Ibhungane elihlala emhlabathini liwumndeni wamabhungane, ohlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-25 emhlabeni nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu eRussia. Isinambuzane singokuhleleka kwamabhungane, aze afike ku-60 mm ubude, ahlukahluka ngokokukhetha kombala ohlukile kusuka kumnyama kuya kensimbi. Abamele abaningi bale nhlobo bavele bangandiza, kepha bagijima ngokushesha okukhulu, bephelisa leli khono kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye.

Amabhungane adlani, abamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezahlukene babukeka kanjani, bazuze noma balimaze kanjani? Mayelana nayo ngezansi.

Kuhlala kuphi izimbungulu zomhlaba?

Ubhungane ojwayelekile wepaki lengadi, kungakhathalekile ukuthi luhlobo luni, luhlala ngaphakathi noma ngaphezu komphezulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izikhathi luyakwazi ngisho nokungena ezihlahleni. Ngesibalo esiphansi, ukubanjwa kwezinambuzane kuzizwa kukhululekile ngokulinganayo ezimeni ezahlukahlukene.

Iqembu lingafaka izinhlobo eziningana zamabhungane, ezinye zazo, ngaphansi kwethonya lokucindezela, ezikwazi ukubuyisa uketshezi olunobuthi. Izibungu zamabhungane ezingaphansi nazo zinekhono eliyisimanga. Zonke zinekhanda elihlukile, imilenze emide, izintuthwane kanye nezinhlaka ezimbili ze-caudal. Izibungu zihlala ngaphansi kwezitshalo noma ezingashoni emhlabathini.

Amabhungane adlani nezici zokukhula kwawo

Imvamisa, ibhungane lomhlabathi lidla izinambuzane eziningi nezinambuzane. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

Kuhlanganiswe ekudleni kukhona ukudla komsuka wezitshalo nezinhlobo zama-phytophages.

I-subfamily enkulu yesinkwa nama-mabhungane emhlabathini weCrimea ayakhula, ifinyelele ezingeni lokuvuthwa iminyaka eminingana. Abamele abancane bezinhlobo - ubhungane womhlaba obumbekile ufinyelela inani eliphakeme lokuvuthwa ngonyaka owodwa.

Ngokwesilinganiso, amabhungane aphila iminyaka ecishe ibe mibili, ngenkathi ebusika ezitshalweni ezisele kusukela isizini, ebeka amaqanda ayi-100 kulungiswe kahle futhi acebile ngezinto ezinomhlabathi omuhle.

I-Ground mabhungane - umthengi nomchithi: izinhlobo

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhungane zinamakhono ahlukile. Amanye awo anamakhulu amathathu eminyaka, amanye amabili. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu kuqhubeka amasonto amathathu ezinhlotsheni ezincane kuya ezinyangeni eziningana ngobukhulu.

Amabhungane angaphambi komsebenzi othile azuza ngokuqala kobumnyama, kanti ngesikhathi sasemini afakwa izigaxa emthunzini wezitshalo. Izinambuzane ziba matasa ikakhulukazi esimweni sezulu esinamafu.

Ngokuya ngohlobo lomsebenzi wezinkathi ezithile, amabhungane ahlukaniswe:

Owokuqala - intwasahlobo-ekwindla akhombisa ukwanda komsebenzi ngokuqondile ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo nasekwindla. Abamele amabhungane entwasahlobo-ehlobo asebenza ngokuqondile entwasahlobo nasehlobo, ngokulandelana, ihlobo yisikhathi esifanele sonyaka samabhungane omhlaba wasehlobo.

Iziqongo ezahlukahlukene zomsebenzi kumabhungane ngokuyinhloko zincike kubuningi nezici zokuzala.

Ngaphezu komsebenzi wesizini, ubhungane womhlaba (isithombe esingezansi ngeke senze iphutha) esigabeni sokuphikiswa kwesibopho esihlukaniswe yizinhlobo ezincane ezimbalwa:

• onsomi
• yegolide
• emerald
• brilliant njll.

Ngamunye wabo unencazelo yakhe, okwenza sikwazi ukwahlukanisa isinambuzane kwabanye. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, ibhungane le-emerald lapho selikhulile lingaba nobude bomzimba obungu-2 kuya ku-8 cm. Izibungu zesinambuzane zihlukaniswa ngesimo esidlulile sezinyawo, okungenani zingamaphikiswa, kwezinye izimo zinobuthi.

Ibhungane lomhlabathi liqukethe emerald emhlabathini. Idla ikakhulu izibungu zezinye izinambuzane, izibungu kanye nama-mollusks. Abanye babameli babo bayakujabulela ukujabulela imifino ngaphansi kwamatshe noma ngamabhodi. Lezi zinhlobo zamabhungane zitholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukile zomhlaba, ezingamlimazi umuntu, zichithe izinambuzane eziningi eziyingozi engadini nasengadini. Isici esihlukile sombethe ngumbala ogqamile ngombala ocwebezelayo.

Ubhungane ongaphansi

Ngokwesiko, ibhungane lomhlabathi litholakala emazweni aseYurophu, eRussia nakwamanye amazwe ase-Asia Ephakathi. Ibhungane lidla emasimini angalungisiwe - esinye sezilokazane zasengadini.

Ubude bomzimba womuntu omdala bufika ku-30 ​​mm, umbala womzimba uluhlaza noma ubhedu ngokuthintwa kwegolide. Ingxenye engezansi imnyama, ingaphambili liyi-tint ekhanyayo eluhlaza okotshani. Inhlabathi enobumba olunesihlabathi iyathandwa yile bug; ihlala ikakhulukazi ezingadini nasemasimini, nasezindaweni nasezindaweni ezime kahle. Izibungu zamabhungane ziyazifihla ngaphansi kwamatshe.

Mayelana nokunambitheka kokunambitheka kwamabhungane omhlaba

Abamele abahlukahlukene bale zinhlobo bazikhethela izinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla. Abanye bakhetha amacimbi kanye nezimvemvane zepulangwe, abanye badla izibungu zamaqhubu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abamele abathile bamabhungane bayakwazi ukudla izibungu zamafudu ayingozi.

Okudla kakhulu ibhungane lomhlaba, i-violet ejwayelekile negolide ngaphezulu. Izinambuzane ziyaziphindisela ngabameli abahlukahlukene kakhulu bemindeni, ikakhulukazi zikhetha abantu abanomzimba omncane ophelele.

Amabhungane e-Herbivorous amelelwa yi-genera Amara ne-Ophonus, eyakha umndeni omkhulu. Abamele bayo badla izinsalela zamaqabunga, utshani, imifino futhi abazingeli izinto eziphilayo.

Inketho ethokozisayo izinhlobo ezixubile zamabhungane asemhlabathini, okwazi ukudla ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane. Isibonelo sohlobo oluxubile yi-mabhungane yomhlaba i-Ophonus pubescens. Ekuqaleni kwesizini, idla kuphela izinambuzane ezincane, futhi kusukela lapho sekuvuthwa okusanhlamvu, iyashintsha ukutshala ukudla, ibangele ukulimala okubonakalayo kwezilimo.

I-Ophonus pubescens

Ngokubukeka, amabhungane ezilwane ezidliwayo nabambelela ekudleni kwezitshalo ahlukile. Ezangaphambili zinekhanda elithambile nomzimba ophakeme, ama-mandibles agobile wohlobo olukhonjwa. Ukuthuthuka ngokomzimba kuvumela ukubamba nokubamba isisulu ngaphandle kwezinkinga, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuba khona kwemilenze enamandla yokuhamba.

Amabhungane e-Herbivorous, ngakolunye uhlangothi, awasebenzi kakhulu lapho ehamba, awanemilenze emide, ahlukile ekhanda eliyindilinga kanye nama-mandibles anendawo ebanzi yokuhlukanisa ukudla kube izingxenye ezincane.

Uhlobo oluyingozi lwebhungane lomhlaba - isinkwa: ungalwa kanjani

Ibhungane lomhlabathi laziwa ngesifiso salo sokudlela izithombo zokusanhlamvu, zizibophela cishe emhlabathini. Isinambuzane esinjalo siyakwazi futhi silwe, ngaphandle kwalokho izitshalo ngeke zikhiqize isivuno ebesilindelwe.

Ukuvikela izitshalo ekuhlaselweni bhungane lesinkwa, basebenzisa indlela ehlanganisiwe, besebenzisa izindlela eziningana ezisebenzayo ngasikhathi sinye, kusuka kwezolimo nasekupheliseni ngamakhemikhali. Kubhekelwa kakhulu ukuhambisana nobuchwepheshe bokukhula kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo, kugxile ekwakheni izimo ezinhle zokukhula nokukhula kwezitshalo nokungakhululeki ukuze amabhungane amabhungane omhlabathi afinyelele esigabeni sokuvuthwa.

Ungalwa nezilokazane okusanhlamvu ngalezi zindlela ezilandelayo:

• Ukukhetha amasimu afanele wokutshala,
• ngokukhetha imbewu esezingeni eliphezulu,
• sisebenzisa umanyolo ofanele wamaminerali kanye nezinto ezikhuthaza ukukhula,
• ukuvuna okuhlukile nokuvuna ngesikhathi esifushane,
• ukwenza ngokucophelela ukuthunyelwa kotshani nokusanhlamvu ngaphandle kokuchithela endle,
• Ukuhlela ukutshala izinhlanga ngokushesha nje kokuvuna,
• ukuzijwayeza ukulima kusenesikhathi.

Ekuphetheni, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amabhungane e-yachting, engadini kanye nama-golide omhlaba wegolide avame kakhulu eRussia. Bonke bavela emndenini wezilwane ezidla ezinye, ngakho-ke abalimazi ezitshalwe emasimini. Ukuzama okujabulisayo ngezinambuzane zalolu hlobo lwenziwe ososayensi. Endleleni yomdlwenguli, babeka isidudu ngoMeyi. Ngemuva kwemizamo eminingana yokuntshontsha ukutholwa, ibhungane lomhlabathi labona ukuthi alikwazi ukubekezelela lodwa futhi ngokushesha laletha usizo - izimbungulu ezifanayo.

Incazelo

Ama-mabhungane aphansi awumndeni omkhulu kakhulu, onenombolo enkulu yohlobo nezilwane, okuvame ukuba nzima ukuhlukanisa, maqondana nalokhu, kusetshenziswa izimpawu eziningi ezahlukahlukene zokuxilongwa: umbala, ukwakheka komzimba, ukwakheka kwangaphandle, ukwakheka komhlaba, usayizi, ukwakheka kofuzo ne-hetotaxia kuyabhekwa.

Umbala wamabhungane omhlaba wehluka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngemibala emnyama, imvamisa nge-tint yensimbi. Imvamisa uma kumnyama noma kumnyama, kuvela i-rainbow (iridescent), eyakhiwa ngesithombe esincane esivela emigqeni emincane edlulayo.

I-taxa yomuntu ngamunye, ikakhulukazi ezingeni lemindeni nezinhlanga ezingezansi, inesimo somzimba esibonakalayo. Kwesinye isikhathi ukwakheka komzimba kuhluke kakhulu kokujwayelekile kumabhungane angaphansi: izinhlobo zohlobo Omophron, ezihlala emabhishi anesihlabathi, esimilo sazo esiyindilinga sifana nama-ladybird noma amanye amabhungane amnyama, abamele uhlobo oluhlala ezihlahleni zotshani Drypta, Demetrius futhi U-Odacantha abe nomzimba omude, obunjwe ngesibalo somzimba, wokumba izinhlobo zezilwane ezivela kwi-subfamily I-Scaritinae, kanye namanye amaqembu, kubonakaliswa isibambo esenziwe entanyeni phakathi kwe-anterotissus nangemuva lomzimba, kanye nobubanzi, ngaphambili be-tibiae obuhlome ngamazinyo. Isimo somzimba esiyingqayizivele ezinhlotsheni ezivela ku-genera Cicindela, U-Elaphrus, I-Notiophilus nabanye abanye.

I-morphology ye-imago

Izingcezu ezisuka emincane kakhulu, zingadluli ku-1 mm, ziye ezinkulu kakhulu, cishe zingu-10 cm.

Ukwakheka komzimba kwehluke kakhulu, futhi yize izinhlobo eziningi zinomzimba ovulekile ongaphezulu noma ngaphansi, amanye amaqembu abonakala ngesimo esiyindilinga ngendlela eyelensi ye-biconvex noma umzimba omfushane wamahlamvu. Izinhlobo zomgede zivame ukuba nomzimba wokuqina oqinile onekhanda elikhulu nokuqina okujulile ngaphansi kwesitatimende, esizinikeza ukufana kwangaphandle nezintuthwane.

Umbala uvame ukubamnyama kakhulu noma ube yinsimbi; umbala wokugqokwa ubonakala kuphela kubantu abathile, iningi lama-epiphytic kanye namaqembu okushayela amabhungane omhlaba. Izinhlobo eziphilayo ezifihliwe zibonakaliswa ngokudukiswa komzimba.

Ikhanda

Ikhanda lidonswa kwi-prothorax buthaka noma phezulu emehlweni, liqondiswa phambili futhi liphela ngemihlathi eqinile ecijile, ukwakheka kwayo kuncike ohlotsheni lokudla. Iningi lamaqembu adla ngokuhlaselwa abonakala ngamamirithi amade okwenziwe ngesikela, ahunyushwe kahle ukuze abambe inyamazane. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinhlobo zezinhlaka zemishanguzo zivame ukuba nemihlathi emikhulu nefiphaza, evumelana nokugaya kwesihlokwana sesitshalo.

Amehlo asayizi ahlukahlukene, aqhamuka kunkulu kakhulu (ezinhlotsheni ezinesikhathi sasemini noma umsebenzi wekusasa kakhulu) (Cicindela, U-Elaphrus, I-Notiophilus njll.) ukunciphisa kakhulu (Leptopaphiamaabanye UTrechus futhi njll.). Ezinhlotsheni ezihola indlela yokuphila yobusuku, amehlo asayizi aphakathi, enhlabathini eningi noma emhumeni amafomu, ancishiswa kakhulu noma anciphise kuze kuphele ukunyamalala kwawo ngokuphelele. Akunamehlo.

Amathempeli kwesinye isikhathi athuthukiswa kakhulu, kanti nekhanda ngemuva kwawo linqotshwe intamo. Imvamisa ebunzini ezinhlangothini, imvamisa engxenyeni engaphandle yebunzi kuba nomqondo: uma umfishane futhi ubanzi, bese ubizwa ngokuthi yi-fossa yangaphambili, uma nje ubizwa ngokuthi i-frontal groove. Imvamisa ama-grooves angaphambili athuthukiswa kahle kakhulu, engxenyeni engaphambili angena ezinhlangothini ze-clypeus, ohlangothini lwasemuva afinyelela emathempelini. I-clypeus imvamisa, ngokwezinga elithile noma kwenye, ihlukaniswe ngokucacile ebunzini ngesithupha esidalulwayo.

Isindebe esingaphezulu sinezimo ezahlukahlukene, imvamisa okwazi ukuhamba ngaphansi kwe-clypeus, okuvame kakhulu ukuxhuma kuyo singanyakazi. I-chin ihlukaniswe yi-submentum, phakathi kwe-marter yangaphambi kwangaphambi nge-notch, imvamisa ihlinzekwa ngamazinyo aphakathi, okokugcina ongunxantathu, noma okufiphalisiwe lapho kukhuphuka, noma kuhlakazeke ngokujulile, kuvame ukungabikho. Amakamelo okugcina we-chin onqenqemeni lwangaphakathi avame ukufakelwa imingcele (ama-epilobes). Kwesinye isikhathi ku-chin, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuzala izingane Clivia, I-Dyschirius et al., eduze nendawo ephakathi nendawo noma kunezigxobo ezimbili (izimbobo zama-chin) zesitho sezinzwa se-lip ephansi, okuthi, ngokukaZhannel, sikhonza amabhungane omhlaba njengesitho sokuzwa. Cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi kunamabhangqwana amabili noma angaphezulu wama-pist a-bristle. Ulimi oluse-apex lunama-setae amabili noma amaningi; i-paraglosses, inqunu noma i-pubescent, ihlangana nezinhlangothi zayo. Izimbaza zivame ukuqina, kwesinye isikhathi zikhulu kakhulu, endaweni yokugcina izinto eseceleni kwesinye isikhathi enamazinyo elilodwa noma ngaphezulu (i-retinacula), engxenyeni yangaphambili ngesinye isikhathi nayo ithwala amazinyo ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. UMaxillae onomugqa ocijeke njengogobolondo ogobeke phezulu, i-palp-shape 2-segment galeia ne-4-segment maxillary palp. Imivimbo yeLabial ihlukaniswe kathathu. Ingxenye yokugcina yamakhwaya kwesinye isikhathi inwetshelwa kakhulu kufaceba (i-axiform), ibunjiwe njengembazo, unxantathu, kwesinye isikhathi, ngokungafani nalokhu, incishiswa ngokuqinile ibe yingxenye encane ebunjiwe inaliti lapho kufinyelela ingxenye enkulu.

I-Antenna (ngaphandle I-Paussinae , lapho amathenda evame ukuthola ukwakheka okuyisimanga), izingxenye eziyi-11, ifilimu nokubonakala kahle, isigaba sokuqala sivame ukufakelwa i-bristles eziningana, izingxenye ezisele, ngaphandle kwesokugcina, zifakwe i-corolla yamabhuloksi amaningana ku -exex. Izingxenye eziningana zezimpondo zesisekelo zivame ukungabi nalutho, ezinye zimbozwe wonke noma cishe wonke umhlaba ngezinwele eziseduze, I-Lorocera embozwe ngaphezu kwe-pubescence ejwayelekile yokuhlukanisa ngentambo ende yobude obuhlukile.

Isifuba

I-Pronotum yefomu elihluke kakhulu. Ukugxila kwemvelo kuvame ukuboniswa ngesimo se-pronotum, isimo sokuvezwa kwayo ne-elytra kunquma ubukhulu bezinga lokuhamba kwengxenye engaphandle yomzimba - isisekelo se-pronotum, esiphakeme kulokhu kuhamba. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ezikhethekile zokumba kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemithombo ihlukaniswa ukwakheka komzimba okuqinisiwe. Isihlangu ngobuningi bezinhlobo sakhiwe kahle, kuphela ezimweni ezihlukile siyancishiswa - ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye izinhlobo zomhume.

Izimbotshana

Imilenze ivame ukuba mncane futhi ibe yinde, ilungele ukuhamba nokugijima; ngamafomu okumba, aqine ngokuqinile futhi aboshelwe eceleni komkhawulo wangaphandle futhi ovame ukufakelwa amazinyo kanye nokuphuma. Ama-paws ahlukaniswe iziqephu ezi-5, ama-hlek coxae ngaphandle kwe-femal tympanum, kuvame ukuthinta emugqeni bese kweqa ingxenye yokuqala yesisu. Swivels zakhiwe kahle, kwesinye isikhathi zinde kakhulu, ezimeni ezihlukile kakhulu kunesikhathi okhalweni. Emilenzeni yangaphambili yamabhungane amaningi omhlaba kukhona i-notch - isitho sangasese esikhethekile esenzelwe ukuhlanza izintuthwane. Ingxenye yesine yemilenze ezinhlotsheni ze-epiphytic imvamisa ine-notch ejulile, lapho ingxenye yomugqa ifakwe, ngaleyo ndlela ibumba isitho esikhethekile sezitshalo zokubamba. Ingxenye efanayo ezinhlotsheni zomhume imvamisa inenqubo engcolile esiza ukunamathisela endaweni engaphansi lapho ugibela izindonga zemihume.

I-Elytra nezimpiko

Amaphiko anendawo yokubiza, okuthiwa yendawo yokuhlakazeka. Izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwamaphiko lincike hhayi kuphela eqenjini le-taxonomic, kepha livame ukuhlukahluka ngisho naphakathi kwezinhlobo. Endabeni yokugcina, ngokuya ngobukhulu bohlobo oluhambisanayo, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zephiko polymorphism ziyabhekwa. Njengazo zonke izinambuzane, izinhlobo zezindiza ezingenamaphiko amafushane kanye / noma abantu zitholakala kakhulu eziqhingini, ezintabeni, emihumeni, nasemiphakathini evumelana kakhulu nokuzinza kule ndawo. Uhlobo lokusakazwa kwezindlela zamaphiko lungasetshenziswa ukucacisa imibuzo ehlukahlukene yohlobo lweqembu, ukubhala amabala e-glacial refugia, njll. Amaphiko athuthukiswe kahle kakhulu emaqenjini e-thermophilic drive, ngokwesibonelo, emahhashi nase Pogobela, kanye nezimo ezinamahlathi ashisayo asezindaweni ezishisayo. Eziningi zalezi zinhlobo zindiza kahle kangangokuba zithanda ukundiza kunokuba zibalekele ingozi. Kodwa-ke, amabhungane amaningi asemhlabathini andiza kabi futhi asebenzise indiza ikakhulukazi ekuhlaleni kabusha, futhi ezinye izinhlobo azikaze zindize nhlobo.

Ngokuvamile i-elytra iqinile, ingxenye enkulu, icishe isimboze ngokuphelele isisu, kuphela kwesinye isikhathi i-apex enqunywe. Ezinhlotsheni ezingenamaphiko, zingakhula ndawonye kumthungo, imvamisa ingaphezulu lawo ngama-grooves amade, angahlatshwa. Inani lama-grooves livame ukulingana kakhulu ne-9, kepha lingakhuphuka ngenxa yokufiphala noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuncipha, izinguquko ezinjalo zivame ukwenzeka kaningi 3. Ngalesi sisekelo, isithombe esibucayi esiyinkimbinkimbi kwesinye isikhathi siyakhula noma isithombe sonke siyancishiswa bese ubuso buba yisibuko bushelelezi.

Isisu

Isisu kuya ngeqembu elinama-sternites angama-6-8 abonakalayo. I-edeagus iyi-asymmetric, ilele eceleni kwayo, imvamisa iyishubhu elifakwe ngokulingana, okuvame kakhulu ukuthi indawo yayo engaphakathi ifakwe ifilimu noma i-pair of scitititi ende ihlala ezinhlangothini. Ama-parameres amahhala, kuya ngeqembu, ngokulingana noma cha.

Esikhathini esiningi samabhungane omhlabathi, abesilisa babonakala ngezigaba ezithile noma ngaphezulu ezandisiwe ngaphambili futhi kwesinye isikhathi imilenze ephakathi, indawo engezansi yayo ifakwe izinwele ezinamathiselwe ezisebenza ukubamba insikazi ngesikhathi sokuzala. Imvamisa ubulili bunqunywa ngokucaciswa kwendawo okukhona kuyo ama-bristles, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni ye-anal noma ngemininingwane yesakhiwo sengxenye ye-elytra, ngezimpawu zesibonakhulu, njll. Ngaphezu kwezici zokuziphatha, abesilisa bavame ukwehluka kwabesifazane ngobukhulu bomzimba. Izici zangempela nezochazwa kahle zesibili, ezaziwa kahle phakathi kwamanye amabhungane, aziqabuki kangako kumabhungane angaphansi komhlaba. Isibonelo esaziwa kakhulu yizingxenye ezandisiwe ze-tarsus (lat. Tarsus) kumabhungane omhlaba wesilisa owesilisa Carabus.

I-morvalology ye-Larval

Izibungu zamabhungane ezingaphansi zaziwa ukuthi zimbi kakhulu kunabantu abadala futhi okwamanje ziyisihloko sokutadisha kakhulu. Imvamisa, zihlanganiswa nge-kampodeiform, ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwe-sclerotised, akuvamisile (ngamabhungane we-symphilic and parasitoid komhlaba), izibungu ziqothulwa, futhi izitho zifushaniswa kakhulu. I-clypeus ihlanganiswe nebunzi, umphetho wayo wangaphambili uvaliwe. IGlazkov imvamisa ine-6 ​​ohlangothini ngalunye, incane kakhulu uma incane noma ingekho nhlobo. I-Antennae enezingxenye ezingama-3-5 (imvamisa ezinezigaba ezi-4). Imilenze njengabantu abadala abanezigaba ezi-5. Isisu sizihlukaniso ezi-10, i-tergite IX imvamisa ine-urogomphs elula noma ihlukaniswe, isakhiwo sayo okuyisici esibalulekile sokuxilonga. Ingxenye ye-X ivame ukudala ukucwilisa.

Izidingo ze-Abiotic Factors

Phakathi kwazo zonke izici zokuxaka izinambuzane eziningi zomhlaba, umswakama wenhlabathi ubaluleke kakhulu. Iningi lezinhlobo lithanda ama-biotopes omanzi anamazinga okushisa aphansi. Izidingo ezinjalo ziphawuleka ngokukhethekile ngabazingeli be-polyphage abangabalulekanga. Phakathi kwama-phytophages, ingxenye yezinhlobo ze-mesoxerophilic iphakeme kakhulu, ngoba lezi zinhlobo, njengamanye ama-phytophages, ziyakwazi ukunxephezela ukungabikho kokuswakama emzimbeni ngenxa yezicubu zezitshalo. Phakathi kwama-parasitoids, kukhona futhi inani elikhulu lezinhlobo ezilwa nokungabikho komswakama kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Iqembu elinwetshiwe lamabhungane emhlabathini alivumelani nosawoti obunzima futhi litholakala ogwini lwamachibi kasawoti kanye nemibhoshongo kasawoti.

Habitat

Ukuxhuma okungajwayelekile komndeni emndenini kuyimbangela yokugcwala kwale mabhungane. Amabhungane aphansi ahlala cishe lonke uhla lwezindawo ezisukela ebusika ukusuka ekubandeni okuyi-tundra kuya emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo, ezintabeni akhuphukela ebhelenisini lokungenela futhi ezimweni eziningi kungenye yezici ezithile zezici zokuphikisana nendawo ezungezile.

Umsebenzi wansuku zonke

Kumabhungane omhlabathi zonke izinhlobo eziphambili zomsebenzi wansuku zonke ziyaziwa. Umngcele phakathi kwezinhlobo zobusuku nemini uvame ukungaqiniseki kakhulu, zombili ngenxa ye-intrapopulation heterogeneity kanye nezinguquko zesikhathi sonyaka emsebenzini wezinsuku zonke. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-oligothermicity, eye- kanye ne-hygrophilicity yezinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane omhlaba ngokuvamile ziyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ngokungafani kwezigqi zezimbali zamabhungane omhlaba. Entwasahlobo, ezimweni zokuswakama kwenhlabathi okuphezulu, ubuningi bezulu kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, ezihlala zibalwa njengobusuku, zihola indlela yokuphila yasemini. Ngakho-ke, entwasahlobo ezindaweni ezivulekile zendawo ye-steppe, ukubalwa okubonakalayo okusobala akuvumeli nje ukuthola kuphela, kepha futhi ukulinganisa inani lezinhlobo cishe zonke ezivelele nezingaphansi kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kwehlobo ezintabeni ze-Alpine ntambama ungabuka abaningi abasebenzayo Carabus, Pterostichus, UCalathus futhi Nebriakamuva eya cishe kuphela kwindlela yokuphila yobusuku. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, lo mkhuba ubonakala kakhulu kumaCarpathians kanye nezindawo ezinomswakama weCaucasus, ngenkathi ezintabeni ezomile zaseCentral Asia naseMpumalanga Caucasus, zenzeka kuphela ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo ezithile. Lapho isilinganiso sokushisa sansuku zonke sanda futhi inhlabathi yoma, inani eliphakeme lemisebenzi yabo lihamba kancane kancane phakathi kokuhwalala bese kuthi ebusuku. Izinguquko ezinjalo zenzeka kalula, ngoba ekuphakameni kwezinhlobo zasemini zasehlobo zinokuphakama kwemisebenzi ntambama, nezinhlobo zobusuku emahoreni okuqala ngemva kokushona kwelanga, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukushintsha kusuka kwelinye iqembu kuya kwelinye, kwanele ukushintsha inani eliphakeme lomsebenzi amahora ambalwa kuphela.

Ukuhlangana kokuphakama kokushiswa kwezulu lezinhlobo eziningi ekushoneni kwelanga kunokukhanya kwelanga kufakazela ukuthi isici esiyisisekelo esingathandeki lapho kwenzeka khona ukuzivumelanisa nalokho ukuswelakala komswakama kunokushisa okuphezulu, ngoba kungenxa yokwehla kwezinga lokushisa okunyuka ngalo umswakama emoyeni kusihlwa iwashi. Kukho konke amathuba, ukufakwa kwesolar kungaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kusekelwa umbala osansimbi omkhulu wesikhathi sasemini nomsebenzi wobusuku obuningi wezinhlobo eziningi zokuhlangana. Lezi zokugcina zitholakala ziphezulu ezintabeni eduze nomaphethelo wamasimu weqhwa ancibilikayo futhi kuvame ukubonakala ngokudukiswa nokuncipha kwesembozo. Izinguquko ezinjalo ze-morphological ziyaqondakala ngokuphelele kusuka endaweni yokubuka yokuntuleka kwesidingo sokulwa nokushoda komswakama, kepha zenza izinhlobo zezidalwa ezisengozini yokuthola imisebe yelanga futhi, mhlawumbe, zibaphoqe ukuthi baphile impilo yobusuku obujwayelekile ezimweni lapho ekuqaleni ubonakala ungakulungele lokhu. Uma kwi-Western Caucasus siphuma ngemuva kokushona kwelanga siye emaphethelweni eqhwa, khona-ke lapho izinga lokushisa lingaba ngu-0 degrees, kuvame umoya ovunguzayo, ungathola abamele abaningi bohlobo behla benyuka ngqo phezu kweqhwa Nebria amaqembu N. tenella, ovivinya imbobo ngayinye eqhweni nabaphephetha ukuthola imfucumfucu ebunjiwe, izinambuzane ezisanda kufakwa eqandeni, njll. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi kobuchopho be-biotopic yezinhlobo nesimo semvelo yansuku zonke. Ukusuka kuleli phuzu, uhlobo lokudla nalo lubalulekile. Iningi lama-phytophiles nezinhlobo eziningi zama-drive ziyasebenza phakathi nosuku. Ngokuphambene nalokho, phakathi kwama-geobionts nama-mixophytophages, izinhlobo eziningi zezinto zemvelo azisebenzi ebusuku.

Imvamisa, ngenxa yesimo sezinto eziguquguqukayo eziguquguqukayo, ukundiza kwamabhungane emhlabathini kukhanyiselwe futhi (Kryzhanovsky, 1983). Indiza ihamba kakhulu ezindaweni ezomile, ngokuvamile emazingeni okushisa aphakeme ebusuku impela. Amabhungane aphansi endiza ekukhanyeni angahlukaniswa ngombandela ngamaqembu amakhulu ama-2. Enye ifaka izinhlobo zezindiza ezenza indiza yokuhlala kabusha, eyokugcina yenziwa yizimbungulu ezisanda kukhishwa, futhi njengoba ikhula, amandla endiza alahlekile, angahle ahambisane nokugudluzwa kwemisipha yangaphiko engaphendukeki. Ukundiza okunjalo kohlobo ngalunye kuthola uhlamvu lwesisindo kanye kuphela ngesizini. Elinye iqembu lifaka izinhlobo ezindizayo ezikhanyisela ngokwengeziwe noma ngaphansi ngokulingana kuyo yonke inkathi. Kulokhu, iminyaka emikhulu ingabhekwa kaninginingi ngesizini eyodwa, icasulwe yizimo ezahlukahlukene (ngokwesibonelo, ezinhlotsheni zasogwini - ukomisa idamu).

Amandla wesikhathi sonyaka

Inqwaba yamabhungane angaphansi komhlaba ingeyezinhlobo ze-monovoltine futhi inika isizukulwane esisodwa ngonyaka. Ezifundeni ezifika emaphethelweni nasezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, ezinye zalezi zinhlobo azinaso isikhathi sokuqedela ukuthuthuka ngesizini eyodwa bese intuthuko ihlala iminyaka emibili. Ubhungane obusika buvame yobudala obuhlukile kanti abanye babo ubusika ngokwesibili. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala zikhula ngaphezu konyaka. Okungaziwa kakhulu yizimo lapho izizukulwane ezimbili zamabhungane omhlabathi zikhula phakathi nonyaka. Ngokuvamile, amabhungane omhlabathi abonakala ngokuqothuka kwendalo. Ukuvuselelwa kabusha kungukushisa noma i-Photoperiodic, esimweni sesibili kuvame ukubanga izigaba ezimbili, kubandakanya izigaba ezibandayo zezinsuku ezimfishane ezilandela nezinsuku ezinde. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ukulawulwa kabusha kwensimbi kuhlukile kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Ukuthuthukiswa kwehlobo kuyaziwa ngezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane.

Ngokwesiko, ngokuya ngohlobo lwamandla wesikhathi sonyaka, amabhungane emhlabathini ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu ayinhloko: abantu abadala basentwasahlobo abanomsebenzi wasekwindla (amabele asetshenzisiwe asetshenziswa kabusha entwasahlobo, amabhungane aqedela ukukhula kwawo ehlobo, abantu abadala abasebasha babona umsebenzi entwasahlobo), abantu abadala entwasahlobo ngaphandle komsebenzi wasekwindla (ngokungafani neqembu elidlule, abantu abadala abaphumi ekwindla kusuka kwibhande lobumba) kanye nezinhlobo zasekwindla (izibungu ezisetshenzisiwe, izibungu zizala engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo nasekwindla). Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwahlongozwa ngesisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo zomnyuziyamu (Larsson, 1939). Izifundo ezilandelayo zensimu zacebisa ukuqonda kwethu izinhlobo zezimo zesikhathi samabhungane omhlaba, kepha ukwahlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zasentwasahlobo nokwindla sekuyivivinyo yesikhathi. Uhlelo oluthuthukiswe kakhulu lwezigubhu zaminyaka yonke, kucatshangelwa uhlobo lokuphanjaniswa, lwaphakanyiswa nguTiele (Thiele, 1977). Imvamisa, amabhungane asemhlabathini azalela esikhathini esibi kakhulu - ubusika emazweni omile kanye nesikhathi semvelo emazweni ashisayo. Ezinhlotsheni zomhume wamabhungane omhlaba, imilolotelo yaminyaka yonke ayikaziwa.

Inani elisebenzayo

Inqwaba enkulu yamabhungane omhlaba ingeyabantu abadla izimbotshana ze-polyphages, ezihambisana nenani elikhulu kakhulu ezinquma ukubaluleka kwazo okusebenzayo. Ngenxa yokungabikho kokuncika kokunquma kobuningi benkathazo, amabhungane emhlabathini angamisa ukukhula kwesibulala-zinambuzane ngisho nangaphambi kokuba lo mkhawulo wobunzima. Ubulukhuni bokuzalela cishe abusoze bavumela ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yezikhukhula, indlela yezikhathi zokwenziwa kwamakholoni, njll. Kumabhungane omhlaba awusizo, kepha ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo emnene, ukuhlelwa okucatshangelwe kahle kwezilimo ezahlukahlukene, nokujikeleza kwezitshalo okufanele kungakhuphula ukusebenza kwalokhu okufakwe njengengxenye yomqondo ukusetshenziswa komhlaba.

Izibonelo eziphumelelayo zokuqhakanjiswa kwezinhlobo eziningana zamabhungane omhlaba (ikakhulukazi, amabhungane) eNyakatho Melika nazo ziyaziwa. Phakathi kwamabhungane angaphansi komhlaba ama-phytophages nama-mixophages, kunezinambuzane ezibalulekile kwezomnotho, zazo izinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane omhlabathi wesinkwa aziwa kakhulu (abamele uhlobo UZabrus).

Ukuhlukaniswa

Inani nemingcele yomndeni alikasungulwa futhi kuncike kumlobi kanye nesikole esilinganayo sesayensi. Uhlelo olwembumbulu kakhulu lwamukelwa ngabasubathi baseFrance abahlukanisa amabhungane angaphansi emindenini ecishe ibe ngamashumi amahlanu, iningi lawo elihambelana nemindeni nezizwe ezingaphansi kokuqonda kwabanye ababhali.

Uhlu oluhlelekile lwamabhungane angaphansi komhlaba (iCarabidae) yaseRussia iqukethe ama-3293 taxa (ama-subfamilies angama-5, izizwe ezingama-40, i-184 genera, ama-289 subgenus, izinhlobo ezingama-1959 nezinhlobo ezingama-592.