Masamas (lat. Mazama) - uhlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo zomndeni wezinyamazane (Cervidae) Bahlala emahlathini ase-Central naseNingizimu Melika. Mayelana nokuthi zingaki izinhlobo zezilwane ezikhona kuhlobo lweMazam, phakathi kwezazi zezilwane akukho bumbano oluphelele, i-IUCN ibona izinhlobo eziyishumi ezihlukile. Igama elithi Mazama livela olimini lwesiNahuatl futhi limane lisho “inyamazane”.

Ukubukeka

Izimpondo ze-mazam azingalawulwa futhi ziqukethe izinqubo ezimbili ezimfushane nje, ngenxa yokuthi kunokufana okuthile kwababukeli, kodwa nokho akukho buhlobo obuseduze. Ubukhulu bokugcoba buhlukahluka kusuka ezinhlotsheni kuya ezinhlotsheni. IDama mazwar, enesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-10 futhi ukuphakama kwayo kungama-40 cm kuphela, ayinkulu kune-hare. Izinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu kunazo zonke, i-mazama ebomvu nengwevu, efinyelela ukuphakama okungama-70 cm nesisindo esingama-25 kg, ziyaqhathaniswa ne-roe deer. Ijazi liyi-monochromatic futhi liyahlukahluka kusuka kokumpunga okukhanyayo kuya kokubomvu ngombala ngokuya ngezinhlobo.

17.04.2019

I-Big Mazama, noma i-Mazama ebomvu (yesiLatini: iMazama americana) isilwane esinezimpande esigqokile kusuka kuDeer womndeni (Cervidae). Igama laso ezilimini zama-Aztec Nahuatl lisho "inyamazane." Kunezinhlobo eziyi-9 zezilwane ezingezinhlobo zohlobo lweMazama.

I-taxonomy yabo (ukuhlukaniswa nokwenza uhlelo) kusabangela impikiswano phakathi kwezazi zezilwane. Kuze kube manje, izingcingo eziyishumi nambili ziyaziwa. Ngokufana kwangaphandle, eziningi zazo zinokuhlukahluka okukhulu kofuzo. Okubhalwe phansi kuhlukaniswe kube ngamaqembu amakhulu amabili, ahlukaniswe yindawo okuhlala kuyo umfula iAmazon. Umuntu uhlala ngasentshonalanga, kanti enye isifunda sasempumalanga.

Ukuchazwa kokuqala kwezinhlobo ngo-1777 kwenziwa ngusosayensi wemvelo waseJalimane uJohann Christian Polycarp Erksleben ngesisekelo sokucatshangelwa kwaseCayenne eFrench Guiana. Wamnika igama lokuqala uMoschus americanus, emthatha njengesihlobo seder de musk (Moschus moshiferus).

Ukubukwa

Zombili lezi zinhlobo ezinkulu zivamile emahlathini aseMelika acacile.

• IGreater Mazama (Mazama americana) Uhlala emahlathini emvula asuka eMexico adlula eMelika Ephakathi kuya eBrazil nase-Uruguay.
• Mazama ampunga (Mazama gouazoubira) ayikho e-Central America, lonke uhla lwayo luhlangana nebanga leMazamy enkulu.

Izinhlobo ezincane ezisele zihlala emahlathini emithambekeni ye-Andes. Ngasikhathi sinye, akhuphukela endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-5,000 ngaphezu kolwandle.

Ukubhebhetheka

Indawo yokuhlala itholakala eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu. Isuka kwelaseningizimu neMexico idlula eVenezuela naseColombia iye enyakatho yeArgentina. Izakhamizi ezinkulu kunazo zonke zihlala eBrazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Suriname nase-Uruguay.

IGreater Mazama ihlala emahlathini acijile asezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni eziphansi. Kutholakala nangaphandle kwamahlathi nemishayo. Isilwane sivumelaniswa nokuba khona ezindaweni ezimanzi nezomile. Ngokwezigaba kuvimbela izikhala ezivulekile.

Ama-mazam abomvu alethwa esiqhingini saseTrinidad eCaribbean, lapho athola khona ngempumelelo izimpande. ETobago, zithathwa njengezinyamalele.

Ukuziphatha

Lesi silwane esinezintambo eziqhamukayo sigcina siphila sodwa ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalela. Ntambama, lifihla endaweni engaminyene, bese kuthi lapho kuqala ukuhlwa kubuye kudle futhi kudle kuze kuse.

IBig Mazama ithatha indawo yasekhaya engamahektha angama-50 kuye kwangama-100.

Ubala kakhulu imingcele yezinto zakhe ngobuningi nangomchamo. Ngokuhlikihla ikhanda eceleni kwegxolo leziqu zemithi, kushiya imfihlo kwizindlala ezinephunga elimnandi njenge-musk. Lawa magi ayindlela ebalulekile yokuxhumana phakathi kwabameleli bale nhlobo.

AmaJaguars (Panthera onca) kanye nama-cougars (Puma concolor) inyamazane kubantu abadala abadala. Abantu abasha baba yizisulu ze-ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), amathayi (i-Eira barbara) nezinyoni ezidla inyama.

Umsoco

Ama-mazama abomvu adla izithelo ezivuthiwe, izimpande, amakhowe, izimbali, amahlumela, amaqabunga ezihlahla nezihlahla. Ngezinga elincane, kudliwa amakhambi ahlukahlukene.

Isilwane kwesinye isikhathi sibukwa emasimini wepulazi, lapho sithanda khona ukuzondla ngo okusanhlamvu kanye nezinsimu.

Ukudla kuya ngesikhathi sonyaka. Ngenkathi yezimvula, izithelo ezivuthiwe ziyabonakala kuwo, futhi lapho kuba nesomiso ongatheni weneliswa ngamaqabunga notshani.

Ukuzala

Ama-mazam amakhulu azala unyaka wonke. Ukuthomba kwenzeka eneminyaka engaba ngu-13 izinyanga. Abesilisa abavuthiwe ngocansi bahlela izimpi zesiko ilungelo lokuzala. Bayaluma futhi bashaye omunye nomunye ngezimpondo.

Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-200 kuye kwezingama-225.

Njengomthetho, insikazi iletha iwundlu elilodwa. Upende umbala onsundu okhanyayo onamabala amhlophe. Ekuqaleni, uhlala endaweni yokukhosela phakathi kwezihlahla eziminyene. Uma eseqinisile, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ingane ihamba nonina ukuyondla. Uqala ukushintshela ukutshala ukudla eneminyaka emibili yezinyanga.

Ukuncelisa ubisi kuthatha izinyanga ezi-6. Lapho seliphothuliwe, izinyamazane zidlula lapho zizimele.

Incazelo

Ubude bomzimba 90-255 cm, umsila ngo-12-16 cm. Ukuphakama kubuna amasentimitha angama-60-80. Isisindo esingu-30-35 kg, esiphezulu ngama-65 kg. Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane. I-dimorphism yezocansi ibuthakathaka.

Bobabili ubulili banezimpondo ezincane eziqondile kuze kube ngu-10 cm ubude emakhanda abo.

Umbala woboya ungahluka kusuka kokusinsundu kuya kofishi obomvu. Isisu, umphambili wentamo, indawo engaphansi kwesihlalo sangaphakathi nangaphakathi kwemilenze imhlophe. Ingxenye yangaphambili nomhlane wekhanda grey. Abanye abantu banemivimbo emnyama emide namabala amnyama ngemuva kwamakhanda abo.

IGreater Mazama ihlala ku-vivo iminyaka eyi-10-12.

Ukutholakala kwe-mazama bororo

Enye yezinhlobo zabo zokugcina - ama-mazama amancanyana atholakala ngonyaka we-1908. Kepha imvelo yethula ososayensi ngokumangala okungalindelekile: ngonyaka we-1992, eBrazil, eduzane nedolobha iCapayo Bonito, kwavela uhlobo olusha lwezazi olwaziwa ngokuthi iMazama Bororo. Ngo-1996, yahlukaniswa njengohlobo oluzimele.

Izimpawu zangaphandle ze-mazam bororo

Izici ezingaphandle morphological zeMazama Bororo zisezingeni eliphakathi kokuchazwa kweMazama Nana neMazama Americanana.

Ukwakheka komzimba nokwakheka kwe-bororo kufana nokukaM. Nana. Umbala omncane obomvu we-bororo wejazi ufana neMazama Americanana.

Umthunzi we-hairline we-mazama we-bororo uphelele ngombala onsundu ngombala obomvu obonakalayo okhanyayo. Abangathembekile bafinyelela kubude bomzimba obubalelwa ku-90 cm, ukuphakama kokubuna kungamasentimitha angama-40. I-Borozo mazama inesisindo esingama-20 kg.

Izindawo zokwabiwa kwama-mazama bororo

UMazama Bororo uhlala e-Andes. Itholakala phezulu ezintabeni, cishe amamitha ayi-3 000. Indawo yokuhlala yaseMazama Bororo ilinganiselwe emahlathini ashisayo ase-Atlantic eningizimu mpumalanga yeBrazil. Le biotope yaziwa njengenye yezicebi ezicebile ezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo emhlabeni.

Mazama Bororo

Izizathu zokwehliswa kwenombolo ye-mazama bororo

Izizathu ezinkulu zokuncipha kwenani lama-Borozo mazam emvelweni ukwehliswa okunamandla kwendawo yokuhlala, ukuqhekeka kwendawo nokucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi ashisayo ngenxa yomsebenzi owenziwa ngabantu. Inhlolovo yabantu be-bororo eyenziwe ngonyaka we-2005 ikhombise umphumela wabantu ababalelwa ku-4 500. Zonke izinyamazane zitholakala endaweni encane eduze komfula iAmazon emngceleni weziphathimandla ezimbili zaseBrazil zaseParana naseSao Paulo. Indawo yokuhlala kwezinhlobo ezingandile isakazekela endaweni engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-3600.

Isimo sokulondolozwa kweMazama Bororo

I-Borzo borrea luhlobo olungandile lwezilwane ezinamawele ezidinga ukuvikelwa futhi lisohlwini olubomvu lwe-IUCN. Iqembu lochwepheshe liphakamise uhlelo lokusebenza ukuze kulondolozwe lolu hlobo, kubandakanya nokuhlolwa kwesimo salo endle.

Ama-Boros mazams akhuphukela endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-5,000 ngaphezu kolwandle.

Ngakho-ke, ukukhonjwa kwezinhlobo zasendle zeBlocket encane ebomvu kufanele kube isinyathelo sokuqala sokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo, ngoba lo mmeleli wenyamazane wayaziwa kuphela ngokuqukethwe kwakhe ekuthunjweni.

Kutholwe abalingiswa be-Morphological kanye ne-cytogenetic of Mazama bororo kubantu abaningana abatholakala eBrazil. Lezi zilwane kuthiwa zabanjwa ehlathini eliseningizimu ye-Atlantic. Kodwa-ke, akukho nohlobo olulodwa lwenkohliso yaloluhlobo olurekhodiwe.

Ucwaningo ngokutholwa kwe-mazam bororo emvelweni

Ucwaningo lokukhonjwa kwe-mazam bororo lwasungulwa ngonyaka we-1998.

Ukuphenya ngeMazama kaBororo kwakungewona neze umsebenzi olula.

Ukuba khona kwalolu hlobo emfucumfucwini yamahlathi kwanqunywa esifundeni sezintaba seParapiapiacaba eningizimu yeSão Paulo eBrazil. Kubantu abathumbi, ukwakheka kwe-cytogenetic kwegazi kwahlaziywa ngonyaka we-2000 nowe-2002. Imiphumela iqinisekisile ukuhlangana kwabo ne-Brocket deer encane ebomvu e-Intervales State Park.

Ngenxa yalokho, ngonyaka we-1998, iqiniso lokuba khona kwe-masorum bororo endle kwafakazelwa, futhi kwathathwa idatha eyisisekelo yokuchaza le nhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusungulwe inqubo yokufunda ama-brocket deer endaweni yayo yemvelo.

Le ndawo yocwaningo ayakhethwanga ngengozi, ngoba kukulesi sifundazwe izindawo ezingamahlathi emvelo asemngceleni wezindawo eziningana eziseduze lapho kuhlala khona iMazoro Bororo. Kule ndawo kukhona yonke imibandela yokuba khona kwama-unulates angavamile: isimo sezulu esingaphansi kwenhlabathi esinomswakama nesishintshashintshashintshi saya endaweni enomswakama ephezulu nendawo ephakeme nendawo ephakeme enamamitha aphakathi kuka-30 no-1200 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.

Umgomo wokuqala esigabeni sokuqala sesifundo bekuwukubona izindawo okwenzelwe kuzo izilwane zasekhaya.

Izakhamizi zakule ndawo - abalimi, abaphathi bamapaki, abazingeli kanye nabazingeli abavela ezindaweni eziyisikhombisa ezahlukahlukene, bekumele banikeze imininingwane ngezinhlobo zenyamazane ezikhona esifundeni. Yisho uhlobo lwazo nezinhlamvu ezisezingeni eliphakeme zokuziphatha, zokuziphatha, kanye nezemvelo: usayizi, umbala wejazi, indawo yokuhlala, ukudla, ukuzala kabusha.

Ukudla kwe-mazama bororo kuqukethe amaqabunga, amakhambi nezithelo.

Imininingwane etholakele yasivumela ukuthi sikhombe izindawo okungenzeka ukuthi zithole i-mazoro yeBorozo, sisekele izilwane endle futhi sinqume uhlelo lokuhlola, oludingekayo ekugcineni ekubambeni abangafundile abangajwayelekile. Incazelo yobuchwepheshe yezinqubo zokuzingela zasendaweni ibaluleke kakhulu ocwaningweni.

Ukuba khona kwenyamazane eyingqayizivele kwahlolwa ehlathini langasese eliseJoao XXIII hacienda, kanye nezindawo ezimbili ezivikelwe ngokusemthethweni: ICarlos Botelho State Park ne-Intervales State Park, lapho kuvinjelwe ukuzingela nokuxhashazwa kwemithombo yemvelo futhi ukwehlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo kuye kwagcinwa. UMazam kaBorzoro wayelulekwa ebusuku eduze komzila wezinyamazane, esebenzisa okokugqoka okuphezulu, indle, umchamo kanye nokuchwechwa kwezindlala ukuhlukanisa izilwane ezigcinwe ekudingisweni ukuze zihehe izilwane.

Umuntu wokuqala wabanjwa ngoJuni 2000.

Izithombe ezithathwe e-Intervales Park zikuqinisekisile ukuthi izilwane ezingenamakhanda zinezinyawo zeBoroz mazam. Kwakusetshenziswa isicupho esinjengesigaxa somdanso ukubamba izinyamazane, okwakusetshenziswa ngokwesiko abazingeli bendawo ukubamba ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo eziphakathi nendawo: inyamazane, abapheki, ama-agouti Lesi sicupho, esakhiwa izinsuku eziningi, senziwa ngoqalo, esivikela ukulimala kabi esilwaneni esiwele ogibeni. Faka indlela yokuhamba kwe-mazam, ibisebenza ngemuva kokuthi isilwane singene, ivimbe umnyango ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukuqapha kutholakele ukunyakaza kwezinyamazane njalo ngesicupho. Isilwane sokuqala sathunjwa ngoJuni 2000.

Izazi zemvelo ziphakamisa ukuthi olunye uhlobo lohlobo lweMazama lufihle emahlathini ase-Amazonia. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zeplanethi yethu kunezinhlobo ezingama-300 zezinto eziphilayo ezidinga ukutholakala nokuhleleka. Kulokhu, amahlathi angazeleleki e-Amazon abhekwa njengathembisa kakhulu.

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Mazama Bororo - umhlali wasehlathini ojwayelekile

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Ehlathini le-Buzuluk pine kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezijwayelekile zasenyakatho - i-hare emhlophe, i-elk, i-lynx, i-capercaillie, kanye neningizimu - i-boar yasendle, i-grey partridge, i-turtledove ejwayelekile, njengabahlali basehlathini - u-squirrel, ihlathi lomfula, ama-woodpeckers i-Ferret, i-hamster, i-rodent, indawo yomngcwabo wokhozi.

Izilwane ezincelisayo ezingasebenzi kahle - esinye sezakhamuzi zakudala ze-boron. Isibonelo, umuntu waseRussia njengohlobo lwenhlobo ikhona eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-30. Isibalo sokudangala emizimbeni yamanzi ye-boruz ye-Buzuluk siphansi kakhulu lesi silwane sisohlwini lweNcwadi ebomvu Isifunda i-RF ne-Orenburg. Kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezingavikeleki, i-hedgehog ejwayelekile kanye no-shrew ziwumbala ovamile. I-shrew ejwayelekile ikhuphuke izikhathi ezingama-2 futhi ibe miningi kakhulu.

Amalungu ahlala endaweni ekhethekile phakathi kwezilwane. Ehlathini lapho izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zamalulwane, ehlukile komunye nomunye hhayi kuphela ngaphandle, kodwa futhi nangendlela yokuphila, ukondleka, indlela yokuziphatha, izindlela zezindiza zonyaka nezindawo zobusika. Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo, ngokuba zisebusuku ngendlela yazo yokuphila futhi zingazethembi esimweni sokudla kwazo, zizuzisa kakhulu ngokudla izinambuzane ezilimazayo - omiyane, amabhungane ngoMeyi, amabhu asebusuku, abangela ukulimala okukhulu ehlathini. Njengezinyoni ezifudukayo, amalulwane endiza ahambe ayobusika futhi abuyele ezindaweni zawo zendabuko ukuzalanisa.

I-hare elimhlophe elisendaweni yehlathi lephayini leBuzuluk livamile, kepha alikho maningi, futhi i-hare ebrawuni iyivelakancane kakhulu. Abahlali basehlathini abajwayelekile phakathi kwamagundane nabo bambalwa ngesibalo - squirrel and dormouse engadini. I-squirrel ihlala itholakala emahlathini zikaphayini, e-dormouse - emasimini avuthiwe onotshani obukhulu.

Izilo ziyizilwane eziningi kakhulu ehlathini. Phakathi kwamagundane, ngokungangabazeki i-beaver iyathakazelisa kakhulu. Ama-Beavers Isimanga, okokuqala, ngamakhono abo okwakha. Zivumelanisa ngokuphelele nezimo ezahlukahlukene zokuphila, kepha azikwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwamanzi futhi zihlala ngasogwini lolwandle. Ama-Beavers akimba ngokuphelele izimbobo ezijulile, futhi lapho kusetshenziswa khona amawa aphezulu, akhetha izimbobo kwezinye izinhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala. Ezindaweni ezinogu olusezingeni eliphansi nelinamaxhaphozi, bakha izakhiwo ezinamakhono angaphansi komhlaba - "izindlu zangasese", ezihlala ngasosebeni lolwandle, zivame ukuba nezindawo eziphuthumayo ezinkulu nezimbalwa.

Kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezinhle kakhulu, izinhlobo ezingama-13 zihlala ehlathini. Elikhulu kunazo zonke kuyimpisi, okwenza umonakalo omkhulu kuma-beavers, ubasongela emizileni ngesikhathi sokuvunwa kokudla kwekwindla. Ebusika, eqhweni elijulile bazingela ama-dee dee, izingulube zasendle, ama-moose young. Njalo ngonyaka, kuba nezimo zokuhlaselwa kwezimpisi ezilwaneni ezifuywayo.

Ehlathini kukhona izimpungushe ezingaphezu kuka-150 futhi kuhlalwa abantu abaningana bezinja ze-raccoon, ezihlonishwayo esifundeni sezinhlobo, futhi - okuwukuphela kommeleli wamakati ezinhlanzini zethu - i-lynx.

Izinyamazane eziningi kakhulu zingama-cunyas. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amabheji, ama-martens, ama-otter asehlathini, ama-ferrets, ama-weasels, ama-ermines nama-mink aseMelika. I-mink yaseMelika luhlobo olusha lwe-boron; lakhululwa esifundeni ngenhloso yokuthola inzuzo. Njengoba ithathe indawo kancane kancane kwe-mink yomdabu yaseYurophu, iye yakwazi ukubona izidumbu zamanzi e-boron futhi yathinta kakhulu inani le-muskrat.

Izinhlobo ezintathu zama-artiodactyls zihlala ehlathini, noma kunjalo, kuphela ama-elk kanye nama-dee dee angama-gene angabhekwa njengezinhlobo zendabuko. Kusukela ngo-1936, sekuyiminyaka eminingi kulolu cwaningo lwehlathi laseBuzuluk kwenziwa ukuze kugcinwe imvukuzane. Kwakuthwala izimpahla, kugibele esihlalweni nasesibayeni esikhanyayo.

Izindawo ezihlala kuzo zohlobo lwe-roe deya amahlathi ashintshana ngama-glade nemifudlana. Ukudla kwaso okuyinhloko izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamakhambi, amaqabunga kanye namahlumela amasha ezihlahlana, ama-acorns, amajikijolo, nasemasimini - izithombo zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene. Ebusika, idla utshani obomile kanye namaqabunga, ama-gnaws mosses kanye ne-lichens kusuka iziqu kanye namahlumela.

Izinyoni ziyimifundaze eminingi kakhulu yempela yomzimba: kukhona eziyi-132 zazo ezi-13. Kulezi, izidleke ezingama-90, iningi lazo ziyafuduka. Ngokuhlala ehlathini izinhlobo ezingama-35. Ubuningi bembewu nezithelo zezihlahla nezihlahla kuyaheha izinyoni lapha ebusika. Cishe izinhlobo eziyi-10 zezinyoni zasenyakatho ebusika emahlathini zikaphayini kanye namahlathi alder eduze nemizi yazo. Amahlathi angomakhelwane kanye nama-steppes anquma indawo yokuhlala kwezinhlobo ezivamile ze-steppe.Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, ezinye izinhlobo ezingama-28 ezifudukayo zivakashela insimu ye-boron.

Kokuphindaphindayo kwe-boron, okungajwayelekile kwezinye izindawo zesifunda sase-Orenburg, kufanele kuqashelwe ufudu olubhukuda, isikhumba esinemibala eminingi, spindile obuthaka, izinyoka ezivamile. Phakathi kwama-amphibians akuvamile esifundeni se-steppe ahlala ehlathini kuyinto evamile futhi eqanjiwe okusha, amachibi notshani.

Kwezinhlobo ezingama-24 inhlanziabahlala eSamara, Brovka kanye nezinye izidumbu zamanzi ze-boron kumele zabelwe Isikelesi esisheshayo saseRussia, esisohlwini lweNcwadi ebomvu yeRussia Federation. Indawo yokuhlala ye-brook trout emfuleni iBorovka kanye nomfudlana weChertalyk akuqinisekisiwe isikhathi eside.

Omunye wabaqalisi benhlangano yepaki kazwelonke yeBuzuluksky Bor nguY.N. I-Darkshevich - yathuthukisa uhambo olukhethekile olwethula ukwehluka kwezinyoni nezilwane zehlathi.