ICapelin, noma uek (lat. Mallotus villosus) - izinhlanzi ezinamanzi olwandle zomndeni oncibilikayo (Osmeridae).
Isikali sincane kakhulu. Umugqa we-lateral ufinyelela mpo wokuphela kwasemaphethelweni we-dorsal fin noma ngisho emuva emuva. Emadodeni, ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ezinhlangothini kukhona izikhala ezimbili zezinwele ezinde, ezinwele, ezinkulu. Amazinyo mancane, akukho-canine-like. Gill stamens 32-43. Izithasiselo ze-Pyloric 4-9. UVertebra (62) 63-73 (42-47 + 21-27). D P-IV 10-14 (ingqikithi 14-17), A (I) III-VI17-22 (ingqikithi 22-26), P 15-20 (North Atlantic capelin), B 12-16, A 19-24, P I-15-18 (i-Far Eastern capelin).
I-smelt encane, iHypomesus, ebonakala ngezikali ezinkulu nomlomo omncane. I-smelt, i-Osnierus, ilandelwa isikali esikhudlwana (isikali esingaphansi kwama-80 emugqeni we-lateral), umlomo omkhulu kanye nokuba khona kwamazinyo athile abunjwe njengama-fang (i-Asia smelt). Zonke zincibilika kalula zihlukile nge-capelin nge-anal fin efushane (akukho ngaphezu kwama-ray angama-15).
Ingxenye esenyakatho yoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic kusukela eGulf of Manx (abantu abangashadile abavela eCape Cod) nokusuka eTrondiefjord kuya eGreenland, Svalbard naseNovaya Zemlya. Ulwandle lwaseKara. Ulwandle lweLaptev. North Pacific kusuka ekuhlwanyeleni. I-Korea, iHokkaido neVancouver eBering Strait. E-Russia, i-capelin ihlala olwandle lwama-Barents, White and Kara-entshonalanga. IJapan, i-Okhotsk, iBering, iChukchi neLaptev - empumalanga. Empumalanga, kwakha okumbalwa kukaM. Villosus socialis.
I-BIOLOGY YOKUGQIBELA
Ukudoba izinhlanzi zasolwandle ezihlala esifundeni se-pelagic (izingqimba ezingaphezulu nekholamu lamanzi) zolwandle oluvulekile nezinxuku ezisondele ogwini ngesikhathi sokuhluma. Inhlanzi ebandayo yamanzi (i-arctic).
Ogwini olusentshonalanga yoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic Ocean, ama-capelin avela entwasahlobo nasehlobo. ISpawning yaqoshwa ngo-Ephreli - ngoMeyi eduze neFundy Bay, ngoMashi - Ephreli - ngasogwini oluseningizimu ne-Iceland, ngoMeyi (Juni) Juni - Julayi (Agasti) - eSt Lawrence Bay, ngasenyakatho neNewfoundland, eLabrador, eGreenland nasogwini olusenyakatho ne-Iceland. Ngasogwini olusempumalanga, ukuqhakaza kwenzeka kwentwasahlobo, ehlobo nasekwindla. NgoMashi - Ephreli (Meyi) ama-capelin avela ogwini lwaseNorway, eFinmarken nasentshonalanga iMurman (entwasahlobo yasentwasahlobo), ngoJuni - Julayi - kanye neMurman ephakathi nendawo nasempumalanga, e-White Sea naseBohemian Bay (ehlobo lasehlobo), ngo-Agasti - Septhemba - esifundeni saseCheshko-Kolguyevsky kanye naseNovaya Zemlya (capelin ekwindla).
Olwandle iPacific Ocean, ukuqhakaza kwenzeka entshonalanga entwasahlobo (Ephreli - Meyi - oLwandle lwaseJapan, eduze kweSakhalin eseningizimu) futhi ehlobo (ngoMeyi - Julayi - oLwandle i-Okhotsk, Juni - Julayi - ogwini olusempumalanga lweKamchatka, empumalanga yeSakhalin, e-Anadyr Bay), nasempumalanga (i-Alaska, iVancouver Island) - ngo-Agasti - Okthoba. KuLaptev Sea, i-spelning spawning yaqoshwa ngoSepthemba.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlakazeka, abesilisa ababili (“imipheme”) bahambisana nowesifazane ngamunye (“roe”). ICaviar ifakwa ekujuleni ukusuka kumamitha ambalwa kuya kumamitha ambalwa; oLwandle iBarents, ikakhulu ekujuleni okungama-25-75 (100) m ekushiseni kwezingqimba zamanzi ezingaphansi kuka-2-3 ° nosawoti we (33.8) 34- 35%. Izindawo ezinwebekayo zitholakala enhlabathini enesihlabathi, ezindaweni ezinobuhlakani obuhle.
KuLwandlekazi iPacific, ezinye izimo ezijulile nezinga lokushisa lokuqhakaza kuyaphawulwa: I-Pacific capelin spawns in Peter the Great Bay near Fr. I-Vancouver eduze komugqa wamamayile, emazingeni okushisa wamanzi we-2-4 ° no-10-12 °, ngokulandelana. I-spelning capelin ivela phesheya kwezilwandle eMpumalanga Ekude ngokushisa kwamanzi oku ngu-0,6 -1.5 °, ngobuningi obungama-2 °, bese ibuya ogwini lapho izinga lokushisa kwamanzi lifinyelela ku-4 °. I-Spawning ePrimorye yayiqoshwa kusihlwa noma kusihlwa, ngesikhathi sokuguguleka okukhulu, ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-1-2. UCaviar wayebekwe esihlabathini esimahara noma kugrabile.
Ukuzala kwe-Barents Sea capelin kungama-6.2-11.9 (13.4) amaqanda ayinkulungwane, isilinganiso samawaka ayi-9,2, inzalo yaseJapan ngamaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-15,3-39.9, isilinganiso samawaka ayi-26,2.
I-capelin trawl yokudoba
Amaqanda angumhlabathi, anamathela. Ububanzi bamaqanda bungama-0.8-1.2 mm, ingxenye yesithathu yamagobolondo amaqanda yenziwe mnyama mnyama bese yakheka “uphawu lwengulube” ebonakaliswa. Isikhathi sokukhula siyizinsuku ezingama-28 ekushiseni kwamanzi ngo-6-10 °. Lapho uqhekeka, izibungu zinobude obungu (4.3) 5-7 mm.
I-yolk iyancibilika lapho izibungu zifinyelela kubude obuyi-6-9 mm, imisebe emgqonyeni ivele ku-larvae 17-20 mm ubude. Izibungu zinomzimba omude, ophansi futhi ziyafana ngokufana nezibungu ze-herring. I-larvae enobude obungu-30-60 mm ibhekana ne-metamorphosis, kancane kancane ibamba ukubukeka kwenhlanzi endala. Kusezingeni elifanele ekuqaleni, izibungu zigeleza zisuka ogwini ziye olwandle oluvulekile.
Fry of entwasahlobo kanye nehlobo iBarents Sea capelin ifinyelela ku-25-40 mm ubude ekwindla. Abesilisa abavuthiwe ngocansi ("imidwebo") bafinyelela osayizi abakhulu kunabesifazane ("amaqanda"): ubude bawo bonke bufinyelela ku-22 cm (abesifazane - 18 cm). Ubude obujwayelekile nesisindo se-capelin evuthiwe yilezi: abesilisa 13 cm cm no-18-23.4 (36) g, abesifazane 11 cm cm no-11.3-11.6 (20) g. Isisindo esijwayelekile ku-Murman ngu-12.4- 16,9 g. Ifinyelela ekukhulelweni kweminyaka yobudala eyodwa kuya kwemithathu, kuyaqabukela iminyaka emine. I-capelin yasentwasahlobo inkulu futhi indala kunehlobo.
I-Yaponomorskaya capelin inebude (kufika ku-notch C) we-13-21 cm nesisindo se-18-65 g, izinsikazi ezineminyaka emibili zinobude obujwayelekile obuyi-155-165 mm, abesilisa baneminyaka engu-175-179 mm, abaneminyaka emithathu ubudala, ngokulandelana, 165-191 no-190- I-194 mm (Peter the Great Bay, 1943-1945).
UCapelin: ayini amandla amakhulu enhlanzi encane
UCapelin udla ama-zooplankton, oLwandle iBarents, ikakhulukazi ama-crustaceans: uCalanus (uCalanus finmarchicus) nabamnyama (i-Eupb.ausiidae, iRhoda, njll.), Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye ama-crustaceans (iCopepoda, Hyperiidae), izibungu zomcibisholo (i-Sagitta ), i-cod roe, njll. Ukwakheka kokudla kufana ncamashi nalokho kwe-herring, noma kunjalo, ngokungafani ne-herring, i-capelin ayeki ukondla ebusika. ELwandle lwaseJapan, idla kakhulu ama-crustaceans: ama-Metridia lucens, Hyperiidae, Calanidae, Amphipoda.
I-Hering, efana ne-capelin emvelweni wokudla oswelayo kanye nohlobo lwezindawo ezinwebayo, kepha okuyinhlanzi ethanda ukushisa kakhulu. Eminyakeni ebandayo, indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwe-capelin iyanda ngenxa yokuncipha kwendawo yokusatshalaliswa kwe-herring; eminyakeni efudumele, kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho.
Izinhlanzi ezihlanzayo, ikakhulukazi i-cod, zidla i-capelin eziningi futhi zivame ukulandela izikole zayo (i-cod), i-Balaenoptera whales, gulls.
Njengoba kuhlala lapho kuhlala kude nasogwini, olwandle oluvulekile nasekujuleni kolwandle (kuhola indlela yokuphila ebabazekayo nebiwayo), i-capelin iza emihlambini emikhulu iye ngasogwini kuphela ngesikhathi sokuhluma. Imhlambi wesilisa uvame ukusondela kancane ngaphambi kwemihlambi yabesifazane. Imvamisa ifika kanye kulayini ogwini, kuthi amagagasi ezinkumbi zabantu aphonseke olwandle. Kwesinye isikhathi iza nesikhuphukela ekufinyeleleni okuphansi kwemifula (uMfula iTeriberka eMurman, njll.).
KuLwandle iBarents, intwasahlobo yasentwasahlobo isuka enyakatho ngoMashi - Ephreli (Meyi) izovela ogwini lwaseFinmarken naseMurman entshonalanga, i-capelin yasehlobo isuka enyakatho-empumalanga iye phakathi nendawo nasempumalanga yeMurman, ikepisi yasekwindla ligudla ugu olusempumalanga yoLwandle iBarents, olusondela ngo-Agasti - Septhemba eNovaya Zemlya kanye nesifunda saseCheshko-Kolguyevsky. Isikhathi sezindlela nosayizi wemihlambi efanelekile ye-capelin ziyahlukahluka futhi zincike kakhulu ekushintshashintsheni kwezinga lokushisa nemisinga.
I-capelin evuzayo iba mnyama futhi ihlale isikhathi esifushane ogwini, ngokushesha ishiye ulwandle oluvulekile. Kwezinye izingqobelo zaseNorway, noma kunjalo, kukhona futhi nemihlambi emincane yama-capelin angahlali ndawo.
FISHES OF MOBILE
E-Russia, ama-capelin akhanywa ogwini lwaseMurman, asuka kwizigidi ezine kuya kweziyishumi (ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili), nasogwini lolwandle oluseFar East, lapho aqale khona ukunaka ukuloba kwale nhlanzi kamuva nje. Izinhlanzi ePrimorye zafinyelela kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-104 zama-capelin ngonyaka.
Ogwini lwaseNorway, ukubanjwa kubamba izinkulungwane ezingama-70 kuya ku-70 000, eCanada - ezikhungweni eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-16- 000, eGreenland (engxenyeni eseningizimu) - ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-7.5 izinkulungwane, kanti ne-capelin nayo iyazingelwa e-Iceland naseNewfoundland.
Amasheya eCapelin olwandle lwethu makhulu kakhulu. KuLwandle iBarents, ukwahlulela ngokusetshenziswa kwe-capelin yi-capelin, amanani ayo alinganiselwa ezigidini zamakhulu. Ngokungangabazeki, kunezindawo eziningi ezibekiwe eziseMpumalanga Ekude, lapho umdweshu osogwini, kwesinye isikhathi ongamakhilomitha amaningana, ungambozwa ngesendlalelo esikhulu se-capelin esikhishwe yi-surf.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokudoba kuvinjelwa kakhulu ukungahambi kahle kwezindlela ze-capelin.
Ukubanjwa kwezimpawu zomhlaba wonke kubanjwa ngo-1950 kuya ku-10 (amathani)
Amasu kanye nenkambo yokudoba
ICapelin iyazingelwa ngezikhathi zokusondela kwayo ogwini, ikakhulukazi eduze kwemifantu enesihlabathi. Imvamisa kubanjwa ngamanetha amancane akudala we-zakidnye namanetha amakhulu. ENorway baphinde babambe amanetha endandatho (200x40 m, mesh - 13 mm), futhi basebenzise ukukhiya amanetha (eVadsø).
E-Russia, bagoba emigodini yaseMurman zakidnye nalshvochny futhi, ngesimo sokuhlangenwe nakho, emikhombeni yezikhwama. EMpumalanga Ekude, babamba inetha le-zakidnye net.
ICapelin isetshenziswa njengesibambo sokudoba i-longline cod, kudliwa njengokudla, kanye nokudla kwenja (Greenland), kusetshenzwe ekudleni kwezinhlanzi. Okuqukethwe kwamafutha enyama kungama-2-4% (okuqukethwe okunamafutha enhlanzi ephelele eyi-11-12%).
Njengoba isheyiphu idla okusha no-ayisikhilimu. Zidla kakhulu, zibhema futhi zifakwe emanzini anosawoti, kanye nama-Spat asemanzini. Ukugcwalisa kunika umkhiqizo osezingeni eliphansi. Ilungiselelwe futhi ngefomu elomile nelomile. Ifomu le-capelin elisanda kubhema nelinobhemayo limnandi kakhulu.
E-Russia, eMurman kuze kube manje kusetshenziswe kakhulu ukwenza isinkwa. Ngokuthola isiheho se-bale eyodwa yodwebe lwe-cod (izingwegwe ezingama-150) yisilinganiso. 2.2 kg ye-capelin. EMpumalanga Ekude, i-capelin yayidliwa emisha noma yomisiwe yomile. Okunye ukubanjwa kusetshenziswelwa ekudleni kokudla kwezinhlanzi.
I-capelin noma i-ueck fish (lat.Mallotus villosus)
Umhlambi wezinhlanzi ze-pelagic, udla ama-crankaceans we-planktonic, enza umncintiswano onzima ku-herring kanye ne-salmon yentsha.
ICapelin uhlobo lwasolwandle oluhlanzekile, luhlala olwandle oluvulekile, ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zamanzi (kuze kufike ku-300 m, kuyaqabukela ku-700 m). Isondela ogwini kuphela ngesikhathi sokuhluma, ngesinye isikhathi ingena ngisho nasezihlanjeni zemifula.
Ngaphambi kokuzalela, ama-capelin ahlangana ezikoleni ezinkulu, eziqala ukusondela ogwini. Ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zobubanzi, buhluma ngezikhathi ezihlukene, kusukela entwasahlobo kuya ekwindla. Izikole ze-capelin ezizofuna ukhula zilandelwa umhlambi we-cod, gulls, seals kanye nemikhomo. Emimoyeni enamandla, amagagasi aphonsa i-capelin evele ogwini: eMpumalanga Ekude, umucu osogwini kwesinye isikhathi umbozwa ungqimba lwe-capelin oluphonswe yi-surf amakhilomitha amaningi.
Izindawo ezihlanzayo zitholakala enhlabathini enesihlabathi, emigodini engaxutshani namabhange cishe ukusuka emaphethelweni amanzi. Ukuzala amaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyisithupha, ama-caviar angaphansi, anamathela. Amaqanda aphuzi okukhanyayo, anobubanzi obungu-0.5-1.0 mm. Ukudonswa kwezibungu kwenzeka ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-28; okukhona kuzithwala ziye olwandle oluvulekile. I-spelning capelin iphinde ibuyele olwandle oluvulekile. Ukusaphaza kuvame ukuba yi-1, akuvamile amahlandla ama-2 empilweni, i-capelin eningi iyashabalala ngemuva kokuhluma. UCapelin uyavuthwa eminyakeni engama-2-3, abesilisa ngonyaka olandelayo kunowesifazane.
Amanothi
- ↑ 12I-Reshetnikov Yu.S., Kotlyar A.N., iRussia T.S., Shatunovsky M.I. Isichazamazwi sezilimi ezimbili samagama ezilwane. Inhlanzi. IsiLatin, isiRussia, isiNgisi, isiJalimane, nesiFulentshi. / ihlelwe yi-Acad. V. E. Sokolova. - M: Rus. Yaz., 1989 .-- S. 71 .-- Amakhophi angama-12 500. - I-ISBN 5-200-00237-0
Izinhlobo ze-capelin.
Njengoba i-capelin imele uhlobo lwezinhlobo zegama elifanayo, abanye abacwaningi bahlonza ama-subspecies amabili kuwo, ahlukile kuphela endaweni yokuhlala:
- I-Atlantic capelin (lat.Mallotus villosos villosus),
- I-Pacific capelin (lat.Mallotus villosus catervarius).
Ihlala kuphi i-capelin (uek)?
ICapelin ihlala emanzini olwandle ekujuleni okufika kuma-300 m, ezimweni ezingamanani ezokwehlela ku-700 m, futhi ayize ingene emanzini emifula kanye nemizimba yamanzi entsha. Isikhathi esiningi, inhlanzi ye-oyster ichitha olwandle oluvulekile, isondela ogwini kuphela ukuze ihlume.
I-Atlantic capelin ihlala olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean kanye ne-Arctic Ocean, isatshalaliswa eDavis Strait, eLabrador, emanzini abandayo ezifishi zaseNorway nangasogwini lwaseGreenland, oLwandle lwaseKara, White, Chukchi, kanye naseLwandle lweLaptev naseBarents.
I-capelin yasePacific ihlala endaweni enkulu enamanzi engxenyeni esenyakatho yoLwandlekazi iPacific, enqunyelwe ogwini lwaseKorea futhi olungaba khona. IVancouver ephethwe yiCanada. Imihlambi eminingi ye-capelin izizwa ikhululekile emanzini aseBering, uLwandle lwaseJapan nase-Okhotsk.
Ngabe udlani u-capelin (eck)?
Njengazo zonke izinhlanzi zomndeni oncibilikayo, i-capelin iyisisulu. Isisekelo sokudla kwakhe ukudla okufanako kudliwa yi-herring: zooplankton, shrimp izibungu kanye ne-caviar yezinye izinhlanzi. Uek akanandaba nokudla ama-crustaceans amancane noma izibungu zolwandle. ICapelin isebenza njalo futhi ayeki ukudla noma ukuqala kwezinyanga zobusika.
I-capelin spawning.
Isikhathi sokuhluma kwe-capelin sincike endaweni ehlala kuyo. Isibonelo, ezikoleni zezinhlanzi ezidla imvula zamanzi asentshonalanga kwe-Atlantic ne-Pacific Oceans, ihlala yonke intwasahlobo kanye nehlobo, kanti nasezikoleni zasempumalanga ye-Atlantic, le nqubo iyaqhubeka ekwindla. Kepha abakhileyo ekujuleni kwePacific kwimpumalanga kufanele benze konke ezinyangeni ezintathu zasekwindla.
Ngaphambi kokuya endaweni evulekile, imihlambi emincane yama-capelin ibuthana ezikoleni ezinkulu zabantu abayizigidi eziningana. Ngemuva kwabo kukhona izitha zaphakade ze-capelin: uphawu, uphawu, imihlambi kakhokho nemikhomo. Ngokuvamile, bonke labo le nhlanzi ingenye yezingxenye zokudla. Kwesinye isikhathi amagagasi amakhulu, adonswa umoya onamandla, aphonsa amashumi ngisho nezinkulungwane zamakhulu ezinhlanzi ezibalekayo ogwini, embozwe ungqimba obukhulu be-capelin.
Ukuze iqhume, inhlanzi yasolwandle ikhetha izindawo ezinkulu ezingajulile ezinesihlabathi nesijule esingajulile, yize ezinye izikole zamafosholo zivela ekujuleni kwamamitha ambalwa. Amanzi kufanele aqukethe inani elanele lomoya-mpilo, futhi izinga lokushisa lawo kufanele libe phakathi kuka-2-3 ° C. Ukuze umquba we-capelin caviar uphumelele, kudingeka amadoda amabili ahambisana nowesifazane avela ezinhlangothini ezimbili. Iziduna ezinomsila wazo zigaya umgodi ogwini noma ngaphansi kwesihlabathi, lapho i-capelin yesifazane ibekela amaqanda. Amaqanda acwengekile anobubanzi obungama-0,5 kuye ku-1,2 mm futhi anamathela kakhulu, ngakho-ke anamathela kalula kubhobhile noma ngaphansi kwesihlabathi. Inani lamaqanda lincike endaweni yokuhlala kwe-capelin futhi lisukela kwezingcezu eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha nezingu-39,5. Ngemuva kokufaka amaqanda okumaka, abantu abadala babuyela ezindaweni abahlala kuzo. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, abantu abangabodwa bezinhlanzi zasesontweni bayathunyelwa, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi babo bafa endleleni eya ekhaya.
Ukuvela kwezibungu ze-capelin ezinobude obuyi-5-7 mm kwenzeka ngokwesilinganiso sezinsuku ezingama-28 ngemuva kokukhulelwa. Masinyane bayiswa olwandle oluvulekile, lapho bangena khona nge-metamorphoses, kancane kancane baphenduke izinhlanzi zabantu abadala. Ngo-ekwindla, i-fry entwasahlobo efinyelela ku-4 cm ifinyelela kubude obuyi-4. Izintokazi zakwa-capelin ziba nocansi ngonyaka olandelayo, futhi abesilisa bangahlanganyela enqubweni yokuzalanisa ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-14-15.
Kusho ukuthini ukuthi i-capelin?
Igama elithi "capelin" linezimpande ezindala kakhulu. Ithathwe ezilimini zeqembu likaKarelian-Finnish. Amagama afanayo ezilimini zaseFinland naseKarelian asho inhlanzi encane, esetshenziswa njengesihibe sokudoba ukhokho. Kodwa-ke, inhlanzi ye-capelin nayo inegama lesithathu - inhlanzi ye-chaplane.
Incazelo yezinhlanzi
Izinhlanzi ezinamanzi anosawoti zinamagama amathathu, njengoba sesivele siqonda. ICapelin yinhlanzi edlayo. Ungowomndeni omuncu.
Inomzimba ophakeme, othambilewe emaceleni. Ngobude, ingafinyelela kuma-15 kuye kwangama-25 cm, futhi ngesisindo - kuze kufike ku-54 g. Izikali emzimbeni wonke zicishe zilingane: lezo zitholakala ezinhlangothini zesisu naphaya kolayini we-lateral zikhulu nje kancane kunalezo ezihlanganisa ingemuva. Ikhanda lezinhlanzi lincane ngosayizi, kodwa linesikhala somlomo obanzi. Amathambo omhlathi ongenhla afinyelela phakathi kwamehlo. Ngokuqondene namazinyo, kukhona amaningi, mancane futhi akhule kahle.
Isici sezinhlanzi sithathwa njengamaphini anomngcele omnyama. Amaphinifa we-pectoral anesimo esiyindilinga xaxa, kanti amaphini e-dorsal anwetshiwe ngokuqinile emuva. Izinhlangothi nesisu sezinhlanzi ze-capelin ziyisiliva elinesihlotshana esimhlophe, kuthi emuva kube nsomi.
Umehluko phakathi kowesifazane nowesilisa
Inhlanzi ye-Yak inesici esiyisici, esiqukethe umehluko phakathi kowesifazane nowesilisa, obonakala ngeso elinqunu. Owesilisa unamaphiko amade, umzimba wakhe ukhulu kaningana kunomzimba wowesifazane, nenhloko inesimo esibukhali. Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, izikali ezinjengezinwele zikhula ngasohlangothini lwesisu kwabesilisa, ezakha indawo engenamikhawulo. Ngasikhathi sinye, isikhathi sezinhlanzi esiphakeme kakhulu asidluli iminyaka eyi-10.
Ungakutholaphi?
Le nhlanzi encane ikhetha amanzi olwandle. Uhlala ekujuleni kwama-300 m.Kwesinye isikhathi, ingaya kumamitha angama-700. I-smelt uk ayisoze yabhukuda emanzini amasha noma imifula. Indawo enhle yezinhlanzi amanzi olwandle. Inhlanzi kuphela lapho isondela ogwini.
I-Atlantic capelin ingatholakala olwandle lwase-Arctic nase-Atlantic. Kuyatholakala futhi eLabrador naseStrait of Davis, ogwini lwaseGreenland, emanzini eChukchi, White, Kara, Barents kanye naseLaptev Seas.
ICapelin yasePacific ihlala engxenyeni esenyakatho yolwandle, ekhawulelwe isiqhingi saseVancouver nogu lwaseKorea. Izikole eziningi zale nhlanzi encane zingatholakala olwandle lwaseJapan, iBering ne-Okhotsk.
Umsoco
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, inhlanzi i-уuk iyisidleke. Ukudla kwayo kuqukethe izibungu ze-shrimp, i-zooplankton ne-fish roe. ICapelin futhi idla ama-crustaceans amancane kanye nezibungu zasolwandle. Njengoba i-уuk iyinhlanzi esebenzayo kakhulu, idinga amandla amaningi. Kungakho nasezinyangeni ezibandayo i-capelin ingayeki ukudla.
Izici eziwusizo
Ukubanjwa kweCapelin kusebenza kakhulu, futhi konke kungenxa yokuthi kuyisitsha esamukelekayo kuwo wonke amatafula. Imvamisa, izinhlanzi ze-uek zibanjwa ngamanani amakhulu, angafinyelela ezigidini ezingama-0.5 ngonyaka. Le ndaba ayikhona kuphela ekunambithekeni kwale nhlanzi, yize ibalulekile futhi. Okuqukethwe kwayo kilojoule okuphansi kwaziswa kakhulu, okwenza kube isithako esiyinhloko ekudleni okuningi kokudla. Inyama yeCapelin inamaprotheni anokugaya kalula. Okuqukethwe kuzo izinhlanzi cishe ku-23%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kunezicubu ezimbalwa kakhulu ezithintekayo ezinhlanzini, zilungiswa ngokushesha okukhulu.
Kodwa-ke, iphuzu aligcini nje ukuthi i-capelin ingumkhiqizo wokudla nokunambitha. Phakathi kokunye, kusasebenza kakhulu. Inhlanzi iqukethe amanoni e-polyunsaturated fatty acids. Banganciphisa kakhulu izinga le-cholesterol, eliqoqwa ezindongeni zemithambo yegazi. Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwe-capelin ekudleni kungaba yindlela enhle yokuvimbela ngokumelene nemivimbo, isifo senhliziyo nesifo senhliziyo.
Inyama yale nhlanzi iqukethe amavithamini A, D, iqembu B, adingekayo ukuze umzimba womuntu usebenze kahle. Izinhlanzi ze-Ivok nazo zicebile kumaminerali: i-sodium, potassium, phosphorus, okudingeka ukuvimbela ukuwohloka komqondo kanye nokwenza ngcono umsebenzi wengqondo womuntu, ne-iodine, edlala indima enkulu ekusebenzeni kwe-yegilo yegilo.
ICapelin ingumkhiqizo onqabile owenza ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kashukela kube egazini futhi kusize nokuwehlisela emazingeni ajwayelekile. Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, izinhlanzi ze-Ivok ziyisithako esibaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwabanesifo sikashukela, ukunciphisa isisindo kanye nabantu ababheka impilo yabo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlanzi ze-ёuk zinokuphikisana okuthile. Akufanele kudliwe yilabo abanokubekezelela ngakunye. Akunconywa ukuthi udle izinhlanzi ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu, ngoba okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ezi-carcinogenic kuwo kungasiza ekwenzekeni kwezimbila ezinobungozi. Noma kusetshenzwa kahle, inani elikhulu lama-parasite lingahlala enhlanzini, okungaholela ekwandeni kwezifo ezithile.
Inani lezomnotho
Izinhlanzi ze-Ivok eSakhalin zibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho. Okokuqala, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi lokhu kuyinhlanzi ethengiswayo. Amasheya ayo makhulu emvelweni, ngakho-ke ukubanjwa ngeminyaka ethile bekudlula amathani ayizigidi ezine. Ukusuka ngo-2005 kuya ku-2009, ukubanjwa kwale nhlanzi kwakusuka kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-270-750. Ngo-2012, ukubanjwa kwe-Uyk yomhlaba wonke kudlula amathani ayisigidi. Inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke ibanjwa ekubanjweni okuthengiswayo. Umzimba wakhe ufinyelela ku-20 cm ubude.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Idolobha laseRussia iMurmansk minyaka yonke ligubha iholide ngokuhlonipha le nhlanzi. Umkhosi wenzeka ekuqaleni kukaMashi. Okwamanje, emifanekisweni yedolobha, ungazama izitsha eziningi ezinkulu ze-capelin futhi uzithenge ngamanani amakhulu ngentengo ekhangayo kakhulu.
Izakhamizi zaseCanada ekuqaleni kwehlobo ngalinye akudingeki ziye emakethe noma esitolo ukuyophatha izihlobo zazo ngesitsha esimnandi se-capelin. Vele uhambe uqonde olwandle futhi uthole izinhlanzi eziningi njengoba udinga.
I-Kola Peninsula idume ngeqiniso lokuthi inani elikhulu lezinyoni likhona. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inani elikhulu le-capelin lihlala eduze nolwandle, okusebenza njengesisekelo sokudla kwabakhileyo abanebala le-peninsula.
Ngifingqa i-athikili nge-capelin, ngithanda ukusho ukuthi le nhlanzi iyingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwabo bonke abathanda izitsha zezinhlanzi. Akunakwenzeka ukwenqaba izakhiwo ezizuzisayo ngakho ukuceba ngakho. Odokotela batusa ukuthi kudliwe inhlanzi ye-chaplain njalo ukuvikela umfutho wegazi ophezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa njalo kwe-capelin kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi. Njengakho konke, ibhalansi iyadingeka lapha. Uma ngempela uyithanda le nhlanzi futhi ungafuni ukuyishiya, ithenge kuphela kubathengisi abathembekile nakwabatsha. I-capelin ebhemayo esitolo esikhulu esiseduze akuyona umkhiqizo ongaletha noma iziphi izinzuzo emzimbeni.
Ukubukeka
ICapelin inesilinganiso esincane kakhulu. Umgodi womlomo mncane. Kunamazinyo amancane emlonyeni. Ngemuva ingemibala eluhlaza yeminqumo (isithombe ngezansi).
ICapelin ine-dimorphism ethokozisayo yezocansi. Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane (isithombe ngezansi). Futhi bane-anal fin enesisekelo esibanzi, ubukhulu bawo wonke amaphiko bukhulu, futhi phakathi kokusatshalaliswa, amaduna aqala ukuvela ezinhlangothini zamaphethelo, anezikali ezikhulu. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile be-capelin ngamasentimitha ayi-15, futhi isikhathi sokuphila sifinyelela eminyakeni emi-3.
Owesilisa - 1, owesifazana - 2
Ukusatshalaliswa nezindawo zokuhlala
ICapelin ijwayelekile cishe kuwo wonke amanzi asolwandle asenyakatho. Enye yezinsizakalo ezitholakala ezindaweni ezitholakala enyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean, kanye nasemngceleni ne-Arctic Ocean. UCapelin wenza imihlambi yendawo. Imihlambi eminingi kakhulu ingatholakala emanzini oLwandle iBarents, eduze kweGreat Newfoundland Bank neSouth Labrador. Futhi i-capelin ugu olucebile lwe-Atlantic lwaseNyakatho Melika.
Ulwandle iBarents lucebile nge-capelin cishe yonke indawo. Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, izinhlanzi ziwa ngasogwini olusempumalanga lwesiqhingi saseSvalbard. Ngasenyakatho-empumalanga kuntanta kuze kufike kuFranz Josef Land. ICapelin nayo ingabanjwa oLwandle lwaseKara.
Isabelo sokudla
Imenyu ye-capelin ifaka ikakhulukazi i-zooplankton. Emanzini oLwandle iBarents, idla ama-crustaceans (calanus and eye-black-eye). Ayenqabi izibungu ze-shrimp, umcibisholo womcibisholo. Ukwelashwa okukhethekile i-cod roe.
Ukudla kweCapelin kufana ncamashi nemenyu ye-herring. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani ne-herring, i-capelin iyaqhubeka nokudla ebusika. Emanzini oLwandle lwaseJapan udla ikakhulukazi ama-crustaceans. Ayenqabi i-plankton.
Ukudotshwa kweCapelin ebusika
Ukuzala
Ogwini olusentshonalanga yoLwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic, izinhlanzi ziyahluma entwasahlobo nasehlobo. Ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, i-capelin, ehlala eduze naseFandy Bay nogu oluseningizimu ye-Iceland, iyaqala ukusatshalaliswa. Ukusuka ngoMeyi kuya ku-Agasti, ama-capelin avela eGreenland, eGulf of St. Lawrence, Labrador, ugu olusenyakatho ye-Iceland naseNewfoundland. Ukusuka ngoMashi kuya ku-Meyi, i-capelin yaseNorway, i-Fin-marker kanye nentshonalanga ye-Murman capelin ihlakazeka. Ehlobo, kusukela ngoJuni kuya kuJulayi, ama-capelin asempumalanga nasenkabeni yeMurman ayaphithizela, kanye nasemanzini oLwandle Olumhlophe esifundeni seBohemian Gulf.
Eduze nekwindla, phakathi kuka-Agasti noSeptemba, ama-capelin aqala eduze neNew Land. I-capelin yasePacific nayo iyaqhuma, ngokuya ngendawo yayo. Ezifundeni ezisentshonalanga, ukuqhakaza kwenzeka phakathi kuka-Ephreli noMeyi (uLwandle lwaseJapan, isifunda saseSakhalin), kusukela ngoJuni kuya kuJulayi - eduze nolwandle olusempumalanga lweKamchatka, iSakhalin eseMpumalanga kanye ne-Anadyr Bay. Eduze nogu lwe-Alaska capelin spawning iqala ngo-Agasti futhi iphetha ngo-Okthoba, ngoSepthemba isisekelo semifantu yolwandle iLaptev.
Ngesikhathi sokuhluma, kukhona abesilisa ababili kowesifazane ngamunye, abahamba naye. I-Caviar ingafakwa emzimbeni womuntu kanye nokujula kwamamitha ambalwa; emanzini oLwandle iBarents, i-caviar ikhungwa ngokujula kwamamitha angama-75, izinga lokushisa lamanzi lize lifinyelele kuma-degree ama-Celsius ayi-35. Njengomthetho, izindawo ezivundayo zitholakala endaweni enesihlabathi, lapho kukhona khona indawo enhle. I-Pacific capelin igeleza ngendlela ehlukile: igqekeza endaweni yasePeter the Great Bay, futhi futhi eduze nesiqhingi saseWoncouver lapho amanzi efudumala aze afike ku-12 degrees Celsius. Ukusakazeka kwenzeka ikakhulu ebusuku, isikhathi esiningi ekuseni nakusihlwa kusihlwa.
I-Caviar ifakwa ikakhulukazi esihlabathini, imvamisa emvelweni. Ukuzala kwabantu abahlala oLwandle iBarents kufinyelela amaqanda angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-13 (isithombe se-caviar), kanye nabantu abahlala oLwandle lwaseJapan bafinyelela amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-40. I-Caviar phansi, inamathela. Ububanzi besilinganiso samaqanda yi-1 millimeter. Izibungu amaqanda zikhula ngokwesilinganiso kwezinsuku ezingama-28 emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-10 degrees Celsius.
Ngemuva kokuqhanyelwa, izibungu zifinyelela ubude obufika kumamilimitha ayi-7. I-yolk sac iyavuma lapho izibungu zikhula zibe ngamamilimitha ayi-9, bese imisebe iqala ukuvela nefry, ekhule yaba ngamamilimitha angama-20. Izibungu zeCapelin zifana kakhulu nezibungu ze-herring: zinde futhi zinomzimba ophansi. Ekuqaleni, izibungu ziqala isikhathi eduze nogu, kepha ngemuva kwesikhashana ziphonswa emuva yilokho okwenzeka olwandle oluvulekile.
Fry yabantu abahlala oLwandle iBarents, vele ezinyangeni eziyi-6 lukhula lube ngamamilimitha angama-40. Amadoda amadala akhudlwana kunabesifazane: ubude besilisa abavuthiwe ngokocansi bufika kumamilimitha angama-22, ubude bawo bube besifazane bufika kumasentimitha ayi-18. Amadoda aphakathi nendawo akhula aze abe ngamasentimitha ayi-19 futhi athole isisindo esingama-gramu angama-36, kuthi izinsikazi zikhule zibe amasentimitha ayi-17 futhi zizuze ngesisindo kuze kube ngama-20 amagremu. Ifinyelela i-capelin yokuthomba lapho ineminyaka emithathu. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimo, ukuthomba kungahlala iminyaka emi-4.
Ngakho-ke, i-capelin, noma, njengoba ibizwa nangokuthi i-swarm noma i-chaplain, ingeyomndeni othambile. Inhlanzi inobude obukhulu bomzimba wamasentimitha angama-25 futhi isisindo sayo sifinyelela kuma-52 amagremu. UCapelin uphila iminyaka eyi-10. Inhlanzi inezikali ezincane kakhulu namazinyo amancane. Ngemuva lidwetshwe ngothayela oluhlaza okotshani omnqumo, kanti izinhlangothi nesisu zidwetshwe ngesiliva.
Indlela yokuphila yeKapelin
ICapelin ngumhlambi wezinhlanzi zasemanzini ezihlala ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zamanzi ezindaweni ezibandayo ezibandayo. Imvamisa, uzama ukunamathela ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-300 kuye kwangama-700. Kodwa-ke, phakathi nesikhathi sokuhluma kungafika ogwini futhi kwesinye isikhathi kubhukude nokugoba komfula.
Abamele le nhlobo bachitha isikhathi esiningi olwandle, ehlobo nasekwindla benza ukufuduka okukude kwesizini bayofuna ukudla okucebile. Isibonelo, i-capelin, ehlala oLwandle iBarents futhi isogwini lwase-Iceland, yenza ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithileko kabili: ebusika nasentwasahlobo iya ogwini lweNorway Nhlonhlo neKola Peninsula ukuze ibekele amaqanda. Ehlobo nasekwindla, le nhlanzi ifudukela ezifundeni ezisenyakatho nezasempumalanga iyofuna ukudla. Inani labantu base-Icelandic capelin lihamba intwasahlobo lisondele ogwini, lapho lingena khona, futhi ehlobo lishiya indawo ecebile ngamapulangwe akhona phakathi kwe-Iceland, Greenland neJan Mayen Island, okuyiNorway, kodwa yona ingamakhilomitha ayi-1000 ngasentshonalanga yayo.
Ukufuduka kwesizini kwe-capelin kuhlotshaniswa nemisinga yolwandle: izinhlanzi zilandela lapho zihamba nalapho zithutha khona ipulankton edla nge-capelin.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
I-Atlantic capelin ihlala emanzini ase-Arctic nase-Atlantic. Ingatholakala eDavis Strait, kanye nangasogwini lweNhlonhlo yeLabrador. Ihlala emihlathini yaseNorway, eduze nasogwini lwaseGreenland, olwandle lwaseChukchi, White, naseKarts. Kutholakala kokubili emanzini oLwandle iBarents naseLaptev Sea.
Iningi labantu basePacific lalezi zinhlanzi lihlala emanzini asenyakatho yoLwandlekazi iPacific; ukusatshalaliswa kwalo eningizimu kulinganiselwe eVancouver Island nasogwini lweKorea. Izikole ezinkulu zale nhlanzi zitholakala olwandle lwe-Okhotsk, Japan kanye nolwandle iBering. I-capelin yasePacific ithanda ukusakazeka eduze nogu lwe-Alaska neBritish Columbia.
ICapelin ihlala ezikoleni ezincane, kepha ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi isikhathi sokuzala iyaqala, ibuthana ezikoleni ezinkulu ukuze bonke bahlule umsebenzi onzima futhi oyingozi ezindaweni lapho lezi zinhlanzi zivame ukuvela.
Ukudla kweCapelin
Naphezu kosayizi wayo omncane, i-capelin ingumdlwenguli osebenzayo, okufakazelwa ngokucacile ngamazinyo ayo amancane kepha abukhali. Isisekelo sokudla kwabamele lezinhlobo ingulule yezinhlanzi, i-zooplankton, kanye nezibungu ze-shrimp. Idla futhi kuma-crustaceans amancane kanye nezibungu zasemanzini. Njengoba le nhlanzi ihamba kakhulu, idinga amandla amaningi ukuze ikwazi ukwenza amabutho asetshenziswa ukuthutha noma ukufuna ukudla. Kungakho i-capelin, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlanzi eziningi, ingayeki ukudla ngisho ngenkathi ebandayo.
Njengoba le nhlanzi idla ama-crustaceans amancane akha i-plankton, iyinhlobo encintisana ne-herring kanye ne-young salmon, okuyisisekelo sayo nayo yi-plankton.
Izitha zemvelo
Lezi zinhlanzi zinezitha eziningi olwandle. ICapelin iyingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwabazingeli basolwandle abaningi, njenge-cod, mackerel, squid. Ungakhathazeki ngokudla i-capelin kanye nezimpawu zasolwandle, imikhomo, imikhomo yokubulala kanye nezinyoni ezidla inyama.
Ubuningi be-capelin emanzini asogwini luyisidingo sokuba khona kwezinyoni eziningi ezidlekayo eNhlonhlo yeKola.
Inani lokudoba
ICapelin kudala iyinto yokudotshwa futhi ibilokhu ibanjwa ngamanani amakhulu ezindaweni zayo zokuhlala. Kodwa-ke, kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, izinga lokuphambi kwale nhlanzi selifinyelele isilinganiso esikhulu. Abaholi bokubamba iCapelin njengamanje yiNorway, iRussia, i-Iceland neCanada.
Ngo-2012, ama-capelin abamba umhlaba abamba amathani angaphezu kwesigidi. Kulokhu, izinhlanzi ezincane ezineminyaka engu-1 kuya phezulu ziyabanjwa, ubude bazo buphakathi kuka-11 kuye ku-19 cm.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-capelin akuyona into evikelekile, amazwe amaningi enze imizamo eminingi yokwandisa isibalo sawo. Ikakhulu, kusukela ngawo-1980s, amazwe amaningi asungule izilinganiso zokubamba le nhlanzi. Njengamanje, i-capelin ayinaso ngisho isimo sokulondolozwa, ngoba inani layo likhulu kakhulu futhi kunzima ukulinganisa nje usayizi wemhlambi wayo omkhulu.
ICapelin ayigcini ngokubaluleka okukhulu kwezohwebo, kodwa futhi iyisakhi esidingekayo senhlala-kahle yezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, okuyisisekelo sazo ezakha umugqa. Njengamanje, inani lalezi zinhlanzi liphakeme ngokungaguquki, kepha ubukhulu bokubanjwa kwalo, kanye nokufa okuvame kakhulu kwe-capelin ngesikhathi sokufuduka, kuthinta kakhulu isibalo sabantu bale nhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengazo zonke izakhamuzi zasolwandle, i-capelin incike kakhulu ezimweni zendawo ehlala kuyo, ezingathinti kuphela izinga lempilo yalezi zinhlanzi, kodwa futhi nokuphindaphindeka kwenzalo. Inani labantu balezi zinhlanzi liyahlukahluka ngokungafani unyaka nonyaka, futhi, ngakho-ke, ukwandisa inani le-capelin, imizamo yabantu kufanele ihlose ukudala izimo ezinhle zokuba khona kwayo nokuzala kabusha.