Izazi zebhayoloji zaseMelika ezisebenzela iphrojekthi yokuphinda kuguqulwe kwezinyoni, okwaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi yi- "kurosaur", zaqothula ngempumelelo umlomo wazo. Kanye nomsila obunjwe njengabalandeli, ukungabikho kwamazinyo nezidladla eziyishumi, kungumlomo ongenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezihlukanisa izinyoni ezihuquzelayo. Ngakho-ke, "ukubuya kwama-dinosaurs", noma, ngokunemba, ukwakhiwa okufanayo kwezidalwa zasendulo ezivela kwinto yenzalo yabo, kuqhubekela phambili phambili.
Izicubu zenkukhu eqenjini elilawulayo (kwesobunxele),
I-"Kurosaur" (enkabeni) kanye ne-alligator yesimanje (kwesokudla)
Njengoba wazi, ama-dinosaurs anyamalala emngceleni wezikhathi zeCretaceous nePaleogene, eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-65 edlule. Ukuphela kwezizukulwane ezisindayo kulezi zinsuku yizinyoni zesimanje, abanye abacwaningi ngokuvamile abathambekele ekubhekeni iqembu elikhethekile lama-dinosaurs. “Manje emhlabeni kunezinhlobo zezinkulungwane eziyishumi kuya kwezi-20 zezinyoni, okungukuthi, okungenani eziphindwe kabili kunazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo. Ngakho-ke, kunjalo, siphila esikhathini sama-dinosaurs, ”kusho umbhali oholayo ocwaningweni olusha, u-Bart-Anyang Bullar, isazi se-paleontologist nesazi sezinto eziphilayo eYale University.
Ngokubambisana no-Arhat Abzhanov waseHarvard, uBullar usebenza ekwakhiweni kwe-kurosaur - inyoni, eyabuyisela ngobuhle izici zesakhiwo sokhokho bayo be-dinosaur. Iqembu lesayensi libiza umsebenzi walo oyinhloko ukuthi esikhundleni salo mlomo wezinyoni ngobuso obuyinqaba. “Uqhwaku lubaluleke kakhulu ekondleni izinyoni futhi lubalulekile emthanjeni wazo. Mhlawumbe lesi sitho ngokwahlukahlukahluka ngesimo nangomsebenzi - khumbula, isibonelo, ukuthi ubuhlalu beflamingo, upholi, i-hawk, i-pelican noma i-hummingbird buhluke kanjani, "kusho uBullar. "Noma kunjalo, mincane kakhulu imisebenzi eshicilelwe mayelana nokuqanjwa kwemilomo nokuvela kwemvelo." Uqhwaku lwenzelwe ukukhanyisela isikhumbuzo samathambo ngangokunokwenzeka, longa izindleko zamandla ekwakhekeni kwamazinyo, futhi ngasikhathi sinye esikhundleni sangaphambi kweshumi okuyisisekelo esiguqulwe saba ngamaphiko.
Ukuze kubuyiswe ukwakheka kwesimo sezinzipho zamakhokho amadala, “pre-beak” kumakhomanda amancanyana, abacwaningi bekufanele bahlaziye bobabili ubufakazi berekhodi lokugcina komhlaba nokushintsha kwezakhi zofuzo okwenzeka ezinyonini. Izinto ezibonakalayo zalezi zifundo zatholakala, ikakhulukazi, kwesinye sezindawo zokugcina izingwegwe zaseLouisiana nepulazini lezintshe eMassachusetts.
Khumbula ukuthi indima esemqoka ekwakhekeni kwesiqhwaku kungamathambo e-intermaxillary. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo, zingamathambo amancane kuphela atholakala emaphethelweni esiqalo, kepha umlomo wezinyoni uqukethe cishe ngokuphelele. Umphumela wesigaba sokuqala somsebenzi wezazi zezinto eziphilayo zaseMelika ukutholwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezimbili ezilawula ukuthuthuka kwengxenye ephakathi kwe-muzzle ye-vertebrates futhi, ikakhulukazi, amathambo we-intermaxillary. Ezikhukhwaneni nasezincelisweni zezilwane ezincelisayo, lezi zakhi zofuzo ekuqaleni kokukhula kombungu azikhombisanga zimpawu zomsebenzi, kepha ezinyangeni zibandakanyeka kakhulu enqubweni yokwenziwa kombungu. Ukuyicisha, izazi zezinto eziphilayo kwadingeka zenze “ishibhi lamangqamuzana” elikhethekile elivimba umsebenzi walezi zakhi zofuzo. Ngenxa yalokhu, imibungu yokulinga esikhundleni semilomo yathola cishe ubuso obufanayo nokhokho babo basendulo, amaVelociraptors.
"Izilwane zokuhlola azinawo umlomo, zakha isigaxa esikhulu esiyindilinga. Kodwa-ke, asalokhu eswele amazinyo, kanti isizungu simbozwe ngesembozo sophondo,
- kusho uBullar. - Kepha asikazishintshi izakhi zofuzo uqobo, sikhathazekile kuphela ngamaphrotheni akhiqizwa ufuzo. ” Ngokuya kososayensi, kusesekuseni kakhulu ukukhuluma ngokuguqula izinkukhu zibe ngama-dinosaurs ngokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, kepha ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, kwavezwa iqiniso elineqiniso - ngokuhambisana nezinguquko ezenzeka emqhonyeni, amathambo we-palatine wezifundo zokuhlola aguqulwa ngokuphelele. Nabo, sebaphenduke kakhulu njengama-dinosaurs.
Ngakho-ke, uBullar uthe, izinguquko ezilula zofuzo ezilula zingadala ushintsho olukhulu lwe-anatomical, kufaka phakathi nalolo olurekhodwe kumbhalo wezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu shintsho aludalulwa hhayi ezinyangeni zanamuhla ezingaphansi kweNeornithes subclass, kodwa futhi nasezihlotsheni zazo zasendulo - ama-toothy hesperornises okuyi-Hesperornithiformes subclass.
Izinhlobo: Nurosaurus = Nurosaurus † Dong, 1992 noma "Lizard Nur"
Ukubukeka kweNurosaurus kufana nabamele uhlobo oluhlobene lweMamenchisaurus.
Igama elithi "Nurosaurus" ngesiRussia lisho "uNur Lizard". Leli gama njengamanje igama elingelona elokulibala lohlobo lwama-dinosaurs avela e-infraorder Sauropoda = UZauropod, owayehlala eCretaceous iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyi-130 yamaz.
I-Nurosaurus yaziwa ngokuthola izingxenye zamathambo, ezivame ukukhonjiswa kwimibukiso yokuhamba nakumaphrinta ahlukahlukene. Amathambo aseNurosaurus atholakala e-Inner Mongolia eChina. Akukho ncazelo esemthethweni yalolu hlobo, kodwa kunedatha encane kulokhu okutholwayo, ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuhumusha okuvela kwisiShayina.
INurosaurus yayingenye yamadinosaurs amakhulu amaShayina amade amade. Kungenzeka ukuthi wayehlotshaniswa nodlame lwasenyakatho Melika uCamarasaurus. Lokhu kubonakala ngenxa yokuthi "i-Nurosaurus" inesakhiwo esifanayo sekhanda nesimo somzimba. Lezi zithombe zikhombisa nokuthi zinemisipha efanayo neural ku-vertebrae yazo yomgogodla.
Kunokwehluka okuningana kwegama le-nurosaurus futhi, njengoba wazi, okuvame kakhulu ngemuva kokuthi i- "Nurosaurus" yi "Nuoerosaurus" (Dong no Lee, 1991). Izinsalela zalolu hlobo ziye zahamba ngaphansi kwaleli gama kwezinye izinkambo eziya eNyakatho Melika. Futhi njengegama lezinhlobo zabhalwa njenge- "qaganensis" noma "chaganensis". Isipelingi esisemthethweni ngeke saziwa kuze kube lapho leli fomu elisemthethweni lichazwa ezincwadini zesayensi.
AmaMammoth: Ukusondela Kabili Ephupheni
Isazi sezakhi sofuzo saseJapan u-Akira Iritani, omunye wabaholi be-Mammoth Creation Society, maphakathi nawo-1990s wayesenethemba lokuthola iqanda nesidoda emzimbeni wezidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo zaseSiberia, futhi atshale umphumela wokungena kwazo esizalweni sendlovu. Iqaphela ukungabi nathemba kwethemba elinjalo, lexhegu elinamandla (manje elingaphezu kweminyaka engama-80) alizange lidikibale ukuthola okungenani umongo wesitokisi se-somatic (mhlawumbe isiqu) ukuze lithole isibiliboco ngohlobo lwe-“Dolly indlela” lwakudala - oludlulisela le nombolo ngeqanda lendlovu.
Kubukeka sengathi lesi sibhamu ngeke size ngezizathu eziyishumi (noma mhlawumbe ezingamashumi amahlanu). Okokuqala, amathuba okuthola, ezicutshweni ebezilele iminyaka eyi-10 000 ku-permafrost, iseli elinama-chromosomes angaqondile cishe lingama-zero: amakristalu eqhwa, umsebenzi osele we-enzyme, imisebe ye-cosmic izowabhubhisa ... Sizohlaziya ezinye izizathu sisebenzisa omunye umbono, ongenangqondo.
Isihlahla somndeni Esenziwe lula umuthi womndeni wendlovu
Iqembu lomhlaba wonke lososayensi lafunda uhlobo lwe-mammoth cishe ngokuphelele emuva ngo-2008. Ama-chromosome ayo angahlanganiswa "ngezitini ngesitini" - ukuhlanganisa amaketanga ama-nucleotides, futhi hhayi wonke ayizigidi eziyisithupha nesigamu, kepha izinkulungwane eziyimbili zezinhlobo zofuzo (ezingabalelwa ku-20,000) ezihlukile ezingxenyeni ezifanayo ze-DNA zesondele kakhulu izihlobo ezisindayo zezilwane ezincelisayo - indlovu yase-Eshiya. Konke okusalayo ukuthi "ufunde" uhlobo lwendlovu, uyiqhathanise ne-mammoth genome, uthole isiko lamangqamuzana endlovu, ukufaka izakhi zofuzo ezidingekayo kuma-chromosomes abo - phambili, endleleni eshaywe ngu-Ian Wilmut, ehola uDolly imvu ngentambo.
Izilwane ezinhlobonhlobo, kusuka ezinhlanzini kuya ezinkomeni, selokhu zande. Kuliqiniso, amangqamuzana athathwa kubanikeli ngesikhathi sokuphila bese kuthi, uma kunesidingo, agcinwe kuyi-nitrogen eyi-liquid, kuthi izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa zithole amaqanda angaphansi kwe-1% yamaqanda nge-nucleus etshaliwe. Nezakhi zofuzo ngasikhathi sinye, uma ziguqukile, khona-ke eyodwa noma ezimbili, hhayi izinkulungwane. Amaqanda atshintshelwa ezilwaneni zohlobo olufanayo noma ahlobene kakhulu, futhi izindlovu zezwe laseNdiya nezilwane ezincelisayo cishe zizihlobo “ezifanayo” nabantu nabantu.
Ngabe indlovu ingawemukela umbungu wesinyamazane, ikubekezelele iminyaka emibili bese ibeletha ingane ephilayo nenempilo? Ungabaza kakhulu. Futhi uzokwenzanjani ngemamony eyodwa? Ukugcina inani labantu, noma "epakini yesikhathi sePleistocene", umhlambi onezinjongo okungenani eziyikhulu uyadingeka.
Futhi kufiseleka kakhulu ukuthi kwakungebona izingane zakubo, uma kungenjalo, inzalo yenzalo yabo ibizonyuka kakhulu - kanti amamamonys okugcina ayezofa ngoba ayengakwazi ukujwayela ukufudumala okulandelayo ngenxa yokuhluka okuncane kakhulu kwezitho zawo zofuzo. Nj. Kepha uma ngolunye usuku besaphumelela ekubumbeni izilwane ezincelisayo, enyakatho ye-Yakutia bakulungiselele isikhathi eside itafula nendlu.
Ipaki yePleistocene
Amashumi ezinkulungwane eziningana zeminyaka edlule, esizeni se-tundra yamanje, ezimweni ezifanayo zesimo sezulu esabonakala njenge-savannah, i-tundra-steppe efana ne-savanna, lapho kwakukhona inani elilinganayo le-bison, mammoths, obhejane be-woolly, amabhubesi asemgedeni nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo njengoba manje sekunezindlovu, Obhejane, izinyamazane, amabhubesi nezinye izilwane ezindaweni ezihlala ama-Afrika. Ihlobo elifushane lasenyakatho lalanele ukuthi izitshalo zingaqongelela ngokwazo ama-biomass ngokwazo futhi zondle imifino phakathi kobusuku bendawo.
Kepha ngesikhathi sokushisa okukhulu okugcina, eminyakeni engaba ngu-10 000 edlule, izilwane ezincelisayo ezihamba phambili zasheshe zaphela (mhlawumbe abazingeli bakudala basheshisa le nqubo kancane). Izitshalo zabuna ngaphandle komquba, imvelo yahamba ngezinyawo, kwathi emva kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa i-tundra yangabonakali futhi icishe ingenalutho.
Kepha ngo-1980, endaweni egcinwe eduzane nedolobha laseChersky ngasemlanjeni weKolyma, iqembu labathandi, eliholwa yinhloko yeSikhungo SaseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga Yesayensi Yezikhungo Zesayensi YaseRussia uSergey Zimov, waqala umsebenzi wokuphinda enze kabusha imvelo yezilwane ezincelisayo ngokungenisa izilwane ezisindayo zePleistocene noma i-analoguesra yazo yanamuhla. isimo sezulu esishisayo.
Baqala ngendawo ebiyelwe engamahektare angama-50 nomhlambi omncane wamahhashi weYakut, owavela wakhipha futhi wanyathela cishe zonke izimila ezikulesi “kraal” sincane kakhulu kuzo. Kepha lokho bekuyisiqalo nje. Manje (kuze kube manje - endaweni enkudlwana, amahektare ayi-160) ama-elk, ama-reindeer, ama-musk ox, amadlozi ne-bison asevele azinza emahhashi.
Impumelelo enesizotha
Eyokugcina yezinja zaseDingo yaqothulwa ngabomdabu futhi, ekugcineni, abelusi bezimvu baseYurophu bezimpisi zohlobo lwe-Tasmanian marsupial - tilacins (Thylacinus cynocephalus) bashona e-zoo ngo-1936. Ngo-2008, abacwaningi abavela eNyuvesi yaseMelbourne bahlukanisa uhlobo oluthile lokulawula kusuka kumaswidi ophuzo lwezinsizakalo zomnyuziyamu we-tilacin athuthukisa ukwakheka kweprotheni yelinye uhlobo, elibhekele ukuthuthukiswa kwe-cartilage kanye namathambo, futhi esikhundleni salo kwafaka uhlobo olufanayo lokulawula emaqanda egundane. Emakhomeni egundane amasonto amabili ubudala (ama-freaks angaba khona awavunyelwe ukuthi azalwe), hhayi iMouse, kodwa amaprotheni weCol2A1 tilacin enziwe. Kepha umuntu akufanele futhi aphuphe ngokuvuselela impisi yase-marsupial ngesisekelo segundane - lokhu kumane kugxilwe ngofuzo, imiphumela yako ngolunye usuku ingaba wusizo, ngokwesibonelo, ukutadisha imisebenzi yezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphelile.
E-Australia yona kanye, entwasahlobo yalo nyaka, abasebenza nge-bioengineers base-University of New South Wales bazama ukukhulisa i-Rheobatrachus silus, eyashona nje eminyakeni engama-30 eyedlule, isilwanyana esincane, besinelukuluku lokuthi abesifazane baso babephethe i-caviar emilonyeni yabo. Ososayensi baletha izikhwebu ezivela ezicutshweni zeqhwa ze-R. amaqanda ezinhlotsheni zamaqanda asondelene nawo, uMixophyes fasciolatus, baze balinda ukuhlukaniswa okuningana kwamaqanda, kwathi emva kwalokho imibungu yafa. Kodwa inkinga yokuxhamazela yaqala, yize emphakathini lokhu kuthambekela okuyihaba akuyona neze into ama-dinosaurs.
Ukwehluleka, yize kuncane kakhulu, kwaqeda ukuzanywa kwabaphenyi abavela eNyuvesi yaseZaragoza ekubanjweni kwembuzi yasezintabeni yase-Iberia, ummeleli wokugcina owashona ngo-2000.Imizamo emibili yokuqala yokuthola ukuzalwa kwezingane ngemibungu etholwe yinhlayiya yamaseli aqandisiwe ngesikhathi sokuphila komuntu wokugcina kanti amaqanda embuzi yasekhaya aphela ngokuphuphuma kwezisu. Okwesithathu (ngonyaka we-2009), ososayensi baseSpain bakha imibungu engama-439 ye-chimeric, engama-57 yayo yaqala ukuhlukana futhi yafakwa esibelethweni sikamama abahlinzayo. Ngeshwa, ezimbuzini eziyisikhombisa ezikhulelwe, eyodwa kuphela ezafika ekuzalweni, futhi ingane yafa imizuzu embalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphefumula.
Kuliqiniso, amabhungane angabahlali bamahlathi anobubanzi obukhulu, futhi uma ehluleka ukuzivumelanisa ne-Arctic, ahlela ukubufaka esikhundleni sezinhlobo ezifanele kakhudlwana - ama-bisons asehlathini. Kuyadingeka kuphela ukulinda kuze kukhuphuke umhlambi wazo omncane, othunyelwe ozakwabo abavela emithonjeni yezemvelo enyakatho yeCanada futhi bazimisele ukuma e-nursery eningizimu yeYakutia.
Lapho (futhi uma) esikhundleni sepaki elikhulu, iphrojekthi ithola indawo eyanele inhlangano yokugcina, izokwazi ukukhipha izimpisi namabhere ezikhumulweni zezindiza futhi noma izame ukwethula amahlosi e-Amur - indawo efaneleke kakhulu yamabhubesi omhume akhona. Hawu kanti mamam? Futhi mammoths - ke. Uma lokhu kusebenza.
Fly amajuba?
Ukuvuselelwa kwejuba laseMelika elizulazulayo (i-Ectopistes migratorius) alihlangene nemvelo nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ngokuphambene nalokho, emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, empumalanga yeNyakatho Melika, amajuba azulazulayo atheleka emihlambini yamakhulu ezigidi zezinyoni, edla amahlathi anjengezinkumbi futhi eshiya udoti ongamdaka ngemuva, wahlela amakhulukhulu amakhulukhulu izidleke ezihlahleni futhi, naphezu kwemizamo yabazingeli, AmaNdiya, bese kuba abahlali bokuqala abamhlophe, awazange anciphe ngesibalo.
Kodwa ngokuqala kwezitimela, ukuzingela amajuba azulazulayo sekuyibhizinisi elinenzuzo. Bhonga ngaphandle kokubheka ifu endiza phezu kwepulazi noma uthathe amachwane njengamaapula, bese unikeza umthengi - isigejana sodenari, kepha ungadonsa izinyanda eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Engxenyeni nje yesine yekhulu, izigidigidi zamajuba azulazulayo ashiye izinkulungwane eziningana - imbalwa kakhulu ukubuyisela inani lalaba bantu abaqoqekile, noma ngabe kwenzeka komunye umuntu ngalezozinsuku. Ijuba lokugcina elizulazulile lafa e-zoo ngo-1914.
Iphupho lokuvuselela ijuba elizulazulayo lakhangiswa yisazi sofuzo saseMelika esencane uBen Novak. Ubuye wakwazi ukuthola uxhaso ngomqondo wakhe kwiRevive and Returnore Foundation, elinye lamagatsha enhlangano i-Long Now eyasungulwa ngumlobi uStuart Brand esekela amaphrojekthi anobuhlakani kodwa angenamikhakha emikhakheni ehlukene yesayensi.
Njengokuqukethwe kwe-gene permchas, uBen uhlela ukusebenzisa amaqanda ejuba elinemichilo emincane, izinhlobo ezihlobene kakhulu nokuzulazula. Kuliqiniso, ahlukaniswe kukhokho ojwayelekile ngeminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-30 nenani elikhulu kakhulu lokushintsha kwezakhi kunokuphakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo kanye nezindlovu. Futhi ukuzanywa kokushintsha izakhi zofuzo emizimbeni yezinyoni kwakusebenze ngokungaphezulu noma ngaphezulu kuphela ezinhlafunweni, futhi kuze kube manje akekho noyedwa osebenzelane namajuba ...
Kepha uhlobo lwenjiwa oluzulazulayo seluvele lwafundwa ngephethini enikezwe enye yeminyuziyamu, kwathi ngoMashi 2013, uNovak waqala ukwakhiwa kabusha kwenyoni engapheli eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia eSanta Cruz. Kuliqiniso, noma ngabe iphrojekthi iphumelela, imiphumela yayo izophila kuma-zoos: emvelweni yamagingqa angokwemvelo angatholakala kuphela emhlambini wezigidi eziningi. Yini elindele ibhande lommbila laseMelika uma le mhlambi ikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha zokuphila?
Noma, noma kungeke kwenzeka ukuphindaphinda amajuba azulazulayo, imiphumela etholakalayo izoba wusizo emizameni yokuvuselela i-dodo (izinyoni ze-Dodo ezihlekisayo), ama-moas aseNew Zealand, afana nawo ama-epiornise aseMadagascar nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ezisanda kunyamalala.
NgoJanuwari 2013, izindaba ezimangazayo zasakazeka emithonjeni yezwe lonke: isazi sezakhi sofuzo esidumile uGeorge Church waseHarvard University sifuna owesimame onesibindi sokudlala indima kamama ocashile ukubumba iNeanderthal. Ngosuku olulandelayo, zonke izincwadi ezihlonishwayo ezakha leli khithi zashicilela isimangalo: kwavela ukuthi izintatheli zeDaily Mail zazinephutha elincane ngenkathi zihumusha ingxoxo kuSpiegel waseJalimane wamasonto onke. ISonto, elalingakaze lihlangane nofuzo lweNeanderthal, laliphikisana nje ngokuthi ngokweqiniso kungenzeka ukuthi likulisebenzise ngelinye ilanga, kepha ingabe bekudingekile?
Ama-Kurosaurs: phambili esedlule!
Manje, sibuyele kusosayensi esiqale naye, uJack Horner waseMontana State University, umbhali wencwadi ethi How to ukwakha Dinosaur. Kuliqiniso, kuzofana ne-kurosaur: iphrojekthi le ibizwa ngeChickosaurus, futhi ukwenziwa kwayo, ngokombhali, kuzothatha iminyaka emihlanu kwaphela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga "ukuvusa" uhlobo lwe-dinosaur olulondoloziwe kodwa olungasebenzi emgqonyeni wenkukhu. Ungaqala ngamazinyo: i-archeopteryx nezinye izinyoni zakudala zazinamazinyo amahle. Kuliqiniso, inani eliphakeme abacwaningi abasebenza kule ndawo abakwazile ukulenza yayingamakhanda enkukhu anezinsuku eziyi-16 anamazinyo amaningi aguquguqukayo ngaphambili komlomo, kepha uhambo lwenkulungwane noma njalo luqala ngesinyathelo sokuqala ...
Kulungile, ngezigaba eziningana - isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, uhlobo ngohlobo, amaprotheni ngamaprotheni - U-Horner uhlela ukukhulisa ama-kurosaurs akhe. Susa umunwe wesine, uguqule amaphiko abe ama-paws ... Futhi kuzothatha iminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyisikhombisa yokusebenza kanye nezigidi ezimbalwa zamadola esigabeni sokuqala sephrojekthi. Kuliqiniso, akukho lwazi okwamanje ukuthi iphrojekthi yeKurosaurus ithole uxhaso. Kepha umgadli uzotholakala ngokuqinisekile: akubalulekile kangako ukuthi ngeke abe ngama-dinosaurs angempela, futhi ekuqaleni - usayizi wenkukhu. Kepha muhle.
Ukukhuluma ngobuhle: imibala emnyama kanye nezikali zama-dinosaurs e-Jurassic Park kubenza bangesabeka kakhulu, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi kakulona iqiniso. Bobabili o-Horner nabanye abaningi be-paleontologists bake babamba umbono wokuthi iningi, uma kungewona wonke ama-dinosaurs asemhlabeni ayenegazi elifudumele futhi embozwe izimpaphe ezikhanyayo. Kubandakanya iRisible Royal Lizard - iTyrannosaurus rex. Ukopha okufudumele kuseyindawo yokunyakazisa, kepha ukungathandabuzeki kwezimpaphe zezinsalela zezinsalela zabasondelene bomashiqela - uYutyrannus huali (elihunyushwe kusuka kuLatin-Chinese - "Omashiqela abahle ngezimpaphe", isisindo - cishe amathani ayi-1.5, ubude - 9 m) - muva nje osatholakala ukuxoshwa kwezazi zase-Chinese paleontologists. Futhi kuthiwani ngeqiniso lokuthi lapho zihlelwa izimpaphe zalo zakudala ezingafika ku-15 cm ubude zifana nefluff yenkukhu kunezimpaphe eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinyoni zesimanje? Yebo, akunakwenzeka ukuthi bebengapendwanga kahle!
Futhi uma ama-mammoths esikhathi esizayo, ama-dodo, ama-dinosaurs nezinye izilwane ezingapheli ayiyona engokoqobo impela, kodwa ecishe ifane nalena yemvelo - nguwuphi kini onganqaba ukuhamba epaki yesikhathi, okuthi ekuqaleni angabonakala ukuthi yiJurassic noma i-Pleistocene?
Hlela umsila
Izinyoni zasendulo, ezinjenge-Archeopteryx, zazinomsila omude oziphindayo. Izinyoni zesimanje zisenomsila ongacacile. Inhloso enkulu yephrojekthi ye-Horner ukukhomba uhlobo (s) oluvimbela ukukhula komsila esibelethweni. Ngokushintsha amaphethini wokubonisa walezi zakhi zofuzo, umuntu angazalela izinkukhu ngemisila emide yama-dinosaurs.
Lo mbono udonse ukugxekwa okuvela kososayensi abaningi. USean Carroll, isazi sebhayoloji esithuthukisayo, wake wazama ukuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane ezifanayo, kepha lezi zivivinyo zazivame ukubabulala.
Ukuxhasa ukuhlela
Ungazixhasa ngokwakho iphrojekthi lapha.
Umqondo wokwenza iKurosaurus ubekhona isikhathi eside. UJack Horner waphakamisa lo mbono ezindaweni zokucwaninga eziningana. Ubhale ukuthi abantu bayawuthanda umbono wakhe, kepha akakaze abe nezinsizakusebenza zokuqalisa iphrojekthi enjalo. Lapho uLarsson no Horner beqala lo msebenzi, u-Horner wanikela ngama- $ 20,000 ngonyaka owodwa ukuze axhase i-postdoc kwelebhu yase-Larssons. Kusukela lapho, iphrojekthi ithole iminikelo eminingi yangasese, kufaka phakathi umqondisi weStar Wars uGeorge Lucas.
Isinxephezelo - Inkukhu eyinkukhu
“Edolobheni laseCanada i-Alberta, izinsalela zesidina esincane kunazo zonke! "Umsunguli wenkukhu ubephila emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa edlule futhi wadla, okungathiwa, zingamashubhu aphambi komhlaba."
Isihloko esithandekayo, esifaneleka kakhulu isandiso kwinoveli emnandi. Kepha kuyiqiniso. Ukutholwa kwabizwa ngokuthi yi- "Albertonykus borealis", okusolwa ukuthi lezi zilwane zaqashelwa njengezidlekezi ezincane kunazo zonke eNyakatho Melika.
I-Spielberg ayikaze iphuphe noma i-Calambia Izithombe azimele
Ifilimu egcwele i-Hollywood yefilimu i-Jurassic Park, kanye neminye imikhiqizo eminingi yefilimu yesikhathi esizayo, ixhumeke ngandlela thile ngokuthokozela kososayensi. Ngakho-ke leli cala lalihlukile.
Izingqondo ezihlakaniphile zesintu, hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi zaziyingxenye yabasebenzi balo msebenzi wobuciko waseHollywood (uJack Horner, University of Montana, e-USA) zanikeza umqondisi ngezeluleko zobuchwepheshe, kepha bona ngokwazo banquma "ukukhiqiza ubuciko" - ukuhumusha imicabango eminingi ebekwe kwifilimu ibe ngeqiniso .
Ngemuva kwe-movie - kuze kube seqophelweni
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi isikhukhukazi sasisesigabeni sokufundwa kwezisusa zangaphandle.
Ekuqaleni kuka-2005, ochwepheshe emkhakheni ocwaningwe ngalo i-inclgeneisis - uJohn Fallon noMat Harris (iWisccin, Melika) benza uchungechunge lwezifundo zokuhlola ngemibungu yenkukhu eguquliwe. Ngesikhathi sokucwaninga ngesayensi, baqopha ukuvela kweziqubu ezingejwayelekile emihlathini yombungu.
Ukukhula okuguqukayo kwagcina kungasenalutho ngaphandle kwamazinyo abunjwe ngesaberi afana namazinyo embungu. Ngemuva kochungechunge lokuhlaziya, abacwaningi banqume ngesisekelo se-DNA yenkukhu ukuthi “bakhuphule ubumbano” lwekhodi yezilwane zezilwane eziseza kuqala.
Amaqembu ososayensi aqhamuka ezikhungweni ezihlukene zocwaningo aseqalile umsebenzi wesayensi aqagela ukukhiqizwa kwenkukhu nazo zonke izimfanelo ezikhona ku-tyrannosaurus.
Ngamafiyane awo, isikali, umsila kanye nangaphambili, izofana kakhulu nedayinaso yangempela, futhi incazelo eyaziwa kakhulu yokuthi “izibankwa”, ngokukhanya kobuhlobo, izoba yizwi eliphikisayo.
Bukela ividiyo - inkukhu ihamba njengesidina!
UToothy Klusha
Asebuyele encazelweni yomsebenzi wezinkukhu eziguqukayo. Imibungu esiguquliwe yayinofuzo oludlulayo olukwazi ukubulala ingane ngaphambi kokuzalwa.
Njengoba kwenzeka, into efanayo ekusetshenzisweni kwale genome luhlobo lwakudala olubhekele ukuthuthukiswa kwamazinyo edayinasi, kodwa elahlekile emgqeni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wezinkukhu.
Abaphenyi baseMelika bakha igciwane elinokuziphatha okulingana nokuziphatha kohlobo lokuphinda luthole, kepha akubangeli ukufa kwento yokuhlola. I-Mutagen eyethulwa kumntwana ojwayelekile wesibeletho iqala ukukhula kwamazinyo.
Izimpiko, amaphiko. Into esemqoka umsila.
Isigaba esilandelayo sokucwaninga senzelwe ukuba sibe omunye umuzwa. Isazi se-Paleontologist uHans Larsson (McGill University, America) sisho iqiniso ukuba khona kweziqalo zomsila, kuboniswe kokuqala izigaba zokukhula kombungu wenkukhu kodwa “inyamalale” ngesinye isikhathi.
Umphumela ubangelwe isenzo somshini osishintsha switch ethile yokuguqula izakhi zofuzo, nemizamo yokusebenzisa le nqubo kuze kube manje ayiphumelelanga.
Kepha lapho beya ohlangothini oluthile, ososayensi bayakwazi ukucubungula imibungu ukubonisa ezinye izimfanelo abazizuza kukhokho okude.
Kurosaurus, ngiyakholelwa kuwe
Lapho sicacisa kabusha isaga sesiShayina ngandlela thile, sithola ukuhunyushwa: "Awuzukuthatha iqanda likadrako esidlekeni senkukhu." Lokhu yilokho izwe lesayensi eliqondiswa yilokho, njengoba kuvuma ngokungathandabuzi, ukuphika ngokoqobo ukuxhuma kwesidina nezinkukhu nezinyoni zesimanje.
U-Larsson ungomunye wabambalwa abasebenza ngokudabukisayo be-paleontologists abacabanga ukuthi ukuqondana kobuhlobo phakathi kwezinyoni namadayinaso kuyathembisa.
Bhalisela ukuvuselelwa kwendawo yenkukhu, uzoba owokuqala ukufunda izindaba zethu.