Amapulangwe ezingubo anezithambo ezimbozwe ngento emnyama (amabhande nezihlangu eziwugqinsi kuxhunyaniswa ngendwangu yokuqina, eqinisekisa ukuhamba kwayo konke, ekuqaleni, isakhiwo.
I-Armadillo yaphenduka ibhola eligcwele
I-hairline yathuthukiswa esiswini nakubantu abangaphakathi bezitho. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, izinwele ngazinye zikhula phakathi kwemikhawulo ngemuva. Umbala wegobolondo uyahlukahluka kusuka kupinki (ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezisencane) kuya nsundu noma mpunga. Izembatho ezinjalo zivikela isilwane kubazingeli. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nenkolelo ethandwayo, izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zohlobo lwama-armadillos (ama-Tolypeutes) anamathathu angakwazi ukugoba ibhola eliqinile. Ezinye zinamapuleti amaningi namabhande kulokhu.
Indawo yokuhlala nendawo yokuhlala
I-Armadillos izakhamizi zezindawo ezivulekile (ama-savannah, ama-semi-desert), kepha amanye ahlala emahlathini, angagijima ngokushesha okukhulu futhi aze agxume. Njengamashalofu sebenzisa imisele. Digger zingcono kakhulu. Usizo oluhle lapho bemba izimbobo - izimbila ezine noma ezinhlanu ezinamaphiko ezinezinzipho ezinamandla, ezinde, nezicijile. Izingalo eziyingemuva zinezihlakala ezinhlanu. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi, isilo esimbozwe ngezembatho sintanta kahle, yebo sinqoba nemifula ebanzi. I-Armadillos ingandisa ukuqina komzimba ngokugwinya umoya. Ziyakwazi ukuntywila - ngakho-ke, le mpi eneziqu eziyisishiyagalolunye ingaba ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyisithupha.
I-Armadillos ayishadile, ngayinye ixazulula indawo yayo. Abesilisa babeka uphawu insimu yabo ngokucophelela, icishe ifane nenja yasekhaya noma ikati. Lapho nje i-armadillo ehlala e-zoo ibulawa ukomisa: njalo ngemuva kokuhlanza ngokuphelele iseli, yayiyibumba.
Ngabe adlani ama-armadillos?
Ukudla kwe-armadillos kufaka phakathi ukudla kwezilwane nezitshalo, kepha ubumnandi obuphakathi izintuthwane nezihlwathi. Izilwane zivula okwegobolondo ngezinambuzane, bese ziqoqa inyamazane yazo ngolimi olunamathelayo. Izinhlobo eziningi cishe zingajwayelekile: zimunca ngenhliziyo zombili ama-invertebrates nama-vertebrates amancane (ngokwesibonelo, izibankwa, izinduku, izinyoni), izithelo, futhi azideleli ukugcotshwa nokungcola kokudla.
Ukuzala
Okuhlukile phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo ukukhiqizwa kwe-armadillos. Isici sokuqala ukubambezeleka ekukhuleni kombungu, ongafinyelela izinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezine (kwesinye isikhathi kube yiminyaka emibili). Lokhu kuvumela insikazi ukuthi "iqagele" isikhathi sokuzalwa kwenkathi ngezimo ezinhle kakhulu (inala yokudla, izinga lokushisa elifanele). Isici sesibili ukuthi ezinhlotsheni ezithile (ngokwesibonelo, ama-armadillos anamabamba ayisishiyagalolunye) kuphela kuzalwa amawele amaqanda (kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, kufaka phakathi abantu, lokhu kwenzeka ngokungafani nalutho).
Inani lamawundlu lisuka koyedwa liye kane, kepha lihlala lingelabesifazane noma abesilisa. Ama-armadillos asanda kuzalwa asenalo igobolondo elithambile lombala opinki. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuba lukhuni ngenxa yokukhula kwamapuleti amathambo. Cishe akukho lutho olwaziwayo mayelana nesikhathi sokuphila se-armadillos emvelweni. Ekudingisweni, baphila iminyaka emi-4 kuye kwengama-20.
Izitha ze-Armadillo
Naphezu kokuba khona kwezikhali, lezi zilwane zinezitha eziningi zemvelo: izinhlobo eziningi zekati yasendle ne-canine, izingwenya. Amakati nezinja ezifuywayo zingaba yingozi kubantu abadala ikakhulukazi ezinama-armadillos asemancane. Abantu baphanga futhi kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane: abantu bendawo badla inyama, kanti amagobolondo athengiselwa izivakashi njengezikhumbuzo. Amaradola amaningi abhubha emigwaqweni emikhulu. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XX. inani labo lehlile kakhulu, ngakho-ke izinhlobo eziyi-12 zibhalwe ku-International Red Book, kanti ama-lamellar nama-armadillos amakhulu njengamanje asongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
Ngokwesilinganiso sokuvela kwemvelo, izingalo ze-armadillos, njengeqembu lonke le-xenartre, zisendaweni yokuqothulwa kancane kancane. Kepha kukhona okuhlukile - izimpi ezinezimpondo eziyisishiyagalolunye. Ngaphezulu kwekhulu lama-20, le nhlobo yezinyoni yenza "imashi" ngokumangalisa yasenyakatho, ngale kwalokho ebikade ikuqala. Emuva ngo-1880, abakwa-armadillos babehlala emngceleni we-United States neMexico, kancane enyakatho yoMfula iRio Grande. Ngo-1905, bangena engxenyeni esentshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-US eTexas. Kusukela lapho, ibanga belilokhu likhula ngokuqhubekayo futhi lithathe izifunda zaseKansas neMissouri. Izizathu zalokhu kunwetshwa azikaxazululwa.
Ukuqala kwe-armadillos
Impumelelo esikhathini esizayo ingalindelwa kule mishini yempi emangalisayo. |
UDupuis de Lom, lapho akha umkhumbi wakhe ophethe izibhamu ezisindayo, wathatha njengesisekelo isivivinyo (sowe-1822) somphathi waseFrance ovela e-Pecsan artillery.
Kudingeka izigaxa ezinkulu ze-caliber ezinkulu-caliber, zidubula amagobolondo aqhuma ngenhlokomo enkulu eqhuma kusuka amabanga amakhulu asemikhunjini yokhuni. Kudingeka izikhali zensimbi ezinhlangothini zemikhumbi yamasosha ngokumelene namabhomu. |
Okuqaphelekayo komqondo ukuthi kwakudingeka ukudubula hhayi emaphethelweni emikhumbi asendleleni elengisiwe, kodwa ezinhlangothini ezitebhisini. Ngokudubula okunjalo, u-A. Peksan wenza izibhamu zamabhomu lapho umoyana wawugqinsiwe ukuze unikeze amandla amakhulu, kwasuswa i-muzzle, kwaguqulwa isimo segumbi ukuze kutholakale icala elehlisiwe, futhi ukuze kube lula ukulayisha, ukuwa kwalo kwenziwa. Uvivinyo eBrest naseKronstadt ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1830 lubonise ukuthi ukuqhuma kwebhomu eceleni komkhumbi lokhuni kwenza ukuthi kwephule indawo enamamitha angaphezu kwesikwele futhi kudonsa umkhumbi wamapulangwe kusuka ekuqhumeni okungama-20-25 ebangeni lamamitha angama-500-1000. NgoNovemba 18, 1853, u-Admiral Nakhimov wacekela phansi umkhumbi waseTurkey eSinop. Lapha, ngokokuqala ngqa, kwahlolwa izibhamu zamabhomu empini.
Kepha izembatho zempi, bakhohlwa ngayo cishe iminyaka engama-20. Lokhu kwenzekile ngoba ungqongqoshe wezasolwandle waseFrance, u-Admiral Makot, esehlolile umqondo kaPeksan futhi waqikelela ukuthi isembatho sezempi sisebenza kahle, wahlukanisa imiphumela yokuhlolwa ukuze kuthi lapho kwenzeka impi ne-England asheshe abhukishe imikhumbi yakhe. I-England yaqala izivivinyo zezempi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1840. Kepha kwavela ukuthi i-nuclei, egwaza itshe lensimbi, inika inqwaba yezicucu. Ukubonakala kwawo nemiphetho enamagqabha kumangele abahlanganyeli bovivinyo futhi emikhunjini yesiNgisi kwaba nemibono emibi kakhulu ngalesi sikhali. Kepha ngemuva kwezingcezwana, iBrithani ayizange ibone amaphuzu amabili ayisisekelo. Okokuqala, isiteleka ebhekiswe ezingubeni ezincane sasihlala sihlukanisa amabhomu, kanti okwesibili, amaBrithani awalethanga ubukhulu bezingcwecwe zempi lapho obukhulu bungakwazi ukungena kuwo.
Impi yokuqala phakathi kwezikebhe eziphethe umkhovu zenzeka phakathi neMpi Yezwe YaseMelika eHampton Raid ngoMashi 9, 1862, phakathi kwezingalo zomkhosi I-USS Monitor futhi I-CSS Virginia futhi wagcina ngokusemthethweni edwebeni.
Impi yokuqala ephelele yamasosha ahlomile kwakuyimpi kaLiss ngoJulayi 20, 1866 (manje okuyiqhingi laseVis, eCroatia) phakathi kweMpi yase-Austro-Italy ka-1866-1867. Naphezu kwenzuzo yezobuchwepheshe yamaNtaliyane, le mpi yaphela ngokunqoba kwamaqhinga kwabase-Austrian, ababesebenzisa amaqhinga wokulwa kakhulu.
Casemate Armadillos
Izibhamu zalolu hlobo lomkhumbi bezigxile endaweni eyodwa futhi zivikelwe yisikhali esikhulu kunazo zonke. Impi yokuqala yalolu hlobo isiNgisi Hms bellerophon.
Kuwo wonke amapakethe ezempi zaseRussia, iBellerophon izofana nenja eyi-hound engangena phakathi ethekwini lesitha futhi ichithe nemikhumbi yesitha uma ibambekile noma uyixosha olwandle. |
I-Barbet Armadillos
Isigaxa fr. i-barbette - Isakhiwo esivikelayo esizungeze isibhamu se-artillery. Ngo-1873, kwaqalwa impi yokuqala yeBarbet "Novgorod".
Ngo-1875, kwethulwa i-Vice-Admiral Popov Barbet armadillo (ngokubekwa kweKiev ngo-1874).
Asinazo izikebhe ezingakwazi ukuhamba emanzini angajulile futhi lapho zilwa nemikhumbi yempi yaseRussia. "I-Popovka" "IPhini lika-Admiral Popov" iyinhlangano yokuqala yasolwandle eyintanta emhlabeni, iphethe izikhali zezikhali ezingama-19 inch (356 mm) nezibhamu ezingamathani angama-40 (305 mm). |
Uhlobo lwe-Armadillo I-Amiral duperre yayine-barbet yokuzivikela engu-300 mm, amasokisi amabutho aholela kuyo ayenezikhali eziyi-100 mm, futhi lonke uhla lwamanzi luvikelekile ngebhande elixineneyo lika-550 mm phakathi naphakathi nendawo nama-250 mm emnsalo nasemuva.
I-Armadillos ye-Armored
Impi enempi yobuciko ebunjiwe etholakala ngemuva kophahla. Umkhumbi wokuqala walolu hlobo kwakungesiNgisi Hms ukucekelwa phansi.
Ngo-1869, ngokwephrojekthi yePopov eSt. Petersburg, ethekwini laseGalerny Island, indawo ebizwa ngokuthi "Cruiser" yabekwa phansi, yaqanjwa kabusha ngo-1872 "Peter the Great".
AmaRussia akwazi ukwedlula thina sobabili ngokuya ngamandla wokulwa nemikhumbi ekhona, nangokuphathelene nezindlela ezintsha zokwakha. “UPeter the Great” wabo angaya ngokukhululekile emachwebeni amaNgisi, njengoba kungumkhumbi onamandla kunanoma iyiphi impi yethu. |
I-Citadel Armadillos
Cabanga ngethanga elintantayo elihamba ngezinyawo elingamamitha ayi-33 (amamitha angama-33,5) ubude namamitha angama-23 ububanzi, elikhuphuka ngamamitha ayi-3 ngaphezu kwamanzi futhi linomqhele ngemibhoshongo emibili eyindilinga emibili ehlomile. Qondisisa ukuthi lezi zibhamu zingadubula kanyekanye emnsalweni, emuva nangasemuva, nakabili - nakabili - phezulu. Hlomisa ingxenye engaphansi kwamanzi eqhweni ngensimbi enenqama enomnsalo nangezikulufo ezimbili nesiqobelelo ngemuva, uzothola umdwebo walo mkhumbi. |
Ukuvela kwe-armadillos
Esikhundleni sokwamukela uhlobo oluthile lwemikhumbi yangaphambili, siyabona ukuthi umqaphi akafani nakubo, futhi singasho nokuthi kuphambene ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izindlela. Umkhumbi ozondiza emoyeni cishe ngeke ususwe kude nomqondo ojwayelekile njengomqaphi ongaphansi kwamanzi osika phakathi noma ungene emanzini. Kuqeda nomehluko phakathi kwamandla omkhumbi onezibhamu eziyi-100 nebhethri elijikelezayo elezibhamu ezimbili. Ngamazwi, umqaphi uphawula inkathi entsha emlandweni wezwe. |
Umkhumbi ngamunye okhonza olwandle olusezingeni eliphezulu kufanele ukhuphuke ngaphezu kwamanzi, ukhanyiswe kahle futhi uphathe izikhali ezisebenzayo, okuyiqiniso ukuthi, ngezinga elingakanani, okuphambene ngqo ne "Monitor". |
UCooper Coles ngonyaka we-1861 wahlongoza enye indlela yempi yamandla ebhethri, ehlongoza ukubeka ubuciko bemibhoshongo. Umkhumbi wokuqala we-HMS IPrince albert -ngaphansi kokushona kolwandle ku-HMS Qhawe ngenxa yezimoto ezibuthakathaka, kepha ijubane lokuqondisa lelitshe lahlaba umxhwele i-Admiralty, ngakho iHMS yakhiwa UCaptainkepha phezu kokulingwa washona. U-Edward Reed ubuye wahlongoza enye indlela yempi yebhethri ngokwakha i-HMS I-Bellerophon ngo-1865. U-E. Reed naye waklama impi yempi ye-HMS Ukuzinikela futhi yize yabekwa emuva kwesikhathi kune Russian "Peter the Great" yaseRussia, yangena kuqala ukusebenza. UNathaniel Barnaby, owangena esikhundleni sikaReed, wakha impi yempi yeHMS citadel ngo-1876 Akuguquki.
Abakhi bemikhumbi baseRussia nabaseFrance bakhetha ukuthuthukisa izimpi zempi zamarobet. Ukwakhiwa kwalezi zimpi zamabutho kwaqalwa yiVice Admiral Popov, amaFulentshi acosha ib baton ngokwakha uhlobo lwe-armadillo I-Amiral duperre.
Abakhi bemikhumbi base-Italy bahambe ngendlela yesithathu, bakha uhlelo lokubhukwa lwamazinga okwakha imikhumbi walolo hlobo I-Italia ngo-1885. Ukuvikela ugu, kwasungulwa izimpi zempi zasogwini. Umqhele wokuthuthuka kwezimpi zamabutho ezempi kwakungamabutho ezempi, okwaba amandla ashukumisayo emikhumbi. Ukuphela kwenkathi ye-armadillos kwaqala ukusebenza ngo-1906 yi-HMS yesiNgisi Kuhlafunwe futhi isikhathi sokuxakeka saqala.
I-Armadillo izindlalifa
Izindlalifa zamasosha empi eyayibambene ngezihluthu kwakuyizimpi zempi (ekuqaleni eyayibizwa ngokuthi ama-dreadnoughts), eyavela ngenxa yokuqiniswa okuthe xaxa kobuciko kanye nosayizi owandayo. Ama-armadillos akhanyayo emuva ngawo-1870s aba ngabanduleli bamatilosi ahlomile. Imikhumbi yokugcina yabizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-armadillos (yona. I-Panzerschiffe ), baba yimikhumbi yaseJalimane yohlobo lwe- "Deutschland" ("izikhwama zephakethe"), okwathi ngo-1940 yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi ama-cruiser anzima.
Imicimbi eyinhloko
Phakathi kwemicimbi ephawuleka yomlando wezwe lomhlaba neRussia ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-armadillos yile:
- Ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango e-United States ngoMashi 9, 1862, kwaqubuka impi eHampton Raid phakathi komsunguli walesi sigaba se-USS Monitor nempi yempi yeCSS Virginia. Kudala, le mpi yaphela lapho, yize izinhlangothi zombili zathi le mpi iyinqobe. "Abaseningizimu" bathi baminza imikhumbi emibili yezitha kwathi i-USS Monitor yashiya impi, "abasenyakatho" baphendula bathi ukuvimba akuvulwanga, ngakho-ke inhloso ayitholakalanga. Kepha ochwepheshe bathi le nsimbi iphumelele.
- Impi yokuqala yamasosha ahlomile eduze nesiqhingi saseLissa Julayi 16, 1866 (manje okuyiqhingi laseVis, eCroatia) phakathi kweMpi yase-Austro-Italy ka-1866-1867. Ngaleyo mpi, impi yase-Italy Re d ltalia yalwa futhi yashiswa impi yempi yase-Austrian U-Erzherzog Ferdinand Max.