Igama lesi Latin: | I-Motacilla alba |
Isigcawu: | Ama-Passerines |
Umndeni: | I-Wagtail |
Ngokwengeziwe: | Incazelo yezinhlobo zaseYurophu |
Ukubukeka nokuziphatha. Inyoni eyaziwa kahle njengobukhulu bondlunkulu, kodwa inciphile, ibonakala kalula ngombala wayo ohlukile nomsila omude. Imilenze yinde, ineminwe emide, kodwa ngezikhafu ezimfushane. Ubude bomzimba 18-18 cm, amaphiko 25-25 cm, isisindo 17-27 g.
Incazelo. Ezinyoni ezindala ezigqokeni isembozo, emuva kungwempunga, umqhele wekhanda, intamo nentambo kumnyama, ibunzi nezinhlangothi zekhanda zimhlophe, umphimbo nesifuba zimnyama, phansi komzimba kumhlophe ngombala wokumpunga ezinhlangothini. Izimpaphe ze-suprapole zibomvana ngombala omnyama, nezinsika ezimhlophe ezibanzi zezinsimbi ezingaphandle. Izimpiko zinombala onsundu, zinomngcele omhlophe obanzi eziphelweni zephiko nezimpaphe zomhlaba. Umsila umnyama, izimbambo ezimbili ezedlulele zezimpaphe zomsila zimhlophe ngemiphetho emnyama kofake ngaphakathi. Imilenze nobuhlalu kumnyama. Abesilisa besifazane akufani nabesilisa, noma banombala ongwevu noma ompunga ngokwebala, ngokusobala isimilo sonyaka wokuqala. Ku-plumage yasekwindla, uhlaka olujwayelekile lombala luyaqhubeka, kepha umphimbo kanye no-goiter kube mhlophe, imibala emnyama enjenge-crescent igcinwa kuphela ngaphambili kwesifuba, izimpaphe ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda zibe nokugoqa okumpunga ngaphezulu, ngenxa yalokho umqhele omnyama nebunzi lingaphezulu noma ngaphansi imaski ngu grey grey.
Izinyoni ezingamajoni zinenhloko efanayo enombala onsundu kanye emuva, ngemuva kwesigaxa esimhlophe esimhlophe, umphimbo omhlophe, umphimbo obanzi (grey kakhulu onsundu) esifubeni. Isisu singcolile simhlophe. Imingcele emhlophe ezimbozweni zephiko imincane. Izimpaphe ezisezingeni lesithathu ezinomngcele ompunga onsundu. Imilenze nomlomo ziba nsundu. Ekugqokeni kwekwindla, izingane zokuqala zonyaka bobabili ubulili babukeka njengezinyoni ezindala, kodwa phezulu amakhanda abo asimpunga ngaphandle komthunzi omnyama, futhi ezinhlangothini zamakhanda abo kuvezwa ukugoqa okuphuzi okuphuzi okuphuziwe. Asinazo izinhlobo ezifanayo. Esikhathini feather ekwindla, ihluke ngokungenakuphikwa kwezinye izinqola lapho kukhona indawo emnyama ekhefini esifubeni esiphezulu. Engutsheni yentsha, ihlukaniswa ngombala onsomi onsomi phezulu kanye nokungabikho kombala ophuzi kwiplamu.
Vota - kuvezwe "impucuko», «imibuthano», «isicaphuni"Noma i-monosyllabic"tsli», «inyoni". Ingoma iyiphindaphindo esheshayo futhi engekho emthethweni yale misindo efanayo.
Isimo Sokusabalalisa. Uhla lokuzalela luhlanganisa yonke iYurophu nengxenye ebalulekile ye-Asia eseningizimu kuya e-Asia Minor, eSyria, enyakatho yeKazakhstan, eMongolia nasempumalanga yeChina. Izindawo eziphambili zobusika zitholakala e-Iran, Afghanistan, India, Arabia nase-Afrika. Izinhlobo ezivamile zokuzalela ezifudukayo. Eminyakeni ethile, ngenani elincane, kungabusika eningizimu engxenyeni eseYurophu yaseRussia, kwesinye isikhathi abantu abangashadile abasele bayohlala ebusika phakathi nomgwaqo ophakathi nendawo, lapho, njengomthetho, zigcinwa eceleni konxweme lwezindawo zokugcina ezingaholi.
Indlela yokuphila. Ifika kulayini ophakathi nendawo ngasekupheleni kukaMashi noma ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli. Ihlala ngasogwini lolondolozi, eceleni kwamasimu nasezindaweni zokuhlala. Ichitha isikhathi esiningi emhlabathini, kuyaqabukela ihlale emagatsheni. Indawo izidleke ihluke kakhulu: phakathi kwamatshe, ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zamabhilidi abantu, ezingxenyeni eziyize, ngaphansi kwezimpande, ngezinqwaba yezinqimba zokhuni noma izihlahlana eziminyene.
Isidleke sikhulu ngokulinganayo ngesimo sesitsha. Lokhu okuqukethwe kungamahlumela amancane, amabala otshani, izimpande, imous, uboya, izimpaphe nokunye. Ugqoko uhlanzekile, uhlanganisiwe ngezinto ezithambile, uvame kakhulu ngoboya. Ku-clutch 4-7, amaqanda ama-5-6 ngombala omhlophe noma onsundu, okuvamisile ukuthi kube ne-ocher elula noma i-tint eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, enemibala emincane yombala onsomi, onsomi noma obomvu, imvamisa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi icishe ingemuva ngokuphelele. Izinkukhu phezulu phezulu ku-fluff grey engavamile, imbobo yomlomo isuka kumawolintshi iye kolibomvu okusajingijolo, inamagquma aphuzi aluhlaza. Idla kuma-invertebrates asemhlabeni, kwesinye isikhathi imbewu kanye namahlumela ezitshalo. Ukuhamba kwenzeka kancane kancane, kusuka ngasekupheleni kwehlobo kuya ekwindla sekwephuzile.
E-Northern Urals indiza ebhalisiwe isinqe esinamasondoI-Motacillapersonatakufana nenqola emhlophe ngosayizi (ubude 18 cm), ukubukeka nokuziphatha. Ihluka ngenqola emhlophe ngokukhula okukhulu kokumnyama ekhanda (ebunzini, indawo ezungeze amehlo ihlala imhlophe, ekwindla nasebusika - futhi nesilevu, umphambili womphimbo). Insimu emhlophe ephikweni likhulu. Abasha babukeka mnyama kakhulu, ngompunga, hhayi mhlophe, umphimbo kanye nesilevu. Izinhlobo izidleke eSiberia, Kazakhstan, kanye ne-Asia Ephakathi; emingceleni yobubanzi bawo, ihlangana ngenqola emhlophe (evame ukubhekwa njengezindawo zayo ezingaphansi).
Incazelo
Ubude bomzimba - 180 mm, amaphiko - 87-94 mm, umsila - 90-95 mm, ama-metatarsus cishe ngo-22- 24 mm. Entwasahlobo, ibunzi, izinhlangothi zentamo nekhanda kanye nengxenye engezansi yomzimba ngemuva kwesifuba kumhlophe, izinhlangothi zimpunga, umqhele, emuva kwekhanda, emuva kwentamo, isilevu, umphimbo ongaphezulu wesifuba kumnyama, amaphiko mancane, amancanyana nangomuva ngimpunga, isembozo somsila ongaphezulu simnyama. futhi amade kunawo onke amnyama ngemisinga ekhanyayo emaphethelweni, amaphiko amboze maphakathi namakhulu amnyama ngombala onsundu, amabhulana amnyama-ansundu, okwesibili anemikhawulo emhlophe ye-webs yangaphandle, abamnyama abakhokhelayo, isibili sokugcina sama-helmsmen simhlophe ngomphetho omnyama wama-webs angaphakathi, owesibili ngonqenqemeni lwensiba - mhlophe ngesisekelo sensiba emnyama kanye nomaphethelo wohlobo lwangaphakathi. Owesifazane ungumbethe omncane, umqhele une-grey grey. Uthingo lumnyama onsundu, uqhwaku nemilenze imnyama. Ngemuva kokuqothuka kwekwindla, umphimbo kanye ne-goiter kube mhlophe, ibala elimnyama esifubeni liyancishiswa ngosayizi.
Amancanyana kuye kiloba wokuqala kusuka phezulu anombala onsomi onebunzi elimnyama nethayela elimnyama, ngezansi kukhona okumpunga okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okunezinhlangothi ezimpunga, okumhlophe phakathi komzimba kanye “nebhande” elinsundu elinsundu esifubeni.
Habitat
Kuyamangaza esifundeni saseRtishchevsky: kuhlala izifunda ezikhukhulayo zemifula emikhulu nemincane, indawo eziseduzane yohlobo lwensimu, izindawo zokuhlala, kubandakanya indawo yedolobha laseRtishchevo. Ukuthuthuka okukhulu komhlaba omusha, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emisha nokwakhiwa kwamabhuloho, njll., Imisebenzi yabantu idala izimo ezinhle zokuhlala kwale nyoni, futhi inqubo yokuvumelanisa inqola emhlophe njengamanje iyaqina.
Ukufuduka
Ukufuduka kwentwasahlobo nokwindla kwalezi zinyoni kuyehluka kakhulu. Entwasahlobo (izinsuku zokuqala eziyishumi zika-Ephreli) izinqola ziya enyakatho ngamabili, noma ngamaqembu amancane, ngenkathi ekwindla (ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti - ingxenye yokuqala kaSepthemba) ukufuduka kuvezwa kahle futhi kwenzeka ngenqwaba yemihlambi. Ngaphakathi esifundeni seSaratov, ukundiza okukhulu kakhulu kwezinqola ezimhlophe kwenzeka ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zikaSepthemba, esikhathini esilandelayo kuze kube ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, kuqoshwe abantu abambalwa kuphela.
Ukufuduka kwe-Autumn kungukuqhubeka kwemvelo kokufuduka kwehlobo kokuzala kabusha kwabantu abadala nabadala. Kuyabonakala kusuka ngasekupheleni kweminyaka eyishumi yokuqala ka-Agasti futhi kugijimayo ikakhulukazi emaphethelweni ezinqolobane ezinkulu. Ngemuva kokugoba, izinyoni ziya kancane kancane ziye eningizimu nasentshonalanga eseningizimu. NgoSepthemba, izinyoni zivame ukukhukhula amadolobhana - zihlala ophahleni lwezindlu, zigijimisa imizila, izingadi, umhlaba olimekayo oseduze, phakathi kwezilimo zasebusika. Izinqola ezimhlophe ziyandiza, imvamisa ngesikhathi sasemini. Ukunyakaza okusebenzayo kakhulu kwezinyoni kuyabonakala ekuseni nasekuseni kusihlwa.
Ukuzala
Ukufika kumasiza esidleke ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Esontweni lokuqala ngemuva kokufika, iningi lezinyoni selivele lahlukaniswa ngababili nezindawo zokuhlala ezidlekayo. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Nest kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nokwamanje. Ngaphezu kwengoma yokuqala (i-twittering ende), eyenziwa ngesikhathi sendiza yamanje, ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene okubonakalayo kusendaweni enkulu ekuziphatheni kokulinganisa kwabesilisa bekalishi elimhlophe. Amaduna agoba, isikwati, asakaza umsila wawo, kwesinye isikhathi asabalalisa amaphiko ngokuqondile, kepha kaningi anciphisa elinye lawo futhi “adwebe” imibuthano ezungeze insikazi ngaphakathi komkhawulo wesigamu semitha, njengeqhude. Ngezikhathi ezithile, inyoni yamanje iphakamisa amaphiko ayo avulekile phezulu. Ukuze kutholakale owesilisa ngowesilisa, ukuba khona kowesifazane kuyaphoqelelwa. Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa, izinqola ziba nokungabekezelelani okungandile, futhi abesilisa bavame ukuqala ukulwa ngokuthathwa kwezindawo zokuhlala.
Amaragi amhlophe enza isidleke kuma-biotopes ahlukahlukene. Imvamisa zihlala emithambekeni yasogwini ngezimpande ezingaphezulu kwayo ezikhawula amabhishi anesihlabathi. Emibeleni yemifula enamabhange asezingeni eligeziwe, inqola emhlophe ivame ukungena ekujuleni kwamahlathi aqhubekayo. Njengomthetho, izidleke zakhiwa emhlabathini, zizifaka ngaphansi kwezingodo nemfucumfucu engaphansi kwezithelo, ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla, ngaphansi kwamatshe naphakathi kwazo, emifantwini yamadwala, ezindundwini zesihlabathi ngaphansi kwesembozo somhlanga wangonyaka owedlule, kanye nakumafulefu namaphampu phakathi kwamanzi. Izindawo zokudla ezidlekayo kwesinye isikhathi zihlala iminyaka eminingi zilandelana.
Ama-Wagtail nawo axazululwa ngokuzithandela ezindaweni ezihlala osebeni lwamanzi. Izidleke zabo zatholakala nasemizaneni elahliwe. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, izinyoni zivame ukwenza izidleke emifantwini nasezindongeni zodonga, ngemuva kokufakwa ngotshani nokugcwala kwezindlu, ngaphansi kophahla, ngemuva kwamafasitela amafasitela, ezindongeni zezindlu zomgwaqo ezibunjiwe nasemithonjeni, emigodini nasezinkonkeni ezindala, eziseleni zokhuni nasemapulangwe, ngaphakathi kungasebenzi izimoto, njll. Iziza ezejwayelekile zokuzalela ama-cartiler amhlophe ku-anthropogenic landscape nazo zingamabhuloho nezinye iziphambano zamanzi kanye nezinhlaka zomgwaqo. Izidleke ze-Wagtail zivame kakhulu ekugawulweni kwamahlathi - ezinqolobaneni zamahlathi ezindlini zokugcina impahla, ezinqwabelweni zamabhulashi nasezigxekeni, ezigodini zezingodo ezilele nxazonke, njll. Ngesinye isikhathi izinqola ezimhlophe zihlala emasimini nasemadlelo. Emapaki nasemahlathini ohlobo lwepaki, lezi zinyoni ngokuzithandela zakha izidalwa ezinhlobonhlobo zamatshe nasezinkuni.
Isimo nobukhulu bezidleke zenqola emhlophe kwehluka kakhulu. Uma isidleke sitholakala emgodini phansi, khona-ke umgodi ufakwe izisekelo zakudala, ezibunjiwe kanye namahlamvu ezitshalo amancane. Izilokazana ezitholakala ekwakheni izitini, ngaphansi kwesisekelo, zinodonga olubanzi, olukhululiwe nangokunganakeki kusuka kozalo olufanayo olubunjiweyo noluthambile kanye namaqabunga ezitshalo ezine-herbaceous, kwesinye isikhathi ezihlanganiswa nemicu ye-bast futhi ifakwe ngentambo yoboya. Isidleke esenziwe ngemuva kwesikhumba sendlu noma embobeni siyinqwaba yotshani, izimpaphe, uvolo kanye nezinye izinto, zinezitayela ezihlelwe ngaphezulu kwalesi sinqwaba. Kepha kuzo zonke izimo, isidleke senqola emhlophe sibukeka njengesitsha esincanyana, izindonga zazo ezinganaki futhi zenziwe ngokukhululekile iziqu ezibolile noma ezinamanzi namaqabunga ezitshalo. Imfucumfucu esidlekeni nayo ihlala ihlala njalo: iqukethe ikakhulukazi izinwele zezilwane (izinkomo, imvu, njll.) Nezinwele zamahhashi. Ubukhulu besidleke: ububanzi - 10-14 cm, ukuphakama - 6-8 cm, ugqoko wethreyi 5.5-8 cm, ugqoko lwethreyi 2.5-5,5 cm.
Ukwakhiwa kwesidleke kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-6 kuya kwezingu-12, kepha ezinye izinsuku ezingama-2-3, isidleke kungahlala kungenalutho. Amaqanda e-Wagtail abekwa ezinsukwini zokuqala eziyishumi zikaMeyi, futhi phakathi nale nyanga, imidwebo ephelele ibhalwe phansi ezidlekeni eziningi. Kodwa-ke, esikhathini esilandelayo, imihlangano yemibhangqwana esanda kuqala ukuzalela iyenzeka. Esikhathini esiningi, ukubumbeka okugcwele kuqukethe amaqanda amhlophe angama-5-6 anezindawo ezimpunga, okuvamisile ukuthi kube ngu-4 noma 7. osayizi beqanda: 18-21 × 13 mm. Bobabili abazali babamba iqhaza ekwakheni imfuhlumfuhlu. Ukushisa njalo amaqanda kuqala ngemuva kokubekwa. Ebusuku, insikazi kuphela ehlala ihlala esidlekeni. Ntambama, amaqanda afudunyezwa ngabalingani ngokuhlukile. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi owesilisa akakhethi ibala, kungacatshangelwa ukuthi indima yakhe incishiswa kakhulu ekugcineni ukulondolozwa kokushisa esidlekeni ngesikhathi sokungabikho kowesifazane. Amachwane esidlekeni cishe amasonto amabili. Zishiya isidleke esivele zikwazi ukundiza, yize isembatho sentsha ngalesi sikhathi sisengakaqedi ngokuphelele.
Izidleke ezimhlophe ezinamahhashi amnyama zondliwa ngowesilisa nowesifazane. Ngamachwane ezinsuku ezingama-7-8 ubudala, izinyoni ezindala zindiza ngokudla okufika izikhathi eziyi-15 ngehora, kanti ezentokazi ngalesi sikhathi zondla amantshontsho kaningi. Okuphakelayo kuqukethe ama-dipterans. Ukondla amachwane kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-7-8. Kwesinye isikhathi kuqhekeka amantshontsho - amaphuphu amabili noma amathathu adliswa ngowesifazane, okusele kungowesilisa. Ngokuvamile, ezifundeni zasebhange langakwesokudla esifundeni seSaratov, isikhathi sokondla amaphuphu siwela ezinsukwini zokugcina zikaMeyi - ishumi leminyaka lokuqala likaJuni. Ukubukeka kwesisindo sezinyoni ezincane ezindizayo kuwela eshumini lesibili sikaJuni. Inqola emhlophe ibonakala ngokundiza kwabancane ngokushesha nje ukubola kwesibambiso. Ukuhlangana nezinyoni ezincane esizeni esidlekayo eminyakeni elandelayo kuyinto etholakalayo.
Lolu hlobo lunamashiyoni amabili ngonyaka, kepha ingxenye yamabili, ngokusobala, ingeyesithathu, njengoba isencane ingabonakala ngisho nasekupheleni kuka-Agasti.
Umsoco
Ukudla kwezinqola ezimhlophe kuphethwe izicabucabu, izinambuzane zitholakala ngezihlangu, ama-lepidopterans, amabhungane omhlabathi, izimbungulu, amantombazane, amabhungane obulongwe, amabhungane amnyama nezindlovu, kusuka kuma-hymenopterans kukhona abagibeli nezintuthwane, amadiplanka amelwe omiyane bangempela nezimpukane zangempela.
Kwesinye isikhathi izinqola zibamba inqwaba yezimayuni nezinyoka. Indlela yokuzingela kuleli cala icacile kakhulu: izinyoni zingagijimisa ngokushesha emhlabathini noma emaceleni ezintantaba zezitshalo zasemanzini, noma, lapho zibone imanage ezindizayo, zikhuphuka futhi ziyibambe lapho zibhabha khona. Ngokuzithandela izinyoni zigijima emaphethelweni amanzi. Lapho amagagasi egingqa elwandle, ngemuva kokubuyela emuva, inqola nazo ziyagijima, ziluma ngendlela yezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene nezinye izilwane ezincane ezishiywe yigagasi.