahlathi

Amahlathi amakhulu aseRussia, aseYurophu naseMpumalanga Ekude, ahlukahlukene ekwakhiweni kwezihlahla zezihlahla, izihlahlana, utshani. Ngasikhathi sinye, njengasesimweni sezilwane, izinhlobo zezinhlobo eziqondene nalesi sifunda zitholakala eMpumalanga Ekude.

Isici sale ndawo yemvelo yizihlahla eziphakeme kakhulu. Lapha ungabona izindunduma zeminyaka eyikhulu, oki abakhulu.

Futhi emahlathini aqothulayo aseMpumalanga Ekude akhula:

• fir-iqabunga lonke,
• Amur linden,
• Manchu ash
• ilmen
• Umsedari waseKorea
• Manchurian walnut.

Ngokuvamile, ihlathi lalolu hlobo libonakaliswa ngokusatshalaliswa kwezitshalo izitezi noma izitezi.

Phakathi kwehlathi elinwebekile, kubusa oki-oak. Izitshalo ezisele ngabangane bakhe. Umuthi uyi-thermophilic impela, ngakho-ke ukhula maphakathi neRussia, ukusuka e-Urals kuya emngceleni osentshonalanga wezwe.

Idinga inhlabathi evundile, ayikubekezeleli umswakama wayo ngokweqile. Uhlobo lwesimo se-oki: umqhele uyakhanya, amagxolo awugqinsi, uhamba nezindonga eziningi, amagatsha asakazeka futhi aqala ukuqina. Ama-oki aphakeme kakhulu akhula esiqwini sehlathi, lapho phakathi kwezitshalo kukhona umzabalazo wokukhanya njalo.

Kuma-oki anjalo, umqhele awubanzi kakhulu, uqala ukuphakama kusuka emhlabathini. Uma lesi sihlahla sikhula obala, singaphakama kakhulu, kepha sinomqhele omuhle kakhulu futhi osakazeka, utholakala uphansi phansi.

I-Oak inezinkuni eziqinile kakhulu, ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ifenisha.

Imvamisa ehlathini eliqabulayo ungathola ama-linden. Ayizwani nokubandayo njenge-oki, futhi ngenxa yalokho ikhula ezifundeni ezisenyakatho ezinezimo zezulu ezinzima kakhulu. Futhi, ama-linden anamelana kakhulu nesithunzi, umqhele wawo umdaka. Lesi sitshalo yisitshalo esihle sikaju.

Izimbali zayo ezincane eziphuzi, nephunga elimnandi, ziqukethe umpe obalulekile. Izinkuni zeLinden zithambile. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izitsha zokhuni nezinto ezahlukahlukene zasendlini zazenziwa ngazo. Manje isisetshenziswa nasezenzweni zabasebenzi.

Ezihlahleni ezisehlathini ze-oki, i-hazel itholakala kaningi. Izithelo zayo zifunwa ngabantu kanye nezakhamuzi zasehlathini: ama-squirrels, amagundane. Ama-Hazelnuts angumkhiqizo wokudla obalulekile, ngoba aqukethe amavithamini A, uvithamini B, ukugcotshwa kwamafutha emifino kuphezulu kuwo - cishe ama-60%.

Phakathi kwamakhambi asehlathini emahlathini e-oki, iphupho lihlukaniswa ngokukhethekile. Ehlathini elidala le-oki, lakha iziqu ezinkulu. Kungadliwa amapheshana amancane. Kwezinye izindawo kusetshenziselwa ukupheka isobho leklabishi eliluhlaza okotshani, njenge-nettle noma i-sorrel.

Izitshalo ezihehayo ngama-ephemeroid amahlathi aqabulayo. Zingama-perennial, kepha isikhathi sazo sokukhula sifushane kakhulu, kuphela amasonto ambalwa. Isibonelo, i-buttercup anemone. Izimbali zakhe eziphuzi ezigqamile ziyabonakala ehlathini, lapho nje iqhwa selincibilika. Futhi ekuqaleni kwehlobo, iziqu namaqabunga esitshalo anyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo.

Impande ihlala emhlabathini. Futhi kuphela entwasahlobo elandelayo uzonikeza amahlumela amasha. Inja encanyana eyonakalisiwe nayo ingeyezitshalo ezifanayo. Ama-inflorescence awo onsomi onsomi avela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo bese aqhakaza ngezinsuku ezimbalwa nje.

Inhlabathi yangaphambi kwesikhathi

Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zenhlabathi ezijwayelekile zivamile kumahlathi anqenqemayo:

• mpunga
• nsundu
• ihlathi elimnyama elingwevu
• chernozems - ezimweni ezingavamile.

Izinhlobo ezinsundu zenhlabathi yehlathi zakhiwa ngenxa yokubola kwamaqabunga, izitshalo nokunqwabelana kwe-humus. Ziqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo futhi zibonakaliswa ukuzala okuhle.

Izinhlobo zomhlaba ezimpunga nazo ziqukethe ama-humus amaningi, futhi, ngokufanele, izakhi zezitshalo. Lokhu ukuhlukahluka okuguqukayo phakathi kwama-chernozems akhiwe endaweni eyi-steppe kanye nenhlabathi ye-sod-podzolic yehlathi elihlanganisiwe.

Inhlabathi yamahlathi obanzi anezimpawu eziningi zomswakama. Kwanele, kepha hhayi ngobuningi, ngoba lezi zinhlobo zenhlabathi zikhishwa kahle.

Izinkinga zemvelo

Amahlathi amakhulu aseRussia ahlupheka ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi iminyaka eminingi izihlahla zigawulwa kuwo. Okubaluleke kakhulu yi-oki. Izinkuni zalo zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezahlukahlukene zangaphakathi, ifenisha nezinto zasendlini. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, insimu yamahlathi e-oki iye yancipha kakhulu.

Kunzima kakhulu ukubuyisela ihlathi le-oki eliqaliwe. Indawo yama-oki amadala agqitshwayo ihlalwa ngokushesha yi-aspen noma i-birch, engavumeli ukukhula kokukhula kwe-oki okuncane. Kukhona ushintsho lwezinhlobo, ama-birch groves noma izihlahla ze-aspen avele esizeni sehlathi elidala le-oki.

Amahlathi anwebekile nawo agawulwa ukuze enze indlela yokulima izitshalo zezolimo, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhlala, imigwaqo emikhulu, izingxenye zesitimela. Konke lokhu kuveza enye yezinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu ezemvelo - ukugawulwa kwamahlathi. Ihamba ngesilinganiso eshaqisayo - kuyo yonke iminyaka eyi-10, amamitha skwele angaphezu kwesigidi ayanyamalala. km yamahlathi imile.

Imililo yamahlathi nayo ibangela ukulimala okubonakalayo emahlathini aqatha. Imbangela yabo akuyona ihlobo nje kuphela elishisayo ngaphandle kwezimvula, kodwa futhi nemililo engabonakali ebakhohliwe yizivakashi, abakhi bamakhowe noma abazingeli. Futhi, abantu bavame ukubashiya ngemuva kwabo izintaba zodoti. Ukwakheka kokucekelwa phansi komhlaba okuzenzakalelayo phakathi kwamahlathi akuholeli nje ekungcolisweni kwezindawo eziluhlaza.

Amakhemikhali amakhemikhali aqukethe imfucumfucu angena enhlabathini nasemanzini, abangele ukulimala kuyo yonke imvelo - kusuka ezimthanjeni kuya kwizilo.

Ukushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu nokungcoliswa komoya akudluli ngaphandle kokushiya umkhondo wehlathi. Izimbali zasehlathini zihlushwa imvula egcwele amakhemikhali. Baholela ekuphazamisweni kwezinqubo ze-photosynthesis, zithinte kabi ukukhula nokukhula kwezihlahla.

Konke lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi iba yisizathu sokuthi kwezinye izindawo ukwephulwa kwamahlathi anabile sekuphulwe, amanye awo anyamalala ngokuphelele.

ISouth Ural State Reserve

Itholakala ikakhulu esifundeni saseBashkortostan, ingxenye encane yalesi siqiwi nayo itholakala esifundeni saseCheabab. Ihlathi elinwebekile libamba amahektha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili emazweni avikelekile. Inwebhela umucu omncane onqenqemekayo ngasentshonalanga yezintaba zase-Ural, kukhona futhi nezingxenye zayo eziphakemeyo.

Izinhlobo zezihlahla eziyinhloko:

• IsiNgisi oki
• izintaba,
• ILinden,
• holly maple.

Kwezinye izindawo, kuxutshwa ne-birch ne-aspen. Kusensimini yokubhukwayo lapho umngcele osempumalanga wesigaba sokuhanjiswa kwezihlahla ezibanzi ezinwebekile weluliwe.

Izinhlobo zezilwane ezingaphezu kuka-250 zithole isiphephelo emhlabathini obekelwe wona; izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-1000 zezitshalo eziphakeme, ama-lichens, ama-mosses namakhowe ziyakhula. Izinhlobo eziyi-8 zezitshalo nezinhlobo ezi-3 zama-lichens zibhalwe kwiNcwadi ebomvu yaseRussia.

ISikhote-Alin State Biosphere Reserve

Enye yezindala kakhulu eMpumalanga Ekude, yasungulwa ngo-1935. Manje ithatha cishe ama-350 ayizinkulungwane zamahektha. Kutholakala ku-Primorsky Territory. Amakhilomitha amahlathi, izindawo eziningi zezintaba - kule ndima kunezindawo okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo lapho izilwane zingakaze zibone khona abantu.

Ama-oki aseMongolia akhula lapha, amahlathi emisedari ebanzi asakazekile, umlotha, i-elm, kanye ne-alder bakhethe izigodi zemifula. Izimila zalezi zindawo zihlukahlukene kakhulu kangangokuba isifundo sazo asikaphothulwa. Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo eziyi-1000 zezitshalo eziphakeme, izinhlobo ezingamakhulu amaningana zama-moss, amakhowe, i-algae zikhula lapha, kunezitshalo ezinezimbali ezinamagquma.

Ama-fauna futhi ahlukahlukene: izilwane ezincelisayo zezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-60, izinyoni - ezingaphezu kwama-300. Endaweni evikelekile, kunakwa ngokukhethekile i-Amur tiger, ucwaningo lwenziwa ngokulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwenani lalesi silwane esingajwayelekile.

IBolshehehtsirsky State Reserve

Itholakala kwi-Khabarovsk Territory. Indawo - ngaphezulu kwama-44 izinkulungwane zamahektha.Lapha kanye namahlathi e-coniferous (i-fir kanye ne-spruce) kukhona umsedari obanzi. Futhi, i-oki yaseMongolia ikhula emazweni asezindaweni ezisetshenziswayo, umlotha, i-alder, kanye ne-poplar kuyatholakala ezigodini zemifuleni nasezindaweni ezifuywayo.

Izimbali zezindawo ezigciniwe zimelelwa izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-750, iziloba - izinhlobo ezingama-267 zezilwane. Kunezinhlobo zezinto ezingandile ezibalwe ku-Red Book. Ezitshalweni, lokhu kungukuhamba kwe-venus, iBrazil, yezilwane - ikati lasehlathini lase-Amur, ufudu lwaseMpumalanga Ekude.

Izinhlobo zezitshalo

Izinhlobo zezihlahla eziyinhloko zamahlathi ahlanganisiwe ama-oki kanye nezindunduma, amasokisi namamephu, amabhlogo nama-uphondo, ama-elms nomlotha.

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Oak

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Linden

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I-Chestnut

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Maple

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Beech

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Hornbeam

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Elm

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Ash

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ENyakatho Melika kunezihlahla zama-oki, ama-beech-maple namahlathi e-oak-hickory.

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Oak okhula

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I-Beech ne-maple grove

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Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezilandelayo zingatholakala emahlathini aseYurophu:

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I-bird cherry

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I-Euonymus

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Hazel

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Holly Holly

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I-Yew berry

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UHeather

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Umdala

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Okusajingijolo

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IViburnum

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Dogrose

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Phakathi kwezitshalo ezingama-herbaceous ezingapheli zamahlathi aqothulayo, kukhona iziqhwa zeqhwa kanye no-anyanisi we-goose, imichilo nama-Copepods, iCorydalis kanye ne-anemones, i-meadow clover ne-caustic buttercup.

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Iziqhwa zeqhwa

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Umnsalo we Goose

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UZubyanka

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Iziphonso

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Corydalis

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Anemone

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I-clove clover

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I-Caustic buttercup

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Ama-mosses nama-lichens, kanye nama-ferns, akhula lapha.

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Moss

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I-Lichen

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Ukubekisa "Ihlathi laseBryansk"

Itholakala esifundeni saseBryansk. Indawo - amahektha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-12. 80% wendawo yihlathi. Esigodini soMfula iNerussa, kusakazeka izihlahla eziningi ezibanzi ezinjenge-oki nomlotha. Ukulondolozwa kwamahlathi ama-oki kwakuwumsebenzi oyinhloko wale ndawo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo. Futhi kula mahlathi kukhona ama-maple nama-linden. Kunezindawo lapho i-oki isondelene ne-spruce.

I-Flora yakhiwa ngezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-780, ikakhulukazi ezihlasele emahlathini amakhulu ase-East Europe. Esigodini kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezingama-272. Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka nokubuyisa isibalo samabhele ansundu kanye nenyathi, ukuze kulondolozwe inani labantu abantshontsho abansundu kufakwe kwiNcwadi Ebomvu Yombuso WaseRussia.

Gcina "Ihlathi eVorskla"

Lokhu kuyingxenye yesibekeli esikhulu "Belogorye" esifundeni saseBelgorod. Lezi zindawo zihlukile kuleyo yokuthi amahlathi oki asendulo aye agcinwa lapha osebeni loMfula iVorskla. Izihlahla Iningi selinqabule ikhulu leminyaka. Futhi esizeni esinendawo engaphezu kwamahektare ayi-150, kunamahlathi ama-oki, ubudala bawo bungaphezu kweminyaka engama-300.

I-Flora ne-fauna zivame kakhulu ngamahlathi abanzi asenkabeni yeRussia maphakathi.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngamahlathi aqobayo

Isihlahla esiyinhloko sehlathi eliqabayo - i-oki - singakhula size sifinyelele eminyakeni engama-500. Ngaso leso sikhathi, umqhele wawo ukhuphuka minyaka yonke ngamamitha ayi-1. Usuku olu-1, i-oki eyikhulu ikwazi "ukuphuza" kuze kufike kumalitha angama-600 amanzi. Ngasikhathi sinye, umuthi uthatha kuphela i-1/10 yazo zonke izinto ezidingekayo empilweni nokukhula enhlabathini. Konke okunye kuyathathwa kusuka emkhathini.

Sika amahlathi ama-oki kunzima ukuthola. Okwamanje, zingama-80 kg kuphela izinto ezenziwe kabusha ezenziwe ngephepha ezisetshenziselwe ukucubungula ezingasindisa isihlahla esi-1.

Omunye umuthi obanzi obanzi - i-linden - ukhula ufike eminyakeni engama-400. Kepha kunabakhulu beminyaka abawele umugqa weminyaka eyi-1000.

Imvelaphi yamagama amaningi ezindawo phakathi kwamaSlav ihlotshaniswa ne-linden: i-Lipki, iLipovets, iLipetsk, iLipno, iPodlipki. Phakathi kwezihlahla ezikhula masinyane yi-maple. Lesi sihlahla esibanzi singakhula ngamamitha ayi-2 ngonyaka owodwa kuphela.Amamephu athandwa izinyosi, ngoba ziyizitshalo ezinhle zenyosi. Ngakho-ke, zivame ukutshalwa eduze kwamapiyane.

Amahlathi amakhulu abanzi awawona amakhulu eRussia. Isihloko sehlathi elikhulu kunawo wonke hhayi ezweni kuphela, kepha futhi emhlabeni siphathwa yi-taiga yaseSiberia. Kepha kukholelwa ukuthi bekungumkhakha wokukhula kwamahlathi ahlanganisiwe futhi abanzi owawuyindawo lapho amasiko, amasiko namasiko abantu baseRussia bakhiwa khona.

Idizayini yokuklama: UVladimir Omkhulu