Indlovu yaseNdiya, ebizwa nangokuthi i-Asiya, ingenye yezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuphela kwezindlovu, ezibhalwe kwiNcwadi Ebomvu. Lesi ngesinye sezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu zeplanethi yethu, esifana ncamashi nale mammendulo yasendulo. Izindlebe zinezimpawu eziqondile zokubonisa isimo futhi zelulelwe phansi.
Ubude bemisundu yenduna yendlovu yamaNdiya ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.5, yingakho imvamisa iba yindaba yokuzingela. Kukhona izindlovu ezingenamathe. Bahlala ikakhulukazi empumalanga yeNdiya.
Izindlovu Zendlovu yaseNdiya
Ngaphezu kweNdiya, lolu hlobo lwezindlovu luhlala eNepal, Burma, Thailand kanye nesiqhingi saseSumatra. Ngenxa yokwanda komhlaba wezolimo kula mazwe, izindlovu azinandawo yokuhlala, ngenxa yalokho isibalo sazo sehle kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.
Indawo yokuhlala kwendlovu yaseNdiya ihlathi elikhanyayo eline-shrubby undergrowth. Eduze nehlobo, bathanda ukukhuphuka izintaba, futhi bacishe bangayi kuma-savannah, njengoba lezi zindawo ziguqulwe zaba yindawo lapho zikhula njalo okuthile.
I-India Elephant Relationship Hierarchy
Ngokuvamile, izindlovu zaseNdiya zihlala futhi zigcine ngamaqembu abantu abangu-15-20, zilalela isalukazi - nguyena oyikhanda lomhlambi. Umhlambi uqukethe amaqembu amancane ezinsikazi ahlobene namawundlu. Njengoba bekhula, la maqembu amancane angahlukanisa futhi akha umhlambi wawo.
Izindlovu ezingamaduna zaseNdiya ezineminyaka engama-7-8 ubudala zihlala ngaphandle komhlambi futhi zakha amaqembu azo okwesikhashana. Njengoba sesifinyelele ebudaleni, abesilisa kungenzeka ukuthi bahlale bodwa. Ngenkathi yokuganana, amabala endlovu yaseNdiya ayingozi futhi anolaka futhi angahlasela ngisho nabantu.
Ukuxhumana kwezindlovu kuhlangene kakhulu. Uma kukhona owesilisa olimele emhlanjini, abanye bayamsiza asukume, ameseke ngazo zombili izinhlangothi.
Izindawo zezindlovu zaseNdiya zinesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele esiyingqayizivele. Ziqukethe izigaba ezixhumene nezindlela, kanye nezindawo lapho izindlovu zingangeni. Izindlovu ziya ezindaweni ezinobungozi kuphela lapho kuhlwa.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani indlovu yaseNdiya?
Isikhathi sokuphila kwendlovu yaseNdiya yiminyaka engama-60-70. Ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni eyi-8 kuya kwengama-12. Insikazi ithwala ithole izinyanga ezingama-22, futhi ikhulelwa njalo emva kweminyaka engama-4-5. Ngemuva kokubeletha, amalungu alo mhlambi asondela eweni, alibingelele ngokuthathwa kwesiqu.
Umama umsiza ukuba athole izingono. Ingane ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokuzalwa imile ngokuqinile ezinyaweni zayo futhi iyakwazi ukuhamba ngokuzimela. Ngonyaka we-2-3, uqala ukudla ukudla kwezitshalo.
Ukuzingela kwendlovu yaseNdiya
Lapho zifuna ukudla, izindlovu zichitha cishe sonke isikhathi sazo sokuvuka. Badla izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo, kodwa cishe ama-85% ukudla okuthandayo. Emini, indlovu yaseNdiya idla amakhilogremu angama-100-150 ngosuku, kanti ngenkathi yezimvula ifinyelela kuma-280 kg, ikhetha utshani ngenkathi yezimvula nenqwaba yezihlahla nezihlahla ngenkathi eyomile.
Izindlovu ziphuza amalitha amanzi ayi-180 ngosuku. Zibuye zidle inhlabathi, ngaleyo ndlela ziphinda zigcwalise izinqolobane zamaminerali nensimbi. Lapho beyofuna amanzi, bangakhipha imibhede yemilambo eyomile, okuthi uma sebehambile izindlovu, ezinye izilwane ziyisebenzisele ukuthambisa. Uma kunomswakama owanele ekudleni, izindlovu zingakwenza ngaphandle kwamanzi izinsuku eziningana.
Kungani eNdiya indlovu yaseNdiya ihlonishwa kangaka
ENdiya, indlovu ibhekwa njengesilwane esingcwele, sibonisa ukuhlakanipha, ukuqondisisa namandla. Ngemuva kwakho konke, yile ndlovu kuphela engenza ngobuhlakani ngendaba yokusinda - ukunakekela izindlovu ezilimele nezilwane ezincane. Kungakho indlovu iwuphawu lweNdiya.
Izindlovu zibamba iqhaza emishadweni nakweminye imigubho.
Bukela ividiyo ekhuluma ngendlovu yaseNdiya:
Funda kabanzi ngezindlovu.Ukuzingela izindlovu: umlando kanye ngokoqobo, izindlovu zaseSumatran, indlovu yaseNdiya - umsizi womuntu ongenakubalwa.
Ukubukeka
Izindlovu zaseNdiya ziphansi ngosayizi wezindlovu zase-savannah zase-Afrika, kepha ubukhulu bazo buyahlaba umxhwele - abantu abadala (abesilisa) bafinyelela isisindo samathani angama-5.4 ngokukhuphuka kwamamitha ayi-2,5 ukuya kuma-3,3. Izinsikazi zincane kunabesilisa, zinesilinganiso samathani ayi-2,7. Okuncane kunakho konke okubhaliwe okuvela kuKalimantan (isisindo esingamathani amabili). Uma uqhathanisa, indlovu yase-savannah inesisindo esisuka kumathani amane kuya kwayi-7. Ubude bomzimba wendlovu yaseNdiya bungama-5.5-6.4 m, umsila ungamamamitha angama-1,1-11.5 Indlovu yaseNdiya inkulu kakhulu kunale yase-Afrika. Imilenze iminyene futhi icishe ifushane, ukwakheka kwezinsika zemilenze kufana nokwendlovu yase-Afrika - ngaphansi kwesikhumba kunesisindo esikhethekile sentwasahlobo. Kunezinselo ezi-5 emilenzeni yangaphambili, naku-4 emilenzeni yangemuva.Umzimba umbozwe ngesikhumba esiminyene, umbala wesikhumba usuka ku-grey omnyama ube nsundu. Ubukhulu besikhumba sendlovu yaseNdiya bufika ku-2,5 cm, kepha mncane kakhulu ngaphakathi kwezindlebe, ngasemlonyeni naku-anus. Isikhumba somile, asinazindlala zokujuluka, ngakho-ke ukuzinakekela kuyingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yendlovu. Ukugeza ngodaka, izindlovu zivikelekile ekulimaleni kwezinambuzane, ekushisweni yilanga nasekulahlekelweni uketshezi. Ukugeza ngothuli, ukugeza nokuklabha ezihlahleni nakho kudlala indima ekuhlanzeni kwesikhumba. Imvamisa emzimbeni wezindlovu zaseNdiya, ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezindala, izindunduma ezibomvana (ezivame ngasemaphethelweni wezindlebe naphansi kwesiqu sesiqu) ziyabonakala, ezizinikeza ukubukeka okubonakalayo. Izindlovu ezisanda kuzalwa zimbozwe ngezinwele ezi-brownish, ezisikayo neziswini ngenxa yobudala, noma kunjalo, ngisho nezindlovu ezindala zaseNdiya zimbozwe kakhulu ngoboya obunzima kunezase-Afrika.
Ama-albino angavamile kakhulu phakathi kwezindlovu futhi akhonza eSiam ngezinga elithile njengezinto zokukhulekelwa. Imvamisa imane ilula kancane futhi inezindawo ezikhanya kakhulu. Izinhlobo zabo ezinhle kakhulu zazinombala obomvana obomvana ngombala obomvana obomvana ophuzi nezinwele ezimhlophe ezingenalutho ezinqeni zabo.
Ibunzi elibanzi, licindezelekile phakathi futhi lidlulile ngokuqinile ezinhlangothini, linendawo ecishe ime mpo, amashubhu alo amelela iphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu lomzimba (amahlombe endlovu yase-Afrika). Isici esivelele kunazo zonke esihlukanisa indlovu yaseNdiya kwesase-Afrika ubukhulu abancane kakhulu bama-auricles. Izindlebe zendlovu yaseNdiya azikhuphuki ngaphezu kwentamo. Zingamasayizi aphakathi ngosayizi, zingalingani ngama-quadrangular ngesimo, zinethiphu ephakeme kancane nenxeba elingaphezulu elingaphezulu ngaphakathi. Tisks (elongated top incisors) zincane kakhulu, tiphindeke kabili kunalendlovu yase-Afrika, kufinyelela ku-1,6 m ubude, inesisindo kufika ku-20-25 kg. Ngonyaka wokukhula, i-tusk inyuka ngesilinganiso samasentimitha ayi-17. Akhula kuphela emadodeni, akuvamile kubantu besifazane. Phakathi kwezindlovu zaseNdiya kukhona abesilisa ngaphandle kwemidondoshiya, eNdiya abizwa ngokuthi ama-mahna (makhna) Ikakhulu kaningi, abesilisa abanjalo batholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho-nasempumalanga yezwe, inani elikhulu kakhulu lezindlovu ezingenakubalwa linabantu eSri Lanka (abafinyelela kuma-95%). Imisipha yezinsikazi yincane kangangokuba icishe ingabonakali.
Njengoba nje abantu bengakwesokunxele nakwesobunxele, izindlovu ezihlukile zivame ukusebenzisa isicubu sokudla noma kwesobunxele. Lokhu kunqunywa ngezinga lokuwohloka kwe-tusk nethiphu yayo eyindilinga.
Ngaphezu kwamazinyo, indlovu inama-molars ama-4, atshintshwa kaningana ngesikhathi sokuphila njengoba esegugile. Lapho ushintsha, amazinyo amasha awakhuli ngaphansi kokudala, kepha aqhubeke emhlathini, kancane kancane acindezela amazinyo agqokile aya phambili. Kwindlovu yaseNdiya, ama-molars aguquka izikhathi ezi-6 phakathi nokuphila, okugcina kuqhuma cishe iminyaka engama-40. Lapho amazinyo okugcina egaya, indlovu ilahlekelwa amandla okudla ngendlela evamile futhi ibulawa yindlala. Njengomthetho, lokhu kwenzeka ngeminyaka engama-70.
Isiqu sendlovu iyinqubo ende eyakhiwa ekhaleni nasolimini oluphezulu lwahlanganiswa ndawonye. Uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemisipha namatiseli luyinika ukuguquguquka okukhulu nokuhamba, ivumela indlovu ukuthi ilawule izinto ezincane, futhi ivolumu yayo ikuvumela ukuba udonse amalitha ayisithupha amanzi. I-septum, ehlukanisa i-nasal cavity, nayo inemisipha eminingi. Isiqu sendlovu ayinamathambo ne-cartilage, okuyi-cartilage kuphela esekupheleni, ihlanganyela emakhaleni. Ngokungafani neziqu zezindlovu zase-Afrika, isiqu sase-Asiya siphela ngenqubo eyodwa eyakhiwe ngomunwe.
Indlovu yaseNdiya ihlukile kunaleyo yase-Afrika ngombala olula, ophakathi nendawo, otholakala kwabesilisa kuphela, izindlebe ezincane, i-convex humpback back emuva ngaphandle “kwesibaya”, amabhuzu amabili ebunzini nenqubo eyodwa eyenziwe ngomunwe ekugcineni kwesiqu. Umehluko osesakhiweni sangaphakathi uhlanganisa namabhele ama-19 izimbambo esikhundleni se-21, njengaseNdlovu yase-Afrika, kanye nezakhi zesakhiwo se-molars - ipuleti yamazinyo eguqukayo emazinyweni ngamunye endlovu yaseNdiya ukusuka ku-6 kuye ku-27, okungaphezu kwendlovu yase-Afrika. Ama-caudal vertebrae angama-33 esikhundleni sika-26. Inhliziyo ivame ukuba ne-apex ephindwe kabili. Izinsikazi zingahlukaniswa kwabesilisa yizindlala ezimbili ze-mammary ezitholakala esifubeni. Ingqondo yendlovu inkulu kakhulu phakathi kwezilwane zasemhlabeni futhi ifinyelela ubunzima obungu-5 kg.
Ukuhanjiswa kanye Nezinkampani Ezincane
Ezikhathini zasendulo, izindlovu zase-Asia zazitholakala eSoutheast Asia ukusuka eTigris nase-Ewufrathe eMesopotamia (45 ° E) ukuya eMalay Peninsula, enyakatho zifinyelela emaphethelweni oMfula iHimalaya noMfula iYangtze eChina (30 ° N). eziqhingini zaseSri Lanka, eSumatra futhi mhlawumbe neJava. Ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha neleshumi nesishiyagalolunye, indlovu yaseNdiya yayisesejwayelekile ezindaweni eziningi zaseNdiya, eSri Lanka nasezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga zohla lwayo lwangaphambili.
Njengamanje, uhla lwezindlovu zaseNdiya luhlukaniswe kakhulu, endle zitholakala emazweni asendaweni ye-Indo-Malayan biogeographic: eningizimu nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya, iSri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam , eningizimu nentshonalanga yeChina, iMalaysia (izwe elikhulu neKalimantan), i-Indonesia (Kalimantan, iSumatra) neBrunei.
Ukulandela okulandelayo
Izindlela ezine zanamuhla zendlovu yase-Asia ziyaziwa:
- Indlovu yaseNdiya (Isibonakaliso se-Elephas maximus) uhlala endaweni ehlukaniswe kakhulu eSouth India, emaphethelweni aseHimalaya nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya, kutholakala naseChina, eMyanmar, eThailand, eCambodia naseMalay Peninsula. Iningi labesilisa kulokhu okubhalwe phansi kunama-husks.
- ISri Lankan noma uCeylon indlovu (Elephas maximus maximus) kutholakala kuphela eSri Lanka. Inekhanda elikhulu kakhulu maqondana nosayizi womzimba futhi imvamisa inendawo ebunjiwe yesikhumba ebunzini naphansi kwesiqu sesiqu. Njengomthetho, ngisho nabesilisa abanayo i-tusk.
- sumatran ndlovu (Elephas maximus sumatrensis) kutholakala kuphela eSumatra. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane, ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "indlovu ephaketheni."
- indlovu ethwele (Elephas maximus borneensis) Isimo se-taxonomic salokhu okubhalwe phansi sithathwa njengempikiswano, ngoba sachazwa ngonyaka ka-1950 yisazi sezilwane saseSri Lankan, uPaulus Deraniagal, esithombeni esikumagazini weNational Geographic, hhayi ngokuqagela bukhoma, njengoba kudingwa yimithetho yokuchaza izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo . Le subspecies ihlala enyakatho-mpumalanga yesiqhingi saseKalimantan (East Sabah). Sincane kunazo zonke phakathi kwezindawo zendlovu yase-Asiya, eziphawulwa yizindlebe ezinkulu, umsila omude namazinyo aqondile. Ucwaningo lwe-mitochondrial DNA olwenziwe eKalimantan luveze ukuthi okhokho bezindawo ezingaphansi kwalokhu bahlala ngaphandle kwezwe lasePleistocene, eminyakeni engaba ngu-300,000 edlule, futhi abayizizukulwane zezindlovu ezalethwa kulesi siqhingi ngekhulu le-16 kuya kwele-18, njengoba bekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Izindlovu zaseKalimantan zahlukaniswa nabanye abantu eminyakeni engu-18,000 edlule lapho amabhuloho omhlaba phakathi kweKalimantan neSunda Islands anyamalala.
Isibalo sabantu abavela eVietnam naseLaos kukholakala ukuthi siyi-subspecies yesihlanu. Izindlovu ezimbalwa “ezingaphansi kuka-100” ezihlala emahlathini aseNyakatho Nepal kuthiwa ziyizindlela ezingafani Elephas maximus, ngoba ziphakeme ngamasentimitha angama-30 kunendlovu evamile yase-Asia. Izakhamuzi zaseChina kwesinye isikhathi ziphawuleka njengezindawo ezingaphansi Elephas maximus rubridens, washona cishe ngekhulu le-14 leminyaka BC. e. Okubhaliselwe eSyria (Elephas maximus asurus), enkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwezindlovu zase-Asia, yafa cishe ngo-100 BC. e.
Indlela yokuphila
Indlovu yase-Asia ikakhulukazi iyisakhamuzi sasehlathini. Ukhetha amahlathi acwebezelayo ashisayo nasendaweni esabekayo engaphansi kwendawo enezihlahla ezinotshani obukhulu futhi ikakhulukazi ngoqalo. Phambilini, ngenkathi epholile, izindlovu zaziphuma zingena emiqeleni, kepha manje sezingenzekile emvelweni yemvelo kuphela, ngoba ngaphandle kwazo isiguqo sezicishe sibe yindawo yezolimo. Ehlobo, emithambekeni enamahlathi, izindlovu zikhuphuka zingene ezintabeni, zihlangana eHimalaya eduze komngcele wezinyoka zaphakade, endaweni ephakeme kuze kube amamitha angama-3600. Izindlovu zihamba kalula ezindaweni ezinamamaki zenyuka izintaba.
Uhlu oluphelele lwezifunda zemvelo lapho kutholakala khona indlovu yaseNdiya (2005) lapha.
Njengazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu, izindlovu zikubekezelela kangcono ukubanda kunokushisa. Bachitha ingxenye eshisa kakhulu yosuku emthunzini, bevusa izindlebe zabo ukupholisa umzimba futhi bathuthukise nokuhanjiswa kokushisa. Zithanda ukugeza, zizicwilisa ngamanzi futhi zigibele odakeni nasothulini, lezi zindlela zokuvikela ukuvikela isikhumba sezindlovu ukuthi zingoma, ukushiswa yilanga nokulimala kwezinambuzane. Ngokwesilinganiso sazo, izindlovu ziguga ngokumangalisayo futhi zigugile, zinomqondo omuhle wokulinganisela. Uma kunesidingo, bahlola ukuthembeka nobulukhuni benhlabathi ngaphansi kwezinyawo ngokushaywa yisigaxa, kodwa ngenxa yensiza, izinyawo ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngisho naseendaweni ezimanzi. Indlovu eshaqekile ingafinyelela isivinini esingafika ku-48 km / h, kanti lapho igijima indlovu iphakamisa umsila wayo, itshengisa izihlobo ngale ngozi. Izindlovu ziyakwazi nokubhukuda. Indlovu ichitha isikhathi sayo esiningi ifuna ukudla, kepha indlovu idinga okungenani amahora amane ngosuku ukulala. Ngasikhathi sinye, awaqambi amanga phansi, ngaphandle kwezindlovu ezigulayo nezilwane ezincane.
Izindlovu zihlukaniswa ngomqondo obukhali wephunga, ukuzwa nokuthinta, kepha amehlo abo abuthakathaka - kunzima ukubona kude kunamamitha ayi-10, ngandlela thile ezingxenyeni ezinomthunzi. Ukuzwa kwezindlovu ngenxa yezindlebe ezinkulu ezisebenza njengama-amplifera kukhulu kakhulu kunomuntu. Iqiniso lokuthi izindlovu zisebenzisa infrasound ukuxhumana amabanga amade kwaqalwa okokuqala ngumbhali wemvelo waseNdiya uM. Krishnan. Ekukhulumisaneni, izindlovu zisebenzisa imisindo, imisindo nezandla eziningi ngesibumbu. Ngakho-ke, ukukhala okude kwecilongo kubiza umhlambi, ukukhala okufushane, ukukhala kwecilongo kusho ukwesaba, ukushaywa okunamandla kwesiqu somhlabathi kusho ukuvutha nokucasuka. Izindlovu zinokuphindaphindeka okubanzi kokukhala, ukubhonga, ukukhononda, ama-eyeps, njll. Okukhombisa ukuthi kunobungozi, ukucindezela, ulaka nokubingelelana.
Umsoco Nokufuduka
Izindlovu zaseNdiya ziyi-herbivores futhi zichitha amahora angama-20 ngosuku zifuna ukudla nokuzondla. Kusezikhathi ezishisayo zosuku kuphela lapho izindlovu ziphephela emthunzini ukuze zigweme ukushisa ngokweqile. Inani lokudla abakudlayo nsuku zonke lisukela ku-150 kuye kuma-300 kg wezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, noma ama-6-8% esisindo somzimba wendlovu. Izindlovu zidla kakhulu utshani, zidla namagxolo, izimpande namaqabunga ezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, kanye nezimbali nezithelo ngobuningi obuthile. Izindlovu ziklebhula utshani obude, amaqabunga namahlumela ngesigaxa sazo esiguquguqukayo, uma utshani bufushane, ziqala ukukhulula bese zibhula inhlabathi ngamakhaza. Amagxolo avela emagatsheni amakhulu asongwe ngezinsimbi, ephethe igatsha ngesiqu. Izindlovu zilimaza ngokuzithandela izilimo zezolimo, zivame ukutshala irayisi, ubhanana nomhlanga, ngaleyo ndlela kube “yizinambuzane” ezinkulu kakhulu kwezolimo.
Isistimu yokugaya yendlovu yaseNdiya ilula ngokwanele; isisu esinamandla esimilo sesilinda sikuvumela ukuthi "ugcine" ukudla ngenkathi ama-bacteriic we-bacteriotic emfaka emathunjini. Inani eliphelele lamathumbu amancane futhi amakhulu endlovu yaseNdiya lifinyelela kumamitha angama-35. Inqubo yokugaya ithatha cishe amahora angama-24, kuyilapho kuphela ukudla okungu-44-45%. Ngosuku indlovu idinga okungenani amalitha angama-70-90 (aze afike ku-200), ngakho-ke ayikaze isuswe emithonjeni yamanzi. Njengezindlovu zase-Afrika, zivame ukumba umhlaba zifuna usawoti.
Ngenxa yobuningi bokudla obumungene, izindlovu akuvamile ukuthi zondle endaweni efanayo izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-2 zilandelana. Akuzona ezendawo, kepha zinamathela ezindaweni zazo zokudla, ezifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-15 kwabesilisa namakhilomitha angama-30² zezinsikazi, okhula ngosayizi ngesikhathi somile.Esikhathini esedlule, izindlovu zazenza ukuhamba isikhathi eside kwesizini (kwesinye isikhathi kube yindilinga egcwele yokufuduka kuthathe iminyaka eyi-10), kanye nokuhamba phakathi kwemithombo yamanzi, kodwa imisebenzi yabantu yenza ukuthi ukunyakaza okunjalo kube nokwenzeka, kukhawulele ukuhlala kwezindlovu emapaki ezwe nakwindawo ezihlala kuzo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Izindlovu zaseNdiya ziyizilwane zomphakathi. Abesifazane bahlala benza amaqembu emindeni aqukethe umatriarch (owesimame kakhulu kunabo bonke), amadodakazi akhe, odadewabo namawundlu, kufaka phakathi abesilisa abangakavuthwa. Kwesinye isikhathi eduze komhlambi kukhona iduna elilodwa elidala. Ngekhulu le-19, imihlambi yezindlovu, njengomthetho, yayihlanganisa abantu abangama-30-50, noma ngabe kunemihlambi yezikhulu ezingafika ku-100 noma ngaphezulu. Njengamanje, imihlambi iqukethe ikakhulukazi abesifazane besifazane abangama-2-10 kanye nenzalo yabo. Umhlambi ungahlukana okwesikhashana ube ngamaqembu amancane agcina ukuthintana ngokusebenzisa imisindo yezinhlamvu equkethe izingxenye ezivama kakhulu. Kwatholakala ukuthi amaqembu amancane (abesifazane besifazane abangaphansi kuka-3) azinzile kunawo amakhulu. Imihlambi emincane eminingana ingakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi. mfowethu.
Abesilisa bavame ukuziphilela bodwa, abesilisa abasebasha kuphela abangakafiki ebusheni bakha amaqembu esikhashana angahlangene namaqembu abesifazane. Abesilisa abadala basondela emhlambini wezinkomo kuphela lapho enye yezintokazi isesestrus. Ngasikhathi sinye, bahlela ukulwa kwezithandani, isikhathi esiningi, noma kunjalo, abesilisa babekezelelana ngokulinganayo, izindawo zabo zokudla zivame ukuhlangana. Lapho bebudala beminyaka eyi-15 kuya kwengama-20, abesilisa bavame ukufika esikhathini sokuthomba, emva kwalokho minyaka yonke bangena esimweni esaziwa ngokuthi kumele (ngolimi lwesi-Urdu "ukudakwa"). Le nkathi ibonakala ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu le-testosterone futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuziphatha okunolaka. Kumele, imfihlo emnyama enephunga equkethe ama-pheromones ikhishwe endabeni ekhethekile yesikhumba ephakathi kwendlebe kanye neso. Abesilisa nabo babuchama umchamo. Kulesi simo, bajabule kakhulu, bayingozi futhi bangahlasela nomuntu. Kumele kuthathe izinsuku ezingama-60, sonke lesi sikhathi owesilisa eyeka ukudla futhi azulazule efuna izintokazi ezigelezayo. Kuyamangaza ukuthi ezindlovu zase-Afrika kumele kudalulwe okuncane futhi kuqale ukwenzeka kamuva (kusukela eminyakeni engama-25 ubudala).
Ukuzala kabusha kungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, noma ngabe isiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Izinsikazi zise-estrus izinsuku ezingama-2-4 kuphela, umjikelezo ogcwele we-estrous uhlala izinyanga ezi-4. Abesilisa bajoyina umhlambi ngemuva kokuzalela - ngenxa yalokho, abesilisa kuphela abavuthiwe abavuthiwe. Ukulwa kwesinye isikhathi kuholela ekulimaleni okukhulu kwizimbangi ngisho nasekufeni. Owesilisa onqobayo udonsa ezinye izinsikazi futhi uhlale nowesifazane cishe amasonto amathathu. Lapho zingekho izintokazi, izindlovu zesilisa ezincane zivame ukubonisa ubungqingili.
Ukukhulelwa kuzindlovu kukude kakhulu phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo, kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-18 kuye kwezingu-21,5, yize umntwana esekhule ngokugcwele izinyanga eziyi-19 kanti okunye kubuye kukhule ngosayizi. Owesifazane uletha amawundlu angama-1 (ngaphansi kwama-2) anesisindo esingama-90-100 kg nokuphakama (emahlombe) cishe amamitha ayi-1. Unama-knks cishe angaba ngu-5 cm, awela ngeminyaka emi-2, lapho amazinyo obisi eguqukela kubantu abadala. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izinsikazi ezisele zizungeza lowesifazane ngokuzala ingane, zakhe umbuthano ovikelayo. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa, insikazi iyahloka ukuze ingane ikhumbule iphunga lezindunduma zayo. Indlovu yomntwana ikhuphuka ezinyaweni zayo amahora ama-2 izelwe bese iqala ukuncela ubisi, insikazi isizwa ngothuli “olufufusayo” nothuli lomhlaba kuyo, yomisa isikhumba futhi ifafaze iphunga layo kwizilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, iwundlu selivele likwazi ukulandela umhlambi, lubambe isiqu somsila sikanina noma udadewabo omdala. Zonke izinsikazi ezikhanyayo emhlanjini zigcinwa ekondleni ingane yendlovu. Ukuncelisa ubisi kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-18- 24, yize ithole lendlovu liqala ukudla ukudla kwezitshalo ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-6,7. Izindlovu zezingane nazo zidla indle yabesifazane - ngosizo lwabo hhayi nje kuphela izithako ezingaphanjwanga, zidluliselwa kubo, kodwa futhi namagciwane angama-Symbiotic asiza ukubamba i-cellulose. Omama bayaqhubeka nokunakekela inzalo iminyaka eminingi eyengeziwe. Izindlovu ezisencane ziqala ukuhlukana neqembu lomndeni ngeminyaka engu-6-7 ubudala futhi ekugcineni zixoshwa yiminyaka engu-12 kuya kweyi-13.
Izinga lokukhula, ukukhula nokuhlala kwesikhathi sezindlovu kuqhathaniswa nobuntu. Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili kwabesifazane bezindlovu zaseNdiya kwenzeka lapho eneminyaka eyi-12 kuya kwengu-12, yize bekwazi ukuzala izingane zineminyaka yobudala eyi-16, futhi zifinyelele ngosayizi lwabadala kuphela lapho zineminyaka engama-20. Abesilisa bayakwazi ukuzala ngeminyaka eyi-10- 17, kepha ukuncintisana nabesilisa asebekhulile kuyabavikela ekuzaleni. Kulesi sikhathi, abesilisa abasebasha bashiya umhlambi wabo wokuzalwa, izinsikazi, njengomthetho, bahlala kuwo impilo yonke. Ukuthomba kokuthomba, kanye nama-oestrus kwabesifazane abavuthiwe, kungavinjelwa yizimo ezingezinhle - izinkathi zesomiso noma ukushwabana kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kakhulu, insikazi iyakwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo njalo ngeminyaka engama-3-4. Kuyo yonke impilo, insikazi inika isilinganiso esingu-4 ilitha. Isikhathi sokuzala esikhulu siphakathi kweminyaka engama-25 kuye kwengama-45.
Umphumela wokuhlukaniswa okuqinile kobubanzi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu bendlovu ethile yasendle kube wukudepha kwesichibi sofuzo kanye nokwenziwa njalo kwezikhumba.
Izinhlobo zezindlovu zase-Eshiya nezase-Afrika
Izindlovu ze-Savannah nezindlovu zase-Asiya zezendalo ehlukile, I-Loxodonta futhi U-Elephas, inebanga lokungajabuli futhi emvelweni, ngokwemvelo, ayihlanganisi. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1978, e-zoo yamaNgisi uChester Zoo ngengozi wakwazi ukuthola isiphambano phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili. Indlovu eyazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, yaphila izinsuku eziyishumi kuphela, ibulawa yisifo esibelethweni. Leli ukuphela kwecala eliqoshwe phansi lokuvela kwe-hybrid enjalo.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Isithombe: Indlovu yaseNdiya
Uhlobo lwe-Elephas lwasungulwa e-Afrika engaseningizimu yeSahara ngesikhathi sePliocene futhi lwasakazeka ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Ngemuva kwalokho izindlovu zafika engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-Asia. Ubufakazi bokuqala bokusetshenziswa kwezindlovu zaseNdiya ekuthunjweni ngukuqoshwa kwezimpawu zamandla empucuko ezivela e-Indus Valley, kusukela ngekhulu lesithathu leminyaka BC.
Umnotho
Igama laseRussia - indlovu yase-Asia (noma yaseNdiya)
Igama lesiNgisi - Indlovu yaseNdiya
Igama lesiLatin - Elephas maximus
I-oda - i-proboscidea (i-proboscidea)
Umndeni - Izindlovu (Elephantidae)
Isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu kwendlovu yase-Asia yindlovu yase-Afrika. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane ezinamandla zibonakala zifana, kepha umehluko ubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba izazi zezilwane zithi zofuzo oluhlukile.
Izindlovu nomuntu
Umlando wokusebenzisana okusondelene kwezindlovu nabantu uvela ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka futhi ugcwele ukungqubuzana. Izindlovu zombili zinesizalo futhi ziyasaba: zingumuntu wamandla namandla. Izindlovu zibamba iqhaza emicimbini yasethempelini, futhi ezisondelene kakhulu nazo ziyabhubhisa ngenxa yezindlovu (izinduna). Izindlovu ezifuywayo zisetshenziselwa ukugawula izingodo nezolimo, futhi abantu bazo bezizwe zasendle bavame ukucekela phansi izilimo. Ibutho, lihlome ngezindlovu, lalingakaze linqotshwe, futhi ngisho namanje, naphezu kobuchwepheshe besimanje obunamandla, izindlovu zihamba kakhulu ezokuhamba ehlathini.
Ukufunwa okukhulu kwama-tusks kule minyaka engu-150 edlule kuholele ekwehlelweni kwenhlekelele inani lezindlovu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengamanje, ngobubanzi obuningi, abantu bancintisana nezindlovu ukuthola indawo yokuhlala, futhi leli qiniso libeka engcupheni enkulu izindlovu.
Indlovu yase-Asia
UngumNdiya ophansi kom-Afrika ngosayizi nangobunzima, uhola kancane ngaphansi kwamathani ayi-5 nohhafu ngokuphela kwempilo yakhe, kuyilapho i-savannah (yase-Afrika) ingashonisa umcibisholo wesikali ucishe ube ngamathani ayi-7.
Isitho esisengozini kakhulu isikhumba esingenawo umjuluko.. Nguye owenza isilwane sihlale sihlela izinqubo zodaka namanzi, sizivikele ekulahlekelweni ngumswakama, ekushisweni nasekulimaleni kwezinambuzane.
Isikhumba esinyene esigaxekile (kuze kube ngu-2,5 cm ubukhulu) simbozwa ngoboya, obugezwa bumsulwa njalo ezihlahleni: yingakho izindlovu zivame ukubukeka zingenabala.
Imibimbi esikhunjeni iyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe amanzi - ayikuvumeli ukudabula, ukuvimba indlovu ekushiseni ngokweqile.
I-epidermis emincane kakhulu ibonwa eduze ne-anus, umlomo nangaphakathi kwama-auricles.
Umbala ojwayelekile wendlovu yaseNdiya uhluka kusuka kumnyama grey kuya kinsundu, kepha futhi kukhona ama-albino (hhayi amhlophe, kodwa aqhakaze kancane ukwedlula ozakwabo emhlambini).
Kwaphawuleka ukuthi i-Elephas maximus (indlovu yase-Asiya), ubude bayo bomzimba isukela ku-5.5 kuya ku-6.4 m, ihlaba umxhwele kakhulu kunalowo wase-Afrika futhi inemilenze emincane emfishane.
Omunye umehluko ovela kwi-savannah iphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu lomzimba: kwindlovu yase-Asia, ibunzi, ekuqaleni - amahlombe.
Indawo yokusatshalaliswa nendawo yokuhlala
Indawo yokusabalalisa yanamuhla yendlovu yase-Asia yiNhlonhlo YaseHindustan, Indochina, iMalaysia, Thailand neziqhingi zase-Asia. Emuva ngeminyaka eyi-16-16. yatholakala eCentral India, eGujarat kanye nasesifundeni saseKalimantan, lapho manje kungekho khona izindlovu zasendle.
Indlovu yase-Asia kakhulu kakhulu kunowase-Afrika, ohlala emahlathini. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukhetha ihlathi elikhanyayo elinesizinda esiminyene sezihlahla futhi ikakhulukazi ngoqalo. Ehlobo, izindlovu zikhuphukela phezulu ezintabeni zihamba emithambekeni enamahlathi, futhi eHimalaya zitholakala eduze komngcele wezingwe ezingapheli.
Vocalization
Umsindo ovame kakhulu owenziwe yizindlovu ufana nesikhwanyana. Lo msindo uzwakala ebangeni eli-1 km futhi ungakhombisa isexwayiso noma usetshenziselwa ukugcina ukuxhumana phakathi kwezilwane. Uma isimo sendawo lapho kudliwa khona izindlovu zivulekile futhi izilwane zibonana, zenza imisindo ephansi kakhulu. Lapho izindlovu zithokozile, ziyavunguza.
Ama-Grey giants angakwazi ukuxhumana ngamabanga amade ngosizo lwemisindo equkethe isakhi sokwenza into ethile. Umuntu emi eduze kwendlovu ekhalayo uzwakala "eyibhuqu" ethambile, kepha, uma esehambise amamitha ambalwa, ngeke ezwe lutho, kanti ezinye izindlovu zizowuzwakala kahle umsindo. Ngobusuku obunokuthula, imisindo enjalo ingasabalala kuze kufike kumamitha-skwele angama-300. km
Ukudla okunempilo nokudla okuphakelayo
Izindlovu zichitha ingxenye yesithathu yesikhathi sabo zifuna ukudla. Ezindlovu zase-Eshiya, lokhu kudla kwehluka kakhulu futhi kufaka phakathi izinhlobo zezitshalo eziyikhulu, noma kunjalo, ngaphezu kwe-85% yevolumu yayo iwela ezinhlotsheni eziyishumi zokudla eziyintandokazi.
Lawa makhambi amakhulu ane-metabolism enamandla adinga ukudla okuningi: ngenkathi eyomile, indlovu endala idla ama-100-150 kg ngosuku, emvula - ukusuka kuma-200 kuye kwangama-280 kg.
Ngenkathi yemvula, izindlovu zidla utshani obuningi kunokudla okulula okunempilo kokhuni kwezihlahla nezihlahla, ngenkathi eyomile - okuphambene nalokho. Badla njalo inhlabathi ecebe nosawoti wamaminerali obalulekile (i-iron, i-bicarbonate). Indlovu idinga amalitha amanzi ayi-180 ngosuku. Imvamisa bacisha ukoma kwabo kanye ngosuku futhi abanaki ngempela ikhwalithi yamanzi. Lapho ukudla kwabo kugcwele uketshezi, izilwane zingakwenza ngaphandle kwamanzi izinsuku eziningana. Kwezinye izindawo ezomile, izindlovu zimba imithombo yemifudlana eyomile kuze kufike lapho ifinyelela khona amanzi aphansi komhlaba. Ngemuva kokuhamba kwendlovu, kusala imithombo emincane esebenza njengezindawo zokuchelela ezinye izilwane.
Ukuzala kabusha nentuthuko
Ukuzalelwa kwendlovu yase-Asia kungenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Umjaho emadodeni uqala ngokuhambisana nesigqi somuntu ngamunye. Lapho zifinyelela eminyakeni engama-20, izindlovu zesilisa ngezikhathi ezithile zingena esimweni sokuphola esibizwa ngokuthi kumele. Izinga lama-hormone ocansi - i-testosterone - lenyuka egazini amahlandla angama-20, indlovu iyaguguleka kakhulu, imfihlo emnyama iqala ukuvela ngaphandle kwendlala yesikhumba ephakathi kwamehlo nendlebe. Isimo esijabulisayo sowesilisa sithatha cishe amasonto amathathu. Indlovu ngesikhathi se-Must kufanele isatshwe, ingahlasela nomuntu. Izindlovu ezinjalo zifuna ngenkuthalo izintokazi ezisengozini, zisuka kwelinye iqembu ziye kwelinye.
Izindlovu kowesifazane oyedwa zizalwa njalo emva kweminyaka emi-4 noma emihlanu.
Kunokubukwa okumbalwa kakhulu ngokuzalwa kwezindlovu. Ukuzalwa kwengane kwenzeka ebusuku, kuphele ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi obukelayo kufanele abe nenhlanhla enkulu yokuba sendaweni efanele ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingama-22 ekhulelwe, le ndlovu ikhiqiza indlovu eyodwa encane enesisindo esisuka ku-90 kuya ku-115 kg. Umcimbi uvame ukwenzeka ngaphakathi komhlambi, futhi ngokushesha wonke amalungu omhlambi eza kuye ukuzobonga ngokuthinta isiqu. Imvamisa insikazi esencane isiza owesimame ngokuzala ukunakekela ingane yakhe, athole isipiliyoni ngokuba ngumama esizayo. Umama uyamsiza ukuthi aphume emgodini wokuzala futhi athole izingono ezise esifubeni sakhe. Izingane zincela ngomlomo, hhayi isiqu. Baphinde baphuze amanzi ngomlomo, futhi baqala ukusebenzisa kuphela isiqu sabo eneminyaka engu-5-6 izinyanga. Ukuncelisa ubisi kuthatha iminyaka engama-2-3, kepha sekuvele emavikini lapho indlovu yezingane iqala ukudla ukudla kwezitshalo, okuyizinsikazi kanye namanye amalungu omndeni amadala azikhethayo, bese ziyikhonza ngqo emlonyeni.
Izindlovu zezingane zikhula ngokushesha. Kusukela esikhathini sokuzalwa kuya eminyakeni emi-4, zikhula ngokulinganayo, zikhula zisuka ku-9 ziye ku-20 kg ngenyanga. Cishe ngeminyaka emi-4 yobudala, umehluko obukhali phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane uqala ukubonakala. Njengoba sesifinyelele ekuvuthweni (eminyakeni eyi-10-12), izinsikazi ziyaqhubeka ukukhula, kepha kancane kancane, abesilisa bakhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Njengoba izindlovu ziqhubeka nokukhula impilo yazo yonke, izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu nazo zindala, futhi ngeminyaka umehluko wesisindo phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane ungaba amathani amabili.
Izindlovu zase-Asia e-zoo yaseMoscow
Izindlovu zase-Asia bezigcinwe e-zoo yethu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo - isiqhwaga sokuqala savela ngo-1898. Izindlovu ezihlala nathi zagcina eMoses Zoo ngo-1985.
Indaba iqale ngokuthi iVietnam yanikeza iCuba izindlovu ezine. Banqamule olwandle ngokuphepha, kepha lapho umkhumbi onezilwane usondela kulesi siqhingi, kwavela ukuthi izindlovu zigonyelwe izifo zesinyawo nezomlomo, kanti iCuba ayikaze ibe nalesi sifo. Ngokwesaba ukutheleleka, iziphathimandla zasenqaba ngokwezifiso leso sipho. Ngaleso sikhathi, izindlovu zase zibhukuda izinyanga eziningi, futhi kwakuphuthumayo ukuthi zinqume ukuthi zenzeni ngayo. I-Zoo yaseMoscow yavuma ukwamukela izilwane, futhi umkhumbi walibangisa eLeningrad. Kwafika ubusika. Owesifazane oyedwa ushonele endleleni, owesibili kazange asukume, owesilisa nowesithathu baphele kakhulu. Ngenhlanhla, ukuthuthwa kwathunyelwa ngaphandle kokulibala, izindlovu ezintathu zasinda futhi zalulama.
Ngo-1995, enye yezintokazi, uPipita, yazala owesithathu emlandweni wethole lethu lendlovu, manje osehlala endaweni yezilwane eYerevan.
Ezindlovu ngenkathi kwakhiwa kabusha i-zoo ngonyaka ka 2004, kwakhiwa indlovu entsha, etholakala endaweni endala eduzane ne- "bird House". Ngo-2009, enye indlovu yazalelwa uPipita - uCyprid. Umama wakhe kanye nobabekazi bamzungeza ngokunakekela nothando. Ngeshwa, uPrimima washona ngo-2014 - wayenempilo engeyinhle kusukela esemncane. NgoMeyi 2017, uPipita wazalwa yindlovu yesithathu yengane - uPhilemon.
Izindlovu zethu zichitha ihlobo ezindaweni ezihlala emigwaqweni, futhi ebusika ziyabonakala ngaphakathi kwephaseji. U-Kiprida wacishe wabanjwa ngunina ngosayizi, uPipita uyamnakekela. Wonke umuntu uzizwa emnandi. Ngokunikwa ukuthi izindlovu zingamaphiko amade, amaPamirs kanye noPipita asephambili kwabo, ngamunye uneminyaka engaba ngu-30 ubudala, futhi sethemba ukuthi basazoba nezingane.
Indlovu ngayinye idla cishe ama-150 kg wokudla nsuku zonke. Badla utshani, noma i-hay, amazambane, izaqathi, isinkwa, isinkwa, nemifino yemifino. Uthanda kakhulu ubhanana nama-apula. Ebusika, izindlovu ziyakujabulela ukuma kubhavu, ezihlelelwe yona endlovu, futhi ehlobo lapho zifudumele zijabulela ukubhukuda echibini. Kwesinye isikhathi zithanda ukuzulazula nabavakashi: phonsa inqwaba yomquba noma ufafaze amanzi esiqwini.
Imisebenzi namazinyo
Imisebenzi ifana nezimpondo ezinkulu, ezisuka emlonyeni. Eqinisweni, lezi yizisusa ezinde eziphezulu zabesilisa, ezikhula zibe amasentimitha angama-20 ngonyaka.
I-tusk yendlovu yaseNdiya ayinamandla amakhulu (izikhathi ezi-2 kuya kwezi-3) kune-tusk yomzala wayo wase-Afrika, futhi inesisindo esingama-25 kg ubude obu-160 cm.
Imisebenzi ihlukile hhayi ngosayizi kuphela, kepha futhi ngesimo nangokhomba indlela yokukhula (hhayi phambili, kepha emaceleni).
UMakhna igama elikhethekile elenzelwe izindlovu zase-Asia ngaphandle kwezicubu.kuvame eSri Lanka.
Ngaphezu kwezihlanganisi eziphakeme, indlovu ihlomile ngama-molars ayi-4, ngalinye likhula libe yimitha yekota. Ziyashintsha njengoba zigaya, futhi ezintsha zisika ngemuva, hhayi ngaphansi kwamazinyo amadala, zibaqhubekela phambili.
Kwindlovu yase-Eshiya, amazinyo aguquka amahlandla ayisithupha empilweni, bese kuthi oweshumi nane aqhamuke.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amazinyo endawo yokuhlala yemvelo adlala indima ebabazekayo endabeni yendlovu: lapho izinsimbi zokugcina ziphela, isilwane asikwazi ukuhlafuna izitshalo ezinzima futhi zife ngenxa yokukhathala. Emvelweni, lokhu kwenzeka eminyakeni engama-70 yendlovu.
Ihlala kuphi indlovu yaseNdiya?
Isithombe: Izindlovu zaseNdiya
Izindlovu zaseNdiya zisuka ezweni lase-Asia: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsula yaseMalay, iLaos, China, iCambodia neVietnam. Ukuqothulwa ngokuphelele njengenhlobo ePakistan. Ihlala ema-metadows, kanye nasehlathini le-evergreen ne-semi-evergreen.
Eminyakeni yokuqala yo-1990, inani lezinkumbi zasendle lali:
- 27,700–31,300 eNdiya, lapho isibalo sikhawulelwe ezindaweni ezine ezijwayelekile: enyakatho-ntshonalanga ngaphansi kweHimalaya e-Uttarakhand nase Uttar Pradesh, enyakatho-mpumalanga - ukusuka emngceleni osempumalanga weNepal kuya entshonalanga Assam. Engxenyeni ephakathi nendawo - e-Odish, eJharkhand nasengxenyeni eseningizimu yeWest Bengal, lapho ezinye izilwane zizulazula. ENingizimu, izixuku eziyisishiyagalombili zihlukaniswe zodwa enyakatho yeKarnataka,
- Abantu abayi-100 ukuya ku-125 baqoshwa eNepal, lapho ububanzi babo bunqunyelwe ezindaweni ezimbalwa ezivikelwe. Ngo-2002, ukulinganisa kwaqala kusuka ku-106 kuya ku-172 izindlovu, eziningi zazo eziseBardia National Park.
- Izindlovu ezi-150-250 eBangladesh, lapho kuhlala khona kuphela abantu abangabodwa,
- 250-500 eBhutan, lapho ububanzi bawo bunqunyelwe ezindaweni ezivikelwe eningizimu eceleni komngcele neNdiya,
- Endaweni ethile ezungeze i-4000-5000 eMyanmar, lapho izinombolo zihlukaniswe kakhulu (izintokazi ziyanqoba),
- Abantu abangu-2 500-3,200 eThailand, ikakhulukazi ezintabeni kanye nomngcele waseMyanmar, ezinemihlambi encanyana ehlukanisile etholakala eningizimu yephenathi,
- 2100-3100 eMalawi,
- 500-1000 Laos, lapho asakazeke khona ezindaweni ezisehlathini, ezindaweni eziphakemeyo nasezindaweni eziphansi,
- Ngo-200 kuya ku-250 eChina, lapho izindlovu zase-Asia zakwazi khona ukuhlala ezifundeni zaseXishuangbanna, Simao naseLintsang eningizimu yeYunnan,
- 250-600 eCambodia, lapho bahlala khona ezintabeni zasentshonalanga kanye nasezifundazweni zaseMondulkiri naseRatanakiri,
- I-70-150 ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu yeVietnam.
Lezi zibalo azisebenzi kubantu abagodlwe.
Idlani indlovu yaseNdiya?
Isithombe: Izindlovu zase-Asia
Izindlovu zihlukaniswa ngokuthi ama-herbivores futhi zidla kufika ku-150 kg wezimila ngosuku. Endaweni engamakhilomitha ayi-1,130 eningizimu yeNdiya, kwaqoshwa izindlovu ezaziphakela izinhlobo eziyi-112 zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, imvamisa ezivela emindenini ye-legume, yesundu, yedaka neyotshani. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo okuluhlaza kuncike ngenkathi ethile. Lapho kuvela izimila ezintsha ngo-Ephreli, badla amahlumela athambile.
Kamuva, lapho amakhambi eqala ukwedlula i-0,5 m, izindlovu zaseNdiya ziwasusa ngezinsaba zomhlaba, zihlukanise ngekhono umhlaba ngobunono futhi zibambe iziqongo ezintsha zamaqabunga, kepha zilahle izimpande. Ekwindla, izindlovu ziyahlanza futhi zimunce izitshalo eziyimpande. Ku-bamboo, izithombo ezincane, iziqu kanye namahlumela aseceleni akhetha ukudla.
Ngenkathi eyomile kusuka ngoJanuwari kuya ku-Ephreli, izindlovu zaseNdiya zizulazula amaqabunga namagatsha, zikhetha amahlamvu amasha, zidle amahlumela acacia ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okusobala. Zidla ngamagxolo acacia amhlophe kanye nezinye izitshalo eziqhakazayo futhi zidle izithelo zomuthi we-apula wesihlahla (i-Feronium), i-tamarind (usuku lwamaNdiya) nesundu lesundu.
Kubalulekile! Ukwehla kwendawo yokuhlala kuphoqa izindlovu ukuthi zibheke eminye imithombo yokudla emapulazini, ezindaweni zokuhlala nasezihlathini ezakhula emahlathini abo endulo.
ENepalese Bardia National Park, izindlovu zaseNdiya zidla utshani obunamanzi amaningi ebusika, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yemvula enkulu. Ngenkathi yesomiso, zigxile kakhulu kugxolo, okwenza inqwaba yokudla kwazo engxenyeni epholile yesizini.
Ngesikhathi kwenziwa ucwaningo olungamakhilomitha ayi-160 komhlaba otshisayo e-Assam, kwaqapheleka ukuthi izindlovu zidla cishe izinhlobo ezingama-20 zotshani, izitshalo nezihlahla. Amakhambi anjalo, njenge-leersia, aqhelele kude nengxenye evame kakhulu ekudleni kwawo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Indian ndlovu isilwane
Izilwane ezincelisayo zaseNdiya zilandela izindlela ezibucayi zokufuduka ezinqunywa inkathi yemvula enkulu. Omdala kusuka emhlanjini unesibopho sokukhumbula izindlela zokuhambisa umndeni wakhe. Ukufuduka kwendlovu yaseNdiya kuvame ukwenzeka phakathi kwezinkathi zemvula nezomile. Kuvela izinkinga lapho amapulazi akhiwa emzileni wokuhambisa umhlambi. Kulokhu, izindlovu zaseNdiya zilimaza kakhulu ipulazi elisanda kuhlelwa.
Izindlovu zithwala ukubanda kalula kunokushisa. Imvamisa ntambama bahlala emjondolo futhi bezulisa izindlebe zabo, bezama ukupholisa umzimba. Izindlovu zaseNdiya zigaxwa ngamanzi, zigobhoza odakeni, zivikele isikhumba ekulimaleni kwezinambuzane, zomile futhi zishise. Zisebenza kakhulu, zinomqondo omuhle kakhulu wokulinganisela. Idivayisi yonyawo ibavumela ukuba bathuthele ngisho ezindaweni ezimanzi.
Indlovu yase-India ekhathazekile ihamba ngejubane ifinyelela ku-48 km / h. Uvusa umsila wakhe, axwayise ngengozi. Izindlovu zokubhukuda okuhle. Badinga amahora ama-4 ngosuku ukulala, kuyilapho bengamanga phansi, ngaphandle kwabantu abagulayo nezilwane ezincane. Indlovu yaseNdiya inomqondo omnandi wokuhogela, ukuzwa okuhle, kepha ukungaboni kahle.
Lokhu kuyamangaza! Izindlebe ezinkulu zisebenzela indlovu njengesikhulungwane sokuzwa, ngakho-ke ukuzwa kwayo kuphakeme kakhulu kunomuntu. Basebenzisa infrasound ukuxhumana amabanga amade.
Izindlovu zinokuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene okukhalayo, ukubhonga, ukugoba, ukudonsa, njll., Bahlanganyela nezihlobo ngengozi, ukucindezelwa, ulaka futhi bakhombisa isimo sengqondo komunye nomunye.
Izitha Zemvelo Zendlovu yaseNdiya
Photo: Big Indian Elephant
Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu, izindlovu zaseNdiya zinamadla ambalwa. Ngaphezu kwezingwe, amahlosi angabazingeli abaphambili, yize zizingela kaningi ezindlovu noma ezilwaneni ezibuthakathaka, hhayi kubantu abakhulu nabanamandla.
Izindlovu zaseNdiya zakha imihlambi yezinkomo, ngakho-ke kunzima kwabazingeli bayohlula bodwa. Izindlovu zesilisa ezihamba zodwa ziphilile kakhulu, ngakho-ke azivame ukuba yizisulu. Amahlosi adla indlovu eqenjini. Indlovu endala ingabulala ihlosi uma ingaqaphile, kepha uma izilwane zilamba ngokwanele, zizothola ithuba.
Izindlovu zichitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini, ukuze izindlovu ezincane zingaba yizisulu zezingwenya. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akwenzeki kaningi. Esikhathini esiningi, izilwane ezincane ziphephile. Ama-Hyenas nawo ajwayele ukulenga emhlambini lapho ezwa izimpawu zokugula kwelinye lamalungu eqembu.
Iqiniso elinelukuluku! Izindlovu zivame ukufela endaweni ethile. Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi abayizwa ngaphakathi indlela yokufa futhi bazi ukuthi isikhathi sabo sizofika nini. Izindawo lapho izindlovu ezindala ziya khona zibizwa ngamathuna endlovu.
Kodwa-ke, inkinga enkulu yezindlovu ivela kubantu. Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi abantu bebazingela amashumi eminyaka. Ngezikhali abantu abanazo, izilwane zimane nje zinethuba lokusinda.
Izindlovu zaseNdiya ziyizilwane ezinkulu nezibhubhisayo, futhi abalimi abancane bangalahlekelwa yimpahla yabo ubusuku bonke kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwabo. Lezi zilwane nazo zenza umonakalo omkhulu ezinkampanini ezinkulu zezolimo. Ukuhlasela okubhubhisayo kuvusa isenzo sokuphindisela futhi abantu babulala izindlovu ngokuziphindisela.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: Indlovu yaseNdiya
Inani elandayo lamazwe ase-Asia lifuna umhlaba omusha wokuphila. Lokhu kuphazamise nendawo yokuhlala kwezindlovu zaseNdiya. Ukungena ngokungemthetho ezindaweni ezivikelwe, ukusula amahlathi emigwaqo nakweminye imisebenzi yentuthuko - kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwendawo yokuhlala, kushiye isikhala esincane sempilo yezilwane ezinkulu.
Ukuxinana kwezindawo akuhambi nje kushiya izindlovu zaseNdiya ngaphandle kwemithombo yokudla nendawo yokuhlala, kodwa futhi kubenza babe bodwa emphakathini olinganiselwe futhi abakwazi ukuhamba nemizila yabo yasendulo yokufuduka futhi bahlangane neminye imihlambi.
Futhi, inani lezindlovu zase-Asia liyancipha ngenxa yokuzingela kwabazingeli abanentshisekelo ngemisila yabo. Kepha ngokungafani nabalingani base-Afrika, ngabesilisa kuphela abanezinsikazi ezinhlwini ezingaphansi zaseNdiya. Ukuzingela kuqeda isilinganiso sobulili, esiphikisana namanani wokuzala kwezinhlobo. Ukuzingela kuyakhuphuka ngenxa yesidingo sophondo lwendlovu esezingeni eliphakathi e-Asia, yize kunokuvinjelwa kokuhweba ngezindlovu ezweni lezimpucuko.
Okubhaliwe! Izindlovu ezisencane zithathwa endle zivela konina zisetshenziselwe imboni yezokuvakasha eThailand. Omama babulawa kaningi, bese izindlovu zibekwa eceleni kwezinsikazi okungezona ezomdabu ukufihla iqiniso lokuthunjwa. Izindlovu zezingane zivame ukwenziwa “ukuqeqeshwa”, okubandakanya ukuhamba okukhawulezayo nokuzila ukudla.
Unogada wendlovu yaseNdiya
Isithombe: Incwadi Ebomvu Yendlovu
Inani lezindlovu zaseNdiya lihlala lincipha njalo. Lokhu kwandisa ubungozi bokuqothulwa kwabo. Kusukela ngo-1986, indlovu yase-Asiya yafakwa ohlwini olusengozini yohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN, njengoba inani layo lasendle selinciphe ngo-50%. Namuhla, usongo lokulahleka kwendawo, ukonakaliswa kanye nokuqhekeka kudlula phezu kwendlovu yase-Asia.
Kubalulekile! Indlovu yaseNdiya ibhalwe ku-CITES I isithasiselo I .. Ngo-1992, kwethulwa iphrojekthi yeNdlovu nguMnyango Wezemvelo namaHlathi kaHulumeni waseNdiya ukuhlinzeka ukwesekwa kwezezimali nezobuchwepheshe ukusatshalaliswa mahhala kwezindlovu zase-Asia zasendle.
Le phrojekthi ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukusinda kwesikhathi eside kwezilwane zasendlovu ezisebenzayo nezinzileyo ezindaweni zazo zemvelo ngokuvikela izindawo nezindawo ezifudukayo. Eminye imigomo yephrojekthi yeNdlovu ukuxhasa ucwaningo lwezemvelo nokuphathwa kwezindlovu, ukuqwashisa abantu bendawo, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukunakekelwa kwezilwane kwezindlovu ezethunjiwe.
Ezintabeni ezansi enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya, endaweni ecishe ibe ngu-1,160 km², kunikezwe indawo ephephile yezindlovu ezinkulu kakhulu ezweni. Isikhwama seWorld Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) sisebenzela ukuvikela lesi sizwe sendlovu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokulondolozwa kwendawo yaso yokuhlala, sinciphise kakhulu izinsongo ezikhona, nangokusekela ukongiwa kwabantu nendawo abahlala kuyo.
Ngokwengxenye entshonalanga yeNepal nasempumalanga ye-India, iWWF kanye nabalingani bayo bakha kabusha imigwaqo yemvelo ukuze izindlovu zikwazi ukufinyelela izindlela zazo zokufuduka ngaphandle kokuphazamisa amakhaya abantu. Inhloso yesikhathi eside ukuhlanganisa izindawo eziyi-12 ezivikelwe futhi kugqugquzelwe isenzo esenziwa ngumphakathi ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana kwezindlovu zabantu. I-WWF isekela ukulondolozwa kwendalo nokuqwashisa umphakathi ngezindawo zezindlovu.
Ezinye izitho nezitho zomzimba
Inhliziyo enkulu (imvamisa ene-top top) inesisindo esingama-30 kg, inenkontileka kaningi ngezikhathi ezingama-30 ngomzuzu. I-10% yesisindo somzimba isegazini.
Ubuchopho besinye sezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kakhulu kule planethi zibhekwa (ngokwemvelo) ezisindayo kunazo zonke, ezelula amakhilogremu amahlanu.
Abesifazane, ngokungafani nabesilisa, banezindlala ezimbili zamabele.
Indlovu ayidingi izindlebe hhayi nje kuphela ukuze ibone imisindo, kodwa futhi ukuze izisebenzise njenge fan, ezithanda ngokwayo ekushiseni kwasemini.
Iningi isitho sendlovu yendlovu - isiqungosizo lapho izilwane zibona khona iphunga, uphefumula, uthele amanzi, uzizwe futhi uthwebule izinto ezahlukahlukene, kubandakanya nokudla.
Isiqu, cishe esingenamathambo ne-cartilage, sakhiwa ngommese nekhala ekhuphukile. Ukuhamba okukhethekile kwesiqu sesihlahla kungenxa yobukhona bemisipha engama-40,000 (imisipha nemisipha). I-cartilage okuwukuphela kwayo (ehlukanisa amathumbu) ingatholwa encikeni yesiqu.
Ngendlela, isiqu siphetha ngenqubo ebucayi kakhulu engathola inalithi endaweni eshisiwe.
Futhi isiqu sendlovu yaseNdiya sibamba amalitha ayi-6 uketshezi. Lapho esethathe amanzi, lesi silwane siphonsa isigxobo esigoqiwe emlonyeni waso bese sishaya ukuze umswakama ungena emphinjeni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uma bezama ukuqiniseka ukuthi indlovu inamadolo ama-4, ungayikholwa: kukhona amabili kuphela kuyo. Elinye ijoyinti alilona i-elbow, kodwa li-elbow.
Ububanzi nokubhaliselwe
U-Elephas maximus wake wayohlala eSoutheast Asia ukusuka eMesopotamia kuya ePhalamende laseMalay, okuhlala (enyakatho) ezansi kweHimalayas, iziqhingi ngazinye ze-Indonesia nesiGodi saseYangtze eChina.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uhla selwenziwe ushintsho olukhulu, ngokuthola ifomu elihlukanisiwe. Izindlovu zase-Asia manje zihlala eNdiya (iNingizimu neNyakatho-East), Nepal, Bangladesh, Thailand, eCambodia, iMalaysia, i-Indonesia, iSouthwest China, iSri Lanka, iBhutan, iMyanmar, iLaos, iVietnam neBrunei.
Izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zahlukanisa izinhlobo ezinhlanu zesimanje ze-Elephas maximus:
- Inkomba (Indlovu yaseNdiya) - abesilisa balesi sikhathi sokugcina baye bagcina izicubu. Izilwane zitholakala ezindaweni zasendaweni eseNingizimu neNyakatho-East India, iHimalaya, China, Thailand, neMyanmar, neCambodia kanye nePhalamende laseMalawi.
- i-maximus (indlovu yaseSri Lankan) - abesilisa bavame ukungabi nama-husks. Isici esibonakalayo sikhulu kakhulu (ngokumelene nesizinda somzimba) inhloko enezindawo ezilahliwe ezansi kwesiqu somboko nasebunzini. Phila eSri Lanka
- subspecies Special Elephas maximus, nayo etholakala eSri Lanka. Inani labantu lingaphansi kwezindlovu eziyikhulu, lidlula ukukhula komlingani wabo ngokubukeka. Lezi zikhulu ezihlala emahlathini aseNyakatho Nepal zinde kuno-30 cm ubude kunezindlovu ezijwayelekile zaseNdiya,
- i-borneensis (indlovu yaseBornean) - okuyi-subspecies encane ene-auricles enkulu kunazo zonke, ama-husks aqondile futhi nomsila omude. Lezi ndlovu zingatholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yesiqhingi saseBorneo,
- I-sumatrensis (indlovu ye-sumatran) - ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuhlangene ibizwa futhi ngokuthi "indlovu ephaketheni". Musa ukushiya iSumatra.
Matriarchy kanye nokuhlukaniswa kobulili
Ubudlelwano enkomeni yezindlovu yakhelwe phezu kwalesi simiso: kukhona oyedwa, owesidala kakhulu kunabo bonke, omholela odadewabo abanolwazi oluncane, izintombi, izingane, kanye nabesilisa abangazange bafinyelele ebusheni.
Izindlovu ezivuthiwe, njengomthetho, zigcinwa zodwa, futhi kuphela asebekhulile abavunyelwe ukuhambisana neqembu eliholwa umatriarch.
Eminyakeni engaba ngu-150 edlule, lezi zinkomo zazihlanganisa izilwane ezingama-30, ezingama-50 nezingu-100, esikhathini sethu, lo mhlambi uhlanganisa omama ababili kuya kwabayi-10, abasindwa ngamawundlu abo.
Ngeminyaka eyi-12-16, izindlovu zifinyelela ekukhulelweni, kepha kuphela lapho zineminyaka eyi-16 zingazala izingane, kuthi emva kweminyaka emi-4 zithathwe njengezabantu abadala. Ukuzala okuphezulu kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka engama-25 kuye kwengama-45: ngalesi sikhathi, indlovu inika amalitha ama-4, ikhulelwa ngokwesilinganiso njalo ngeminyaka emi-4.
Abesilisa abakhulayo, bathola amandla okufaka umquba, bashiye umhlambi wabo weminyaka eneminyaka eyi-10 kuya ku-17 bese bezulazula bebodwa kuze kube yilapho izinhloso zabo zokushada zihlangana.
Isizathu sohlu lokukhwelana phakathi kwabesilisa abesilisa abambisene kakhulu ku-estrus (izinsuku ezingama-2-4). Empini, abaphikisi abazibeka engcupheni impilo yabo kuphela, kodwa futhi nempilo yabo, njengoba besesimweni esikhethekile sezimali esibizwa ngokuthiwe kumele (ihunyushwe kusuka ku-Urdu - "ukudakwa").
Onqobayo udonsa ama-wimps futhi angashiyi okhethiweyo amasonto ama-3.
Amele, lapho i-testosterone ihamba khona ngezinga, ihlala izinyanga ezi-2: izindlovu ziyakhohlwa ngokudla futhi zimatasa zithola izintokazi e-estrus. Izinhlobo ezimbili zokuphuma emzimbeni zimpawu ze-must: umchamo omningi kanye noketshezi olunama-pheromones anephunga, akhiqizwa yindlala etholakala phakathi kwamehlo nendlebe.
Izindlovu ezivalekile ziyingozi hhayi nje ezihlotsheni zazo. “Ngokudakwa” bahlasela abantu.
Progeny
Ukuzalaniswa kwezindlovu zaseNdiya akuxhomekile esikhathini sonyaka, yize isomiso noma ukuqhoqhobala kwenqwaba yezilwane kunganciphisa ukuqala kwe-estrus ngisho nokuthomba.
Isibeletho sisesibelethweni sikamama kuze kube izinyanga ezingama-22, sakhiwa ngokuphelele izinyanga eziyi-19: esikhathini esisele, kumane kube nesisindo.
Ekuzalweni, izinsikazi zimboza owesifazane ngokuzalwa, emi isiyingi.Indlovu izala amawundlu eyodwa (akufane amabili) ukuphakama kwemitha eyodwa futhi inesisindo esingama-100 kg. Usevele unezinsisizi eziwelayo lapho zibuyisela amazinyo obisi esikhundleni saphakade.
Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa kuzelwe ingane indlovu isivele imile futhi imunca ubisi lukamama, futhi umama uthulisa ingane ngothuli nangomhlaba, ukuze iphunga lakhe elithobekile lingazukubi abalimele.
Kuzodlula izinsuku ezimbalwa, kanti usana luzelwe luzulazula kanye nawo wonke umuntu, lubambelela emsileni womama nge-phenoscis yayo.
Indlovu yezingane ivunyelwe ukuncela ubisi kuzo zonke izindlovu ezivuthayo. Bakhipha isifuba senkonyane ngeminyaka engu-1.5-2, bedlulisela ngokuphelele ekudleni kwesitshalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, ithole lendlovu iqala ukuncela ukondla ubisi ngotshani namaqabunga inezinyanga eziyisithupha.
Ngemuva kokuba ibelethile, indlovu iyahlakazeka ukuze osanda kuzalwa akhumbule iphunga lezindunduma zakhe. Esikhathini esizayo, ithole lendlovu lizobadla ukuze bobabili umsoco ongafakwanga namagciwane we-Symbiotic aba nomthelela ekufakweni kwe-cellulose emzimbeni.
Yini enye okudingeka uyazi ngendlovu yase-Asiya
Le i-herbivore edla kusuka ku-150 kuya ku-300 kg yotshani, amagxolo, amaqabunga, izimbali, izithelo kanye namahlumela ngosuku.
Indlovu ingesinye sezilwane ezinkulu kunazo zonke (kucatshangelwa ubukhulu) bezolimo, njengoba imihlambi yazo idala umonakalo omkhulu emasimini omoba, ubhanana nelayisi.
Umjikelezo ophelele wokugaya ukudla uthatha indlovu amahora angama-24futhi ngaphansi kwengxenye yokudla kuyangenwa. Emini, umdondoshiya uphuza amalitha angama-70 kuya kwangama-200 amanzi, yingakho engeke uhambe kude nomthombo.
Izindlovu zingakhombisa imizwa eqotho. Badabuka impela uma kushona izindlovu ezisanda kuzalwa noma amanye amalungu omphakathi. Imicimbi ejabulisayo inika izindlovu isizathu sokuzijabulisa nokuhleka. Ngokubona indlovu iwele odakeni, ngokuqinisekile umuntu omdala uyolula isiqu sakhe ukuze asize. Izindlovu ziyakwazi ukuqandelana zibambene ngeziqu.
Ngo-1986, izinhlobo (eziseduze kokuqothulwa) zashaya amakhasi e-International Red Book.
Izizathu zokuncipha okubukhali kwenani lezindlovu zaseNdiya (kuze kufike ku-2-5% ngonyaka) zibizwa ngokuthi:
- ukubulawa kwezindlovu nenyama
- ukulandela ngenxa yomonakalo epulazini,
- ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo okuhambisana nemisebenzi yabantu,
- ukufa ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto.
Emvelweni, abantu abadala abanazo izitha zemvelo, ngaphandle kwabantu: kepha izindlovu zivame ukufa ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa amabhubesi namahlosi amaNdiya.
Izindlovu zase-Asia zihlala iminyaka engama-60-70 endle, iminyaka engu-10 ngaphezulu kwizilwane zasendle.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umuntu oneminyaka eyikhulu owaziwa kakhulu ngendlovu uLin Wang waseTaiwan, owaya kokhokho ngo-2003. Kwakuyindlovu yokulwa efanelekile, "yalwa" ngasohlangothini lwebutho laseChina empini yesiBili yamaSino-Japan (1937-1954). Ngesikhathi sokufa, uLin Wang wayeneminyaka engama-86 ubudala.