Ukubukeka nokuziphatha. Inyoni yasehlathini eyakhiwe ngezinyawo ikala kancane kune-jackdaw. Ubude bomzimba 32-31 cm, amaphiko angama-49-55 cm, isisindo esingu-120-200 g. Ikhanda likhulu, lidebe lide, liqonde. Umsila mncane, futhi ububanzi bomngcele okhanyayo ovela ngezansi. Isizinda esivamile se-plumage sinsundu omnyama, onamabala amaningi amhlophe. Esikhathini sokudlekwa, inyoni eyimfihlo kakhulu, imvamisa ibamba iso lapho izulazula ngemuva kokudlela isidleke. Izinhlobo zehlathi, ikakhulukazi ezihamba ngomqhele wezihlahla, zingagxuma emagatsheni bese zilenga ngaphansi kwezigaxa ze-spruce lapho zikhipha imbewu kuzo.

Incazelo. Azikho izinhlobo ezifanayo. Abesilisa nabesifazane akuhlukile. Ezinyoni ezindala, umbala umdaka omnyama, onamachashaza amhlophe okwehla okwehla, mncane ngomhlane nangamahlombe, ubanzi futhi uyindilinga esifubeni nasesiswini. Emaphashini omphimbo kanye nentambo ngendlela yemivimbo. I-cap imnyama-nsundu, ayinabala. Izimpiko nomsila zimnyama, zinephunga eliluhlaza, ngaphandle kwamabala. Ingaphezulu lomsila kanye nengubo yangaphansi kumhlophe. Uqhwaku nemilenze imnyama. Amehlo ansundu. E-Russia yase-Europe kunezindlela ezingama-2 ezingaphansi kokubukeka ezihluke ngokuphelele.

Izinyoni ezingaphansi kwezindawo eziseYurophu N.C. caryocatactes, ehlala enkabeni yesifunda, ibe noqhwaku olubanzi olubanzi olunompheme omncane onqenqemene okuncane, futhi umngcele omhlophe eziqongweni zezimpaphe ezigobekile umncane (ungabi ngaphezu kwama-2,5 cm). Izinyoni zezindawo eziphansi zaseSiberia N.C. macrorhynchos (esifundeni sethu bahlala esidlekeni sase-Urals naseCis-Urals, kwesinye isikhathi ngezikhathi zokuhlaselwa babonakala ezindaweni ezingasentshonalanga nangaseningizimu) banomlomo omncane omfishane onompheme oqondile, futhi ububanzi bomngcele ezinsibeni eziwugqinsi buba okungenani ngamasentimitha amathathu. Ezinyoni ezincane, umbala elula futhi ibe nsundu ukwedlula kubantu abadala, amabala amhlophe anemiphetho emfushane, umphimbo ulula. Uqhwaku lufushane kunolwezinyoni ezindala.

Vota. Imvamisa uziphathe ngomsindo (ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokuzalela). I-Scream - hoarse, ephansi futhi yinde "ukuqhekeka kokwehla"Noma"kray kray". Bangenza izicibisholo ezimfishane zokuqhuma neminye imisindo.

Isimo Sokusabalalisa. Ububanzi buhlanganisa indawo yamahlathi ukusuka eBalkan naseScandinavia kuya e-Far East naseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia. E-Russia yase-Yurobhu, ihlala emahlathini amnyama ahlangene futhi ahlanganisiwe ukusuka eBaltic nase White White Seas kuya e-Urals. Umngcele osenyakatho webanga ufinyelela emikhawulweni yendawo yehlathi, eningizimu - yezifunda zaseMosesi naseKirov. Ama-Urals aseningizimu. Ukubuka kwesedentary, nokufuduka okulinganiselwe ebusika. Isibalo sincike ekuvunweni kwamantongomane zikaphayini nembewu ye-spruce. Eminyakeni enciphile yeminyaka yemisedari ne-spruce, ingenza ukufuduka okukude kude naseningizimu, ngalesi sikhathi kwenzeka kufinyelela esifundeni se-bush-steppe.

Indlela yokuphila. Ukubukwa kwehlathi okubonakalayo. Prefers amahlathi e-coniferous (ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi-Afrika) (fruce, fir kanye nomsedari). Kuqala ukuzala eseneminyaka engu-1-2, izidleke ngababili abahlukene. Kuyo yonke inkathi yokuzala kuholela indlela yokuphila ecashile kakhulu. Kuqala izidleke ngaphambi kokuba iqhwa lincibilike. Isidleke sitholakala esihlahleni endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-5-8, imvamisa endaweni eminyeneyo yehlathi. I-clutch iqukethe amaqanda ama-2-5 aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka anamabala amancane ansundu. Hatching ihlala izinsuku 16-16. Amathanga ashiya isidleke eneminyaka engamaviki ama-3-4, emva kwalokho izihlahla zikaphayini ziqala ukufuduka ngokushesha bese ziba izinyoni eziphawuleka futhi ezinomsindo.

Ukudla kuhlukile, kufaka phakathi ama-invertebrates nama-vertebrates amancane, imbewu yezitshalo, amajikijolo, i-carrion, imfucuza yokudla. Prefers imbewu spruce namantongomane zikaphayini. Ukwenza izinsiza zokudla kubambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuvuseleleni nasekwenzeni kabusha umsedari.

Umsedari, noma umhluzi (I-Nucifraga caryocatactes)

Ukubukeka

Izihlahla zikaphayini zemisedari zinomehluko wobulili obuhlukile, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala. Zingahlukaniswa ngisho noma kungekho uchwepheshe. Abesifazane bahlukile kubesilisa ngobukhulu, bancane. Ubuningi bazo buthuntubovu kunobesilisa. Umbala wezinqwaba zokhuni lomsedari uvumela ukuba bacishe bahlangane ngokuphelele nendawo ezungezile - amathangi e-taiga. Lezi akuzona izinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu, yize zenziwa imfihlo, zivame ukuba sengozini yezinyamazane. Ukundiza komsedari kusinda, amaphiko alukhuni. Ngakho-ke, udinga ukuphumula, ngisho nangemva kwendiza emfushane.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Lezi zinyoni zithanda ukuphumula emagatsheni omile, anikeza umbono omuhle.

Ngakho-ke, bahlola insimu yabo ukuthi ibe khona kwabazingeli noma abantu ongabazi, okuvame ukuvela kubo iziqubu ezinzima kuleyo ndawo.

UKedrovka ungowomndeni wama-corvid. Lezi zinyoni zincane kancane kune-jackdaws noma jay. Ubude bemisedari bungaba ngu-30 cm kanye nomsila, ubude bawo bungadluli ku-11 cm. I-mapppan yisilinganiso esingu-55 cm.

Ngokungafani namanye ama-corvid amaningi, i-pine nati ipendiwe nsundu, imvamisa icishe ibe mnyama, inezindawo eziningi ezimhlophe, futhi kukhona umngcele omhlophe emsileni. I-pine nati yabesifazane inesisindo esingu-150-170 gr, eyeduna engu-170-190 gr. Uqhwaku nemilenze yenyoni imnyama noma imnyama.

YINI UKUDLA

Imisedari yamaphayini idla izinambuzane, ama-vertebrates amancane, izithelo, amajikijolo, imbewu. Imbewu yama-conifers namantongomane adlayo angaphezulu kakhulu kakhalori kunezinambuzane. Izinambuzane, njengokudla kwezilwane, zinamaprotheni amaningi, kepha ukuze ziphile ebusika obandayo, izinyoni zidinga amandla eziyithola kuma-carbohydrate. Izihlahla zikaphayini ezihlala eningizimu yeNhlonhlo yeScandinavia zidla kakhulu kuma-hazelnuts. Kwezinye izindawo, izinyoni zidla imbewu ye-coniferous - amahlathi e-alpine pine, ngokwesibonelo, njengamantongomane zikaphayini. Ukuthola imbewu enambitha kusuka ku-cones kanye nama-nut kernels akunzima emsedari. Ukhipha imbewu ezikalini zesigaxa ngomlomo omncane omude, bese eshaya amantongomane esihlahleni noma etsheni. Kwezinye izinyoni, ngenxa yokudla isikhathi eside, imbewu yezitshalo ezithile yathuthukisa indlela ekhethekile yoqhwaku. Amachwane omsedari adinga amaprotheni ezilwane, ngakho-ke abazali bawondla ngezinambuzane.

Imvelo nokuziphatha

Amahlathi ephayini ayizinyoni ezifihlayo futhi ezinokuthula okunokuthula. Akuvamile ukuba zinikeze izwi elibukeka njengekhonkwane elidonsayo. Okuwukuphela kokukodwa yisikhathi sokukhwelana nesikhathi sokuqoqa isivuno esisha. Uma isivuno sibuthakathaka, khona-ke ukukhala kwezihlahla zikaphayini kuthula kakhulu.

I-Kedrovka yenza amasheya amakhulu amantongomane ngezikhathi ezilambile, futhi ngokusho kososayensi, ngenkathi efudumele ibathola ngephunga, futhi ebusika, lapho ikhava leqhwa liba likhulu kakhulu, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola okufihliwe yinyoni.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Kukholakala ukuthi umsedari uyakwazi ukwenza cishe izinkulungwane ezingama-50 okuthiwa amabhukumaka empilweni. Bese kuthi ezindaweni ezikhohliwe lapho ukudla bekufihlwe khona, izihlahla zikhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Kunecala elaziwayo lapho kwakunokwenzeka ukubamba inadi likaphayini elinamantongomane angama-165 esikhwameni somphimbo. Lo ngumthwalo ohlaba umxhwele kangako, unikezwe ukuthi umsedari uyinyoni enobungako obujwayelekile.

Lezi zinyoni zisebenza kakhulu, zivame ukuhlala ngababili noma zodwa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zibuthana emhlanjini omncane kodwa onomsindo. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwenzeka lapho izinyoni zenza izindiza zifuna ukudla. Uthando lwamantongomane luqinile kangangokuba kuye kwaba nezimo lapho izihlahla zikaphayini zixosha amaprotheni kum umsedari, lapho kunezigaxa eziningi ezigcwele amantongomane. Amabili amabili efomu lomsedari lokuphila, okungukuthi, manqikanqika.

Indlela yokuphila nendlela yokuphila

Izihlahla zomsedari akuzona izinyoni ezifudukayo. Baphila impilo yokuhlala phansi, benza izindiza ezincane kuphela lapho bebheka ukudla nezindawo ezintsha. Lezi yizakhamuzi zeqiniso zesimo sezulu esibi se-taiga, ziyakwazi ukubekezelela iqhwa elinamandla kakhulu. Amahlathi emisedari ayizinyoni zesifunda; athola kuphela ukudla ngaphakathi kwemingcele yendawo yawo, ayigada ngentshiseko kubantu abangabazi.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Lezi zinyoni ziphila isikhathi eside, abanye abantu baneminyaka engu-10-12 noma ngaphezulu. Ekuthunjweni, imvamisa ayigcinwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo.

Kumaviyo, lapho kudalwa khona izimo ezinhle futhi kungekho zitha zemvelo, angaphila iminyaka eyi-15.

Indawo yokuhlala, i-walnut

I-Kedrovka iyisakhamuzi esinegama lesifeiga. Ingahlala itholakala emahlathini e-taiga ase-Europe nase-Asia kusuka eScandinavia nase-Alps kuya eJapan nase China. Le nyoni encane ithanda amahlathi aminyene angama-coniffort. Lapha amantongomane ephayineli athola ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko - imbewu ekhishwa ku-pine, ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi nasemantweni omsedari.

Ngokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu esikhona njengamanje, umsedari wephayini ungatholakala ngisho nasehlathini eliseduze kwaseMoscow, obekungekho eminyakeni eyi-15 kuya kwezi-20 edlule Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyingozi enkulu kunenkambiso. Mhlawumbe izinyoni zethulwa ngokwethulwa, futhi kamuva zaqala ukuqina futhi zahlala ezindaweni ezintsha.

Ukudla, kudlani umsedari

Ukudla okuningi kwe-walnut kwakhiwa ngembewu enamafutha. Ngesikhathi sokuzalela nangesikhathi sokondla inzalo, izinambuzane zengezelelwa amantongomane, ngaleyo ndlela zihlinzeka ngokwazo nenzalo ngokudla kwamaprotheni. Emahlathini akhiwe ezindaweni zezintaba, izimo zezinyoni ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesikhathi sonyaka.

Kusukela ekugcineni kwentwasahlobo kuya ekwindla, kuhlale kunokudla okuningi kwemisedari kaphayini, amantongomane amaningi kanye namajikijolo avuthwa, futhi izinhlobo zezinambuzane. Kepha ngaphezu kwakho konke, lezi zinyoni zithanda amantongomane zikaphayini. Kuyaziwa ukuthi esikhwameni somphimbo esiseduze kwe-pine nati kungaba khona amantongomane amaningi kunokudla.

Ukuzalela inzalo

Esikhathini sokudlekwa kwale nyoni, le nyoni iziphatha ikakhulukazi ngasese futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuyibona. Kuqabukela kakhulu ukubona umsedari wephayini esidlekeni ngesikhathi sokudonswa kwamachwane.

Kubalulekile! Lezi zinyoni zisondela ekwakhiweni kwesidleke ngokucophelela, zisebenzisa i-moss, amaqabunga, ubumba kanye namagatsha njengezinto zokwakha.

Izidleke zomsedari ziqinile kakhulu futhi njengomthetho zitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-4-6. Kepha lokhu akuhlali kusindisa ezingxenyeni ezidla ezinye ezingakhuphuka izihlahla, kodwa kuyazivikela kusuka ezingaphansi komhlaba.

Isikhathi sokuzalela nokudla izidleke zezihlahla zikaphayini siqala ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi. Insikazi ibeka u-4-5, ezimweni ezingavamile, amaqanda ayi-7 wombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka onamabala ansundu. Isikhathi sokubopha siyizinsuku ezingama-18 kuya kwezingu-22. Bobabili abazali babopha imashi ngokulandelana, banikezelana ikhefu futhi bandizela ukudla.

Amahlathi ephayini ayizinyoni ezinyantisayo ezakha ngababili ukuphila. Owesilisa nowesifazane babamba iqhaza ekondleni inzalo. Ngemuva kwamaviki acishe abe ngu-3-4, amaphuphu alungele indiza yokuqala evela esidlekeni. Abazali bade kakhulu ngezindinganiso zezinyoni - bondla amantshontsho cishe izinyanga ezintathu, emva kwalokho bashiya isidleke.

Izitha zemvelo

Ingozi enkulu yezihlahla zikaphayini ngesikhathi sokudlekwa yizitha zazo zemvelo - izinyamazane ezincane. Okwamanje, izinyoni ezindala ziba izisulu ezilula, ziphawula kaningi amachwane azo noma ukubekwa kweqanda. Izilwane ezihlaselayo eziyingozi kakhulu ziyimisuka, ama-martens, izimpungushe namakati asendle.

Kubalulekile! Uma unikezwe ukuthi umsedari usindayo ekukhuphukeni futhi uthatha kancane, awunalo ithuba lokuphunyuka emazinyweni omfene noma impungushe.

Imvamisa, umsedari uba inyamazane elula lapho igaya amantongomane agcinwe ukuthi asetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo.. Lapho-ke inyoni iyehluleka ukuqaphela, ibone futhi izwe kabi, futhi icishe ingavikeleki ngisho naphambi komhlaseli omncane.

IZICWANGCISO ZOKUZIVA

I-Kedrovka iyisakhamuzi esinegama lesifeiga. Kutholakala emahlathini ase-taiga ase-Europe nase-Asia kusuka eScandinavia nase-Alps kuya eJapan nase China.

Le nyoni ithanda amahlathi aqhakaza izimbali ehlathini lomsedari nangomsedari. Emahlathini e-coniferous, amahlathi kaphayini athola ukudla kwawo okuyinhloko - imbewu ekhishwe ku-pine, spruce kanye ne-ceda ces cones. Kepha ngaphezu kwakho konke, lezi zinyoni zithanda amantongomane.

Emahlathini asezintabeni, izimo zezinyoni ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesikhathi sonyaka. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo kuze kube ekwindla, amahlathi kaphayini athole ukudla okuningi lapha: amantongomane namajikijolo avuthwa, izinambuzane zizala. Kodwa-ke, lapho iqhwa lokuqala liwa, amajikijolo namantongomane asephelile, kanti izinambuzane ziye zafa noma zacasha ezindaweni ezingenakufinyeleleka. Kusukela ekuqaleni kobusika kuya entwasahlobo, akunakwenzeka ukuthola ukudla ehlathini le-coniffort, ngakho-ke iningi lezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zindizela eningizimu. Noma kunjalo, izihlahla zikaphayini zihlala zilapha. Izinyoni zithuthukise isu lokusinda - ziziphatha njengama-squirrels: ehlobo, imisedari kaphayini yenza amasheya ebusika. Izinyoni zifihla ukudla ezindaweni eziningi ezingaphansi komhlaba.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Amahlathi amaConiferous ayizindawo ezithandwa kakhulu zamahlathi zikaphayini, ahlala ehlaselwa yimililo yemvelo neyenziwe ngabantu, enza ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okungalawuleki, okunciphisa kakhulu indawo yokuhlala kwalezi zinyoni. Ngokungangabazeki, lezi zinto zithinta kabi inani lezihlahla zikaphayini. Kodwa-ke, inani le-pine nati okwamanje alikho engcupheni futhi isibalo salezi zinyoni sihlala sizinzile.

Ukusikisela

Amahlathi ephayini ayizinyoni ezinyantisayo ezakha ngababili ukuphila. Ngenkathi yokuzalelwa kwayo, azama ukubamba iso lamuntu futhi ahlala esidlekeni sawo. Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa, umsedari kaphayini uhola indlela yokuphila ecashile. Isidleke sakhe siyinqwaba yeminyithi enotshani, utshani, imousse kanye ne-lichens okuboshwe ndawonye ngobumba. Ibekwe esihlahleni se-coniferous ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-4-6. Njengoba i-pine nutcracker ebusika ingakudli ukudla, iqala isidleke ekuseni kakhulu. Imvamisa inyoni yakha isidleke lapho kuseneqhwa nxazonke futhi izinga lokushisa lomoya lingaphansi zero.

Bobabili abalingani bafaka ukwenziwa kobunyoni. Lokhu kuyinto engajwayelekile yezinyoni zomndeni wama-corvidae, kodwa kunengqondo impela, ngoba iduna lesihlahla somsedari alazi ukuthi ikuphi insikazi yowesifazane, futhi yibona bodwa ngeke babenele. Izinyoni ziyaphumelela zilandelana esidlekeni ukuze zinikeze umlingani ithuba lokudla. Izihlahla zomsedari nazo zondla amantshontsho awo ngembewu, eziqala ukuthanjiswa ku-goiter. Lapho amasheya ebusika aphela, abazali baqala ukuletha izinambuzane emachwaneni, avame ukubanjwa ngaphandle kwensimu yabo. Ngemuva kokuphuma kwamachwane, abazali bazondla izinyanga ezintathu.

IZIPHUMA ZESIVIVINSI

Kuyo yonke ihlobo, umsedari umatasa uqoqa imbewu ye-conifers namantongomane, okuyinto ecasha endaweni eyodwa kuphela yezindawo zayo ezaziwayo zokufihla, ezihanjelwa kamuva ngesikhathi sobusika esilambile. Le nyoni igcwalisa isikhwama somphimbo ngembewu namantongomane, lapho inamathela khona ngamathe bese isiphenduka inqwaba yesisindo.

Imbewu yomsedari iqoqa imbewu kuphela endaweni yayo, eye ichaze imingcele ngokucacile. Le nyoni ifihla ukudla emhlabathini, ifihla imboza yayo ngokucophelela, futhi indiza ihambe iyofuna imbewu ye-cache elandelayo. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, izinkuni zomsedari zithola izindawo ezifihliwe ngokunemba okumangalisayo. Ngenxa yalokhu kuhlola, kutholakale ukuthi umsedari "uyakhumbula" cishe amagumbi angama-86% ezindlu zawo zokugcina.

IZIVIVINYO EZIJWAYELEKILE

E-Ukraine, ibizwa nge- nati - ngoba, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamapayini omsedari, umsedari udliwa lapha ngembewu ye-hazel.

Encane, ingadluli i-jay, inyoni evela emndenini we-corvidae. Kutholakala emahlathini exubile futhi anobuhlakani be-Eurasia, iningi lawo elisehlathini lomsedari. Amantongomane zikaphayini angukudla okuyinhloko komsedari unyaka wonke. Eminyakeni yokuvuna, izinkuni zomsedari zikhipha imbewu ezinkalweni bese zizifihla ezindaweni eziyimfihlo kunazo zonke, bese zihlala isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwezindleko zokuthengwa, ngoba amapayini omsedari athela izithelo hhayi minyaka yonke. Manje sekutholakele ukuthi izinyoni zingumngane oyinhloko wamapayini omsedari, ngoba ingxenye ebalulekile yembewu efihlwe umsedari emhlabathini ihluma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoni zithwala imbewu ibanga elide. Ezinye izilwane nazo zisebenzisa izinto zomsedari - khona kanye ngaphansi kwebhere. Zondla amantshontsho ngezinambuzane nangembewu ekhethiwe.

Amaqiniso ATHANDAYO, UKWAZI.

• Akukaziwa namanje ukuthi izihlahla zikaphayini zizithola kanjani izindawo zazo zokucasha. Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi baqondiswa iphunga, kepha le ndlela ayisebenzi ngesikhathi seqhwa elinamandla. Ngokunokwenzeka, izinyoni zikhumbula izindawo lapho kukhona "ama-pantries" abo.
• Lapho kwenzeka ukwehluleka kwezilimo zamantongomane zikaphayini kanye nembewu ye-coniferous e-taiga yaseSiberia, imisedari yephayini yenza ukuthutha okukhulu ukuya entshonalanga iyofuna imithombo emisha yokudla. Kuleminyaka emibi kangaka, imihlambi yalezi zinyoni zaseSiberia ezithwala iminyene igcwalisa iMpumalanga neCentral Europe.
• Abazali bafaka amachwane ndawonye njengoba izinyoni ziqala ukudla kusenesikhathi futhi zidinga ukudla.
• Uma isihlahla sikaphayini, esidonsa esitokisini, sithola ukuthi sibhekiwe, siyozama ukufaka imaskhi.

IZIPHUMA ZOKUXHUMANA KOKUKHANGELA

Amaqanda: Amaqanda angama-3-4 akhanyayo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma aphuzi ambozwe amabala grey and brown.

Izindonga: oyindilinga, onsundu omnyama noma omnyama.Endizeni esuka ngezansi, amabala amhlophe ayabonakala emaphikweni.

Beak: yinde futhi iqinile. Ngayo, uphayinathi ukhipha imbewu kusuka kwizigaxa bese wephula amantongomane.

I-Throat: amantongomane ayishumi afakwa esikhwameni somphimbo somsedari.

- Indawo yomsedari

LAPHO UKUPHILA

UKedrovka uhlala emahlathini acwengileko weCentral ne-Southeast Europe, eSiberia ukuya eKamchatka naseSakhalin. Izakhamizi ezihlala zodwa zihlala ezintabeni zaseNingizimu Asia.

UKUVIKELA NOKUVIKELA

Amahlathi e-Coniferous akhula ngokushesha kunokuthatha kancane, kodwa futhi abhekene nemililo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokungcoliswa kwemvelo, imiphumela yalokho okuthinta ukwanda kwabantu kulezi zinyoni.

01.03.2018

I-Pine nutcracker, noma i-walnut (lat. Nucifraga caryocatactes) iyinyoni encane evela emndenini wakwaCorvidae. Uhlukaniswa wuthando olukhethekile lwamantongomane zikaphayini futhi nokuhamba kwabo usethole isikhwama esikhethekile esibekwe ngaphansi kolimi. Abantu abacebile kakhulu bayakwazi ukubeka amantongomane angama-120 kuyo.

ENyakatho Melika, isihlobo sakhe esiseduze kunazo zonke sihlala, i-walt North America walnut (Nucifraga columbiana), enenqwaba yepayipi elilula. Zombili lezi zinyoni ziphansi ngosayizi jackdaw (Coloeus monedula) kanye jay ezejwayelekile (Garrulus glandarius).

Ukusatshalaliswa

Kuze kube manje, izingcingo ezingama-8 zokhuni lukaphayini ziyaziwa. Okubhaliselwe okuyiNinal N.c. I-carycatactes ingenye yeziningi kakhulu futhi ihlala endaweni ye-Central ne-Eastern Europe. Izindlela ezingaphansi ezisasele zidlangile endaweni yasehlathini e-Asia.

Indawo yokuhlala isuka eningizimu yeScandinavia naseFinland idlula eSiberia iye enyakatho yeChina naseJapan. Umngcele waso osentshonalanga udlula e-Alps, kanti ongaseningizimu eBalkan, eCaucasus, e-Altai, eTien Shan naseHimalaya. E-Taiwan, i-subspecies N.c. owstoni.

Indawo yonke ehlalwa yindawo ingamamitha-skwele ayizigidi eziyishumi. km Inani labantu baseYurophu balinganiselwa ku-800-1700 izinkulungwane zezinyoni. Zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni lapho kukhula khona imisedari (iPinus cembra), i-spruce (Picea) ne-hazel (Corylus avelana) ekhula njalo.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Amahlathi eCedari, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingama-120 eziqhamuka emndenini wama-corvidae, zinamadlozi ajwayelekile, izinsalela zokuqala zazo ezatholakala eJalimane naseFrance. Baphila eminye iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-17 B.C.E. Ngokubukeka kwayo, izinhlaka zomsedari zifana neqhude, kodwa lincane kakhulu kunale nyoni.

Kukhona ukwahlukaniswa kwezindawo eziyisishiyagalolunye ezihlukene ngokubukeka, uhlobo lokudla nendawo yokuhlala, kodwa ama-ornithologists amaningi athambekele ukuwahlukanisa abe ngamaqembu amabili: uhlobo lwasenyakatho nolwaseningizimu. Zitholakala ezifundeni ezihlukile ze-Eurasia.

Ividiyo: Umsedari

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunesinye futhi isilwane esihlala emahlathini ama-coniferous eNyakatho Melika - iNucifraga columbiana noma i-Clcr's nutcracker. Lezi zinyoni zincanyana kunabalingani bazo base-Yurobhu futhi zinombala onsundu, iplamu le-aspen, futhi amaphiko alo nomsila zimnyama. Zidlekelwa emahlathini ezintaba ze-pine futhi zinokufana okuningi nabanye abamele ama-corvid - ama-Podoces noma ama-jay ehlane.

Ngokuya ngohlobo lokudla, izinyoni zihlukaniswe ngamantongomane - lezo ezinama-hazelnuts namantongomane zikaphayini ekudleni. Amantongomane aneqhwaku elinamandla kakhulu kodwa elifushane. ESiberia, abantu abathile batholakala benomlomo omncane futhi uqhwaku olude, oluvumelaniswa nokudla amantongomane wepayi.

Indawo yokuhlala enkulu eYurophu iqukethe amahlathi:

• udle okwejwayelekile
• Iphinifa laseSwitzerland
• amahlathi fir ahlanganisiwe,
• uphayini ojwayelekile,
• uphayini omnyama
• Iphayini yaseMakedoniya
• Hazel (Corylus).

Izakhamizi zaseSiberia naseFar East zithanda lokhu:

• umsedari
• Iphayini yaseSiberia
• Umsedari waseJapan
• Sakhalin fir.

Izakhamizi zeTien Shan zikhangwa amahlathi esihlahla se-Tien Shan spruce. Ezintabeni zaseHimalaya, indawo yokuhlala yindawo yamahlathi ama-coniferous, idesari lomsedari, uphayipu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isipinashi fir, i-Himalayan fir, i-Morinda spruce enama-rhododendron thickets.

Uhlala kuphi umsedari?

Photo: Kedrovka eRussia

Ayikho indawo yokuhlala eqhubekayo yephinathi e-Eurasia, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yaseYurophu. Kuya ngobukhona bamahlathi angahlinzeka ngokudla okuyinhloko kulezi zinyoni - amantongomane. IKedrovka itholakala ezifundeni eziningi ezisenyakatho yezwekazi, lapho indawo ehlala kuyo yehlela eningizimu enkabeni yeYurophu, esifundeni iTien Shan nasempumalanga yeziqhingi zaseJapan. Zitholakala emazweni aseScandinavia nasezintabeni ze-Alpine enyakatho ye-Italy, mhlawumbe nasePyrenees.

Umngcele oseningizimu udabula amaCarpathians, ukhuphukela eningizimu yeBelarus, udlula esigodini soMfula i-Kama. E-Asia, umngcele oseningizimu wehlela ezintabeni ze-Altai, eMongolia udlula eHangai naseKentei, eGreater Khingan, eChina - uhla lwezintaba iZhangguangtsailin, ukhuphukela eningizimu Primorye. Enyakatho, umngcele yonke indawo uhlangana nomngcele wehlathi kanye nezindawo zehlathi-tundra. Izindawo ezihlala zodwa zihlanganisa izintaba iTien Shan, i-Dzhungar Alatau, iKetmen, i-Kyrgyz Range, indawo esentshonalanga yeTalas Massif, emithambekeni esempumalanga yeNtaba ye-Altai.

EKashmir, okuyi-subspecies ka pine yaseSiberia, kushintsha kube ngu-N. Multipunctata. Le nyoni inkulu futhi imnyama, kepha amabala akhanyayo anezinhlaka ezinkulu. Eningizimu-mpumalanga yeHimalaya, kutholakala enye indawo engaphansi kwe-N. hemispila, eqhathaniswa ngosayizi kubantu baseKashmir, kepha umbala wabo oyinhloko ulula futhi amabala abo amhlophe ayancanyana. Uhla lwale nyoni luthatha iningi lezintaba zaseHimalaya, empumalanga yeTibet kanye nezindawo eziseningizimu yeChina, ukusuka empumalanga ye-Afghanistan ukuya ePhalamende LaseKorea.

I-Kedrovka ihamba kancane esikhaleni, ithanda ukuhlala khona. Unamahloni ikakhulukazi ngamanzi. Eminyakeni esethembekile, lezi zinyoni ziphoqelelwa ukuba zenze izindiza ezinde zifuna ukudla. Izazi zesifo sezinhlungu zikholelwa ukuthi yile ndlela izihlahla zikaphayini ezafika ngayo eziqhingini zaseKuril naseJapan, iSakhalin.

Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Ukufuduka okuningi kwamantongomane zikaphayini kwabonwa ngo-1885 kusuka enyakatho-empumalanga yeRussia (izifundazwe zase-Arkhangelsk kanye nePre) eningizimu nasentshonalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga yezintaba zase-Ural. Endleleni ebheke eningizimu-ntshonalanga, lezi zinyoni zidlulela ePoland naseHungary, zathuthela eJalimane naseBelgium, Holland, France naseSouth England. Ingxenye encane yezinyoni yabuya. Inqwaba yafa, abanye basala ezifundeni ezintsha.

Manje uyazi ukuthi inyoni yomsedari ihlala kuphi. Masibone ukuthi udlani.

Ngabe kudlani umsedari?

Photo: Kedari ebusika

Lezi zinyoni ekudleni kwazo zithanda amantongomane zikaphayini, kepha ezindaweni eziningi lapho ihlathi elinamahlandla amaningi lidla khona, zidla ama-hazelnuts, imbewu ye-beech nezinye izitshalo. Amanye amaConifers nawo angaba yingxenye yezintandokazi zokudla zalowo ohlala ehlathini. Izinyoni ekwindla zenza amalungiselelo amaningi, ziqoqa amantongomane ezindaweni zokucasha.

Uqhwaku olunamandla lusiza ekutholeni ama-nut kernels kuma-gourmet amahlathi. UKedrovka uyivula kancane bese ushaya igobolondo. Umthelela uwela amaphuzu amabili ngasikhathi sinye bese wephula igobolondo. Ngisho nama-walnuts atholakala emithini yemisedari; uqhwaku olunamandla luyakwazi ukwahlukanisa amagobolondo alo aminyene.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kaphayini weCedari kusetshenziselwa ukuthutha amasheya usebenzisa isikhwama esingaphansi komhlaba, lapho kungahlala khona amantongomane zikaphayini angaba yikhulu.

Izitoko zezinyoni zifihlwe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, zithanda kakhulu ukwenza lokhu emifantwini, emadwaleni amatshe. Ngisho entwasahlobo, izinyoni ezicebile ziyaqhubeka zifuna ama-pantries awo futhi zondla amasheya awo. Bazikhumbula kahle izindawo zezinqolobane ezinjalo futhi bathola kalula ama-pantries abo ngaphansi kweqhwa. Inyoni encane, engafinyelela ku-200 amagremu, iyakwazi ukuthola amasheya ebusika afike kuma-60 kg, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuze kufike ku-90 kg wamantongomane zikaphayini. Futhi esiswini sayo kubekwa i-10-13 nucleoli.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Amakhethini anezitokisi ezingasetshenziswa yizihlahla zomsedari enza ukuba sikwazi ukuhluma imisedari enamandla esizayo. Le nyoni ingumsabalalisi oyinhloko wazo zombili zikaphayini waseSiberia nokhuni lomsedari ophakeme ezintabeni futhi kude nenyakatho. Imbewu yalezi zihlahla itholakala endaweni ebunjiweyo yamakhonkwane ibanga elingamakhilomitha amane.

Ngisho nasezindaweni eziseduze ne-tundra ne-char, umuntu angabona izithombo zomsedari zilethwe ngokhuni lomsedari olungakhathali. Amahlumela awahlali kulezi zimo ezinzima futhi afe ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa. Kepha iningi lalezi zitoko zezinyoni zenziwa emaphethelweni ehlathi, ngasemaphethelweni wamacibi e-taiga, esiza ukuvela kwamahlumela amasha omsedari onamandla.

Imenyu yomsedari ifaka futhi:

• amajikijolo
• izinambuzane nezibungu zazo,
• ama crustaceans omhlaba,
• amaqanda ezinye izinyoni.

Umsedari ungazihlasela ngokuphepha izinyoni ezincane, futhi uma unqobile, okokuqala, kuzoluma ubuchopho besisulu saso. Le feathery ne-carrion ayideleli, ingadla isilwane esibanjwe ugibe noma iluphu. Uma umuthi uthinteka izibungu zezinambuzane, izinyoni ziqoqelana kulo ukuze zizuze. Bangaze basebenzise imilomo yabo ukususa izinambuzane ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba ukuze zibambe.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Inyoni Yomsedari

Uhlobo lwendlela yokuphila kwale nyoni ehlathini luyehluka ngezikhathi ezihlukile zonyaka. Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa, ithola amakhona afihlekile ehlathini futhi ayihlali imingcele yale nsimu encane. Uma ngalesi sikhathi kufika umuntu ngengozi kule ndawo, bese inyoni icasha ngokushesha, ingcwatshwe eziqongweni zezihlahla.

Ngezinye izikhathi zonyaka, lezi zinyoni zinokuxhumana okuhle, azesabi nhlobo abantu futhi zingahlala eduze kwezindlu, zazi ukuthi kukhona okuhlale kunenzuzo kuzo. Imvamisa, izihlahla zikaphayini zingabonakala emaphethelweni nasezihlanjeni, ngasemaphethelweni wehlathi, emifuleni yamahlathi nemifudlana.

Iqiniso elihehayo: UKedrovka, njengamanye amanga, unokusungula kakhulu. Izazi zesayensi yemvelo zibone indlela ezigaye ngayo izingulube zikaphayini wethanga ngoNovemba ngokuqondile ngaphansi kweqhwa, zenza izindinyana ezibekiwe ezemboze iqhwa.

Imvamisa izinyoni zihlala emagatsheni aphansi ezihlahla, zikhipha imbewu ezihlahleni. Uma bebona ingozi, bangandizela phezulu bacashe cishe buthule phezulu kwesihlahla esisodwa esiseduze. Kwesinye isikhathi inyoni ingavumela umuntu ukuthi asondele kakhulu.

Izihlahla zemisedari zenza imisindo ekhangayo. Zingaqhathaniswa nokukhala kwegwababa, kepha hhayi ngokujabulisayo, kufana nokukhala kwengxoxo. Izingcingo zabo zingazwakala ngathi “cray-cray”, uma bekhathazeke kakhulu, besaba, bese kuthiwe “cr cr cr cr”. Kwesinye isikhathi isethi yemisindo ingabizwa nangokuthi ukufana kokucula.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Kedari ehlathini

Amahlathi omsedari angabizwa ngokuthi izinyoni zomphakathi, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sesidleke. Uma uqaphela inyoni eyodwa, khona-ke kuhlala kunethuba lokuhlangana nezinye ezimbalwa eziseduze. Amafomu e-vapors ekupheleni kobusika, futhi izidleke zihlelwe ngisho nangaphambi kokuba iqhwa lokugcina lincibilike. Isidleke salesi sihlala ihlathi singatholakali kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emahlathini asezithulu kakhulu, uma ngalesi sikhathi umuntu ehlangana nophayini womsedari, athola ukusithela kuye buthule. Ngokuya ngezimo zezulu, lezi zinyoni, abesifazane nabesilisa, benza umsebenzi wokwakha izidleke zabo kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi.

Lesi yisakhiwo esikhulu kodwa esingamasentimitha angama-30 ububanzi nangu-15 cm ukuphakama. Kulesi simo, ugqoko lincane impela: malunga ne-10-15 cm ububanzi. Isidleke sitholakala phezulu ezihlahleni zemisipres noma kwezinye i-conifers, endaweni lapho igatsha lishiya khona isiqu. Amagatsha ama-coniferous omile ambozwe nge-lichen abekwe phansi kwawo, amagatsha e-birch alandela ungqimba olandelayo, isidleke siboshwe ngotshani, imicu yamagxolo, konke lokhu kuza ngobuciko bokubumba, kanti ngaphezulu imbozwe ngotshani obomile, i-moss, naphansi.

Izinyoni zilala ama-3 kuye ku-7, kepha amaqanda ama-5 amhlophe qwa amhlophe qwa noma aqhamuke. Ama-olive ama-olive noma amancanyana ama-violet-grey ahamba ngemuva ngemuva kwengqimba yegobolondo. Kwesinye isikhathi kunezifiso ezimbalwa futhi ziqoqwa ekugcineni okufiphele. Amaqanda wesimo se-oblong angamasentimitha amathathu ubude, namasentimitha amabili nesigamu kuwo.

Bobabili abazali bayabandakanyeka ekuqopheni. Amakati avela ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-19. Okokuqala zingukudliwa kwezinambuzane namajikijolo, amantongomane amantongomane. Ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, amaphuphu asivele endiza esidlekeni futhi ayakwazi ukuzitholela ukudla ngokuzimela. Kepha nezinyoni ezincane kunazo zonke azifihli, zimemeza abazali beletha ukudla, nezinyoni ezindala ezinesikhalo esidabukisayo zigijimela kunoma ngubani ongena kuzingane. Ngemuva kwamachwane, ukuqhuma kwezinyoni ezindala. Lapho izingane ziba namandla, imihlambi yezihlahla zikaphayini isuka ezindaweni eziyizithulu iye kwenye evulekile kakhulu. Ukuvuthwa kulezi zinyoni kwenzeka ngonyaka owodwa kuya kwemibili.

Ngabe ubukeka kanjani umsedari?

Lapho unikeza umbiko noma ukhuluma ekilasini ngesihloko esithile, kufanele ukhulume ngokuthi ungayibona kanjani inyoni phakathi kwabanye.

Le nyoni encane, incane kancane kune-jackdaw, yangaphandle efana namanye ama-corvid. Isisindo se-Kedrovka yisilinganiso esingu-150-170 g; abesilisa basinda kancane kunabesifazane. Ubude bomzimba ngaphandle komsila buyi-20-30 cm.

Le nyoni inamapulangwe ansundu anemibala emhlophe. Lokhu kufakwa kwemibala kwenzeka emzimbeni. Ingaphezulu lekhanda alinabala. Umsila namaphiko amnyama nge-tint eluhlaza. Uqhwaku kanye nama-paws aluhlaza grey, amehlo ansundu.

Uqhwaku luqinile, luqinile, lwanele, lumncanyana futhi luyabukeka kunamanye amakhorido. Uqhwaku olunjalo lukuvumela ukuba ufike kumantongomane zikaphayini kwizigaxa.

Amaphayi aqinile, makhulu, enezinqe ezinamandla, lapho inyoni ibamba kalula izigaxa ezinkulu ngesikhathi sokudla.

Izindawo ezinamachashaza namabala kule nqwaba kuyasiza ekufihleni okuyimpumelelo kwenyoni engasebenzi kakhulu ngokumelene nesizinda samagatsha. I-Kedrovka ayenzi izindiza ezinde; izithiyo zamanzi ezingaphezulu kwamakhilomitha ayi-3 ububanzi azinakuphikwa.

Izinyoni zingangena kulezi ziqhingi ngezivunguvungu, noma ngesikhathi sokufuduka okuningi okubangelwa ukwehluleka kwezitshalo.

Incazelo yowesilisa nowesifazane, umehluko wabo

Izinsikazi, njengoba kunjalo ngezinyoni, zincane futhi zilula kunezabesilisa.

Kunzima impela ukwahlukanisa insikazi kowesilisa, kepha lokhu kungenziwa ngokunaka inani lezindawo ezimhlophe ku-plumage. Abesifazane bavame ukuba nezicucu ezimbalwa kunabesilisa.

Izinhlobo ezejwayelekile zomsedari

URod Kedrovka uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela:

I-Kedrovka (Nut) - Ukubukeka kwe-Eurasian.

INorth American Nut - Izinhlobo zaseNyakatho Melika. Abamele lolu hlobo luncane, amaplamu e-aspen, umsila namaphiko amnyama. Ukuphila emahlathini asezintabeni.

Ukusakazwa komsedari

Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzala, amahlathi kaphayini ahlala ngamaqembu. Bajoyina ngababili ngoFebhuwari, isidleke sabo silungele u-Ephreli-Meyi.

Umthetho oyinhloko: indawo yokukhulula inzalo ikhethiwe njengezithulu, ku-spruce ende noma iphayini.

Ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, amaqanda ama-5-6 amaqanda aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka anezindawo zomnqumo abekwa esidlekeni. Bobabili abazali babopha imashi ngokuhlukile. Amathanga aqhamuke ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-18-20.

Ngemuva kwamaviki amathathu, izihlahla ezincane zikaphayini sezivele zashiya isidleke, kepha isikhathi esithile, abazali badla izingane zabo ukudla.

Isikhathi sokuphila komsedari endle siyiminyaka engu-9 kuya kweli-11.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngomsedari

Kukhona izindaba ukuthi umsedari endle ungahlasela ama-squirrels kanye namanye amagundane ukuze ususe isigaxa sikaphayini.

Ukufuduka okukhulu kunakho konke, okuvame ukuhola indlela yokuphila yamanoni kaphayini, kwenzeka ngo-1885. Ngokwemibiko yososayensi bemvelo ababekhona ngaleso sikhathi, imihlambi yezinyoni yathutha isuka enyakatho-empumalanga yengxenye yeRussia isiya eningizimu-nentshonalanga ePoland, eBelgium, eFrance naseJalimane. Ingxenye encane yezihlahla zikaphayini ibuyile, inqwaba yafa, futhi abasindile bakha abantu ezindaweni ezintsha.

Umsedari weTaiga awufakwanga ku-Red Book yanoma yisiphi isifunda. Ngokusho kwe-ornithologists, inani labantu lizinzile futhi alisondeli emkhondweni wokuba sengozini.

Izintambo zomsedari ezihlelwe yimisedari ziyindlela yehlathi lomsedari elilondoloze umhlaba osizungezile. Lezo ezingeke zidliwe yizinyoni namagundane kuzobangela ubuhle be-taiga entsha - imisedari.

Ukuziphatha

I-Kedrovka ihola impilo yokuhlala, izama ukungadonseli ukunakwa okukhethekile. Imvamisa, ibonakala ekwindla, lapho amantongomane akhe awathandayo avuthiwe. Izinyoni ziqoqana ngemihlambi emincane enomsindo futhi zindizela ezinhlanzini nasehlathini lomsedari. Imvamisa, lapho ifuna izinto zayo ezinhle, indiza iye ezingadini zasedolobheni nasemapaki.

Indlala egculisayo, ama-walnuts ngokushesha aqala ukudala ukubekelela ubusika. Bangcwaba amantongomane ngokweqile ezindaweni ezahlukene ezikhunjulwa kahle.

Amasheya angavinjwanga aqhuma entwasahlobo, ngakho-ke amahlathi ophayini abhekwa njengabahlwanyeli abakhulu nabasabalalisi bemisedari eTaiga Siberia.

Imvamisa, izinyoni zigcina ukudla kwazo ezihlahleni eziyize noma ngaphansi kophahla lwezindlu. Umvuni onezinwele uyakwazi ukuvuna ama-kilo angama-50 wamantongomane ngesizini bese ewafihla ezindaweni ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-20. Uyazikhumbula zonke izindawo zakhe zokucasha, kepha kusuka ema-30 kuye kwangama-75% okutholakele ezitholakala futhi kudliwe ezinye izilwane.

Abamele le nhlobo bahlukunyezwa yiqhwa phansi kuze kufike ku-40 ° C futhi, njengomthetho, ubusika ezindaweni zabo zomdabu. Kuphela ngeminyaka ebusayo lapho kufanele bathuthele ebusika ngezikhathi ezithile bebanga amabanga amade beyofuna ukudla. Imvamisa indiza iye enyakatho yezwekazi laseYurophu iye emahlathini eduze nolwandle iBaltic.

Ukuhlaselwa okuningi okuningana kwe-subspecies yaseSiberia uN.c. ama-macrorhynchos abonwa eCentral Europe ngonyaka we-1968, 1977 nango-1985. Ngezinye izikhathi izinyoni elambile uphathe ukundiza phezu English Channel avele England.

Amantongomane ephayinaphu, ngaphandle kwamantongomane, adla izinambuzane, iminenke, izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezincane nama-amphibians, izithelo namajikijolo. Isimo sezulu esibandayo, imenyu yabo iqukethe cishe ngokuphelele amasheya enziwe ehlobo nasekwindla. Bona ungaphuthelwa ithuba adle amaqanda zabanye abantu futhi amachwane amagundane kanye voles. Izinyoni zingama-ownivores futhi zidla konke okungatholakala ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala.

Amantongomane adume ngokufuna ukwazi kwawo futhi ajwayele ukuvakashela abantu eyofuna imali. Man, bengasesabi ukuvuma ukuze zisebenze kimi naku impela.

Ukucula kwabo kufana ne-twitter ethule ngokulingisa kwezwi lezinye izinyoni. Bakhombisa ukungagculiseki nokukhathazeka kwabo ngokukhala okukhulu kakhulu.

Arehaўka

Cishe yonke insimu yeBelarus

Umndeni weCorvidae - iCorvidae.

Belarus - N. c. caryocotactes, ngezikhathi zokuhlasela uN. c. macrorhynchos.

Amancane lokushutheka ubusika zilwane. Kuvame kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeRiphabhuliki, lapho itholakala khona njalo ngesikhathi sezidleke. Kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile eningizimu republic, indiza ngokungafanele ekwindla, futhi kuyaqabukela kwenzeka ebusika. Ngo Belarus yomngcele oseningizimu endaweni yokwakha isidleke we nutcrackers, ikakhulukazi kuvumelana umngcele ukusabalala okuqhubekayo of sonwele ngawo le nyoni uhlobene eduze nemvelo.

Azikho izinkomba eziqondile zokuhanjiswa kwamanje komsedari ezifundeni zaseBelarus. Kubonwa ngezikhathi ezithile kuyo yonke insimu futhi ngakho-ke akukho okubukwayo okukhethekile kwalolu hlobo okwenziwa. Ngokwe-ME Nikoforovu (2008) kanye namanye abalobi, nutcracker basakaza kulo lonke elakwa-Belarus ezindaweni ezifanele wakhe. Ngasikhathi sinye, akukho datha ephelele yokudla izidleke kwezinhlobo. UGaiduk no-Abramova (2013) bakhombisa ukuthi esifundeni iBrest. Ezimweni lokushutheka bhalisiwe, nakuba yokubhalisa imakwe ngabanye. Ababhali abafanayo bakhomba izehlakalo ezi-2 ze-walnut nesting esifundeni saseSvisloch esifundeni saseGodno. eLuzvezhskaya Pushcha: ngoMeyi 1956 nangoJuni 1965 eSifundeni saseBrest. Bird baloba izikhathi 5: 5/10/1984, ngesikhathi 11.04.1989 futhi 25.10.1998, abantu esisodwa Berezovsky District, ka 08.01.1986 (2 zezinhlobo) kanye 28.11.2001, (3 ngabanye) e Isifunda sase-Ivatsevichi. Ku-NP Pripyatsky, NP Braslav Lakes kanye ne-NP Belovezhskaya Pushcha, inhlobo ikhonjiswa njengesidleke sokuzinza.

inyoni obujwayelekile nge jackdaw, iqhude has a ishede zomzimba. Amapayipi anombala onsundu, nenani elikhulu lamabala amhlophe, okwenza inyoni ibonakale sengathi i-mottled. Ekhanda kukhona i- “cap” nsundu, amaphiko nomsila zibomvana ngombala onsundu, kepha izihloko zezimpaphe zomsila zimhlophe, ngenxa yokuthi ukuphela komsila kwakha umngcele omhlophe, obonakala ngokucacile ngenkathi indiza futhi ihleli endaweni yenyoni. Undertail ezimhlophe, umlomo wenyoni futhi imilenze grey. Isisindo sowesilisa singama-130-190 g, owesimame ungama-124-200 g.U ubude bomzimba (bobabili ubulili) buyi-31-38 cm, amaphiko ngamaphiko angama-52-60 cm.Ukuphakama kwamaphiko endoda kukhona amasentimitha angama-18- 18, umsila ungama-14- 14 cm, ama-lugs angama-5 mm. . iphiko obuphelele nabesifazane 19-19,5 cm bobbin 5 cm 5 cm umlomo.

Yinyoni eyimfihlo impela, kuphela ebusika nasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo ongayizwa isililo se-nati - "crre-crre-cree" ebukhali.

Ihlathi lomsedari lihlala kakhulu emahlathini ama-coniface, likhetha ngokusobala amahlathi angenamikhawulo, kanye namahlathi ahlanganisiwe (i-spruce-oak, i-spruce-pine, i-spruce alder) enezikhonkwane ze-hazel endaweni eyabalele noma ekuchithweni okugcwele okugcwele.

Kuzala ngababili ahlukene. Wakha izidleke ezihlahleni zemisipres ezineminyaka engama-20-30 ubudala, imvamisa eduzane nesiqu, ukuphakama okungama-4-8 m, ngesinye isikhathi kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-171. Ezinye zazo zimbozwe kahle kakhulu ngenaliti ezisindayo, kanti ezinye, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zivulekile ngokuphelele. Ngokusobala, icala elaziwayo lendawo esidleke kuyo esihlahleni sikaphayini, ehlathini lesithelo se-oak, lihlukile.

Kunalokho isokhethi besiyoba sikhulu yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko ezomile (kwesinye isikhathi oluhlaza admixture) amagatsha zezihlahla (sonwele ngokuvamile ulele camera), ngokuvamile ne ukwengeza Amahlumela ezondile izihlahla lezihlahla (ikakhulukazi birch). Isitsha esihlangene esihlanganisiwe siqiniswa nge-bast, i-moss eluhlaza, i-lichens, ngezikhathi ezithile izingcezu zezimpukane ezibolile, nomhlaba. Ugqoko lugqunywe emabunzini afakwe emanzini, ngotshani obomile, ngotshwala obunentshebe, okuvame kakhulu ngoboya kanye nemifino fluff. Lesi sidleke ngokuvamile atholakala phansi nezimpaphe ukuchamisela izinyoni. Ukuphakama kwesidleke kungama-21-25 cm, ububanzi buyi-30-45 cm, ukujula kwetreyi kungama-7-7,5 cm, ububanzi buyi-12-16 cm.

I-clutch ephelele iqukethe amaqanda ama-3-6 (imvamisa 4). Igobolondo kuyinto matte noma kancane ecwebezelayo. Umbala wengemuva eliyinhloko uhluka kusuka kokucishe kube mhlophe kuya kokumhlophe noma okuluhlaza okomhlophe, kwesinye isikhathi ngombala onsomi ophuzi. Uhlobo lwephethini nalo luhluka kakhulu. Ukuhlukanisa Phakathi amaqanda sibaphatha ngokulinganayo embozwe izindawo ezincane kakhulu, abanye embozwe ngakho okuhle zokubona ezingavamile abonakala ezinombala ofanayo. Kukhona futhi amaqanda anezimilo ezinkulu, ezijwayelekile, ezihlukile noma, ngokuhlukile, ezinama-blks acacile, anezikhala. Kaningi, amabala ayaqina ekugcineni, enze i-corolla ekhulunyiwe. Ukudweba surface amabala kusukela brown ukukhanya ensundu ne-olive, ezijulile - umlotha-grey futhi violet. Isisindo seqanda 11 g, ubude 33-37 mm, ububanzi 2426 mm.

Izikhathi zokunakekelwa zinwetshwa. Ngokuvamile ekuqaleni oviposition kwenzeka ngo-March noma eyishumi yokuqala ka-Ephreli. Kukhona brood eyodwa ngonyaka, kodwa uma kwenzeka kufa isidleke, ukuphinda kubekwe kabusha kwenzeka (ngokuzayo). Zombili lezi zinyoni zifukamela izinsuku eziyi-18, ebusuku - insikazi, ngesikhathi sasemini - owesilisa nowesifazane. amaphuphu esezikhulile ukushiya isidleke eneminyaka engu kwezinsuku 25.

Ukudla kuxutshwe, kudla imbewu ye-spruce nephayini, ama-hazelnuts, amaqabunga aluhlaza ezihlahla, amagundane anjengegundane, entwasahlobo nasehlobo - izinambuzane, izicabucabu nemollusk, ebusika azideleli ukugcwala. Ama-acorns nawo atholakala esiswini sezinyoni ehlobo (Julayi), ngakho-ke, izinyoni zazithenga ezitokisini zangonyaka odlule.

Umkhawulo yobudala eqoshiwe eYurophu eminyakeni 19 izinyanga 11.

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