Umndeni odla izindwani wama-martens uhlanganisa inani elikhulu lezinhlobo ezihlobene nama-phylogenetically, ezahluka kakhulu ekwakhekeni komzimba, nasendleleni yokuphila.
Iningi labameleli lincane futhi lincane kakhulu; kukhona, impela, abaphakathi, kepha bambalwa kubo. Ubude bomzimba wezilwane ezinjalo buphakathi kweshumi nanhlanu kuya ku-120 (ngesinye isikhathi kufika ku-150) cm. Isisindo sabamele siyashiyana kusuka kumagremu ayi-100 kuye kuma-40 kilogramu. Njengomthetho, imizimba yabo iphakeme kakhulu, ivumelana nezimo. Isisulu somndeni wokufela onomzimba omfishane futhi omkhulukazi yinto eyivelakancane.
Abamele umndeni bahlukaniswa nge-hairline ethuthukisiwe. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezihlala enyakatho ebusika, kuyashisa kakhulu futhi kuminyene. ENingizimu, abanye abamele umzimba bambozwe ngenwele, cishe nezinwele ezimfushane. Imibala ingahluka: inebala, icacile, imthende. Kwenzeka ukuthi kunesilwane esincane somndeni we-marten, lapho uboya bulula khona kusuka ngezansi kunaphezulu. Ngokuya ngesizini, abameleli bokuqina nokuqina kwejazi bangashintsha. Ezinye izinhlobo ebusika zishintsha umbala zibe mhlophe qhwa.
Njengomthetho, wonke ama-coon ahlala emhlabathini, akhuphuka izihlahla ngokuphelele, amanye angimba imigodi ejulile, futhi athole nokudla ngaphansi komhlaba.
Ama-Cunyas asabalele. Zitholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Australia.
Umndeni wamaKuni ungomunye wabantu abacebe kunabo bonke ezinhlotsheni zezizukulwane nohlobo ngokulandelana kwezinyamazane. Inezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-70 zezinhlobo, ezihlanganiswe zaba ngama-25 genera nemindeni emihlanu esezansi. Owokuqala wabo ubizwa ngokuthi ama-martens. Kubandakanya izinhlobo ezingama-33 kanye nohlobo lwe-genera.
U-Ermine
I-ermine iyafana ngokubukeka kuthando, ubude bomzimba bubalelwa kuma-30 cm.
Lesi silo sidla inyama, sidla amagundane. Kwesinye isikhathi kudambisa izidleke. Ezikhathini ezilambile, zingadla amasele, uma engekho, khona-ke udoti namajunipha amajikijolo. Kukhishwa kanye ngonyaka, isikhathi sokukhulelwa cishe izinyanga eziyi-9.5. Isilinganiso samawola amahlanu kwilitha ngalinye.
Lowo omele usebenza ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zosuku.
Solongoy
Kubukeka njengesilwane esinye isilwane esincanyana somndeni we-marten. Lesi silo sibizwa ngokuthi i-solonga. Ukhulu omncane, ugqoke uboya obuthuntuzekile. Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-30. Idla ama-voles nezinye izilwane ezincane, ngisho nama-muskrats. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibankwa nezinyoni kufakiwe ekudleni. Ebusika, ukukhula komzimba kwenzeka, isikhathi sokukhulelwa siyinyanga. Kunamalitha angaba mathathu kuye noma amane kwilitha.
13.08.2018
I-grison encane (lat. Galictis cuja) - isilwanyana esidla izinyamazane esiqhamuka emndenini kaKunyi (Mustelidae). Emncane, iyancipha ngokushesha bese iba yimbi. KwiLatin America, bekuyisikhathi eside isetshenziselwa ukuzingela amagundane kanye nonogwaja abahlangene bendawo.
EBolivia, isilwane sisetshenziselwa ukwenza izithungo zemilingo ezivikela umnikazi waso emandleni amabi. AmaNdiya amaQuechua asebenzisa lesi silwane kanye nama-llamas kanye nezingulube zase-Guinea ukwenza umhlatshelo kunkulunkulukazi wezwe, ukuzala nokuzamazama komhlaba iPachamame. Ngaphezu kwazo, uthatha namaqabunga e-coca, ugwayi kanye nemimoya.
Abantu bomdabu baseBolivia bamhlonipha kulo lonke u-Agasti, okuyinyanga ebanda kunazo zonke endaweni yabo. Ukuhlonipha uPachamama kusukela ngonyaka ka-2009 kufakwe kumthethosisekelo wezwe futhi kubhekwa njengento ebalulekile yesiko lendawo.
Uhlobo lwachazwa okokuqala ngonyaka we-1782 ngusolwazi wezemvelo waseChile uJuan Ignacio Molina.
USomlomo
Ikholomu inomzimba ombaxekile kunowomfazi. Ubude bomzimba bufinyelela amasentimitha amane. Isisindo silinganiselwa ku-750 g. Umbala wasebusika ubomvu buffy. Ehlobo, umbala umnyama.
Umjaho wenziwa kusuka ngoFebhuwari kuya ku-Ephreli. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-40 (ngokwesilinganiso), amawundlu kwilitha lesi-7.
Ukubhebhetheka
Indawo le itholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yezwekazi laseNingizimu Melika.Ihlanganisa eningizimu-mpumalanga yePeru, entshonalanga naseningizimu yeBolivia, iParaguay, i-Uruguay, ne-Argentina, isikhungo seChile, amazwe aseningizimu nasempumalanga mpumalanga yeBrazil.
Ama-grisons amancane ahlala kuma-biotopes ahlukahlukene. Ihleleke kahle ukuze ihlale kuzo zombili izindawo ezomile nezimanzi. Kuhlala abantu abaningi endaweni yaseGran Chaco, indawo eshisayo enendawo eyihlane eyihlane, etholakala esigodini somfula iLa Plata.
Isilwane sihlala sihlala eduze kwemithombo yamanzi, sikhetha utshani obunotshani, amapheshana, ama-shrubberies kanye namahlathi akhanyayo. E-Andes, ibonwa ekuphakameni okufika ku-4200 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, imvamisa ibonwa emazweni atshaliwe namadlelo.
Kuze kube manje, izingcingo ezi-4 ziyaziwa. Izindlela zokuxhumana ezisakazekile zidlangile entshonalanga ye-Argentina, eningizimu-mpumalanga yeBolivia nasezifundeni ezimaphakathi neChile.
Qhwa
Uma ucabanga ngomndeni we-marten, umuntu angeke akwazi ukusiza kepha khumbula nge-mink yaseMelika neyaseYurophu. Lezi zilwane ziyashona futhi zibhukuda kahle. Ngaphandle, i-mink ifana nekholamu.
I-European ingaphansi kweMelika. Ubude bomzimba wakhe bungamasentimitha angama-40. IMisa alikho ngaphezu kwamakhilogremu nohhafu. Yini enye ehlukanisa lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ze-mink? Ukwakheka kwamazinyo nogebhezi.
I-Mink ihlala eduze kwemizimba yamanzi enamanzi aguquliwe, isuthisa ngamagundane amancane, ama-muskrats, amasele, njll.
Mate entwasahlobo, namanje kuseqhweni. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha isilinganiso sezinsuku ezingamashumi amahlanu. Njengomthetho, kunamawundlu ayisishiyagalolunye kwilitha, yize kukhona amanye.
Ukuziphatha
Abamele lezinhlobo bahola indlela yokuphila yansuku zonke. Bahlala bodwa noma emaqenjini emindeni enabazali nezingane zabo. Balala ebusuku emigodini yezihlahla, emifantwini yamatshe futhi kaningi kakhulu ezindlini zokugcina ezingaphansi komhlaba. Burrows ingaba ekujuleni kwe-4 m futhi ibe nokufakwa okuningana nokuphuma okwambozwa ngamaqabunga awileyo.
Izilwane zigijima kahle futhi zigibela izihlahla. Bayakwazi ukubhukuda, kodwa bakwenza ngaphandle komdlandla omkhulu. Zinezindlala ezivikela amakhemikhali ukuvikela izinyamazane.
Ngokungafani nama-skunks, ama-secretion anephunga anokuhlushwa okuphansi futhi awanephunga kangako.
Ama-grisons amancane alandela inyamazane yawo ngephunga. Isisulu sazo ikakhulukazi ngamagundane amancane. Isilwane singadlala kuze kube imizuzu engama-45 nesisulu esibanjiwe ngaphambi kokusidla. Ngezikhathi ezithile, amasele, izibankwa, izinyoni, amaqanda ezinyoni nezinyoka ezincane zifika etafuleni lokudlela le-gourmet.
Uma kunesidingo, uyakwazi ukumba inhlabathi ngezinsika zayo zangaphambi kokugoba futhi athole izidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala ngaphansi komhlaba, ikakhulukazi, amagundane angama-mole (Spalacopus cyanus) kanye ne-dusus (Octodon degus).
Isengezo esihle kumenyu yansuku zonke izithelo ezivuthiwe namajikijolo.
Izinso
Amacala asondele kakhulu kwizinkambiso. Baziwa ngezinhlobo ezintathu: i-steppe, enezinyawo ezimnyama nezinsundu. Owokuqala mkhulu kunabo bonke, ubude bomzimba bufika ku-56 cm, isisindo kufika kuma-kg amabili. Amaciko amnyama amancane amancane. Ubude bomzimba wabo buyi-48 cm, futhi isisindo asikho ngaphezu kwe-1.5 kg
Isisekelo sokudla okunempilo kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezintathu singamagundane. I-Ferret emnyama, njengomthetho, inika izintandokazi kumagundane nama-voles, kanye ne-steppe - kuma-hamsters nama-gophers. Izinja ze-Meadow yilokho okuthandwa yiBlackfoot.
La malungu omndeni (ikakhulukazi ama-steppe) ahlala eduze kwamachibi nemifula.
Ukuzala
Isikhathi sokuzala senzeka ngasekupheleni kobusika nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Izilwane zakha imindeni yesithembu, imindeni evame ukuba nesidina kakhulu. Bahlukana ngokushesha lapho inzalo ikwazi ukuphila ngokuzimela.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa siyizinsuku ezingama-39- 40. Owesifazane uletha ama-2 kuya ku-5 amawundlu emgodini osendaweni ecashile futhi engenakufinyeleleka. Imvamisa kwenzeka emigodini noma emadwaleni amadwala. Izinsana zizalwa zinesisindo esingu-35 g, izimpumputhe nezithulu, kepha sezimbozwe ngoboya obufushane obufushane.
Inzalo izalwa kabili ngonyaka kusuka ngoMashi kuya ku-Ephreli futhi kusuka ngo-Agasti kuya kuSepthemba.
Bonke ubunzima bokukhulisa izingane zakwabo ziwa emahlombe omama. Imvamisa, obaba, njengomthetho, benza umsebenzi wokugada kuphela, bexwayisa umndeni ngengozi engenzeka ngemisindo ebukhali yokugunda. Ekuthunjweni, abanye babo kwesinye isikhathi bavusa imizwa yobaba, futhi baqala ukudlala ngamawundlu abo.
Ukuncelisa ubisi kuthatha izinyanga ezimbili.Esontweni lesibili, kuvuleka amehlo, futhi ngeviki lesine, izingane ziqala ukushintshela ekudleni okuqinile. Ngemuva kokukhishwa, baye bazingele nonina. Intsha enezinyanga ezine ubudala ikhula ibe ngosayizi wezilwane ezindala futhi isivele ingazinakekela futhi yenze ngaphandle kokunakekelwa ngabazali. Bajwayela ukuya ocansini beneminyaka eyodwa.
Incazelo
Ngaphandle, lesi silwane sibukeka njengohlobo lwamazambane amakhulu (Galictis vittata), kepha siphansi ngosayizi. Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-44-68, izindlebe eziwu-2-3 cm, umsila ongu-14-19 cm. Isisindo esingu-1200-2500 g .Izinsikazi zincanyana kakhulu kunabesilisa. I-dimorphism yezocansi ngombala ayikho.
Umzimba uguquguquka futhi uphakeme, intamo yinde, imilenze iyancishiswa. Umsila umfishane futhi uqine. Ikhanda lincane futhi ligcotshwe kahle endizeni evundlile. Izinhlangothi zekhanda nesihlakala kumnyama. Imivimbo engu-Creamy idlula eduze komqhele, i-grey nape. Bonke abanye boya banomthunzi wesikhumba.
Izindlebe ezicashile zitholakala ngemuva kwesigebhezi. Ama-vibrissae amnyama atholakala ekugcineni kwe-muzzle. Kunamazinyo angama-34 emlonyeni.
Isikhathi sokuphila seminyaka eyi-6-8. Ekuthunjweni, i-grison encane ingaphila iminyaka eyi-11 ukuya kwe-12.
Martens
Manje sizokhuluma ngamatshe nepayini martens. Lezi zilwane zikhulu kakhulu kune-ferrets. Ubude bomzimba wetshe le-marten bubalelwa ku-45 cm, futhi ubunzima abudluli kuma-2,5 kg. Ihlathi lincane. Ubude bomzimba wakhe bubalelwa ku-44 cm, futhi isisindo sisukela ku-750 kuya ku-1500 amagremu. Umzimba we-marten uqinile, uyamamatheka, izindlebe zikhulu, zakhiwe. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ngokwakhiwa kwamazinyo nogebhezi. Umbono oseningizimu ngaphezulu kufakwa itshe.
Njengoba igama lisho, ihlathi lihlala emahlathini anezinhlabathi ezimnyama futhi ezixubile. Kwesinye isikhathi itshe lihlala endaweni enjalo, kepha kaningi liyabonakala emadwaleni angenamsebenzi. Njengomthetho, bayasebenza ebusuku, yize ungahlangana nabo phakathi nosuku.
Iphinifa marten idla izinduku, kwesinye isikhathi ihhashi. Itshe lidla ngendlela efanayo, kepha ukudla kwesitshalo kuthatha isabelo sengonyama ekudleni kwaso. IGon ivela enkathini kaJuni-Agasti. Isilinganiso samawundlu amahlanu sizalwa kudoti
Kuyathunyelwa
ISable iyisilwane esidume kakhulu esinomzimba onothile kanye nomsila omfushane kahle. Ubude bomzimba obuphakathi buyi-44 cm. Uboya besable bukhulu, bumnyama. Idla ekudleni kwezilwane nasezitshalweni. Ehlobo basadla izinambuzane. Amawundlu eSable azalwa ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Ngokwesilinganiso, kuzalwa ezinhlanu.
Harza
Lesi silo sikhulu impela, sinesakhiwo somzimba esiyingqayizivele, umbala uqhakazile. Ubude bomzimba bufinyelela amasentimitha ayisishiyagalombili, futhi isisindo siphezulu kuze kube ngamakhilogremu amahlanu nesigamu. Isilo sihlala emahlathini ahlanganisiwe futhi angama-coniffort. IHarza idla izinduku, izinhlanzi, amajikijolo namantongomane. Kwesinye isikhathi kuhlasela ikholomu futhi kushehe.
Indlela Emincane Yama-Grisons
Ama-grisons amancane ayasebenza emini nasebusuku. Bacasha ezindlini zokukhosela ezahlukahlukene: phakathi kwenqwaba yamatshe, ezihlahleni eziyize, kwizimbobo zabanye abantu, phakathi kwezimpande zezihlahla nokunye.
Emgodini owodwa, abantu abangu-4-5 bangahlala khona lapho. Imisele ngobude ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-15 futhi itholakala ekujuleni okufika kumamitha angama-4.
Amawashi wamagilebhisi awakulungele ukubhukuda noma ukugaya, kepha ngosizo lwazo izilwane zigijima kahle futhi zigibela izihlahla - izintende zamawele azinalutho, futhi kukhona imvunulo egobile emilenzeni.
Ama-grisons amancane ayasebenza imini nobusuku; izilwane zithanda ukucasha ezindaweni zokukhosela ezahlukahlukene.
Ama-grisons amancane, uma eqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo ze-marten, ayizilwane ezenhlalo kakhudlwana. Zivame ukutholakala ngamaqembu abantu aba-2 noma ngaphezulu. Amaqembu anjalo akhiwa abantu abadala nabesilisa nabasha. Ama-grisons amancane asebenzisa ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo nokuzwakalayo ukuxhumana nezinhlobo zawo. Ukukhulumisana nge-tactile kubaluleke kakhulu kumalungu omndeni nakomama abanezingane zabo.
Amakhono ahlukene wezwi wama-grisons asetshenziswa ezimweni ezihlukene, ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sengozi, ama-grisons akhula ngokuqinile. Futhi, ama-grisons axhumana ngosizo lwephunga, ngenjabulo eqinile kuphuma iphunga elingemnandi kusuka kwizindlala ze-anal.
Okwezisetshenziswa zoxhumana nabo zisebenzisa amasibonakaliso ahlukahlukene, isibonelo, ukuma okuthile komzimba.
Izitha zemvelo zamajele amancane azaziwa, isitha esikhulu ngumuntu. Abantu bajaha lezi zilwane.
Ukudla kwama-grisons amancane
Ama-grisons amancane adla izilwane eziningi ezincane: izinduku, ama-amphibians, izinyoni, amaqanda awo, izirhubuluzi kanye nama-invertebrates. Zidla futhi nezithelo zezitshalo ezithile.
Ama-grisons athambile ngemibala yawo ehlukile.
Kwesinye isikhathi ama grisons antshontsha kubantu bendawo yezinkukhu. Kulezo zindawo lapho onogwaja baseYurophu bande khona, bayisisekelo sokudla kwamagilosa. EChile, iningi lokudla liqukethe izinduku, bese kusuka onogwaja, bese kuvela ezincelisayo, ezihuquzelayo nezinyoni. Ngokwesilinganiso, amajikijolo amancane adla cishe amagremu angama-350 okudla ngosuku.
Pine marten
Isisekelo esiyinhloko somndeni yi-pine marten yaseYurophu. Lesi isele esinezithelo ezinkulu kakhulu emndenini. Izimbaza zibuye zizingele izinyoni kanye nama-squirrel emiqheleni yezihlahla, futhi “zihamba ngehhashi,” okusho ukuthi ziyahamba, zigxumela esihlahleni ziye kwesinye. Unjalo nobuqili kanye nokubulawa kwabantu baseMelika. Ukuhlala emahlathini asenyakatho obandayo, ama-martens agqoke uboya obukhulu nobubalulekile.
Isilwane esibaluleke kakhulu esidonsa uboya sable yethu. Iyakwazi ukugcwala, yize igibela izihlahla kahle, ihlala phansi kakhulu emhlabathini futhi isebenzisa amagundane nama-voles, ingeza imenyu yenyama ngamantongomane wepayini. Iningizimu yalezi marten e-Eurasia iyindwala yamatshe. Ujwayele ukusondelana nomuntu futhi ngesikhathi sokudla uhambela amakhokho enkukhu ukweba izinkukhu. Kuyasiza nomuntu ngokubhubhisa izinambuzane ezinamahlaya emasimini.
ENyakatho Melika, emahlathini, phakathi kwamadwala nangasogwini lwemifula, kuhlala i-marten angler (pecans) enkulu. Ngaphandle kwegama, le marten ayidobi kaningi, ikhetha ukuzingela izinduku ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-porcupine enkulu yezinkuni zaseMelika. Ama-Martens angabazingeli abanekhono kangangokuba bangabhekana kalula nezisulu ezinkulu kunabo. Ngakho-ke, i-Asia marten kharza, etholakala emahlathini abandayo e-Primorye yethu ukuya ehlathini laseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ikwazi ukunqoba inswelaboya yasendle, futhi inyamazane nesigaxa sikakhonkolo - inyamazane encane.
Qhwa
Ama-martens aseYurophu nabaseMelika njengabazingeli bomhlaba. Umzimba omude oguquguqukayo usakazeka emhlabathini, ufihle inyamazane ekudakweni kweqhwa noma otshanini. Ukukhishwa kwama-minks kanye nezakhamizi ezincane zamahlathi ase-Asia amakholomu - amagundane, ama-voles, ama-chipmunks, ama-muskrats, ama-squirrels, izinyoni, amasele. Izinki namakholomu kungabadobi abahle kakhulu: ngemuva kokubuka inhlanzi esuka ogwini, igxumela ngaphansi kwayo ukuthola amanzi. Ebusika, izinhlanzi zingukudla kwazo okuyinhloko.
Weasel and ermine
Izinyamazane ezincane kakhulu ezidla ezinye nazo ziyingxenye yomndeni wakwaKuyya. Ngokwabo likhulu ngokwedlula izibankwa, bangakwazi ukubhekana kalula namagundane ngisho nonogwaja. Izisulu aziphunyuki kubaxosha abasakayo abangena ngisho nasezinkalweni zabo ezincane. Ukubhubhisa izinduku, ama-ermines kanye ne-weasels kuvikela isivuno. Ukusebenzisa indawo eyodwa yezidalwa zezilwane ezincitha izisulu zomhlaba, imisipha kanye nezinsimbi zezilwane akuhlali ndawo eduzane. Ama-Weasels ahlala eningizimu ye-ermines, yize engafani kakhulu neqhwa nesithwathwa: zombili lezi zinhlobo zinobisi obufudumele obuyigugu, zibomvu ehlobo futhi zimhlophe ebusika.
Abanye abamele abanye abafundisayo
Ibheji lezinyosi ezibi
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Ibheji laseMelika
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I-Burmese ferret badger
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IsiShayina esidonsa kanzima
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Ingulube yengulube
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I-Ferret yonyawo olumnyama
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I-Ferret yehlathi
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I-Otter
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I-Spterot Otter
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ISumatran Otter
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Smooth Otter
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Giant otter
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I-otter yaseCanada
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I-otter yolwandle
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I-Indian otter
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I-South American Otter
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I-Eastern Clawless Otter
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I-African Otter engenacala
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Cat otter
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Wolverine
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Ukugqoka
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I-otter yolwandle
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Imicu yeskunk
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I-skunk echithiwe
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I-Patagonian skunk
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I-White Skunk
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Amagogo amakhulu
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Ama-grisons amancane
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UTyra
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I-Zorilla
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Harza
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Ilka
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I-Teledu
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UTyra noGrisons
Ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, ama-martens amakhulu ahlala - i-tyra kanye nama-grisons. UTyra ugijima ngokushesha, ngobuhlakani ugibela izihlahla futhi ubhukuda kahle. Isisulu saso sikhulu kakhulu kunaleso sezinkuni ezihlala ezindaweni ezifanayo. I-Tyra isebenzisa izinduku ezinkulu ze-agouti, ama-squirrels kanye nama-uwezekano (ama-marsupials esihlahla), futhi futhi inganqoba inyamazane encane, i-masamu. I-grison incane kune-tyra - inomzimba omude kakhulu futhi oguquguqukayo onemilenze emifushane. Uzingela ngamagundane emhlabeni futhi uhlala emigodini.
UFerret
Amacala asondelene nama-martens kanye nama-mink. I-ferret ne-mink kungadala nomndeni, futhi kuzalwe amawundlu aphilile, isiphambano phakathi kwe-ferret ne-mink ibizwa ngokuthi i-honiki. Amahlathi aqhamukayo atholakala engxenyeni yaseYurophu yezwe lethu: emaphethelweni amahlathi, eduze kwemifula ngisho nasemapaki amadolobha. Bacasha ngezinqwaba zezihlahla eziwile, ngaphansi kwezimpande, kwizimbobo ezingenalutho zabanye abantu, bahlala ezinqolobaneni, kuma-attic, ezinkuni, ezindaweni zokugcina izihlahla.
Phambilini, lapho amakati eRussia kwakuyilukuluku lokwazi, abalimi babelokhu begcina ekhaya ukuze bacekele phansi amagundane kanye namagundane. Ezindaweni ezingaseningizimu, umfowethu omkhulu, umzali osezingeni elifanele, ujoyina ikhwaya yehlathi. Lesi yisilwane esibaluleke kakhulu esizalela ubhiya, kepha abantu, benikezwe umnikelo wabo ekuqothulweni kwamagundane, banokuzingela okulinganiselwe. Emaqeleni aseMelika, izindawo zokudumisa, izikebhe ezinamabala amnyama zazisetshenziswa. Bazingela izinja ezidlelwayo - izinduku ezifana nama-gophers. Kepha abalimi, beqothula izinja zemifino, bahlukunyezwa kanye nobubi. Manje bazalelwe ekudingisweni.
Indoda ayilunganga i-ferret: lesi silwane sinenzuzo enkulu kunokulimaza, ngoba inyamazane yaso eyinhloko kungama-voles namagundane. Amagundane ayingozi awadli nje okusanhlamvu emasimini kuphela, kodwa futhi enza nolondolozo lwasebusika ngokufaka okufinyelela engxenyeni yekhilogramu yembewu ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ukuzingela okukodwa ensimini kubulala amagundane ayi-10,5 ngosuku, ngaleyo ndlela konga ithani lokusanhlamvu ehlobo.
Skunk
AmaSkunks ahlala emahlathini aseMelika, ama-steppes kanye nogwadule. Kubukeka njengama-ferrets, kepha ahlobene namabheji. Emini, kusikwa kuthululelwa emiseleni nasem emihumeni, kuthi ebusuku babambe izinambuzane, amagundane, amasele, nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, bafuna izithelo nembewu, emadolobhaneni abazijabulela ngodoti. Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, i-skunk ibopha izinwele zayo, ibuyele emuva kulowo okonile futhi iphakamise umsila wayo. Uma usongo lungasebenzi, i-skunk iphakama emahlombe ayo angaphambili, iphakamise imbongolo yayo, iphonse umfudlana wesitha onephunga elimnandi. Uboya obumnyama nobumnyama obukhanyayo obuqhamuka ezazisexwayisa abaphambili: "Ungangithinti, ngiyanuka." Ama-skunks ayimigqa futhi amabala ahlala eNyakatho Melika, kanti uPatagonian skunk uhlala eMelika Melika. AmaSkunks ahlala ezindaweni ezibandayo awela ebusika. Aqoqa izilwane eziningana emgodini owodwa.
Ukugqoka, i-Weasel yase-Afrika kanye neZorilla kusondele kakhulu kunobuchopho kwezomnotho, kepha kuyafana nama-skunks. Ukuhlukanisa imibala kuxwayisa abazingeli ngekhono labo lokuzivikela ngokudubula uketshezi olunephunga. Lawa azingela ama-jerboas, ama-squirrels, ama-hamsters nezinye izilwane ezincane ahlala emaqeleni nasogwadule: ukugqoka - eningizimu ye-Eurasia, i-African weasel ne-zorilla - e-Afrika.
Ama-mince nama-skunks ayizilwane ezincane. Ukuze bangabi yisisulu sabazingeli abakhulu, bakhetha indlela yokuqala yokuzivikela: ukuphindisela isifiso sokunuka ezitheni. Ama-Ferices amane akhiphe uketshezi olunuka ngokudumazayo ngaphansi kwezindunu zomsila, futhi ama-skunks angadubula indiza yalesi siphunga nokungena okukhanyayo ebusweni bomsizi ongafika kumamitha ayi-3 .Isitha esibekiwe nesimpumputhe siyokhumbula umhlangano unaphakade futhi siyoqhubeka nokukugwema.Ngokususa izindlala "ezinephunga", i-skunk ingagcinwa njengesilwane.
Isiphetho
Ama-coon amaningi anomzimba omude, imilenze emifushane nentamo eqinile, eqinile enekhanda elincane futhi akhule iphunga le-anal gland. Iminwe emihlanu onyaweni ngalunye inikezwe izigqoko ezibukhali, ezingenakuphikwa. Yize ama-marten nama-carnivores, amanye awo adla imifino, ikakhulukazi izithelo noma amajikijolo.
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Ama-fangs aqinile nama-molars abukhali nezakhiwo ezingaphansi kusiza ukuhlafuna ama-crustaceans, ama-mollusks nezinhlanzi.
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Ubudlelwano phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzala bufushane. Ukuvuthwa kwenzeka ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo, futhi ezinhlotsheni eziningi, i-ovulation ifakwa lapho kukhiqizwa. Abesifazane bavusa izilwane ezincane zodwa.
(I-Eira barbara)
Amathayi ahlala eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu. Uhla lwazo lusuka eningizimu neMexico luye eParaguay nasenyakatho ye-Argentina. Indawo eyindalo ngokuyinhloko amahlathi ashisayo.
Amathayi afinyelela ubude ukusuka ku-56 kuya ku-68 cm, lapho kufakwa khona amasentimitha angama-38 kuya kwangama-47 cm. Isisindo salezi zilwane sisuka ku-4 kuye ku-5 kg.
Zisebenza ebusuku ikakhulukazi futhi zitholakala emhlabeni nasezihlahleni. Bakhuphuka kahle futhi bayakwazi ukunqoba amabanga amade ngokugxuma. Futhi babhukuda abahle. Ukuze kube nokuthula, bakhela ezabo indawo yokukhosela emigodini yezihlahla noma basebenzise izakhiwo ezilahliwe zezinye izilwane. Kwesinye isikhathi bavele bacashe otshanini obude.
Kunemininingwane ehlukahlukene mayelana nokuziphatha komphakathi kweTire. Bahlangana bobabili ngababili futhi ngababili noma ngamaqembu amancane afanayo. Amathayi ayizinto ezesabekayo, kepha iningi lokudla kwazo izinyamazane ezincane. Badla izinduku, njenge-prickly chinchilla, kuma-hares noma kumamese amancane. Ukudla kwabo kubandakanya nezinyoni, ama-invertebrates, ukuthanda ukudla izithelo.
Ekupheleni kokukhulelwa, okuhlala izinsuku ezingama-70, insikazi izala amawundlu amabili. Ngenyanga yesibili yokuphila, bavula amehlo abo futhi balukane kusuka ebisini olungaphansi kwezinyanga ezintathu. Ekuthunjweni, lezi zilwane ziphila iminyaka eyi-18.
(Galictis vittata)
Sisatshalaliswa eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu (iBolivia, iNyakatho ne-Argentina, eningizimu yeBrazil).
Ifinyelela ubude obungu-48 kuya ku-55 cm nesisindo esingu-1.4 kuye ku-3.3 kg.
Bahlala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni ezishisayo, emafulethini nasezintabeni, emahlathini acekeceke, amasoseji esundu, amasimu namasimu erayisi agcwele indawo. Zivame ukutholakala eduze nemifula, imifudlana namaxhaphozi, ezindaweni eziphakeme aze afike ku-1,500 m ngaphezu kolwandle.
Ukudla kwama-grisons akuqondakali kahle - kuyaziwa ukuthi badla ama-vertebrates amancane, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni, ezindaweni zasemakhaya kwesinye isikhathi bahlasela izinkukhu zasendaweni. Ngokuhlaziya okuqukethwe yizisu zama-grisons eziqhamuka ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zobubanzi, bakwazile ukuthola ukuthi bangakanani ukudla kwabo: izinduku zesikhathi sasemini (ama-hamsters ekotini), amagundane aphuzi, ama-amyves, amajuba amade, amathuba aseNyakatho Melika, i-mocha (izingulube ze-Guinea), ama-amphibians (ngisho ne-toad aga). EPanama, ama-grisons adla ama-agouti, ama-eels (fusion) ne-haracin.
Ekufuneni ukudla, izilwane zihamba amakhilomitha amaningana ngosuku, futhi ibanga phakathi kwezindawo zokuphumula nsuku zonke liyi-2-3 km. Ama-grisons ahamba ngokushesha emzileni we-zigzag, ephambuka ohlangothini ukusuka kulayini wokuhamba ngamamitha angu-1-2. Ukuhamba noma ngejubane elikhulu, ngeke aze aqine. Kuhlolisiswa izinto ezingaziwa ezitholakala kude, zihamba ngokucophelela nangokuhamba kancane, ngokucindezela izisu zazo ziye phansi, kube sengathi ziziqhubekela phambili ngemilenze yazo yangemuva eyandisiwe. Noma imiphi imisele ebihlangana nayo endleleni, izikhala ezingaphansi komhlaba neziqu zezihlahla azidluleli ukunaka kwazo. Ukuphumula kwemini, kwesinye isikhathi ama-agouti ahlala emiseleni elahliwe.
Ama-grisons ayizilwane zasemini, kodwa futhi ayasebenza ebusuku. Emini, izilwane ziphumula amahora amaningana (kuze kufike ku-4-5). Imayini ivame ukuba yendawo yokukhosela, lapho kudliwa khona. Ama-grisons ahlukaniswa ngesibindi nokuba negazi. Njengoba zihlala eduze kwezindlu zabantu, zivame ukudala omkhulu umonakalo kwinani lezinkukhu.Babulala amagundane nolunye inyamazane ngokuluma okusheshayo ngemuva kwentamo. Izilwane zinomqondo omuhle wephunga, kepha umbono wazo mubi. Lezi zokubhukuda ezinhle kakhulu, shayela kahle.
Imfihlo yenziwa yizindlala ezitholakala eduze ne-anus, inephunga eliyingqayizivele le-musky, yize ingemnandi njengalena yama-martens. Ama-grisons alimele agxumela ohlangothini, aqinise izinwele emsileni, bese akhipha imfihlo emsindweni wezinduna. Ngomfudlana we-musky, bangashaya ngokunembile ilitshe elichazwe kahle.
Amakati ayizilwane zenhlalo. Bazingela ngababili noma ngamaqembu emindeni. Kwesinye isikhathi kube nezimo lapho izilwane eziningana zidlala ndawonye. Ukuzingela iziza kuhlala endaweni efinyelela ku-4,2 km 2 kwabesifazane abahlengikazi, futhi isilinganiso sabantu sabantu cishe singama-1-2 2.4 abantu / km 2. Ama-grisons aphawula insimu yawo ngama-secretion avela emithanjeni ye-musk, ehlikihla isisekelo somsila ezintweni ezahlukahlukene.
Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka unyaka wonke. Ngaphambi kokubeletha, insikazi imisa umhume emhumeni, ozwakala noma ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla, kwesinye isikhathi ngale njongo insikazi isebenzisa imisele ebekelwa phansi ye-armadillos. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-39- 40. Owesifazane uzala amawundlu ayi-1 kuya kwayi-4 (ngokwesilinganiso 2), amehlo akhe avalekile. Imidlwane esanda kuzalwa inesisindo esingama-gramu angama-50. Amehlo avuleka ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-14, futhi ngamaviki amathathu angakudla inyama. Imidlwane ephelele iqala ukuzimela lapho ifinyelela izinyanga ezine ubudala. Kulesi sikhathi, izindlala ze-anal ezisezinsizweni ezincane sezivele zisebenza.
(Galictis cuja)
Ihlala ezifundeni ezisenkabeni naseningizimu yeSouth America (South Peru, Paraguay, futhi kusuka eCentral Chile uhla lufinyelela eningizimu kuya esifundazweni sase-Chubuta sase-Argentina).
Ubude be-grice elincane lisuka ku-28 kuya ku-51 cm, futhi isisindo sisuka ku-1.0 kuye ku-2,5 kg.
Ikhetha indawo enhlobonhlobo yezindawo zokuhlala: izindawo ezingenamanzi zaseChaco, nezindawo ezinezitshalo eziningi ezinemizimba ehlukahlukene yamanzi. Izinhlobo zezindawo ezihlala kakhulu zingamahlathi anqabayo futhi ahlala eqabile, amaxhaphozi nezindawo zezintaba (aze afike ku-4000 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle).
Ukudla kufaka izilwane ezincane ezinhlobonhlobo: izinduku, izinyoni (ama-toadstools, ama-terns, njll.) Kanye namaqanda awo, ama-amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ama-invertebrates, izithelo zezitshalo ezithile, kwesinye isikhathi zithwala izinkukhu. Ezindaweni zokuvuselela unogwaja waseYurophu (i-Oryctolagus cuniculus), iba yisisekelo sokudla komsoco kwama-grisons.
Ama-grisons amancane ayasebenza imini nobusuku. Indawo yokukhosela esetshenzisiwe ihluke kakhulu: izihlahla eziyize, imigodi, izingqimba zeziboshwa, imigqa yezinye izilwane noma imigodi ezimpandeni zezihlahla. Kwenzeka ukuthi abantu abane noma abahlanu bahlale emgodini owodwa. Esikhundleni sokumba noma ukubhukuda, amathe amajikijolo aguqulwa ukuze agijime futhi akhuphuke - izintende zingenalutho nezimbobo ezigobile zikhula emilenzeni.
Ngokuxhumana kwe-intraspecific, izilwane zisebenzisa kakhulu ukuxhumana komsindo nokuthambile. Ukuxhumana nge-Tactile kudlala indima ebalulekile phakathi kwabashadikazi, izimbangi, omama kanye nenzalo yabo. Ukumamatheka, ngenxa yezindlala ze-anal ezakhiwe kahle, kudlala indima enkulu ekuxhumaneni kwama-grisons. Ama-anal gland athela iphunga elinamandla kuphela lapho isilwane sijabule kakhulu.
Ama-grisons amancane ayizilwane zenhlalo edlula ezinye izinhlobo ze-marten; zivame ukutholakala ngamaqembu abantu aba-2 noma ngaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqembu elinjalo laliqukethe, njengomthetho, wezilwane ezindala nezesifazane ezinobusha.
Ngenkathi yokuzalela, imibhangqwana yakheka isikhashana, futhi ngemuva kokuganisana, abesilisa bangakha umbhangqwana omusha nomunye umuntu wesifazane. Ngemuva kokuphola, insikazi iqala ukukhulisa imibungu. Akukho ukubambezeleka ekwakhiweni kombungu. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-39- 40. Insikazi izala ama-2-5 angasizi, izimpumputhe nezinqunu emgodini noma emgodini.
(Gulo gulo)
Kusatshalaliswa i-taiga, ihlathi-i-tundra futhi ngokwengxenye ku-tundra ye-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, igcinwe enyakatho peninsula yaseScandinavia naseFinland. E-Russia, umngcele wobubanzi bawo udlula ezifundeni zeLeningrad neVologda kanye ne-Perm Territory; i-wolverine isabalele eSiberia. Omunye wezwe laseMelika, iMichigan, ubizwa nge- "Wolverine".
Isisindo somzimba 9-18 kg, ubude 70-86 cm, umsila ubude 18-23 cm.
I-Wolverine iyisilo esinamandla, esiqaphile futhi ngasikhathi sinye esingenangqondo, ehola indlela yokuphila yodwa. Ngezikhathi ezithile, ngokwesibonelo, eduze kwesidumbu esikhulu, abantu abaningana bangahlangana isikhashana. Indawo yokuhlanza i-wolverine ihlala ngaphansi kwezimpande ezisontekile, emifantwini yamatshe nakwezinye izindawo ezisithekile, iya kusihlwa ukuyokondla. Ngokungafani neningi lababulawa ukholo, elihola indlela yokuphila exazululiwe, i-wolverine ihlala izulazula ifuna inyamazane endaweni yayo, ehlala kuze kufike ku-1,500-2,000 km 2. Ngenxa yama-paws anamandla, izindlawu ezinde nomsila, odlala indima ye-pendulum, uWolverine ukhwela izihlahla kalula. Inombono obabazekayo, kepha ukuzwa okubuthakathaka nokuqonda. Kwenza umsindo ufane nokugoba kwe-fox, kepha i-coarser.
Wolverine omnivorous. Isisekelo sokudla kwayo izinsalela zezinyamazane nezamabhere. Ubuye athande ama-hares amhlophe, ihlathi likaphayini (i-grouse emnyama, i-hazel grouse, njll) namagundane anjengegundane. Okungaphansi kuvame ukuzingela ama -ululates amakhulu, izisulu zawo zivame ukuba yizilwane ezincane, ezilimele noma ezigulayo. Ingabuyisa inyamazane kwabanye abahlukumezayo (izimpisi, i-lynx). Imvamisa konakalisa ubusika babazingeli kanye nokweba izisulu zezicupho. Ehlobo idla amaqanda enyoni, izibungu zamasi, amajikijolo noju. Ubamba inhlanzi - emhlolweni noma phakathi kokuhluma, uthatha ngentshiseko izinhlanzi ezimnyama. I-Wolverine iyasiza njengomuthi, ichitha izilwane.
I-Wolverine iyisilo esihamba kancane. Njengomthetho, uqapha inyamazane ekuqamekeleni, ecasha ngasendleleni, egibela izigodi, noma egibela izihlahla ezincane futhi ngokushesha aqhamukele isilwane esisondelayo. Ugxumela emhlane wabo, u-Wolverine angabulala amanxeba abulalayo (ikakhulukazi, ukuluma i-artery ye-carotid) ezinzwaneni, ezinkomeni nasemfudlaneni. Idla izinyoni, ibambe emhlabathini lapho zilele noma zihlala ezidlekeni.
Ukuhlangana kuvame ukwenzeka phakathi kuka-Ephreli noJulayi. Owesilisa nowesifazane banamathela ndawonye amasonto ambalwa. Iqanda elivundisiwe, noma kunjalo, aliqali ukwahlukana ngokushesha. Ukukhula okujwayelekile kombungu kuqala kuphela emva kwezinyanga ezingama-7-8, kuthi emva kwezinsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwengama-40 zokukhulelwa okusebenzayo, imvamisa ngoFebhuwari noma Mashi, ezindaweni ezivikelwe intokazi izala amawundlu amabili kuya kwamane. Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-4, bavula amehlo abo bese bondla ubisi lukanina amasonto ayi-10. Ngemuva kwalokho umama ubanikeza ukudla okugaywe isigamu. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu, amawundlu eba ngabantu abadala, noma kunjalo, ahlala nonina eminye iminyaka emi-2.
(Ictonyx libyca)
Kusatshalaliswa eNyakatho Afrika: ENingizimu yeNigeria, eSudan, e-Algeria, eChad, eGibhithe, eMali, eMauritania, eMorocco, eTunisia, eNtshonalanga yeSahara.
Ubude bomzimba - 20-28,5 cm, umsila 11 cm cm. Isisindo - 200-250 gr.
Ihlala emathafeni ase-anthropogenic emngceleni nehlane. Ukwenza isibonelo, eMorocco, izinsimbi eziseNyakatho ne-Afrika zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinama-steppe anezimila ezinothile eziphansi neziminyene, kanye nasezigodini zezintaba.
Ukudla kufaka phakathi izinyoni, amaqanda, izinduku ezincane nama-amphibians, izidalwa ezihuquzelayo (izibankwa), ama-invertebrates nezinambuzane.
Uphila impilo yobusuku obumnandi, bese echitha usuku ezimpondweni azimbela yena. Isikhathi sokuzala siqala ngoJanuwari kuya kuMashi.
(Ictonyx striatus)
Kusatshalaliswa e-Afrika engaseningizimu yeSahara: kusuka eSenegal naseNigeria kuya eNingizimu Afrika.
Ubude bomzimba 28,5-38.5 cm, umsila ongu-20.5-30 cm. Isisindo sabesifazane singama-596-880 g, abesilisa abangama-681-1460 g.
IZorilla imvamisa kuhlala etindzaweni letehlukehlukene tetindzawo, kantsi ihlala ikakhulu e-savannah nasemasimini avulekile. Gwema amahlathi aminyene ahlala eqabile.
Le carnivore idla kakhulu kumagundane anjengegundane, okokukhotha, izinambuzane ezinkulu, kwesinye isikhathi amaqanda ezinyoni, izinyoka nezinye izilwane. Endlala, kungadla isidumbu.
Kuholela endleleni yokuphila yobusuku, kuphela kwesinye isikhathi kungabonakala ekushoneni kwelanga noma ekuntweleni kokusa ngaphambi kokucasha emgodini wakhe. Okwesikhathi esiningi isilwane siphephela emigodini ngokuzimela, ngezikhathi ezithile emifantwini yamatshe, ezihlahleni eziyize, phakathi kwezimpande zezihlahla ngisho nangaphansi kwezindlu. Kwesinye isikhathi isebenzisa imisele ebishiywe yizo ezinye izilwane.Ikakhulu ikakhulukazi izilwane zitholakala emadlelweni emvelo lapho izidleke zasendle kanye namadlelo endawo. Lezi zilwane zesabisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane ezifihla otshanini, okuvumela amaZorillas ukuba abambe futhi adle izimbungulu, i-orthoptera, nezinye izinambuzane nezibungu zazo. Lapha, emadlelo, lapho kunenqwaba yomquba, ongumbala wamabhungane amaningi, abantu abaphezulu kakhulu bezorillas bayabonakala.
Ukuba sendaweni evulekile, izilwane zizama njalo noma zishintshe lapho zibheke khona, lapho zisuka ngokushesha ziye endaweni ngendawo. Lezi zinguquko ekuqondisweni kokunyakaza cishe zisuka ngasikhathi sinye. Kungenzeka ukuthi la maqhinga asiza ukuvimba ukuhlaselwa kunoma isiphi isitha, ikakhulukazi abanamazinyo anezikhumba ezinamandla, ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuphonswa okuhlosiwe kusuka ohlangothini lwabo.
Lapho kuvela inja noma esinye isitha, ama-zorilla aqothula izinwele, aphakamise umsila wawo, bese ethula imfihlo enephunga elimnandi lomsizi wayo we-ductal. Imfihlo yawo enephunga, njenge-skunk, “ingadubula” amabanga amade ngokunemba. Yize iphunga lokukhishwa kwabo lingelona 'iphunga elimnandi' futhi lijiyile njengaleso skunk esinezintambo zaseMelika, noma kunjalo ayimnandi futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Lapho isitha esinamandla sihlasela iZorilla, ikwazi ukwenza sengathi ifile uma kungekho ndawo lapho ingagijimela khona.
Iphila impilo esecashile. Umshado awuqondakali. Abesilisa bahlala benolaka komunye nomunye. Abesilisa nabesifazane babekezelelana kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ukumatanisa kungahlala imizuzu engama-60-100. Owesifazane ubala ilitha elilodwa ngenkathi, kodwa uma zonke izingane zifa esemncane kakhulu, insikazi ingazala inzalo yesibili ngaphambi nje kokuphela kwenkathi yokuzala. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-36-37. Emgodini, insikazi ibeletha ama-1 - 4 amathole, imvamisa emi-2 kuya kwengama-3. Isisindo semidlwane lapho izalwa ingama-12- 15 g.amazinyo wokuphamba kubantu abasha avele ngosuku lwe-33, amehlo avuleke izinsuku ezingama-40. I-lactation ihlala kuze kube yizinyanga ezingama-4-5, yize amaZorillas amancane eqala ukuzingela futhi engabulala amagundane amancane eneminyaka eyi-9.
(I-Lyncodon patagonicus)
Kusatshalaliswa emathafeni asePampa endaweni yawo ngenhlabathi ekhanyayo.
Ubude bomzimba - 30- 35 cm, amasentimitha angama-9 ngomsila ngamunye. Isisindo ngokwesilinganiso singama-225 g.
IPatagonian weasel iyi-carnivore edla izinduku ezincane: tuco-tuco (Ctenomys) nezingulube ezisezintabeni (Microcavia).
Iyasebenza kusihlwa nasebusuku. Isigaba ngasinye sowesilisa sidlula izingxenye eziningana zabesifazane. Izinduna ze-paraanal azithuthukiswanga kahle, ngesikhathi sokuvikelwa (lapho ziklanywa) azizisebenzisi, kepha ziphakamisa ijazi entanyeni ekugcineni. Kuholela empilweni yokuphila eyedwa, kwakheka ngababili kuphela isikhathi sokuzala.
Kuze kube manje, cishe akukho lutho olwaziwayo mayelana nokusakazwa kwe-Patagonian weasels. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngowesifazane kuphela onakekela inzalo.
(I-Poecilogale albinucha)
Sisatshalaliswa eSouth and Central Africa ogwadule lwaseSahara.
25-25 cm iwela ekhanda nasemzimbeni, 13-23 cm emsileni .. Isisindo samadoda angama-28.3- 38 g, kuthi abesifazane babe ngu-23- 29 g.
Ihlala kuma-biotopes ahlukahlukene (amasimu, amahlathi, amaxhaphozi, ama-savannas, ugwadule) afinyelela kumamitha angama-2200 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Ukudla kokudla kwase-Afrika kufaka phakathi izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane (amagundane - amagundane ama-multisig ase-Afrika, amagundane anemichilo, amagundane ama-pygmy), izinyoni, izinyoni (undlunkulu, amajuba), izinyoka (izinyoka), izinambuzane nezibungu zazo. I-Weasel idla kuze kufike ku-13% wesisindo somzimba ngosuku, kuthi izinsikazi zondle imidlwane kuze kufike ku-25%. Amagundane amancane nezinyoni ziqala ukudla kusuka ekhanda. Isikhumba esivela esiswini, ekhanda, emahlathini kanye nomsila wokubamba okukhulu akudliwanga.
Kuholela ikakhulukazi ezindleleni zokuphila zasebusuku nezisemhlabeni, ugibela izihlahla kahle. Isebenzisa imisele njengezindawo zokukhosela, lapho izimba yona ngokwayo noma isebenzise imigqa yamagundane noma izindunduma zesigodi. Imisele imisele ngemivimbo yangaphambili, bese kuthi emuva inyathele inhlabathi emuva. Ngokuphumula, ngesinye isikhathi zisebenzisa izingodo noma imigodi eyize ematsheni nasemadwaleni. I-Weasel isebenza unyaka wonke futhi ichitha isikhathi esiningi isemgodini, ishiya kuphela ukuzingela. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela isebenzisa umqondo wephunga, nombono wokuma kwendawo.
Ukhipha izinduku, uhamba namakhaleni akhe angcwatshwe emhlabathini, abambe umhlane wakhe ngenkathi umsila uthwala ubheka phezulu.Ngenxa yomzimba wayo omude oguquguqukayo nemilenze emifushane, ingakwazi ukujaha izinduku khonale kwimisele yazo. I-Weasel ayidli inyamazane kule ndawo, kodwa iyithwala isemgodini. Ingxenye yokukhiqiza igcinwa kuyi-niche, efakwe khona lapho emgodini. I-rodent iluma ngemuva kwekhanda, bese idonsa kanye nezisulu zayo ezizungeze i-axis yayo bese iyishaya ngezimbobo zayo zangaphambili. Izinyoni zibulala ngokuluma ekhanda, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ama-paws Izinsikazi ziluma inyamazane enkulu ngomphimbo.
Izindlala zamaphiko zakhiwe kahle, imfihlo yazo esetshenziselwa ukuvikela izinyamazane. Ngokwesaba okungalindelekile, insimbi yase-Afrika ingagxuma kakhulu, kuyilapho izinwele emsileni wayo ziphela. Lapho ilandelwa inyamazane, imvama igibela ezihlahleni noma emiseleni, uma kungenzeki lutho, bese kuthi i-weasel ikhiphe isigamu sokukhula, isigamu sendawo, uma lokhu kungasizi, imbule imfihlo ye-caustic kusuka emithanjeni ye-ductal (kuya ngaphakathi kumamitha ayi-1).
I-Weasel yase-Afrika ikakhulukazi isilwane esingedwa, kepha kukhona bobabili namaqembu amancane. Ukutshala kuthatha imizuzu engama-60-80, kungaba khona mathathu ngosuku. Insikazi izala udoti owodwa ngonyaka. Uma udoti wokuqala efa ngasizathu simbe, owesifazana uyashada okwesibili. Abesilisa ababambiqhaza ekukhuliseni inzalo. Uma isidleke esinamawundlu siphazamiseka, insikazi ithwala imidlwane, iyibambe ngesihlaka sentambo. Ukukhulelwa: kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-30-33. Kudoti kuvame ukuba nezinjana eziyizimpumputhe ezingama-2-3 ezinesisindo esingu-4 amagremu. Amehlo avulwa ngeviki lesi-7. Amazinyo aqhuma ngezinsuku ezingama-35. Ukuqunjelwa kuhlala isikhathi esingamaviki ayi-11 (kule minyaka intsha enesisindo esingu-50 amagremu), emavikini angama-13 imidlwane iqala ukuzama ukuzingela, futhi izimele ngokuphelele lapho inamaviki angama-20.
(Martes americana)
Kuthunyelwe eCanada naseNyakatho Melika.
Abesilisa bafika kubude obungu-75 cm kuya ku-1 m, isisindo ukusuka ku-3250 g kuya ku-6500 g.Izinsikazi zincane, ukusuka ku-50 cm kuya ku-68 cm futhi zinesisindo kusuka ku-1850 kuya ku-4000 g.
Kuhlala amahlathi ama-coniferous amnyama: amahlathi e-coniface avuthiwe okaphayini, i-spruce nezinye izihlahla. Ihlathi limile ngengxube yezihlahla ezi-coniferous ne-deciduous, kufaka phakathi uphayini omhlophe, i-birch ephuzi, imaple, ifir kanye ne-spruce.
Ukudla kwe-marten yaseMelika kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokudla: ama-squirrels abomvu, onogwaja, ama-chipmunks, amagundane, ama-voles asensimini, ama-partparge namaqanda awo, inhlanzi, amasele, izinambuzane, uju, amakhowe, imbewu. Uma kunokudla okwanele, umfelokazi angadla cishe noma yini edliwayo, kufaka phakathi ukudla kwemifino kanye ne-carrion.
Ngokuvamile inyamazane ebusayo ebusuku, kodwa futhi isebenza ngesikhathi sokuhlwa (ekuseni nakusihlwa), futhi kaningi phakathi nosuku. Ummbila usegugile kakhulu - ugxuma usuka egatsheni uye kwelinye igatsha ezihlahleni, uphawula izindlela zokuhamba ngephunga lezindlala zalo. Izingela yodwa. Ikulungele kahle ukugibela izihlahla, lapho ebusuku ibamba khona ama-squirrel izidleke. Ubulala isisulu sakhe ngokuziluma ngemuva kwekhanda lakhe, ephula umlenze wesibeletho futhi acekele phansi nomgogodla wesisulu sakhe. Ebusika, ama-martens adabula umhubhe ngaphansi kweqhwa efuna imicibisholo enjengegundane.
Izindlala ze-anal kanye neziswini sephunga zithuthukiswe kahle futhi zimpawu zawo wonke amalungu omndeni we-marten.
Ama-Martens anesifiso sokudla esihle, afisa ukwazi kakhulu, yingakho kwesinye isikhathi engena enkingeni, ngokwesibonelo, awela kwizicupho nezicupho ezahlukahlukene.
Izinsikazi zezwe laseMelika zinezihlahla: zivikela indawo yazo. Izilwane zizungeza insimu yazo njalo ngezinsuku ezingama-8-10. Abesilisa noma abesifazane ababekezeleli abangabazi bobulili obufanayo endaweni yabo, futhi baziphatha kabi kakhulu kubo. Ubukhulu besakhiwo somuntu ngamunye asizinzile futhi kuya ngezici ezimbalwa: ubukhulu besilwane, ubuningi bokudla, ukuba khona kwezihlahla eziwile, njll. Ukuphawulwa kwezilwane kubonise ukuthi ezinye zazo zihlala zizinze, kanti ezinye ziyazulazula (ikakhulukazi izilwane ezincane).
Abesilisa nabesifazane bahlangana izinyanga ezimbili - ngoJulayi nango-Agasti, lapho umjaho wenzeka, isikhathi sonke esisele baphila impilo eseceleni. Owesilisa nowesifazane batholana ngosizo lwephunga elishiywe yi-anal glands. Ngemuva kokuzalela, amaqanda avundisiwe awakhuli ngokushesha, kepha asesibelethweni aphumule ezinye izinyanga eziyi-6-7. Ukukhulelwa ngemuva kwesikhathi sokugcina izinyanga ezimbili.Owesilisa akabambi iqhaza ekukhuliseni inzalo. Ukuze umntwana azalwe, insikazi ilungisa isidleke, esidalwe ngotshani nokunye okutshala izitshalo. Isidleke sitholakala ezihlahleni eziyize, izingodo noma ezinye izikhala.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha isilinganiso sezinsuku ezingama-267. Insikazi izala imidlwane engu-7 (3-4 ngokwesilinganiso). Imidlwane esanda kuzalwa iyimpumputhe futhi iyisithulu, inesisindo esingu-25-30 g. Izindlebe zivuleka ngosuku lwango-26, kanti amehlo emva kwezingama-39. Ngezinyanga eziyi-3-4, imidlwane ingavele ithole ukudla kwayo.
(Martes flavigula)
Ingxenye eyinhloko yebanga le-charza ihlanganisa iGreat Sunda Islands, iMalay Peninsula, i-Indochina, ezansi kweHimalayas, China nePenula YaseKorea. Indawo yokuhlala yodwa ehlukile itholakala eningizimu ye-Indian subcontinent. E-Russia, itholakala esifundeni i-Amur, esigodini soMfula i-Ussuri nase Sikhote Alin.
Ubude bomzimba obungu-55-80 cm, umsila u-35-44 cm, unesisindo esingama-5.7 kg.
I-Kharza iyisilo esivamile samahlathi ama-coniferous futhi axubile. Ukulungiselela ukuhlala emithambekeni yezintaba nangasemifuleni yemifula. EBurma, kuzinza ezigcawini, nasePakistan - ogwadule, izintaba ezingenamsebenzi. Inakekela ikakhulu emhlabathini, yize igibela izihlahla ngokuphelele. Ugijima ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi eqa esihlahleni esiya kwesinye, wenza igxuma aze afike kumamitha amane.
I-Kharza ingesinye sezidalwa ezinamandla kakhulu ze-Ussuri taiga. Idla izinduku (ama-squirrels, amagundane, ama-chipmunks), izintethe, ama-mollusks, ama-hares nezinyoni (i-hazel grouse, ama-pheasants). Iphinde ihlasele ama-ungulates amancane - izingulube zasendle, inyamazane yaseManchuri, i-elk, inyamazane yodoti, inyamazane yodoti, kanye nesikungu. Imvamisa ihlasela izinja ze-rocaon, izikhulumi kanye nemikhonto. Amajikijolo namantongomane ephayiphu adliwa ngamanani amancane, futhi aphathwe izinyosi zezinyosi. Kepha inyamazane ekhethelwa kunazo zonke kuKharza inyamazane yedlozi.
Ngokungafani namanye ama-martens, ebusika, i-charza ingazingela amaqembu abantu abangu-3-5. Izilwane zishintshana ngokujaha inyamazane, noma ezinye ziyayishayela, kanti ezinye zilinda ukuqamekela. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela inyamazane, i-harza nayo isebenzisa le ndlela: ushayela isisulu emfuleni noma echibini elineqhwa, lapho inyamazane yedokodo ikhwela eqhweni futhi iwele. Ekufuneni inyamazane, ama-charza enza imisindo efana nokukhonkotha, okusobala ukuthi iqondisa isenzo sawo. Ngokufika kwentwasahlobo, iqembu lokuzingela liyaphela. IHarza iqala ukuzingela yodwa, ebusuku iqubuzelana nasema-squirrel hayns, bese kuthi emini - emigodini, lapho kufafazwa khona izingwejeje ezindizayo kanye nezinye izakhamuzi ezincane ze-taiga.
Zimbalwa izitha zemvelo; ama-charzas amaningi aphilelela ukuguga kakhulu. Lapho esekudingisweni, ikakhulukazi omncane, i-charza isetshenziswa kalula kumuntu futhi iba yinyama ngokuphelele.
Shayela usuka eHarz ekupheleni kwehlobo (ngo-Agasti). Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-120. Elahlelweni 2-5 cubs. Abancane bahlala nonina kuze kube sentwasahlobo, befunda emakhono akhe okuzingela. Ngemuva kokushiya umama wabo, abantu abasha basazingela ndawonye isikhashana.
(Martes foina)
Kuhlala iningi le-Eurasia. Uhla lwayo lokusatshalaliswa lusuka ePeninsula yase-Iberia iye eMongolia naseHimalaya.
Lezi zilwane zifinyelela ubude bomzimba obungamasentimitha angama-40 kuye kwangama-55 nobude bomsila obungamasentimitha angama-22 kuye kwangama-30. Isisindo selitshe le-marten lisukela ku-1.1 liye ku-2.3 kg.
Ama-martens amatshe asebenza ikakhulukazi ebusuku, kuthi phakathi nosuku acashe ezindaweni zawo zokukhosela. Izindawo zokukhosela zemvelo ziyizixhobo zamatshe, izinqwaba zamatshe nezakhiwo ezishiywe zezinye izilwane (amatshe okwakha amatshe ngokwazo awazakhi futhi azimbile). Eduze kwezindawo zokuhlala, ama-martens amatshe avame ukusetshenziselwa lokhu okukhona noma izintambo. Izinduna ziboshwe ngezinwele, izimpaphe noma ngezinto zesitshalo. Ebusuku, ama-martens amatshe ahamba ayofuna inyamazane, ahamba ngasikhathi sinye ikakhulukazi emhlabathini. Yize imbumbulu yamatshe ikwazi ukugibela izihlahla kahle, akuvamile ukukwenza.
Njengama-martens amaningi, ama-martens amatshe aphila impilo eyedwa futhi agweme ukuxhumana nezihlobo zawo ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalela. Umuntu ngamunye unendawo ayifaka kuyo imfihlo ekhethekile futhi ayivikele kwamanye amatshe okwenziwa ngamatshe ubulili bayo. Indawo yobubanzi obunjalo ingashintshashintsha, kepha njengomthetho, incane kunaleyo marten kaphayini.Kungasukela kumahektare ayi-12 kuye kwangama-210 futhi kuya, phakathi kokunye, kwezocansi (abesilisa banezindawo ezikhudlwana kunabesifazane), isikhathi sonyaka (izindawo ezincane ebusika kunasehlobo) kanye nokuba khona kwenyamazane kukho.
Amatshe ama-martens ama-omnivores adla inyama ngokuyinhloko. Zidla izilwanyana ezincelisayo ezincane (ngokwesibonelo, amagundane noma onogwaja), izinyoni namaqanda awo, amasele, izinambuzane nabanye. Ehlobo, ingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwabo ukudla kwezitshalo, okubandakanya amajikijolo nezithelo. Kwesinye isikhathi amatshe ama-martens angena kuma-coops enkukhu noma ezindlini zamajuba. Ukwethuka kwezinyoni kubangela ukuqunjelwa kuzo, zibaphoqelele ukuba babulale yonke inyamazane engenzeka, noma ngabe inani lakhona lidlula kude lokho abakwazi ukukudla.
Ukutsalwa kwenzeka ezinyangeni zasehlobo kusuka ngoJuni kuya ku-Agasti, kodwa ngenxa yokulondolozwa kwembewu emzimbeni wowesifazane, inzalo izalwa entwasahlobo kuphela (kusukela ngoMashi kuya ku-Ephreli). Ngakho-ke, izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili zidlula phakathi kokuzala nokubeletha, kanti ukukhulelwa uqobo kuthatha inyanga eyodwa kuphela. Ngesinye isikhathi, njengomthetho, kuzalwa amawundlu amathathu noma amane, lawo ekuqaleni angaboni futhi anqunu. Ngemuva kwenyanga, baqala bavule amehlo abo, ngemuva kwenyanga balile ekudleni kobisi, kwathi ekwindla bazimela. Ukuthomba kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka eyi-15 nengama-27. Isilinganiso sokuphila isikhathi eside endle yiminyaka emithathu, abantu abaphumelele kakhulu baphila iminyaka eyishumi. Ekudingisweni, ama-martens amatshe akhula kakhulu futhi aphile iminyaka eyi-18.
(Martes martes)
Kuthunyelwe cishe kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Uhla lwazo lusuka esiqhingini saseBrithani luya e-Western Siberia futhi eningizimu ukusuka eMedithera kuya eCaucasus nase-Elburz. Azikho e-Iceland nasenyakatho yeScandinavia futhi engxenyeni yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia. Indawo yokuhlala kwalezi zilwane amahlathi, ngokuyinhloko anqume futhi axutshwe. Ezintabeni zitholakala ezindaweni eziphakemeyo izihlahla ezikhula kuzo.
Ubude bomzimba busuka ku-45 kuya ku-58 cm, ubude bomsila busuka ku-16 kuye ku-28 cm, kanti isisindo sisuka ku-0.8 kuya ku-1.8 kg.
Ama-martens asehlathini ayizakhamuzi eziningi zezihlahla kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zama-martens. Bayakwazi ukugibela futhi bagxume kahle, ngenkathi behlula ibanga elingafika kumamitha amane. Lapho begibela, bayakwazi ukuzungeza izinyawo zabo ngo-180 °. Kwakhiwa izakhiwo endaweni yazo, ikakhulukazi emigodini, noma zisebenzisa izakhiwo zesigcawu esilahliwe, kanye nezidleke zezinyoni ezidla inyama. Zisuswa kulezi zakhiwo ukuze ziphumule ngesikhathi sasemini, futhi kusihlwa futhi ebusuku ziyahamba ziyofuna inyamazane.
Ama-Martens ayizilwane ezinokuziphatha okuyindawo ezungezile, ezimaka indawo yazo ngosizo lwemfihlo evikelwe yi-anal gland. Avikela imingcele yobubanzi bawo kusuka ezihlotsheni ezilinganayo, kepha amabanga abesilisa nabesifazane avame ukuhlangana. Usayizi wamabanga anjengalawa uhlukahluka kakhulu, yize amabanga abesilisa ehlala enkudlwana kunezindawo zezinsikazi. Ukwahluka kuyabonakala futhi maqondana nezinkathi zonyaka - ebusika, amabanga abantu ngamunye afinyelela ku-50% ngaphansi kwehlobo.
Ama-Martens ama-omnivores, kepha athanda izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane (isb. Ama-voles nama-squirrels), kanye nezinyoni namaqanda awo. Musa ukudelela nokuphindisela, amasele, iminenke, izinambuzane kanye ne-carrion. Ekwindla, izithelo, amajikijolo namantongomane kungaba yingxenye yokudla kwabo. I-marten yehlathi ibulala inyamazane ngokuluma ngemuva kwekhanda. Ehlobo kanye nasekwindla sekwephuzile, liyaqongelela futhi ligcine izinto zokudla zesikhathi sokubanda.
Ukutshala kumaphayiphu ama-pine martens kwenzeka maphakathi nehlobo, kepha ukukhulelwa ngenxa yokulondolozwa kwembewu emzimbeni wowesifazane kuqala kamuva kakhulu kanti inzalo izalwa ngo-Ephreli kuphela. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabo kuyafana nentuthuko yamatshe enziwa ngamatshe. Ekuzalweni, ubude bawo buyi-10 cm. Kulitha, kaningi amathole amathathu. Emavikini ayisishiyagalombili okuqala, ahlala esidlekeni sabazali, bese eqala ukukhuphuka azungeze futhi ahlole indawo. Ngemuva kwamaviki ayishumi nesithupha, bagcina sebezimele, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube sentwasahlobo elandelayo basahamba nonina.Ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, ama-pine martens aqala ukuthomba, yize evame ukushada okokuqala, njengomthetho, ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila. Isikhathi sokuphila ekudingisweni sifinyelela eminyakeni eyishumi nesithupha, kepha endle, kuphela ama-martens ambalwa abe mdala kuneminyaka eyishumi.
(Martes gwatkinsii)
Ukuphela kwezinhlobo zomfela ezitholakala eSouth India. Ukuphila emagqumeni aseNalgiriya naseNtshonalanga Ghats.
Le marten inkulu kakhulu, ubude kusuka ku-55 kuya ku-70 cm. Ubude bomsila buqhamuka ku-40 kuye ku-45 cm, nesisindo ukusuka ku-2 kuye ku-2,5 kg.
I-Nilgirian marten inyamazane ebamba inyamazane izingela izinyoni ezincane, izinduku (ama-squirrel amaNdiya, amagundane anezinyawo ezimhlophe), izinambuzane (ama-cicadas), ezihuquzelayo (izibankwa, izibankwa eziqapha amaBengal) nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane (inyamazane yase-Eshiya).
Cishe kuholela yokuphila kwansuku zonke, njengoba zonke izilwane ezitholakele zabonwa kusukela ngo-10 kuye ku-14: 30 ntambama. Uchitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi ezihlahleni, kepha azingela emhlabathini. Izinduna zihlelwe ngomqhele nezimbobo zezihlahla ezinde (kuze kufike ku-16 m), eduze namanzi (60-90 cm). Igwema ubukhona bomuntu.
(I-Martes melampus)
Ama-martens aseJapan ekuqaleni ayehlala eziqhingini ezintathu eziseningizimu ezintathu zaseJapan (iHonshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Tsushima, naseKorea. Ukuthola ama-furs, futhi kwalethwa eziqhingini zaseHokkaido naseSado. Uhla lwayo lwemvelo ikakhulukazi amahlathi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile kakhulu.
Ubude bomzimba walezi zilwane bufika kusuka ku-47 kuya ku-54 cm, nobude bomsila kusuka ku-17 kuya ku-23 cm. Iziduna zinesisindo esikhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane futhi zinesisindo ngokwesilinganiso esingu-1,6 kg, kanti izinsikazi zilingana ne-1,3 kg.
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngokuphila kwama-martens aseJapan. Bakha izidleke emiseleni yobumba kanye nasezihlahleni. Lapho bacasha khona phakathi nosuku ukuphuma bayofuna ukudla ebusuku. Lezi yizilwane zomhlaba ezikhombisa indawo yazo ngemfihlo yezindlala ezinephunga elimnandi. Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalela, bahlala bodwa. Njengama-martens amaningi, ziyizilwane ezihlasimulisayo ezidla izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinye izilwane zasemakhaya ezinjengezinyoni namaxoxo, kanye nama-crustaceans, izinambuzane, amajikijolo kanye nembewu.
Ukuhlangana kuqala ngoMashi - Meyi; ngoJulayi - Agasti, insikazi iletha ama-1 kuya ku-5 amawundlu. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-4, bayakwazi ukuzimela.
(Martes zibellina)
Njengamanje, isable is itholakala kuyo yonke i-taiga yaseRussia kusuka e-Urals kuya ogwini lwePacific kuya enyakatho kuze kube semkhawulweni wezimila zehlathi. Ukhetha i-taiga emnyama eshintshashintshiwe emnyama, ikakhulukazi ukuthanda i-kedrachi. Kutholakala futhi eJapan, esiqhingini saseHokkaido.
Ubude bomzimba we-sable bufika ku-56 cm, umsila ufinyelela ku-20 cm. Isisindo samadoda yi-1 100-1 800 g, abesifazane bangu-900-1 500 g.
Umuntu ophila ngokuhlala kwe-taiga yaseSiberia. Isidlakela esijabulisayo nesiqine kakhulu ngosayizi waso. Iphila impilo yasemhlabeni. Ihamba ngokuxhuma. Ukulandelela kuyimikhondo emikhulu eboshwe ngosayizi kusuka ku-5x7 kuya ku-6x10 cm.Uku ubude bokuthi gxuma kungamasentimitha angama-30-70. Ukhuphuka kahle izihlahla, kepha “awuhambi” phezulu. Inokukhula kahle nokuzwa okukhulayo, ukubona kwamehlo kuthambile. Izwi liyisimbungulu, njengekati. Ihamba kalula eqhweni elixegayo. Iningi elikhuthele ekuseni nakusihlwa. Njengomthetho, uhlala emahlathini aphayini, ezindaweni eziphakemeyo zemifula esezintabeni, eduze komhlabathi - emathangeni amade, phakathi kwabafaka amatshe, ngezikhathi ezithile ukhuphukela emiqhele yezihlahla.
Amagundane anjengemouse agqamile ekudleni, ikakhulukazi i-vole ebomvu (obomvu-mpunga eningizimu). Empumalanga yeYenisei nasezintabeni zase Sayan, indima enkulu kwezondli idlalwa yi-pika. Imvamisa idla amaprotheni, ihlasela ama hares. Ngemuva kokuqothula ama-squirrels ayizigidi eziningana esifundeni kulo nyaka, kungabekezelelaka ukukhula kwawo. Ezinyoni, ezivame ukuhlaselwa ngokuvamile zihlasela i-hazel grouse kanye ne-capercaillie, kepha ngokuvamile, izinyoni zingukudla okuncane. Udla ngokudla izitshalo. Ukudla okuthandayo - amantongomane ephayini, umlotha wasentabeni, ama-blueberries. Idla amajikijolo e-lingonberry, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-bird bird, i-rose hip, i-currant.
I-Sable iyasebenza kusihlwa, ebusuku, kepha ivame ukuzingela phakathi nosuku. Indawo yokuzingela yomuntu ngamunye engabanjwa kusukela ku-150-200 ha kuya ku-1500-2000 ha, ngesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu.
Indawo yokukhosela eseziseleni zezihlahla eziwile nezimi, ekubekeni kwamatshe, ngaphansi kwezimpande.Ukungena enyakatho engxenyeni yokuqala kaMeyi, eningizimu ngo-Ephreli. Izilwane zifinyelela ekukhulelweni kweminyaka yobudala emibili kuya kwemithathu futhi zizala zize zifinyelele eminyakeni eyi-13- 135. Ukulinganisa ngoJuni - Julayi, ukukhulelwa izinsuku ezingama-250-290. E-udoti osuka koyedwa kuya kweziyisikhombisa, imvamisa u-3-4. Ukushushuluza kugcina maphakathi no-Okthoba.
(Martes pennanti)
Ihlala emahlathini aseNyakatho Melika, isuka ezintabeni zaseSierra Nevada eCalifornia iye kuma-Appalachians eWest Virginia, uncamela ukunamathela emahlathini angama-coniffort ngobuningi bezihlahla eziyize. Izihlahla ezijwayelekile lapho kuhlala khona i-ilka zifaka i-spruce, fir, umsedari kanye nezinye izihlahla eziqinile. Ebusika, zivame ukuhlala emiseleni, kwesinye isikhathi zibambe eqhweni. Ilki nimbly ukugibela izihlahla, kodwa imvamisa zihamba emhlabathini. Kuyasebenza ubusuku nemini. Phila impilo yodwa.
U-Ilka ungomunye wama-martens amakhulu kakhulu: ubude bomzimba wakhe ngomsila bufika ku-75-120 cm, isisindo 2-5 kg.
Izilwane ezizithandayo ziyisidlanzana sokhuni, kanye namagundane, ama-squirrels, ama hares amhlophe, izinyoni nothayela. Amajikijolo nezithelo, ngokwesibonelo, ama-apula, kuyadliwa. Ngokuphikisana negama, i-ilka akuvamile ukudla izinhlanzi. Umdobi ulanda iphepha kumdobi ongumNgisi, okuthiwa lisuselwa enhlafunweni yaseFrance. U-Ilka kanye nenkundla yaseMelika (iMartes americana) yizo kuphela izisulu eziphakathi nendawo eziphakathi nendawo ezingasukela inyamazane yonke emithini nasezibiyeni.
Isikhathi sokuzala sisebusika - entwasahlobo yokuqala. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-11 ukuya kwele-12, okuyizi-10 zazo umbungu ezingakhuli. Esihlokweni, kunezingane ezingaba ngu-5 ezingaboni futhi ezicishe zibe nqunu. Zimele ngokuzimela ngenyanga yesi-5. Ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokuzalwa, izinsikazi ziyaganana futhi bese zikhulelwa futhi. Isikhathi sokuphila sifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-10.
(I-Vormela peregusna)
Ukugqoka kuvamile eMpumalanga Yurophu nase-Asia. Uhla lwazo lusuka eNhlonhlweni yeBalkan naseNtshonalanga Asia (ngaphandle kweNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia) luye ngaseningizimu yeRussia neCentral Asia kuya enyakatho nentshonalanga yeChina neMongolia. Izembatho zihlala ezindaweni ezomile ezingenazihlahla, njengama-steppes, ama-semi-desertertert kanye namahlane. Kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala kunotshani be-piedmont plateaus. Ngesinye isikhathi, lezi zilwane bezibuye zibonwe nasezintabeni, lapho ukusatshalaliswa kwazo kufakazelwe khona kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-3000. Namuhla, ukugqoka okuningi kuhlala emapaki, ezivinini, futhi naphakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala kwabantu.
Ubude bomzimba kusuka ku-29 kuya ku-38 cm ngomsila kusuka ku-15 kuye kuma-22 cm. Isisindo sokugqoka kwabantu abadala sisukela ku-370 kuya ku-730 g.
Indlela yokuphila yokugqoka ifana nendlela yokuphila ye-steppe Ferret. Zisebenza ikakhulu kusihlwa noma ebusuku, ngezikhathi ezithile ziye zizingele nasemini. Njengomthetho, usuku lusetshenziswa ku-mink yayo, ebiyelwe ngokuzimela noma yamukelwe kwezinye izilwane. Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalela, ukugqoka kuhlala yodwa. Amabanga abo angahluka, kepha cishe akukho mpi phakathi kwalezi zilwane, njengoba zizama ukugwema ezinye. Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, ukugqoka kwayo kuphakamisa izinwele zezinwele zayo ekugcineni bese iqondise umsila wayo oshubile, omibala yakhe yesixwayiso okufanele ifane neye-skunks, isabise isitha. Uma lokhu kungasizi, ukugqoka kusuka emzimbeni wakho we-anal kungafafaza imfihlo engathandeki kakhulu yokunuka emoyeni.
Izambatho zizingela zombili emhlabathini, lapho kwesinye isikhathi zime ngezinyawo zazo ezingemuva ukuze zibuke kangcono indawo, nasezihlahleni ezingakwazi ukukhwela kuzo. Imvamisa, uvama ukuzingela emapheshana angaphansi komhlaba kwamagundwe ahlukahlukene, kwesinye isikhathi aze ahlale kuwo. Ukudla kwaso kufaka ikakhulukazi ama-gerbils, ama-voles, ama-squirrels, ama-hamsters, kanye nezinyoni, ama-vertebrates amancane nezinambuzane.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa ekugqokeni kwesinye isikhathi sifinyelela ezinyangeni eziyishumi nanye, ngenxa yokuthi iqanda elivundisiwe liqala "ukuphumula" futhi aliqali ukukhula. Ngesinye isikhathi, insikazi izala amawundlu owodwa kuya kwayisishiyagalombili (ngokwesilinganiso emine noma emihlanu). Zincane kakhulu futhi azingaboni, kepha zikhula ngokushesha futhi emva kwenyanga zilile ebisini. Abesifazane bathola ukuthomba lapho beseneminyaka emithathu yezinyanga, kwabesilisa kubonakala kuneminyaka eyodwa ubudala.Okuncane okwaziwayo ngokuphila isikhathi eside kokugqoka, kepha bahlala ekudingisweni cishe iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye.
(UMelaela lutreola)
Kusatshalaliswa eYurophu (Russia, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Switzerland, South-West France, Karelia, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, Caucasus).
Ubude bomzimba bungama-28-40 cm, umsila ungama-12-20 cm. Isisindo somzimba singama-550-800 g.
Izimpi ngasogwini lwemifudlana, imifula kanye namachibi. Imvamisa iqhubekela phambili ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-200 ukusuka ogwini lwendawo yokugcina amadamu. Izindawo eziyizintandokazi zezindawo ezinamachibi namahlathi agugile, amabhange ahlanziwe emifuleni nemifudlana, abadala namachibi amancanyana. Imithi ivula ukwelulwa ngamabhishi anesihlabathi. Ezitebhisini zihlala ezindaweni ezinamanzi ezikhukhula naphakathi kwamathanga omhlanga emifuleni emikhulu.
Isisekelo sokudla izinhlanzi ezincane (iminerals, i-char, i-sculpin, ama-burbots amancane), abaziphishekela ngobuhlakani ngaphansi kwamanzi. Iphinde idle ngamagundane amanzi, izinduku ezifana negundane, ama-mollusks, crayfish, izinyoka, amasele nezinyoni.
I-European mink iyasebenza unyaka wonke. Indawo yokukhosela ihlela ngaphansi kogu lomfula oluhlanzelwe ngaphezulu, ezimpandeni noma ezinqwabelweni zesivunguvungu somoya. Kwesinye isikhathi umba izimbobo uqobo noma unwebe izimbobo ezilahliwe zama-muskrats noma amagundane amanzi (imvamisa umnyango wokungena umgodi ungaphansi kwamanzi). Iyazingela ebusuku, kepha kwesinye isikhathi itholakala ngezikhathi zemini. Uchitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi elunxwemeni, ezulazula phakathi kwezimpande nangaphansi kogu olugudlayo. Ngesikhathi sokuphishekela, ingakwazi ukubhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi ukuya kumamitha ayi-10-20, bese indizela phezulu ngemuva komoya iphinde iwele ngokushesha.
Isilwane esikhulile sidinga ukudla okufika ku-180 g ngosuku. Uma okuphakelayo kuningi, khona-ke i-mink ingakwazi ukuphuma.
Kuholela kwendlela yokuphila ecashile neyodwa. Ezinyangeni ezifudumele, uhlala kwisiza esingapheli, esihlala ku-15-20 ha. Ebusika, uvame ukuhamba efuna ukudla ngasogwini lomfula. Isigaba sowesilisa ngokweqile sidlula izingxenye zezinsikazi eziningana. Owesilisa akabambi iqhaza ekukhuliseni ubusha.
Esikhathini sokuzalela, abesilisa baqale bafune izintokazi ezinamasayithi aseduze, bese kamuva zihamba amabanga amade. Imvamisa, abesilisa abaningana bajaha umuntu oyedwa wesifazane. Abesilisa abanolaka futhi baqine kakhulu bathola ilungelo lokushada.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-42- 46. Insikazi izala imidlwane engama-4-7 eyimpumputhe. Ukuqunjelwa kuthatha amasonto angama-10. Ngalesi sikhathi, abantu abasha baqala ukuyozingela nonina. Kumaviki awu-12 ubudala, ama-minks amancane azimela ngokuphelele. Ndawonye, iqembu lomndeni lihlala kuze kube yilapho liwa, futhi kamuva amachaphaza asakazeka afune amasayithi abo.
(Amadinavishini kaMela)
Kusatshalaliswa ezingxenyeni eziningi zeNyakatho Melika.
Ubude bomzimba - bufika ku-50 cm, isisindo - kufika ku-2 kg, ubude bomsila - bufika ku-25 cm.
Ihlala ezindaweni ezinamanzi avulekile (amachibi, imifula, imifudlana engashoni namaxhaphozi). Imvamisa ihlala lapho kuhlala khona abantu. Ikhetha imifula, okwakhelwa kuyo umhlonyane obuningi ebusika.
I-mink yaseMelika isilwane sasebusuku. Iziza zakhe zokuzingela zigijima ogwini lolwandle. Ehlobo, izilwane azihambi kude kuno-50-80 m ukusuka emgodini. Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, abesilisa baba yiselula xaxa, futhi bangahamba ibanga elingama-30 km. Ama-Shelter ahlela eduze namanzi. Isebenzisa imisele ye-muskrat (umugqa onamakamelo amaningana nama-phaweli wokuphonsa, ubude obufika ku-3 m). Igumbi lezidleke lifakwe ngotshani obomile, amaqabunga noma i-moss. I-mink yaseMelika ihlela indawo yangasese khona lapho emgodini, kwesinye sezikhuhla noma eduzane nokungena komgodi. Ebusika, kumasithwathwa anamandla, umgodi wokungena umgodi uxhunyiwe ngaphakathi. I-mink yaseMelika ibhukuda kahle, isebenzisa yonke imilenze yomine. Ukhuphuka kahle futhi ngokushesha unyathela emhlabathini. Izingela emhlabeni nasemanzini (kuya ngesikhathi sonyaka nendawo yokuhlala).
Umbono awunamandla, ngakho-ke lapho uzingela, isilo sincike kuphela emnweni waso wokuhogela. Ubukhulu bokunqotshwa kwabesilisa bukhulu kunobesifazane. Uma inyamazana likhulu kakhulu, ummbumbulu unikeza izinsalela zayo elondweni ukuze uzidle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Akuweleli ku-hibernation, kepha ebusika (kumakhaza amakhulu) kungalala ngaphezulu kwe-lair izinsuku eziningana zilandelana. Lapho isongelwa, isebenzisa imfihlo enephunga elivela ezindongeni zayo ezihlangene.
Idla kuma-vertebrates amancane (amasele, ama-lobster, izinyoka, izinyoni, onogwaja, amagundane, ama-muskrats nezinye izinduku), inhlanzi, ama-invertebrates asemanzini nezinambuzane.
I-mink yaseMelika isilwane esingesodwa futhi esijikelezwe. Izindawo ezenzelwe abesilisa zikhulu kunalezo zabesifazane. Bonke abantu bamaka insimu yabo ngodoti, oxubanisa nephunga lokukhuphuka kusuka kwizinduna zezitho. Izimbungulu zixubha ngezinduku namadwala ngemiphimbo yazo, lapho kutholakala khona izindlala zomphimbo.
Lesi yisilwane esinesithembu: ngesikhathi sokuzala, owesilisa angashada nabesifazane abaningi. Owesifazane futhi angashada nabesilisa abaningi. Ngokulethwa, i-mink yowesifazane waseMelika ukhetha umgodi ongafika kumamitha ayi-3. Ngokuvamile, i-lair ayitholakali ngaphezu kwama-200 m ukusuka emanzini.
Isikhathi sokuzala siqala ngoFebhuwari kuya kuMashi. Ukukhulelwa cishe izinsuku ezingama-50. Insikazi izala u-1-10 (ngokwesilinganiso 4) imidlwane engaboni futhi enqunu. Isisindo sezingane ezisanda kuzalwa cishe singama-gramu ayi-6. Kumaviki angama-5-6, imidlwane ikhule ngezinwele ezibomvana. Amehlo avulwa ngosuku lwe-37, futhi i-lactation ihlala amasonto angama-8-9. Kulesi sikhathi, ama-minks amancane anesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-350. Ekupheleni kwehlobo, abantu abasha bazimela ngokuphelele futhi bashiye omama babo.
(UMelaela sibirica)
Amakholomu ikakhulukazi abahlali base-Asia. Sisatshalaliswa emithambekeni yeHimalaya, engxenyeni enkulu yeChina, eJapan, eNhlonhlo YaseKorea, eningizimu yeMpumalanga Ekude, eningizimu nasenkabeni yeSiberia kuze kufike e-Urals. Emkhathini omkhulu wamakholomu, kunjalo, ahlala ezimeni ezahlukahlukene, kepha yonke indawo ithanda amahlathi - amnyama ama-coniferous amnyama noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, anqikayo, anamagundane amancane, kepha ikakhulukazi eduze nemifula namachibi. Imvamisa amakholomu atholakala ezindaweni lapho zibamba khona amagundane, kanti ngasikhathi sinye kuhlasela izinkukhu.
Ubude kusukela ekugcineni kwe-snout kuya kwesisekelo somsila ngu-28-30, ubude bomsila buyi-16,5 cm.
Ikholomu yesondlo ifana nokudla kwama-ferrets. Idla ngamagundane (ama -ors, ama-muskrats, ama-chipmunks, ama-squirrels, ama-jerboas), ama-pikas, kanye nezinyoni, amaqanda awo, amasele, izinambuzane, i-carrion, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile abamba ama-hares. Ngokuntuleka kwamakholomu endle aqala ukudoba.
Amakoloni azingela ebusuku noma kusihlwa, kuthi phakathi kwemini afihle endaweni yokukhosela (ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla eziwile, ngesiwindi somoya noma ngamatshe). Unesibindi, unelukuluku futhi uyaguga - ungena kalula emigodini emincane nasemifantweni lapho kuhlala khona izilwane ezincane. Ugibela izihlahla namadwala kahle, ubhukuda ngokuphelele. Ebusika, uchitha isikhathi esiningi ngaphansi kweqhwa. Isebenza unyaka wonke, kumasithwathwa anzima ahlala ezigodini. Azikho izingosi ngazinye; udabula phakathi kwe-taiga efuna inyamazane. Kuze kufinyelele kumakhilomitha ayi-8 kungambozwa ubusuku ngabunye. Ihamba ngokuxhuma okukhulu.
Isikhuhluzo siqala ngoFebhuwari - Mashi. Owesilisa ulandela insikazi eyodwa kuphela. Okokuzalwa kwengane, insikazi ihlela isidleke (emiseleni yama-chipmunks, ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla namaqabunga awile, ematsheni nasezintweni zamatshe), lapho idonsa khona uboya, izimpaphe, amaqabunga notshani obomile. Izingane zizalwa ngo-Ephreli - Juni. Owesilisa akabambi iqhaza ekukhulisweni kwamawundlu. Uma kwenzeka kuhlaselwa, insikazi ivikela inzalo yayo ngesibindi nangesibindi.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-28-42. Insikazi izala imidlwane engu-4-10. Amacembe azalwa eyimpumputhe futhi enqunu. Amehlo avuleka ngemuva kwenyanga. Ukuqunjelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-56, kuthi lapho-ke umama eqala ukondla abancane ngezilwane ezincane.
(UMelaela frenata)
Kusatshalaliswa kusuka emngceleni waseCanadaan naseMelika kudabula eMelika Ephakathi kuya ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zeNingizimu Melika.
Ubude bomzimba wesilisa bufika ku-40 cm, izinsikazi kufinyelela ku-35 cm, umsila wesilisa kuze kufike ku-15.2 cm, kubantu besifazane kuze kube ngu-12,7 cm. Isisindo somzimba wesilisa silingana nama-450 g, abesifazane kuya ku-255 g.
I-Weasel enomsila omude itholakala cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zomhlaba eziseduzane namanzi. Ukulungiselela ukunamathela emahlathini amahlahla enameva namathanga e-honeysuckle, emahlathini, emahlathini nezihlahla ezinotshani ezihambisana nothango.
I-weasel enomsila omude ayifiki ebusuku, kepha ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo ama-voles (okuholela indlela yokuphila yansuku zonke) iya ngokuzingela ntambama. Ebusuku, isilo sihamba siye kumakhilomitha ayi-5.Ubukhulu besakhiwo somuntu ngamunye sincike enanini lokukhiqiza (ubuncane beplani bungama-0.7-1 ha, futhi uma kunokushoda kokuphakelwa, itulo lenyuka laya kuma-20-160 ha).
I-Weasel iyisilwane esingesabi futhi esinelukuluku. Ngesikhathi sokuzivikela ezitheni noma ngesikhathi sokuzalelana, kukhipha imfihlo engathandeki evela kuzindlala zezitho. Isisulu esincane sibulawa ngokulimala okumbalwa okusheshayo ngemuva kwentamo. Lapho ihlasela isisulu esikhulu, isilo siyayibamba bese siphumula kuso ngemilenze yaso yangaphambili nangemuva. Ngesikhathi sokulwa, i-weasel izama ukubuyela emuva ukwenza uchungechunge lokulimala ngaphansi kwesigaxa sokugebisa futhi ukubulala isisulu. Inyamazane etholakala emigodini ibhoboza ebunzini bese ibulala ngokuluma umphimbo. Idla isisulu, iqala ngekhanda. Ngokukhiqiza ngokweqile kwenza izinqolobane, kepha kuyaqabukela kubuyela kuzo.
Iphunga legazi liba nolaka ikakhulu futhi libe yigazi. I-Weasel iselula kakhulu futhi inesilinganiso se-metabolic ephezulu kakhulu. Yeqa emhlabathini ngokubopha emuva ngemuva ngesimo se-arch, kuyilapho umsila ngalesi sikhathi ubambe uqonde (ngokuqondile ngaphezulu komhlaba). Weasel onomsila omude ubhukuda kahle, ngokukhalipha ukhwela izihlahla (kwesinye isikhathi ukhuphukela kubude obuyi-6 m nangaphezulu).
Idla kuphela ukudla kwezilwane (amagundane, amagundane, ama-voles asensimini, ama-squirrels, ama-chipmunks, ama-shrews, ama-moles kanye nonogwaja), kanye namaqanda, amaphuphu nezinyoni ezindala, izinyoka, amasele nezinambuzane. Ukuhlala eduze komuntu, kudonsa izinkukhu.
Kuholela kwendlela yokuphila ecashile neyodwa. Ama-vapors akhiwa kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzalela. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa bamaka indawo yabo, begibele ngemuva komzimba. Insikazi izala udoti owodwa ngonyaka. Eningizimu yebanga lamalitha, kungaba khona ama-2 noma ama-3. Ngokuzalwa, insikazi ihlela i-lair, etholakala ngezinqwaba zamatshe, inqwaba yamabhulashi, imisele yemigundane, ama-squirrels, ama-chipmunks kanye nama-voles. Ukujula komgodi onjalo kungamasentimitha ayi-15- 43. Isidleke sifakwe uboya obuvela ezilwaneni ezidliwayo noma otshanini obomile.
Ukukhulelwa nokukhula kombungu obambezelekile kungaqala kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-205 kuya kwezingama-337. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa kweqiniso siyizinsuku ezingama-27- 35. Insikazi izala imidlwane engenakusizwa engu-1-9. Isisindo sezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa cishe singama-g. Amathathu asebethe isikhumba embozwe uboya obumhlophe obumhlophe. Amehlo avuleka aneminyaka engama-35, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ayayeka. Emavikini langu-6-7 eminyaka, imidlwane iqala ukuzingela nonina. Kumaviki awu-11 ukuya kwele-12 bashiya umhume bese beqala ukuphila impilo ezimele.
(Mustela altaica)
Kwenzeka kusuka ezingxenyeni eziphakathi neRussia futhi kulo lonke izwe kuya emngceleni osenyakatho, eningizimu-mpumalanga ukuya eKorea, entshonalanga kuya enyakatho neNdiya.
Ubude besilisa buhlukahluka kusuka ku-21 kuya ku-28 cm ngomsila ongu-10-15 cm. Isisindo sazo sisukela kuma-250 kuye kuma-370 g.Izinsikazi zincane, ukusuka ku-21 kuye ku-26 cm ubude, zinomsila ongama-9-12,5 cm. Isisindo sabantu besifazane sisuka ku-120 saya ku-245 g.
Ukuphila ezindaweni eziphakeme zezintaba kusuka ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1000 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle futhi nakwi-tundra enamadwala enamahlathi amasha. Ihlala lapho kuhlala khona imifantu phakathi kwamatshe amatshe ezihlahleni zezihlahla noma emiseleni elahliwe. Uthando lwentaba alwesabi ukuhlala eduze kwabantu.
Ukudla kwayo kufaka phakathi namagundane amancane naphakathi nendawo (ama-muskrat, ama-squirrels, onogwaja, ama-pika amakhulu, ama-hamsters ampunga, amagundane ensimu, njll.), Izilwane ezingavikeleki, izinyoni. Ungadla amaxoxo, izibankwa, izinyoka, izinambuzane nezimbaza. Ukuhlala ezindlini zabantu, entshontsha imikhiqizo yenyama nezinhlanzi, kumanxiwa enkukhu yenkukhu.
USolongoy isilwane esidala kakhulu, esihlala emhlabathini, sicwila endaweni evunguza umoya, ngaphansi kwezimpande kanye namatshe amadwala. Ezindaweni ezifanayo uhlela izidleke futhi abambe inzalo. Iyasebenza ebusuku nasebusuku. Ugijima ngokushesha futhi agibele izihlahla, uyakwazi ukubhukuda. Kwezokuxhumana, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabesilisa, imfihlo yezindlala ze-anal isetshenziswa. Lapho isongelwa, lesi silwane senza umsindo omkhulu wokukhala, futhi siveza iphunga elizwelayo kwizindlala zezitho zomzimba. Isidingo sokudla kwansuku zonke singama-45-55 g (ama-rod amancane amancane) kowesilisa osekhulile, nokho, kuvame ukubulala inyamazane kakhulu kunesidingo.
Kuholela kwendlela yokuphila ecashile neyodwa.
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ukuncintisana kuyabonakala phakathi kwabesilisa ngenxa yabesifazane. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nokulwa okunobudlova phakathi kwabo.Ngemuva kokuphola, owesilisa ushiya insikazi. Imidlwane izalwa esidlekeni esifakwe ngotshani noboya obudliwe ngamagundane.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-30-49. Insikazi izala amazinyane angama-1-8 angaboni futhi anqunu. Ukucashiswa kuthatha izinyanga ezimbili. Kusukela kulo mzuzu, ama-solongoi asemancane azimele, kepha isikhathi esithile asala nonina.
(UMustela erminea)
I-Ermine isasazeke eNyakatho Nenkabazwe - e-Arctic, ezingxenyeni ezishubile futhi ezifudumele ze-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. EYurophu, kwenzeka kusuka eScandinavia kuya kumaPyrenees nase-Alps, ngaphandle kwe-Albania, Greece, Bulgaria neTurkey. E-Asia, ibanga laso lifinyelela ogwadule lwaseCentral Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Northeast China nasenyakatho neJapan. ENyakatho Melika, itholakala eCanada, eziqhingini zeziqhingi zaseCanada Arctic, eGreenland nasenyakatho ye-USA (ngaphandle kweGreat Plains).
Ubude bomzimba wesilisa buba ngu-17- 38 cm (izintokazi zilingana nengxenye), ubude bomsila bubalelwa ku-35% wobude bomzimba - 6-12 cm, isisindo somzimba - ukusuka ku-70 kuye ku-260 g.
I-Ermine iningi kakhulu ezifundeni zehlathi-steppe, taiga kanye ne-tundra. Ukukhetha kwabo kwendawo kunqunywa ngobuningi bokuphakelwa okuyinhloko - amagundane amancane. Njengomthetho, i-ermine ithanda ukuhlala eduze kwamanzi: ngasogwini nasezifikeni zezikhukhula zemifula nemifudlana, eduze kwamachibi amahlathi, eduze kwezindawo eziseduze nogu lolwandle, izihlahla zamabhasi kanye nomhlanga. Kuyaqabukela kungena ekujuleni kwamahlathi, emahlathini kukhona ukushiswa okudala okudala nokucaciswa, imiphetho yamahlathi (ikakhulukazi hhayi kude nemizana nezindawo ezime kahle), emahlathini aminyene uyawathanda amahlathi aluhlaza acwebezelayo. Okuvamile kuma-kopi, ezigodini zezigodi nasezigedeni. Gwema izikhala ezivulekile. Kwesinye isikhathi ihlala eduze kokuhlala kwabantu, emasimini, ezivandeni nasezihlathini zamahlathi, ngisho nangaphandle kwamadolobha.
Kuholela ikakhulu impilo eyedwa yendawo. Imingcele yendawo ngayinye imakwe ngemfihlo yezindlala zezitho. Usayizi wesakhiwo uhlukahluka kusuka kuma-10 kuye kwangama-20; kubesilisa, kuvame ukuphindwe kabili uma kukhulunywa ngabantu besifazane, bese bephikisana ngeziza zabo. Abesilisa nabesifazane bahlala ngokuhlukile futhi bahlangana kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala. Eminyakeni elambile ne-fat-low, i-ermines ishiya iziza zayo ihambe, kwesinye isikhathi ibanga elide kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi ukufuduka kubangelwa ukuzalaniswa okuningi kwamagundane ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane.
I-ermine isebenza ikakhulu emahoreni ebusuku, kwesinye isikhathi yenzeka phakathi nosuku. Ekukhetheni kwezindawo zokukhosela, kufaka phakathi ama-broods, ongenakuzithoba. Ingatholakala ezindaweni ezingalindelekile kakhulu - ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni zokugcina izidumbu, ezinqwabelweni zamatshe, emanxiweni ezakhiwo ezilahliwe noma izingodo ezihlanganiswe odongeni lwesakhiwo sokuhlala. Ihlala nasegodini lezihlahla, imvamisa ifihla kuzo phakathi kwesikhukhula. Imvamisa umfokazi uhlala emiseleni nasezindlini zokudlela zamagundane abulawa yiwo. Insikazi ibeka umgodi wayo wezikhumba ngezikhumba nezinwele zamagundane abulewe, kaningi ngotshani obomile. I-ermine ayizimbangi yona imisele. Ebusika, ayinazindawo zokukhosela ezingapheli futhi isebenzisa okokukhosela okungahleliwe - ngaphansi kwamatshe, izimpande zezihlahla, izingodo. Akuvamile ukuthi abuyele endaweni yosuku.
I-ermine ibhukuda futhi ikhuphuka kahle, kepha empeleni ingumhlaseli womhlaba okhethekile. Ekudleni kwakhe, amagundane anjengegundane agqokile, kepha ngokungafani nomzala wakhe, umdlebende odla ama-voes amancane, lo mbumbulu udla izinduku ezinkulu - i-vole yamanzi, i-hamster, i-chipmunk, ama-haylings, ama-lemmings, njll., Ibafica ngemisele futhi ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ubukhulu abuvumeli ukuthi lingene phakathi izimbobo zamagundane amancane. Izinsikazi zizingela imisele kaningi kunabesilisa. Okubaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwe-ermine yizinyoni namaqanda awo, kanye nezinhlanzi nama-shrews. Noma kaningi kangakanani (ngokusweleka kokudla okuyisisekelo), i-ermine idla ama-amphibians, izibankwa nezinambuzane. Iyakwazi ukuhlasela izilwane ezinkulu kunazo uqobo (i-capercaillie, i-hazel grouse, i-partridge, i-hares kanye nonogwaja), eminyakeni elambile idla udoti noma intshontsho lwabantu esitokisini senyama nenhlanzi. Ngokudla okuningana, i-ermine iqoqa, icekela phansi namagundane amaningi kunokudla. Ubulala inyamazane efana ne-weasel - iluma ugebhezi ngemuva ekhanda.I-ermine ilandelela izinduku, igxile kunephunga, izinambuzane - kumisindo, inhlanzi - isebenzisa umbono.
I-ermine isilwane esidala futhi esidala kakhulu. Ukunyakaza kwakhe kuyashesha, kepha kunokuphikisana ngandlela-thile. Ekuzingeleni, ihamba kuze kufike ku-15 km ngosuku, ebusika - isilinganiso samakhilomitha amathathu. Eqhweni lihamba ligxuma kuze kufike ku-50 cm ubude, kuthi zombili imilenze yangasemuva icindezele phansi emhlabathini. Ubhukuda ngokuphelele futhi kalula ugibela izihlahla. Exoshwa isitha, uvame ukuhlala esihlahleni kuze kudlule ingozi. Imvamisa kuthulile, kepha esimweni esijabulisayo uxoxa kakhulu, akwazi ukuxoxa, acule futhi akhonkothe.
I-Ermine isithembu izala kanye ngonyaka. Izenzo zocansi kwabesilisa zihlala izinyanga ezi-4, kusukela maphakathi noFebhuwari kuya ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Ukukhulelwa kwabesifazane abanezigaba ezinde zokugcina (izinyanga 8-9) - imibungu ayikhuli kuze kube uMashi. Sekukonke, kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-9 ukuya kwezi-10, ngakho-ke amawundlu avela ngo-Ephreli - ngoMeyi ngonyaka olandelayo. Inani lamawundlu kunelitha lisukela ku-3 liye ku-18, isilinganiso esingu-4-9. Kungowesifazane kuphela ozibandakanya kubo.
Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zinobunzima obungu-3-4 g nobude bomzimba obungu-32-51 mm, zizalwa zingaboni, zinobuthongo, zinemisele evaliwe yomthombo futhi imbozwe izinwele ezimhlophe eziqhephukile. Ngosuku lwe-30-41, baqala ukubona, futhi ezinyangeni ezingama-2-3 bahlukaniswa ngosayizi kusuka kubantu abadala. Ekupheleni kukaJuni - ngoJulayi, sebevele bakhiqiza ukudla ngokuzimela.
Abesifazane bafika esikhathini sokuthomba besebancane kakhulu, ezinyangeni ezi-2 kuya ku-2, abesilisa kuphela abaneminyaka eyi-11 kuya kwezingu-14 ubudala. Izinsikazi ezisencane (ezineminyaka engama-60-70 yezinsuku) zingambozwa ngempumelelo ngabesilisa abadala - icala elihlukile phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezifaka isandla ekusindeni kwezinhlobo. Ukuphila okujwayelekile komqambi yiminyaka engu-1-2, kanti ephezulu yiminyaka eyi-7. I-fecundity kanye nobuningi be-ermines kuguquguquka kakhulu, kukhula kakhulu phakathi neminyaka yobuningi bamagundane nokuwa okuyinhlekelele ngesikhathi sokuqothulwa kwabo.
(UMelaela itatsi)
Kuthunyelwe eJapan, lapho kutholakala eziqhingini zaseHonshu, Kyushu nase Shikoku. Kwabuye kwethulwa naseziqhingini zaseHokkaido, Ryukyu naseSakhalin ukulawula inani lamagundane.
Ubude bomzimba cishe ngo-35 cm, ubude bomsila - 17 cm.
(UMelaela kathiah)
Kuthunyelwe kusuka eNyakatho nePakistan kuye eSoutheast China
Ubude bomzimba bungu-21.5-29 cm, umsila ungamasentimitha ayi-12,5-19. Isisindo singama-1.56 kg.
Ihlala emahlathini angaphansi komhlaba, ikhuphuka ibe ngu-1800-4000 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Prefers izihlahla zikaphayini. Ngokuyisisekelo, i-weasel e-brown-beled idla ngamagundane (amagundane namagundane ensimu), izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinyoni.
Kuholela kwendlela yokuphila ecashile neyodwa.
Insikazi yakha umhume ezimbozweni, imivimbo emhlabathini, ngaphansi kwamatshe noma izingodo. Umgede uqobo uboshwe ngotshani obomile. Ngokushesha nje emva kokuzalwa, enye inkambiso iyaqapheleka, iphelela ekutsheni. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-10 (isikhathi esiningi siwela esikhathini se-latent ekukhuleni kweqanda). Insikazi izala imidlwane engama-3-18 engaboni futhi ingasizi ngalutho.
Ama-grisons amancane nabantu
Ama-grisons amancane alawula inani lemivundla yaseYurophu kanye namagundane ePatagonia, ngakho-ke ziyizilwane eziwusizo.
Intsha kulula ukuyilawula. Esikhathini esedlule, ama-grisons amancane ayesetshenziselwa ukuzingela ama-chinchillas. Ijikijolo eliqeqeshiwe yethulwa emgodini we-chinchilla, bese ixosha lesi silwane endaweni evulekile lapho kumzingela khona umzingeli.
Kwesinye isikhathi ama-grisons amancane ahlasela izinkukhu, kulokhu, abantu bendawo bayaziqothula. Ama-grisons amancane abhalwe ku-CITES Convention.
Ama-grisons amancane aya ngokuzingela yedwa, kwesinye isikhathi atholakala ngababili noma eqenjini elincane lomndeni.
Izinhlobo ezihlobene
Ngaphezu kwama-grisons amancane, lo mndeni ubuye ube nama-grisons, nawo ahlala eSouth America. Ama-Grisons, ngokungafani nama-grisons amancane, awesongelwa ngokuqothulwa, ngoba lokhu kuyizinhlobo eziningi impela ezinendawo ebanzi.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
(Mustela nivalis)
Sisatshalaliswa eYurophu, e-Algeria, eMorocco, eGibhithe, e-Asia Minor, enyakatho ye-Iraq, e-Iran, e-Afghanistan, eMongolia, eChina, ePeninsula yaseKorea, eJapan, eNyakatho Melika, e-Australia.
Ubude besilwane buyahlukahluka, ngokuya ngobunikazi bohlobo oluthile lwe-subspecies ethile, ukusuka ku-11.4 kuya ku-21.6 cm. Isisindo 40-100 g.
Kuhlala ama-biotopes ahlukahlukene (amahlathi, izitebhisi nezinyathelo zezihlahla zamahlathi, imigwaqo yamasimu, ukubhukuda, ugu lwamachibi, ugwadule, i-tundra, imithambeka ye-alpine).
Cishe konke ukudla kwe-weasel kuqukethe izinduku ezincane ezinjengegundane (indlu, insimu namagundane asehlathini, amagundane), izindunduma nemikhonto, kanye nonogwaja abancane, izinkukhu, amajuba, amaqanda namachwane wezinyoni. Ngokuntuleka kokudla, kudla ama-amphibians, izinhlanzi ezincane, izibankwa, izinyoka ezincane, izinambuzane ne-crayfish.
I-Weasel iyisilwane esixakile nesigugayo, sigijima ngokushesha, igibela kahle futhi ibhukuda. Ihlukaniswa ngesibindi nokuba ngumuntu wegazi, iyakwazi ukukhasa ngokuhamba emifantwini emincane nasezinkomeni. Amagundane adonswa ngemigodi yawo. Izilwane ezincane zibamba ngemuva kwekhanda noma ekhanda, ziluma ukhakhayi ngemuva kwekhanda, zivame ukuhlasela izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu kunaye, zinamathela entanyeni yazo. Emaqanda ezinyoni, i-weasel yenza izimbobo eziningana futhi ingene kokuqukethwe. Imvamisa kwenza izinqolobane (kusuka emahoreni angama-1 kuye kwangama-30 namagundane atholakala endaweni eyodwa).
Kuyasebenza ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zosuku, kepha kuvame ukuzingela kusihlwa nasebusuku. Ihamba ngokuxhuma. Kuholela (ingxenye enkulu) yempilo yasemhlabeni. Lapho uzungeza isiza sayo, igcina isondelene nezihlahla nezinye izembozo. Gwema izindawo ezivulekile. I-1-2 km ingambozwa ngosuku. Ebusika, eneqhwa elijulile, ihamba ezindlini zayo.
Ayimbeki imisele, kepha isebenzisa imisele noma ama-voent phakathi kwamatshe, ukwakhiwa kwezinkuni, ukuqamba phansi okungamamitha ayi-2, izimpande zesihlahla kanye nezihlahla eziwile, izihibe zamadwala. Ku-lair, kudonsa utshani obomile, i-moss namaqabunga. Ngokuvamile isiza sihlomisa izindawo zokuhlala ezingapheli.
Kuholela kwendlela yokuphila ecashile neyodwa. Ubukhulu besakhiwo somuntu ngamunye sincane - kufinyelela kuma-10 ha. Lawa masayizi ancike ekuchichimeni kokuphangwa kanye nesimo sezulu. Imvamisa indawo yesilisa idlula indawo yesifazane. Imingcele yesakhiwo imakwe ngamamaki.
Isithembu, ngesikhathi sokuzala, owesilisa angashada nabesifazane abaningi. Okokuzalwa kwengane, insikazi ilawula isidleke ngotshani obomile, ama-moss namaqabunga. Uma isidleke siphazamisekile, khona-ke umama udlulisela lawo mazwe kwenye indawo. Uma kwenzeka ingozi enkulu kakhulu, i-weasel ivikela isidleke sayo ekugcineni. Ama-Broods ahlala ndawonye izinyanga ezi-3-4 futhi ahlukane ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma awe.
Ukuhlangana kwenzeka ngoMashi. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa okuthatha amasonto amahlanu, insikazi ibeletha isuka ku-5 iye ku-7, incane kakhulu amawundlu ama-3 nama-8. Amehlo avuleka ngosuku lwe-21-25 lokuphila. Lapho imidlwane iqala ukushiya isidleke, iya kuyo yonke indawo kunina, ihlola indawo ezungezile, bese idlulela phambili kude nesidleke sayo sendabuko. Kancane kancane, ukuthambekela okulandelayo ukulandela amandla kuba buthaka, futhi izilwane ezincane ziqala ukuhamba zodwa.
(UMatela strigidorsa)
Kusatshalaliswa e-Asia - kusuka eNepal kuya empumalanga kuya eChina (eSifundazweni saseYunan), eThailand, eLaos, eBhutan, eSikkim, eNdiya, eVietnam, e-Assam.
Ubude bekhanda nomzimba sowesifazane bubalelwa ku-28,5 cm, ubude bomsila buyi-15.2 cm.
Ihlala ezinhlobonhlobo zamahlathi atholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1000-2500 ngaphezu kolwandle.
U-Weasel onemigqa emhlophe ungenye yezilwane ezincelisayo eziyimfihlakalo nezifundwa kancane zase-Asia esenyakatho-mpumalanga. Kuyo yonke le minyaka yokufunda kwayo, ngabantu abayisishiyagalombili kuphela abawela ezandleni zososayensi: abathathu bevela eSikim, futhi munye ngamunye ovela eNepal, Laos, Mynmar, Fenesserim naseThailand. Yize ulwazi oluvela kubahlali bendawo mayelana nomhlangano nalesi silwane luya buthelela kancane kancane.
(UMelaela felipei)
Yaziwa ngezilwane ezi-5 ezitholakala e-Andes of Northern Ecuador nasezindaweni eziphakeme zeCordillera yeCentral neNtshonalanga Colombia. Ihlala amahlathi asezintabeni ngasogwini kanye eduze nemifula nemifudlana enenqubo ezolile. Isimo sezulu ezindaweni abahlala kuzo singaphansi komhlaba.
Ubude bomzimba cishe ngamasentimitha angama-22. Isisindo sothando lwaseColombia kuphela olunesisindo sasingu-138 g.
IColombian Weasel iyisisulu sasemhlabeni esiyisidlakudla. Kunolwazi oluncane ngokudla. Ngosuku lwale khonkotha, kuyadingeka ukuthi kudliwe inyamazane (izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, izinyoni nezinambuzane, mhlawumbe izinhlanzi), okungaba ngu-40% wesisindo sawo.
(Amancanyana kaMustela)
Sisatshalaliswe eThailand, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo), eMalacca peninsula, eMalaysia, Brunei. Esiqhingini saseJava akekho. Ihlala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-400 kuye kwangama-1700 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
Ubude bomzimba walesi silwane bungamasentimitha angama-30-6, ubude bomsila buyi-24-26 cm. Umbala womzimba ojwayelekile ubomvu onsundu, inhloko ikhanya ngokukhanya.
(UMustela eversmanni)
I-steppe Ferret itholakala entshonalanga isuka eYugoslavia naseCzech Republic, futhi iye empumalanga ihamba nge-step-steppe, ama-steppes kanye ne-Russia deshure kusuka eTransbaikalia kuya e-Middle Amur, naseCentral naseCentral Asia kuya e-Far East nase-East China. Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, uhla lwe-steppe ferret lukhule kakhulu entshonalanga futhi ngokwengxenye lwasenyakatho. Igwema amahlathi nezindawo zokuhlala.
Ubude bomzimba 52-56 cm, umsila - kuze kufike ku-18 cm, isisindo somzimba kuze kufike ku-2 kg.
Izingela ama-gophers, ama-hamsters, ama-squirrels, izinduku ezinjengegundane, imvamisa kwizinyoni, izinyoka namaxoxo, ehlobo nakuma-invertebrates. Amanoni ahlala eduze nemifula namachibi nawo adla izifuyo zamanzi.
Kuholela kwendlela yokuphila yobusuku nobusuku, kwesinye isikhathi kuyasebenza phakathi nosuku. Ihlela izidleke ezingapheli emagqumeni owomile, ihlala imisele yeminye imicibisholo (ama-marmot, ama-squirrels, ama-hamsters), ikhulisa kancane futhi ihlele. Imisele ngokwayo ibonakala kuphela kunesidingo esiphuthumayo futhi siyisebenzise okwesikhashana. Emasimini uhlela izindlu emahlathini otshani obude, eduze kwamadwala, emanxiweni, phakathi kwezimpande nezigodi zezihlahla.
Uhamba phansi emhlabathini ngokuxhuma (kufika ku-50-70 cm), cishe akukhuphuki izihlahla. Ukubhukuda kahle, kungashona. Umbono uthuthuke kahle. Ugxuma kalula kusuka endaweni enhle. Ngenkathi yengozi, ivikelwe yimfihlo enephunga ne-caustic evela kwizindlala zezinso, ibadubule esitheni. Ebusika, kuvame ukujaha izinduku eqhweni.
Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, i-steppe ferret iphila impilo yodwa. Imingcele yendawo ngayinye ayiqashelwe. Emihlanganweni yabantu abobulili obufana nobodwa, ulaka aluveli. Ngenkathi yokuzalelana, owesilisa ulwa nowesifazane, kuyilapho ekhala kakhulu futhi elumana. Ngokuzalwa kwengane, insikazi yakhela isidleke emqubeni yotshani noma emigodini yezihlahla (kusuka otshanini nakwezinye izinto ezithambile). Isidleke simbozwe izimpaphe, phansi notshani obomile. Owesilisa ubamba iqhaza ekukhuliseni inzalo. Uma udoti wokuqala efa, khona-ke ezinsukwini ezingama-6- 26 ezilandelayo insikazi iqala ukukhula.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezingaba ngu-1.5. Insikazi izala imidlwane eyi-4-10. Amehlo avulwa ngezinsuku 28-39. Uma nje amathole engambozwe izinwele, insikazi akuvamile ukuyishiya. I-lactation ihlala izinyanga ezi-2,5. Eminyakeni yamaviki angama-7-8, imidlwane isivele izama ukuzitholela ngokwayo izinduku. Owesifazane uvikela ngentshiseko amazinyane. Lezi zingane zihlangana ndawonye kuze kube izinyanga ezingama-2,5, kuthi lapho kuphela ihlobo, izinsizwa ezincane zihlakaze lapho zifuna indawo yazo.
(Amathumbu we-Mustela)
Ihlala ezifundeni ezisempumalanga neziseningizimu ye-Rocky Mountain, indawo yamaGreat Plains ukusuka e-Albert naseSaskatchewan, kuya eTexas nase-Arizona (e-USA).
Cishe ubude obuyi-45 cm, nomsila we-fluffy ongu-15 cm, unesisindo esingaphezu kwe-1 kg.
Iphila indlela yobusuku. Ukuzwa, ukubona nokuhogela kukhule kahle. Izinhlobo zincike kakhulu ezinjeni zasendlini. Cishe sonke isikhathi (kuze kufike ku-99%) uchitha emigodini yabo. Endaweni yalezi zikoloni, uyaphumula futhi alale, athole ukudla kwakhe ngokushesha, agweme izilwane ezidla, isimo sezulu esibi futhi ondle inzalo. Abesilisa basebenza kakhulu kunabesifazane. Ebusika, imisebenzi yezinsimbi ezinobuso obumnyama iyancipha, njengoba kunjalo nendawo yendawo ehloliwe. Ngezinsuku ezibandayo nezineqhwa, ihlala emgodini, idla ezimalini zayo.
Emhlabathini ihamba ngezinhlanga noma endaweni ephansi (kuze kufike ku-8-11 km / h). Ubusuku obubodwa bungakhuphukela ku-10 km. Abesilisa badlula ibanga kakhulu (cishe kabili) kunabesifazane.
Ngaphezu kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, kuholela indlela yokuphila eseceleni. Ekukhulumisaneni nezihlobo isebenzisa iphunga amamaki. Imingcele yendawo yayo iphawula imfihlo yezithambeka ze-ductal. Eminyakeni evumayo, ubungako babantu buphakathi - i-ferret ngalinye ngamahektha angama-50 we-meadow dog colonies. Indawo yama-ferrets abantu abadala yi (ububanzi) 1-2 km.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-41-45.Owesifazane ubeletha imidlwane engama-3-4 (ngokwesilinganiso). Lapho amathole ekhula, insikazi ibashiya bodwa esidlekeni phakathi nosuku, futhi iyazizonda. Intsha iqala ukuzingela yodwa ngoSepthemba nango-Okthoba.
(UMatela putorius)
Kusatshalaliswe kahle kuyo yonke iNtshonalanga Yurophu, yize indawo yayo incipha kancane kancane. Inani elikhulu lezinsizwa lihlala eNgilandi futhi cishe kuyo yonke ingxenye yaseYurophu yeRussia, ngaphandle kwaseNyakatho Karelia, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeCrimea, iCaucasus neLower Volga. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, kuvela imininingwane mayelana nokwakhiwa kabusha kweBlack Ferret emahlathini aseFinland naseKarelia. Ibuye ihlale emahlathini asenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Afrika.
Zinesisindo esukela ku-1000 g kuya ku-1710 g, ubude obuyi-36-48 cm, nomsila ongu-15- 17 cm. Izinsikazi zikhathi eziphansi kanye nohafu. Ubude bomsila wezinsikazi buyi-8.5-15 cm.
Amahlathi aluhlaza athanda ukuhlala emahlathini amancane nasezifufeni ezihlukanisiwe, ezihlanganiswa nezinsimu nezimbila (zigwema ukuqhubeka kwama-taiga massifs). Isikebhe sibizwa ngokuthi “isisulu somango”, njengoba imiphetho yehlathi iyindawo yaso evamile yokuzingela. Imvamisa kuyabonakala ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula zemifula emincane, nakwezinye izidumbu zamanzi. Uyakwazi ukubhukuda, kepha hhayi muhle njengesihlobo sakhe esiseduze, i-European mink (uMustela lutreola). Kuhlala futhi emapaki amadolobha.
Ama-Ferices aqala impilo yokuhlala futhi anamathele endaweni ethile. Ubukhulu bendawo bukhulu. Izindawo zokukhosela zemvelo zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezindlu zokuhlala zaphakade - inqwaba yezihlahla eziwile, ukwenziwa kwezihlahla zenkuni, iziqu ezibolile, ama-haystacks. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-draives ahlala ezinhlwini zamabibi noma amabhungane; emzaneni nasemizaneni athola isiphephelo emihumeni, emiphongolweni nangaphansi kophahla lwamakamelo okugeza asemakhaya. Ihlathi liyabola cishe alikaze ligaye imisele yalo.
Naphezu kosayizi abakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabameleli abaningi bohlobo, le fretti idla amagundane ajwayelekile. I-black ferret isuselwa kuma-voles kanye namagundane; ehlobo ivame ukubamba amasele, amasovu, amagundane amanzi amancane, kanye nezinyoka, izinyoni zasendle, izinambuzane ezinkulu (isikhonyane, njll.), Ingena emigodini ye-hare kanye nasezinhlungwini ezincane zensimbi. Lapho ixazululwe eduze komuntu kungahlasela izinkukhu nonogwaja.
Amatshe ahamba ngokudabukisa kakhulu ngenqwaba yezinkuni ezifile naphakathi kwamatshe, anolaka futhi ingxenye ayesabi nezitha, aze awudlule ngobukhulu nangesisindo. Ukuzingela ihlathi, njengomthetho, ebumnyameni, kepha ngesikhathi sasemini kungaphoqwa ukuba ushiye indawo yokukhosela kuphela yindlala enkulu. I-rodent Ferret ibheka emgodini noma ekubambeni okugijimayo.
Ukuvuthwa ehlathini lemithi iqala entwasahlobo, ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, kwesinye isikhathi engxenyeni yesibili kaJuni. Inyanga eyodwa nesigamu ngemuva kokukhulelwa, ama-4 kuya ku-6 ama-cubs avela kowesifazane. Abesifazane bavikela izingane zabo ngokuzithoba ngaphambi kwanoma iyiphi ingozi. Ama-delives asencane ane-"mane" yensizwa ekhethekile eyakhiwe kahle - enezinwele ezinde ku-nape. Isifihla sigcinwa kanye nomama size siwe, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube sentwasahlobo elandelayo. Izilwane zivuthwa ngokocansi ziseneminyaka eyodwa.
(I-Mellivora capensis)
Uhla lwamabheji wezinyosi luhlanganisa izingxenye ezinkulu ze-Afrika ne-Asia. E-Afrika, kutholakala cishe yonke indawo, kusuka eMorocco naseGibhithe kuye eSouth Africa. E-Asia, indawo okuhlala kuyo isuka eNhlonhlweni Yase-Arabia iye eCentral Asia, kanye naseNdiya naseNepal.
Ubude bomzimba bufika ku-77 cm, bungabali umsila cishe ngamasentimitha angama-25. Isisindo sabo siyehluka kusuka ku-7 kuye ku-13 kg, abesilisa baba nzima kakhulu kunabesifazane.
Izinyosi zezinyosi zihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zezulu, kufaka phakathi izitebhisi, amahlathi nezindawo zezintaba kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-3000. Kodwa-ke, zigwema izindawo ezishisa kakhulu noma ezinomswakama, ezinjengogwadule noma amahlathi emvula.
Zisebenza ikakhulu kusihlwa noma ebusuku, kepha ezifundeni ezingafundwe ngumuntu noma ngesimo sezulu esipholile ziyabonakala phakathi nosuku. Ukuze balale, basebenzise ngokuzimela ukumba izimbobo kusuka kumitha elilodwa kuya kwamathathu ngokujulile ngembethe encane efakwe ngezinto ezithambile. Ensimini yebanga labo, amabhulukwe wezinyosi anezimbobo ezinjalo eziningana, futhi njengoba enza uhambo olude ngosuku, cishe awalali endaweni efanayo ubusuku obubili ngokulandelana.Ekufuneni ukudla, zihamba emhlabathini, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zigibela izihlahla, ikakhulukazi lapho zifuna ukufika kuju, oluzibize ngegama.
Njengezinye izinhlobo eziningi ezivela emndenini wokufelwa, iziloyi zezinyosi zihlala zodwa, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile zingabonakala ngamaqembu amancane - njengomthetho, imindeni emisha noma amaphakethe we-bachelor. Zinezindawo zokuhlala ezinkudlwana ezihlala amakhilomitha skwele amaningana. Bazisa izihlobo zabo ngobukhona bazo ngosizo lwemfihlo efihliwe yizinduna ezikhethekile.
Amabheji wezinyosi abhekwa njengezilwane ezingesabi kakhulu futhi ezinolaka, cishe ezingenazo izitha zemvelo. Isikhumba sabo esikhulu impela, ngaphandle kwesendlalelo esincane esiswini sabo, asinakubhobozwa ngisho nangamazinyo wenyoka enkulu enobuhlungu kanye nezinyoka ezinobuthi, kanye nezinaliti ze-porcupine. Izimpungushe eziqinile ezinamakhonkco amade namazinyo e-honey badger ziyisikhali esivikelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayazi, njengama-skunks, ukukhipha iphunga le-fetid uma behlaselwa. Uma bezizwa besongelwe, bona uqobo bahlasela izilwane ezinobukhulu bazo budlula ezazo, kubandakanya izinkomo nama-buffaloes.
Izinyosi zezinyosi yizilwane ezidla inyama. Izisulu zazo zibandakanya izinduku ezahlukahlukene, kanye nabantu abasha bezinhlobo ezinkulu, njengezimpungushe noma izinyamazane. Ngaphezu kokudla, i-badger yezinyosi ifaka izinyoni namaqanda ayo, izidalwa ezihuquzelayo, kubandakanya izingwenya ezincane nezinyoka ezinobuthi, kanye nama-amphibians, i-carrion, izibungu zezinambuzane, izibungu kanye nezinye izilwanyana zasendle. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zama-mustelids, abadli bezinyosi badla ukudla kwezitshalo okuncane; kuwo badla amajikijolo, izithelo, izimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Kuyaphawuleka uthando lwabo loju, olwanikeza ibheji lezinyosi igama labo. Kukholelwa kabanzi ukuthi ibheji lezinyosi lihlala ku-typiosis nezinhlobo ezincane zase-Afrika ze-Woodpecker eziqanjwe ngokuthi inkomba enkulu yoju (Inkomba yenkomba). Umhlahlandlela wenyosi kuthiwa ugcoba ibheji lezinyosi ngezikhalo ezikhethekile ezidlekeni zezinyosi, leli bheji lezinyosi elihlephuka ngalo nezihlakala zalo, uju olukhonkotha, kanti umqondisi wenyosi udla izibungu zenyosi. Njengoba lokhu kuyiqiniso, kuyisihloko sengxabano, abukho ubufakazi besayensi kulokhu.
Kunemininingwane ehlukahlukene ngobudala bokutholwa kwabadla izinyosi, okungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yesilinganiso esishintshashintshayo seqanda leqanda, okuyisimo sobulawu. Kudlula izinyanga ezinhlanu noma eziyisithupha phakathi kokuzala nokubeletha, kepha ukukhulelwa okuzenzakalelayo kungenzeka kufushane. Etafuleni lamabheji wezinyosi kukhona izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ezifika kwezine zichitha amasonto azo okuqala esakhiweni esifakwe izitshalo ezomile. Izilwane ezisencane zihlala nonina isikhathi eside, kaningi ngaphezu konyaka. Akukaziwa ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila kwesinye isikhathi esinezinyosi zasendle, ekuthunjweni sisekuphele iminyaka engama-26.
(Amatekisi we-taxidea)
Kuthunyelwe kusuka eSouth-Western Canada kuya eCentral Mexico.
Ubude bomzimba buyi-42-74 cm, umsila ungamasentimitha ayi-10-16. Isisindo sifinyelela ku-10-16 kg.
Ihlala ezindaweni ezomile nezingamawele ogwadule zimbozwe izihlahlana (amamitha avulekile, amasimu namadlelo). Itholakala emahlathini asezintabeni nama-subalpine meadows (afinyelela kumamitha ayi-3000 ngaphezu kolwandle), kanye naku-alpine tundra.
Ibheji laseMelika ikakhulukazi ebusuku, kepha livame ukubonwa phakathi nosuku. Uchitha amahora emini emgodini azimbele wona. Lapho begaya enhlabathini ethambile, ibheji lisebenzisa imichilo namazinyo alo, liqonde ngasesithombeni, lizingcwaba emhlabathini bese inyamalala lingabonakali imizuzu ethile. Ukuhlomisa umhume, uvame ukuhlala emiseleni yakudala yezimpungushe namacoyote. Isebenzisa imisele yayo ngezinhloso ezingefani, enquma ubunzima benkimbinkimbi yedivayisi, ukujula nobude: ukuphumula kwemini, ukulala ebusika, ukuzalanisa noma ukugcina imithombo yokudlela. Ezinye izimbobo zisetshenziswa njengezesikhashana, zimbiwa uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi engalindelekile. Umgodi webiger owodwa ojwayelekile umhubhe ongamamitha ayi-10 ubude unegumbi lokudlela elisekujuleni okungamamitha amathathu ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba.
Idla izinduku nezinye izilwane ezincane: amagundane asensimini, ama-chipmunks, ama-squirrel omhlaba, ama-skunks, izinyoka, amaqanda namachwane wezinyoni ezidla phansi emhlabathini, izinambuzane nezibungu zawo, izibungu kanye ne-carrion. Imbongi yaseMelika iphinde futhi izingele ama-rattlesnakes, inyama yayo ethambile isencane ekunambithekeni kwayo. Uma ukuzingela kuphumelele, khona-ke bafihla ukudla okuningana egumbini labo lokudlela ukuze bakudle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uma i-badger idonswa ekhoneni, ingahlasela isitha sayo. Uboya obude nobunzima, izicubu zomsamo eziqinile zizivikela ngokweqile, ngaphezu kwalokho, ziyaluma, zikhuhle futhi zikhiphe iphunga elingemnandi kusuka kwizindlala zezitho. Ibheji ibuyela kancane emgodini oseduze, futhi, ifinyelele emgodini, isuka ngaphakathi kumakhati okungena. Uma kungekho umgodi ofanele eduzane, isilwane siqala ukusimba masinyane, siphonse ukungcola kanye nomhlaba ngqo ebusweni bomhlaseli. Isibi sihlanzeke kakhulu, ngaso sonke isikhathi sifihla udoti wakhe, futhi uvame ukuzihlanza ngokuphelele, akhothe ijazi lakhe. Enyakatho yebanga nasezintabeni iwela ebusika ubuthongo izinsuku eziningana noma amasonto. Ngesikhathi sokulala, izinga lokushisa lomzimba liyehla, futhi ishayela lihamba ngesigamu. Ukungena emgodini lapho ulele, ibheji livame ukuvala kusuka ngaphakathi. Ebusika, kwesinye isikhathi ibheji lishiya ikhaya laso isikhashana, kepha lingahambi phambili lisuka emgodini wedlula i-250 m.
I-Badger yaseMelika isilwane esifunda ezweni. Ingxenye yesilisa izungezwe yizigaba zabesifazane abaningana. Ama-Badger awavikele imingcele yamapulani, kepha ngokuphepha agada umgodi wawo ekuhlaselweni ngabantu ongabazi. Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa kanye nokutshala inzalo, kuholela ekutheni ube yedwa.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezi-6. Owesifazane uzalela amabheji oku-1 kuya ku-5 esidlekeni esihlelwe ngokujulile ngaphansi komhlaba umgodi oyinkimbinkimbi. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa azisizi ngalutho futhi ziyizimpumputhe, zimbozwe ngoboya bezikhala. Amehlo avulwa ngeviki lesine. Ukucashiswa kuthatha cishe amasonto ayi-6.
(Meles meles)
Ihlala cishe yonke i-Europe (ngaphandle kwezifunda zasenyakatho yeSifunda saseScandinavia, eFinland kanye nengxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia), iCaucasus neTranscaucasia, iCrimea, i-Asia Minor neCentral Asia, iSouthern kanye nePhakathi yeSiberia, eningizimu yeMpumalanga Ekude, iMpumalanga ye-China, iNhlonhlo YaseKorea, kanye neJapan.
Ubude bomzimba bungu-60-90 cm, umsila ungama-20- 20 cm, isisindo siphezulu sifike kuma-24 kg, ekwindla, ngaphambi kokufihlakala kwengqondo, sifinyelela kuma-34 kg.
Kutholakala ikakhulukazi emahlathini axubile nasema-taiga, okuvame kakhulu emahlathini asezintabeni; eningizimu yebanga kutholakala emaqeleni nasezindaweni eziwugwadule. Kunamathela ezindaweni ezomile, ezinamanzi amaningi, kepha eduze (kuze kufike ku-1 km) amadamu noma ezindaweni eziphansi ezinamamaki, lapho kuphakelwa khona ukudla.
Isibi sihlala emiseleni ejulile, emba emthambekeni wamagquma anesihlabathi, izigodi zamahlathi nezigodi. Izilwane ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane zinamathela ezindaweni eziyithandayo, njengoba kuboniswa izifundo ezikhethekile ze-geochronological, amanye amadolobha amabi aneminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ubudala. Abantu abangashadile basebenzisa imisele elula, enomnyango owodwa negumbi lokudlela. Izintaba ezindala zokudonsa izikebhe ziyisakhiwo esiyisisekelo sendawo enamatshe amaningi ngaphansi kwe-40-50) ukungena nokuvuleka komoya kanye nemigudu emide (5-10 m) okuholela kumagumbi endawo angama-2-3 abanzi afakwe udoti owomile, osendaweni yobude obuyi-5 m. Amakamelo okugcina izingane zivame ukufakwa ngaphansi kokuvikela i-aquifer, evimbela imvula namanzi angaphansi komhlaba ukuba angena kuwo. Ngezikhathi ezithile, izimbobo ziyahlanzwa ngamabheji, udoti omdala uphonswe ngaphandle. Imvamisa imibimbi ibanjwa nezinye izilwane: izimpungushe, izinja ze-raccoon.
Ibheji lihola indlela yokuphila yobusuku, yize livame ukubonwa ngesikhathi sasemini - ekuseni kuze kube ngu-8, kusihlwa - ngemuva kwamahora angama-5-6.
Badger omnivorous. Idla izinduku ezifana negundane, amasele, izibankwa, izinyoni namaqanda awo, izinambuzane nezibungu zawo, ama-mollusks, izilwanyane zomhlaba, amakhowe, amajikijolo, amantongomane notshani. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, ibheji kufanele lizungeze izindawo ezinkulu, ligudle izihlahla eziwile, lidabula amagxolo ezihlahla neziqu lapho lifuna izibungu nezinambuzane. Kwesinye isikhathi i-badger ithola amasele angama-50-70 noma ngaphezulu, amakhulukhulu ezinambuzane nezinyoni zomhlaba ngesikhathi sokuzingela okukodwa.Kodwa-ke, udla kuphela ama-0,5 kg wokudla ngosuku, futhi ngokuwa kuphela udla okuningi futhi ondle amanoni, okumsiza njengomthombo wokudla okunempilo ngesikhathi sokulala ubusika.
Lokhu kungukuphela kokumelela komfel 'ukholo, okucashile ubusika. Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, ibheji selivele lingo-Okthoba - Novemba lizungeza kuze kube uMashi - Ephreli; ezifundeni eziseningizimu, lapho ubusika buthambile futhi buhlala isikhathi esifushane, buyasebenza unyaka wonke.
Amabheji angamalungu omuntu oyedwa. Bakha ngababili ekwindla, kepha ukukhula kokuzala nokuzala kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezihlukile, ngakho-ke isikhathi sokukhulelwa, esinesigaba eside esisekupheleni, siyashintsha. Ukukhulelwa kwabesifazane kungahlala kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-271 (ngesikhathi sokukhula kwehlobo) kuya ezinsukwini ezingama-450 (ebusika). AmaCuba (2-6) azalwa: eYurophu - ngoDisemba - Ephreli, eRussia - ngoMashi - Ephreli. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, izinsikazi ziyavuselelwa. Amawundlu aqala ukubona kahle izinsuku ezingama-35-42, kuthi lapho esenezinyanga ezi-3 asevele ezondla wona. Ekwindla, ngaphambi kobusuku bokuzithokozisa, izingane ziyaqhekeka.
Izinsikazi ezincane zivuthwa ngokocansi ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, abesilisa kwesithathu. Isikhathi sokuphila sebheji singama-10-12, ekudingisweni - kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-16.
(I-Arctonyx collaris)
Kusatshalaliswa e-Southeast Asia: Bangladesh, India, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, cishe. ISumatra.
Ubude bomzimba bufika kuma-70 cm, isisindo esingu-7-14 kg.
Ihlala amathafa agcwele amahlathi, amahlathi e-alpine namagquma (i-teledu ikhuphukela kumamitha ayi-3 500 ngaphezu kolwandle), izindawo zamahlathi, amahlathi ashisayo (amahlathi), namasimu ezolimo.
Ihola indlela yokuphila yobusuku obusebusuku (kodwa eNdiya ingabonakala nasekuseni kakhulu noma kusihlwa), icashe emgodini ombiwe ngayo phakathi nosuku noma icashe ezindaweni zokukhosela zemvelo (imigodi ngaphansi kwamatshe noma odongeni, emibhedeni yomfula). Umsebenzi we-Peak eChina kusuka ngo-3 kuye ku-5 ekuseni futhi usukela ngo-19 uye ku-21 kusihlwa.
Lapho ihlaselwa umhlaseli, izivikela ngemichilo yayo namazinyo aqinile. I-telecud inesikhumba esindayo esivikela kahle emazinyweni ezitha. Ukudweba kusebenza futhi njengesixwayiso sokuthi kuyingozi futhi kungcono ukushiya wedwa. Njengamanye amaKunim, unezindlala ezingama-anal ezenza imfihlo engaqondakali.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi kusukela ngoNovemba kuya kuFebhuwari (Mashi), i-teledus ilala ebusika.
Ukudla kufaka: ama-Earthworms, ama-invertebrates, izimpande, izitshalo zezimpande nezithelo, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane. Uthola ukudla kubonga ngomqondo wakhe wephunga, futhi ngosizo lwe-molars kanye ne-incisors yomhlathi ophansi ukumba phansi emhlabathini.
Okungenzeka kakhulu, kuholela empilweni yodwa, ngoba esikhathini esiningi bahlangana kanyekanye. Kwesinye isikhathi kunezinsikazi ezihamba nenzalo yazo endaweni yendawo emgodini.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-10. I-teledu yesifazane izala imidlwane engu-2–4 (isilinganiso esingu-3). Izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa zinesisindo esingu-58 g .Ukuqunjelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezi-4. Ubungako bemidlwane yezilwane endala ifinyelela ezinyangeni ezingama-7-8.
(UMelogale umuntu)
Kusatshalaliswa eSoutheast Asia (Nepal, India, Burma, China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Java.).
Ubude bomzimba obungu-33- 44 cm, umsila we-15-23 cm. Isisindo - 1-3 kg.
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngokuziphatha kwesibi esibi. Uhola indlela yokuphila yasebusuku, kepha angatholakala nasekuhwalweni. Izilwane zichitha usuku lonke emgodini noma kwenye indawo yokukhosela. Imisele ngokwayo ayimbiwa, kepha imigodi esetshenzisiwe yezinye izilwane iyasetshenziswa. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kuyinyama yezwe, kepha, ekuzingeleni izinambuzane neminenekazi, kugibela izihlahla.
Ukuxhumana nezihlobo nokuvikela isebenzisa imfihlo yezindlala zezitho zomzimba. Lapho ibheji idabula endaweni yayo, imaka indlela yayo ukuze kamuva ifumane indlela bese ibuyela emuva emgodini. Umaka imingcele yesakhiwo sakhe ngamalebula afanayo, exwayisa ngokuthi usevele umatasa.
Amachaphaza, izintethe, amabhungane kanye nomhlonyane babandakanywa ekudleni. Endleleni, izingela izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane (amagundane amancane), kanye namaxoxo, ubuhlalu, izibungu ezincane nezinyoni. Idla i-carrion, amaqanda enyoni nokudla kwezitshalo (izithelo).
Kuholela kwendlela yokuphila ecashile neyodwa. Isigaba ngasinye sowesilisa sithatha ama-9-9 ha, bese sibeka izikhala zezinsikazi eziningana. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-57-80. Insikazi izala imidlwane engu-1-3.Ukuqunjelwa kuthatha amasonto angama-2-3.
(Lutra lutra)
Kwenzeka endaweni enkulu ehlanganisa cishe yonke iYurophu (ngaphandle kweNetherlands neSwitzerland), i-Asia (ngaphandle kweNhlonhlo yase-Arabia) kanye naseNyakatho Afrika. E-Russia, ayikho kuphela eNyakatho Ekude.
Ubude bomzimba wakhe buyi-55-95 cm, umsila wakhe ungama-26- 55 cm, kanti isisindo sakhe singama-6-10 kg. Amaphayi amafushane, anezinto zokubhukuda zokubhukuda. Umsila umsipha, awu-fluffy.
I-otter ihola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini, ukubhukuda kahle, ukudonsa nokuthola ukudla emanzini. Ihlala ikakhulukazi emifuleni ehlathini egcwele izinhlanzi, incane kakhulu emachibini nasemachibini. Kwenzeka ogwini. Incamela imifula enezimpophoma, inezigodi ezingenayo imvula ebusika, enamanzi ageziwe, agcwele amabhange anomoya ovunguzayo, lapho kunamakhosela amaningi athembekile nezindawo zokwakha imisele. Kwesinye isikhathi ihlela indawo yayo yokuqhuma emihumeni noma, njengesidleke, emahlathini eduze kwamanzi. Izikhala zomgodi wakhe zivulekile ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Izindawo zokuzingela i-otter eyodwa ehlobo zakha ingxenye yomfula kusuka 2 kuya ku-18 km ubude kanye ne-100 m ekujuleni kogu. Ebusika, ngokuncipha kwamasheya ezinhlanzi kanye noqokozo ngomhlonyane, kuyaphoqeleka ukuzulazula, kwesinye isikhathi kuwele ngqo phezu kwezikhukhula eziphakeme. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-otter yehla emthambekeni, yehlela esiswini sayo futhi ishiya umkhondo obonakalayo usesimweni somjondolo. Eqhweni naseqhweni, kugijima ngosuku kuze kufike ku-15-20 km.
I-otter idla kakhulu inhlanzi (i-carp, i-pike, i-trout, i-roach, i-gobies), futhi incamela izinhlanzi ezincane. Ebusika, kudla amaxoxo, impela njalo - izibungu ze-caddis. Ehlobo, ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi, kubamba ama-voles amanzi nezinye izinduku, futhi ezindaweni ezihlala zizingela izinyoni namadada.
Ama-Otter ayizilwane ezihlala zodwa. Ukuhluma, kuye ngezimo zesimo sezulu, kwenzeka entwasahlobo (Mashi - Ephreli) noma cishe unyaka wonke (eNgilandi). Ama-Otter mate emanzini. Ukukhulelwa - isikhathi sokugcina sifinyelela ezinsukwini ezingama-270, isikhathi sokukhulelwa uqobo sinezinsuku ezingama-63 kuphela. Izihlobo ngokuvamile zingamawele ama-2-5 angaboni. Ukuthomba kokuthomba kwenzeka ngonyaka wesibili noma wesithathu.
(Lutra maculicollis)
Kutholakala emachibini iVictoria neTanganyika, kanye nasezindaweni ezimanzi ezitholakala eningizimu yehlane laseSahara. I-otter ihlala eduze nemithombo yamanzi engapheli noma efa ngesikhathi sesomiso. Ikhetha amanzi ezolile nezindawo ezinamadwala, ezitholakala emachibini, ezixhaphozini, emifuleni, nasezigodini zezintaba ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Akangeni emifuleni enamachibi anamandla amanje angajulile futhi angajulile ngemijondolo.
Ubude bomzimba bufika kuma-57,5 cm, umsila ubude obuyi-33-44,5 cm. Isisindo sabesilisa singama-4-5 kg, abesifazane bangu-3.5-4 kg.
Iyasebenza nganoma isiphi isikhathi sosuku. Umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu uqala amahora angama-2-3 ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga noma ngemuva kokuphuma kwelanga. Ulala emgodini wakhe, ofanelekela eduze kwamanzi. Isigaxa sentamo esinamabala singezinye zezinto zokubhukuda ezinekhono kunawo wonke ama-otter anamanzi ahlanzekile. Izilwane ziyadlala futhi zichitha isikhathi esiningi zidlala namanye ama-otter, kepha zingadlala zodwa. Amanzi angajulile akhetha ukwedlula amanzi ajulile, ngoba kuwo inyamazane enkulu ivame - ama-cichlids. Ukudoba kwenziwa ngaphandle kwe-10 m ukusuka ogwini. Izibaya ezibukhali zibalulekile ekubambeni izinhlanzi ezizidla emsileni, kwesinye isikhathi ziphonsa amakhanda. Ukuqaphelisisa kukhombisile ukuthi imvamisa i-otter ibamba izinhlanzi kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-10-20.
Ukudla okujwayelekile izinhlanzi (ama-barbs, ama-clariasis, ama-haplochromis, i-perch-mouthed-ende, i-trout ne-tilapia), amasele, imifantu, izinambuzane, izinambuzane zasemanzini nezibungu zazo.
Kuholela endleleni yokuphila eyedwa, ngaphandle kokuthi insikazi inamawundlu. Amaqembu emindeni anjalo (abantu aba-3-4) angabonakala kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhulisa inzalo. Owesilisa unendawo enkulu lapho abesifazane abaningi bangahlala khona. I-otter ngayinye ithola indawo efinyelela ku-3.5 km yogu lolwandle. Ngokuqinile abayivikeli indawo yabo, vumela amanye ama-otter ukuthi azingele ngaphakathi kwawo.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-60-65. Insikazi izala imidlwane engu-2-3. Mncane ngejazi elilula loboya kuyazalwa. Baqala ukubhukuda ngeviki lesishiyagalombili. Ukuqunjelwa kuthatha amasonto angama-12-16.Ama-otter amancane adlala okuningi, okuwasiza kahle amakhono okuzingela. Njengoba bekhula, ama-otter asemancane ahlala futhi aphile impilo yokuzimela.
(Lutra sumatrana)
Kuhanjiswe e-Asia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Malaysia, eCambodia, Thailand, Indonesia). Isikhathi eside, le nhlobo ibithathwa njengeyinyamaqekile kuze kuthi, ngonyaka ka-1998, kutholakale inani labantu eThailand.
Ubude bomzimba buyi-50-82 cm, umsila ungama-35-50 cm.
Ihlala emahlathini anezihlahla ezinamanzi, umhlanga nomhlanga, imisele, iziwula ezisogwini kanye namahlume, izihlahla ezinamahlathi avuthiwe.
Cishe akukho lutho olwaziwayo mayelana nendlela yokuphila nokuzalaniswa kwale-otter.
(I-Lutrogale perspicillata)
Kusatshalaliswa e-Iraq, eNingizimu kanye naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eSouth China.
Ubude bomzimba nekhanda buyi-65.5-79 cm, umsila - 40.6-50.5 cm. Isisindo - 7-11 kg.
Ukuphila ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene - imifula emikhulu kanye namachibi, ama-Peat Bog amahlathi, izihlahla zem mangango ngasogwini nasezigcekeni, amasimu erayisi, izindawo ezinamadwala (ngasemifuleni emikhulu). Gwema ubumba oluvulekile nolwandle olunesihlabathi.
I-Smooth otter isilwane senhlalo engajwayelekile. Abesilisa nabesifazane bahlala futhi bakhulise abantu abasha ndawonye. Ngokusobala, insikazi ibusa kuzo zonke izilwane eziseqenjini.
Indawo yokudla yeqembu elinjalo ithatha indawo engamakhilomitha angama-7 kuya ku-2 futhi ifaka umgodi owodwa noma ngaphezulu ongenayo inlet eyodwa ngaphansi kwezinga lamanzi. Imingcele yezindawo imakwe yizinqwaba zodoti nokuvikeleka kwemisipha yezindlala ze-anal ezisezandleni zomsila. Ama-Otter asebenzisa iphunga ukunquma imingcele yendawo nangendlela yokuxhumana: amaka imifino, amadwala acwebile noma umngcele wendawo yawo.
(I-Pteronura brasiliensis)
Ihlala emahlathini emvula asesigodini saseAmazon. Uhlelo lomfula, lapho kutholakala khona i-otter enkulu, luhlanganisa nemifula ye-Orinoco neLa Plata.
Ubude bomzimba bufika kumamitha amabili (okuthi kuwo kube ngama-70 cm umsila) nesisindo somzimba ngaphezu kwama-20 kg.
I-otter enkulu iyasebenza ngesikhathi sasemini futhi ayinamahloni kakhulu. Emanzini, uzingela izinhlanzi nezinyoni zamanzi, emhlabeni, awadeleli amagundane namaqanda ezinyoni. Ukuzingela kuhlelwe ngamaqembu, okungukuthi, amalungu aleli qembu elinjalo lokuzingela aqhubela inhlanzi komunye nomunye.
Indawo yokuhlala ingumgodi, isango lokungena ngaphansi kwamanzi, kutholakala ithoyilethi lomphakathi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ubheka inyamazane emanzini esobala ngamehlo ayo, nangamakhonkco azwelayo ngezansi nangamanzi anodaka. Eminyakeni engu-2-3 ubudala, ama-otter amancane ashiya iqembu lomndeni liyofuna insimu yalo. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwabo, abajoyina amaqembu asevele akha, ngaphandle kwalapho kungenzeka ukuthi kungene elinye lamalungu eqembu eliphambili. Uma i-otter yehluleka ukuthola insimu yayo futhi iqale umndeni, ibuyela kubazali.
I-otter enkulu iyisilwane esinenhlalo enkulu ehlala emaqenjini emindeni (ama-4-8, kwesinye isikhathi aze afike ku-20), lapho insikazi ingeyompetha - ungumnikazi wesinyathelo sokukhetha isikhathi nendawo yokuzingela nokuzilibazisa. Owesilisa ovelele uxosha ama-otter angaphandle kwesayithi lomndeni, futhi wonke amalungu omndeni abamba iqhaza empini nabephula umngcele. Izilwane eziningana zihamba njalo emingceleni yensimu. Iqembu liqukethe i-pair yokuzalanisa, imidlwane eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ezindala nezilwane ezincane. Imvamisa inani labesilisa nabesifazane alifani. Umbhangqwana ozalanayo ukhashelwa komunye nomunye: balala ndawonye emgodini owodwa, futhi ngesikhathi sokuzingela bahlala eduze. Ubukhulu besakhiwo sokuzingela umndeni sincike enkathini (12-23 km eceleni kwechibi noma i-20 km eceleni kwechibi). Imingcele yendawo iphawulwa ngephunga lezindlala ze-anal kanye nokukhuhlwa. Onke amalungu eqembu agcina ubudlelwane obusondelene nomunye nomunye: anakekela izinwele zomunye nomunye, ayadlala, alale futhi azingele ndawonye, futhi anakekele inzalo, athathelane omunye nomunye emsebenzini eduze komgodi.
Asikho isikhathi esithile sokuzala. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-65-70. Owesifazane osemgodini uzala imidlwane engama-3-5 enesisindo esingama-200 amagremu. Ekuzalweni, amawundlu asevele enezindawo zokukhilimu. Uboya bumsundu okhanyayo, njengoba bukhula lukhula lube mnyama.Esontweni lesine, kuvuleka amehlo, ezinyangeni ezimbili bafunda ukubhukuda futhi bazame ukudla inhlanzi. I-lactation ihlala izinyanga ezi-5.
(I-Lontra canadensis)
Ihlala eNyakatho Melika isuka e-Alaska naseCanada cishe kuyo yonke indawo e-United States, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezomile zaseTexas, Arizona, Nevada neCalifornia eningizimu kuya eMexico.
Ubude bomzimba buyi-90-120 cm, umsila ngu-32-46 cm. Isisindo - ukuya ku-14 kg.
Imvamisa ihlala ngaphakathi kwamakhulu wamamitha ukusuka emthonjeni wamanzi, kepha azithobeki kunoma yisiphi isimo sezulu nomhlaba.
Idla izilwane zasemanzini, ikakhulukazi ama-amphibians, izinhlanzi, ama-spiny lobsters, ama-crustaceans namanye ama-invertebrates asemanzini. Kunezimo zokuhlaselwa kwezinyoni zamanzi nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane. Uma kungekho okunye okuphakelayo, ama-otter adla amajikijolo (ikakhulukazi ama-aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) nezithelo. Cishe i-80% yokudla okuphelele kwe-otter yomfula kuqukethe izinto zasemanzini.
Indlela yokuphila ye-otter yomfula waseCanada isemanzini. Imilenze yangaphambili imfushane kuneyasemuva kwemilenze, evumela ama-otter ukubhukuda kahle. Lapho izilwane zibhukuda kancane, ziqaqa ngawo wonke ama-paws amane. Ngesikhathi ukubhukuda okusheshayo noma ukudonsela phansi, i-otter icindezela izindwani zayo zangaphambili ezifushane ezinhlangothini zomzimba, bese iqala ukusebenza ngemilenze nangemuva eqinile, okudala ukunyakaza okufana nokugagasi. Ingenza ukujika okubukhali ngomsila wayo wemisipha, yize imilenze nentamo kudlala indima enkulu ekulawuleni nasekuhambiseni ukunyakaza. I-otter yaseCanada ingantshonela ekujuleni kuka-18 m.
Amehlo e-otter ahlelwe ngezimo zokuzingela ngaphansi kwamanzi. Emanzini anodaka, lapho kubonakala kungahambi kahle, ama-otter azingela ngenxa yamadevu azwelayo, ezwa ukuthi ukudlidliza kwamanzi akhiqizwa isisulu esingaba khona.
Ama-Otter ayizidlakudla ezisebenza kahle. Babamba inyamazane yabo emihlathini, hhayi ngezihlakala. Izilwane ziyadlala, zithanda ukuntywila kusilika noma iqhwa, uvame ukuhlangana neqembu lokudlala ama-otter.
Uboya obufudumele bugcina umzimba ufudumele futhi womile, ngisho nasemanzini apholile ebusika. Ukuthengiswa kwamanzi kuyinika i-grease ekhethekile. Kodwa ukuze uboya lugcine izakhiwo zalo, ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela kuyadingeka kukho, lapho otter esebenzisa isikhathi esithile. Lapho ufuna izindawo ezintsha, i-otter ihamba ngemifula noma imifudlana esikhundleni sokuhamba emhlabeni. Futhi entwasahlobo kuphela, oster abasha bafuna indawo yabo, bahambe nangasemhlabeni.
Kwenzeka ngokubodwa noma ngababili, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ama-otter agcinwa ngamaqembu amancane. Njengomthetho, amaqembu anjalo angumndeni owakhiwa ngumama nenzalo yakhe.
Izindawo zokuzingela eduze komfula ama-otter zikhulu futhi zivame ukufaka amakhilomitha amaningana (kwesinye isikhathi sifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-40-50) ogwini lomfula, ezivakashelwa njalo yizilwane lapho zizingela. Ubuningi besilinganiso sabantu 1 i-otter eyodwa kumakhilomitha amane omfula. Abesilisa banamapulani amaningi kunawesifazane. Ama-otter ayindawo, kepha abekezelela kakhulu abantu angabazi, futhi azama ukugwema umphakathi womuntu ngamunye ngokumaka imingcele yezindawo ngephunga lawo (imfihlo ekhishwe endlebeni ngaphansi komsila, umchamo kanye nezindunduma).
Owesifazane abesilisa nabesifazane bafaka imgodi emgodini phakathi kwezimila ezibunjiwe eduze kwamanzi noma emgodini onokungena ngaphakathi kwamanzi nangaphansi komhlaba. Kusuka emagatsheni amancane otshani ngaphakathi emgodini kwakhiwa isidleke. Insikazi ine ngazimbili ezine zezingono. Owesifazane uyakwazi ukuzitholela izinsuku ezingama-20 emva kokuzalwa kobusha.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-10-12. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, amaqanda ahlukanisa isikhashana, kepha angathinti udonga lwesibeletho, futhi izinyanga ezimbili kuphela ngaphambi kokubeletha, ahlangana nomzimba womama futhi aqedele ukukhula kwawo. Insikazi izala imidlwane engama-2-5 embozwe ngokuphelele ngoboya. Amehlo avuleka ngemuva kwamasonto angama-3-4. Lapho eneminyaka emibili izinyanga, imidlwane iqala ukubhukuda. Ukuqunjelwa kuthatha amasonto ayisikhombisa. Kuze kube iminyaka engu-6 izinyanga, insikazi inakekela amawundlu iyodwa, khona-ke ubaba ngesinye isikhathi uqala ukunakekela inzalo. Ama-otter amasha eqenjini lomndeni afunda ukubhukuda, ukuhudula nokuzingela. Ngonyaka sebevele sebezimele ngokuphelele. Umama osemncane uyahamba lapho esekulungele ukubeletha udoti olandelayo. Cishe yingxenye kuphela yenzalo eqhubeka ifinyelele eminyakeni engu-2-3 ubudala.Isikhathi sokuphila ngokwemvelo yiminyaka eyi-12-15, ekudingisweni kuze kube yiminyaka engama-23.
(Lontra felina)
Kwenzeka esifundeni esishisayo nesishisayo sogu lwePacific lwaseNingizimu Melika (ukusuka enyakatho yePeru kuye esiqongweni esiseningizimu yeCape Horn). Inani elincane labantu liye lasinda eArgentina ogwini olusempumalanga yeTierra del Fuego. Le nhlobo yethulwa esiQhingini saseFalkland, lapho yalethwa khona ngabalimi boboya, lapha manje bahlala ngamaqembu amancane. Ngasenyakatho, i-otter yolwandle ayiqhubeki ngaphezu kuka-6 ° S, eningizimu - akukho ngaphezulu kwe-53 ° S.
Ubude bomzimba - cm 57.0-78.7 cm, ubude bomsila 30.0-36.2 cm. Isisindo somzimba - 3.2-5.8 kg.
I-otter yasolwandle, ngokungafani nabalingani bayo, ihlala kuphela olwandle futhi eduze kwayo. Ihlala esifundeni se-littoral esiseduze namawa amawa, lapho kuvunguza khona imimoya enamandla. Bahlala ezindaweni ezivalekile kanye nezindawo zeziyingi zemifula ezihambisana nokuhamba nokugeleza kwe-2.0-2,5 m, ngamabhange anophahla oluminyene lwamabhasi nezihlahla ezincane, afinyelela ezingeni lamanzi.
Izitha eziyinhloko whales zokubulala (imikhomo yokubulala). Ama-otter amasha azingelwa oshaka, izinyoni zasolwandle ezidla inyama nezilwane.
I-otter yolwandle iyamangaza; iyazondla endaweni emanzi. Ukudla kufaka imifula (i-Lithode antarctica), ama-mollusks, inhlanzi, izinyoni zamanzi nezinye izidalwa eziphila olwandle. Kwesinye isikhathi ingena emfuleni ifuna i-shrimp enamanzi amnandi (iCriphiops caementarius). Esikhathini sokuvuthwa, kudliwa izithelo zezitshalo ezisogwini ezivela emndenini we bromeliad. Ukuqhathaniswa kwalokhu kudla: inhlanzi (30%), ama-crustaceans (40%), ama-mollusks (20%) nokunye ukudla (10%).
I-otter yasolwandle iyisilwane esinamahloni futhi esifihlayo, esihola (ikakhulukazi) indlela yokuphila yesikhathi sasemini (kwesinye isikhathi ingaba nokusebenza kusihlwa nasekuntweleni kokusa). Emanzini, izilwane zichitha ama-60-70% ezimpilo zazo zibandakanyeka ekuzingeleni nasekutholeni ukudla. Izintanta emanzini, ziveza kuphela ikhanda nekhanda elingaphezulu.
I-otter yasolwandle ibamba inyamazane yayo eyi-100-500 m ukusuka ogwini, inyukela ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-30-50, igxuma eduze kwamadwala nasezinyeni ze-algae. Dive ngalinye lihlala imizuzwana engu-15-30. Lolu hlobo alusebenzisi amatshe njengethuluzi lokwehlukanisa amagobolondo angama crustacean, njengoba kwenza umfula otter.
Yize ama-otter olwandle eyizilwane zasemanzini ikakhulukazi, kwesinye isikhathi ahamba ngomhlaba, asuka ogwini aye kumamitha angama-30 futhi ngesikhathi sokulandela inyamazane kuphela, angakhuphuka aze afike kumamitha ayi-500. Emhlabeni, ama-otter akhuphuka kahle impela edwaleni. Izilwane zithanda ukukhululeka otshanini obukhulu obukhula ogwini eduze komphetho wamanzi, imvamisa akukhona ngaphezu kuka 2-2,5 m ukusuka emanzini. I-otter's lair ingumhubhe nomgodi lapho enye yama-manholes iholela emhlabeni futhi iholele emathangeni aminyene. Sonke isikhathi lapho izilwane zikhululekile ekuzingeleni, ziyaphumula. Izindawo eziyizintandokazi zokuphumula zitholakala ezimvinini eziminyene. Amalaphu asetshenziselwa ukubeletha inzalo, ukondla, ukuphumula nokulala. Ama-sea otter athanda ukuphumula elangeni, ahlala ematsheni cishe ngamamitha ayi-1 ngaphezu kolwandle. Ama-Otter ahlela izindlu zabo zokudla nezindawo zemibhede ezindaweni eziningi zokudla.
I-otter yasolwandle ihola indlela yokuphila yodwa. Ubuningi besilinganiso sobukhulu babantu ngu-0,5 otters ngekhilomitha yolunye ugu. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-otter atholakala emaqenjini wababili kuya kwabathathu, kepha akusekho okunye. Njengomthetho, bakhetha ukuhlala kungekho ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-200 ukusuka komunye nomunye. Lezi akuzona izilwane zasendaweni futhi, ngaphandle kobutha bodwa, zihlobene nokubonakala kwezinye izilwane zezinhlobo zazo esizeni. Izintokazi eziningana zingahlala esizeni esisodwa, okubandakanya izizathu zokuzingela, izindawo zokuphumula nemisele. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-otter amaka ngomchamo kanye namadwala endle namalondolo, kepha ngokuvamile kuvame ukungalalazi endaweni elala kuyo.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-60-70. Insikazi izala imidlwane emibili (kwesinye isikhathi i-4-5). Ukucashiswa kuthatha izinyanga ezimbalwa. Intsha ihlala nabazali bayo izinyanga eziyishumi. Abazali baletha ukudla emidlwane futhi babafundise ukuzingela.
(I-Lontra longicaudis)
Kuhanjiswa kusuka eMexico kuya eSouth America (e-Uruguay, eParaguay, eBolivia, eBrazil, enyakatho yeArgentina).
Ubude bomzimba buyi-50-79 cm, umsila ungama-37.5-57 cm.Isisindo somzimba - 5-15 kg.
Kuhlala amachibi, imifula, amachibi nezihlambi zezindawo ezahlukahlukene zemifudlana etholakala emahlathini acijile nanohlala njalo, i-savannah. Ukulungiselela ukuhlala emifuleni ehlanzekile, egeleza ngokushesha. Kunobufakazi bama-otter aseNingizimu Melika ahlala emigodini yokunisela yamasimu erayisi nomoba eGuyana.
(Amblonyx cinereus)
Kusatshalaliswa e-Indonesia, South China, South India, Asia nase Philippines.
Ubude bomzimba nekhanda buyi-45-61 cm, ubude bomsila buyi-25- 35 cm. Isisindo somzimba singama-2,7-5.4 kg.
Ihlala ezindaweni eziphansi futhi ezinemithambeka yaseNingizimu Asia. Izindawo zokuhlala eziyinhloko: imifudlana emincane, izixhaphozi ezingekho emasimini kanye namasimu erayisi, ezindaweni ezisehlane nezasogwini. Gwema amanzi ajulile.
Idla imifantu, iminenke, ama-lobster, ama-mollusks, amasele nezinye izilwane ezincane zasemanzini.
I-otter engenamikhawulo ichitha isikhathi esiningi emhlabeni kunezinye izinhlobo zama-otter. Njengomuntu odotshwa ngogwayi, uthola inyamazane, egoba phansi ngezidladla zayo, eqonda odakeni olungaphansi futhi eguqula amatshe. Paws otter izinyembezi ziziwanyane ngaphambi kokuwuthumela emlonyeni wakhe. Ama-Otter ukuphela kwezilwane ezincelisayo, ngaphandle kwezinduna, ezikwazi ukusebenzisa “izandla” zazo njengabantu. I-Shellfish enegobolondo le-otter elinamandla iyahlanzwa ibuyele ogwini bese ibekwa elangeni. Ngemuva kokulinda ama-mollusks ukuba abuthaka bese bezivula, izilwane ziyazidla.
Ama-otter athule ayizilwane zenhlalo, ezihlakaniphe kakhulu futhi ezinelukuluku. Lapho bengalali, bayadlala, babhukude noma baqubuke phansi odakeni. Enye indlela yokuxhumana nama-otters ngumdlalo. Lapho ama-otter engazingeli futhi edlala, ahlala ematsheni, amise elangeni, noma abhukude ngobuvila. Bakha izimbobo eduze kwamanzi ngomhubhe ophumayo obembiwa ngokujulile okungama-90 cm ngaphansi kwamanzi, imvamisa ngomnyango owodwa ngaphezulu ngaphezulu kwezinga lamanzi. Ama-otter angenasisekelo anezinhlaka ezibuthakathaka, ngakho-ke angakwazi ukumba izimbobo kuphela enhlabathini ethambile kakhulu, kaningi asebenzisa indawo yokuhlala yemvelo noma esebenzisa izimbobo zezinye izilwane.
Ama-otter angenantambo aseMpumalanga ayizilwane zomphakathi. Izinsikazi ezi-monogamous zibusa amadoda. Ama-otter amaningi, njengoba esefinyelele ekuvuthweni ngokomzimba, ahlala nabazali bawo, ngaleyo ndlela enza amaqembu abantu abangu-4-12 futhi afinyelela kwabangu-20. Kwezokuxhumana, ama-otter asebenzisa ukuxhumana okuzwakalayo nephunga. Basebenzisa iphunga ukunquma imingcele yendawo futhi banikeze imininingwane mayelana nomuntu (ubulili, ubunikazi, isikhathi phakathi kokuvakasha). Iphunga le-otter ngayinye lifana nomuntu ngamunye njengenye yeminwe.
Kukhona amalitha afinyelela kwababili ngonyaka. I-Estrus ku-otter yowesifazane wasempumalanga engenacala ihlala izinsuku ezingama-3, futhi uma umanyolo ungazange wenzeke, umjikelezo uyaphinda futhi emva kwezinsuku ezingama-28. Owesifazane olungele ukulethwa kwemvelo ufaka isifuba ngephunga le-musky kusuka kwizitho ezinephunga elimnandi (elisezansi komsila). Owesilisa, njengoba esebambile leli phunga, ngokushesha uqala ukunakekela kakhulu umlingani wakhe, okubandakanya yena emidlalweni eyandulelayo yokuzalela. Izithombo zikhuliswa ngabazali bobabili. Iduna liletha inyamazane yalo mama kanye nenzalo kuze kube yilapho imidlwane isiqala ukuzingela ngokwayo.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-60-64. Kunamawundlu angama-2-6 kulitha, azalwa enqunu futhi engenakusiza. Isisindo sazo singama-40-50 g, ubude baso bube ngamasentimitha ayi-14. Ubisi olusempumalanga engenamakhompiyutha lunamafutha kakhulu (okuqukethwe okunamafutha kucishe kube kasithupha kunobisi lwenkomo), ngaphandle kwalokhu, izingane zikhula kancane. Amehlo avulwa ngosuku lwe-40. Kumaviki awu-9 ubudala, aqala ukubhukuda, kuthi ezinsukwini ezingama-80 adle ukudla kwabantu abadala.
Isikhathi sokuphila endalweni yiminyaka eyi-12-16, ekudingisweni - isibalo seminyaka engama-22.
(I-Aonyx capensis)
Kusatshalaliswa e-Afrika kusuka eSenegal kuya e-Ethiopia, eningizimu kuza eSouth Africa, enyakatho kuya e-Abyssinia. Ejwayelekile eGuinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Senegal, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia naseZimbabwe. Okuncane okuvame kakhulu e-Angola, Benin, Botswana, Chad, Sierra Leone, Swaziland nase-Uganda, ogwini lwe-Ivory Coast.
Ubude bomzimba nekhanda bungama-60-100 cm, umsila - 40-71 cm.Isisindo sisuka ku-12 kuye ku-15 kg.
Kuhlala amahlathi ashisayo, amathafa avulekile kanye nogwadule. Imvamisa ihlala eduze nomthombo wamanzi (imifula egeleza kancane, eceleni kwamachibi noma emifudlaneni).
Idla imifino, ama-spiny lobsters, ama-mollusks kanye namaxoxo. Okuvame kakhulu ekudleni kwaso kungaba ngamafudu akhona, izinhlanzi, izibankwa, izingcingo zamanzi kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezisondelene namanzi.
Ngendlela yokuphila, izilwane zasemanzini neziseduze kwamanzi. I-otter engenamakhanda ithanda amachibi amancanyana. Iningi labantu lihlala emizimbeni yamanzi ahlanzekile, abanye bahlala ogwini. I-otter engenamabala kufanele iphuze amanzi amasha ngakho-ke, ngokufanele, ihlala eduze kwemithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile.
I-otter ichitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwayo emanzini, ibhukuda ngaphezulu futhi idonsa ibambe inyamazane. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, i-otter iyawa phansi ngamawindi ayo phansi, phakathi kwamatshe nodaka. Lapho i-otter ibona inyamazane, yehla iqonde phansi, iyibambe, ibuyele ebusweni. Sibambe inyamazane, umhlaseli ubamba amathe ayo, futhi uma kunesidingo siyazisiza namazinyo ayo.
Lapho kudliwa izilwane ezihlaseliwe, i-otter engenamakhanda isebenzisa izibuko zangaphambi kwamazinyo namazinyo aqinile angaqhoboza amagobolondo e-mollusk. Ukuze uvule ama-sink ahlala isikhathi eside, isebenzisa itshe njengethuluzi. Ngemuva kokuzingela, i-otter iphuma emanzini, igoqeke otshanini noma esihlabathini ize yomile, ihlanze uboya futhi imvamisa ibuzane nezinto ezahlukahlukene: izihlahla, iziqu, izihlahlana zobumba, amadwala acwebile, bese kuba khona ama-otter elangeni.
Izindawo zokugcoba zitholakale eduze kwezindawo zokuhlanza nezokuphumula, kepha ama-otter angenasisekelo amaningi ase-Afrika asebenzisa izindawo ezikhethekile eduze nendawo yokugcina izindlu zangasese. Ibanga ukusuka “ethoyilethi” ukuya emanzini lifinyelela kumamitha ayi-4,2. Iningi lokudonswa (85%) le-otter lishiywe ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-7 ukusuka emanzini kanye nama-15% laze laya ku-15 m ukusuka emanzini. I-otter ehlala ogwini iyazingela olwandle nasezixhotsheni ezisogwini ngamanzi amasha. Ngesikhathi sesomiso, kuphoqeleka ukuzulazula lapho ufuna izimo ezifanele.
Ukuphumula kosuku noma i-lair, i-otter engenamacembe ivame ukusebenzisa imisele ebunjiwe ezinye izilwane, noma itholakala emithanjeni yezimila ebunjiwe osebeni lomfula noma eziqhingini. Kwesinye isikhathi uhlela indawo yakhe yokulala ngaphansi kwamadwala, izikebhe, izihlahla eziwile noma ngaphansi kwehlathi elinophahla. Emhlabathini onesihlabathi, i-otter uqobo imba izimbobo. Eminye imisele ibinokufakwa okuningana okubekwe ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwezinga lamanzi, kanti imigudu yokumbiwa isuka ku-1.9 iye ku-2.9 m ubude. Okungenayo kungama-246-361 mm ukuphakama nama-32-85 mm ububanzi (kuya ngosayizi womgodi ophethe). Umgodi uphela emgodini onobubanzi obungama-30-40 cm, ohlale ufakwe imifino. I-otter ine-lair yayo engaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-15 (ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-50) echibini lamanzi ahlanzekile. Amakheli angomakhelwane angaphakathi kwekhilomitha elilodwa lomunye.
I-otter engenamakhanda yase-Afrika, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyisilwane esizimele ngasese, kepha ngasikhathi sinye izilwane zigcinwa ngamaqembu ahlobene, izindawo zokuzingela ezivame ukudlula. Abesilisa bazingela amakhilomitha angama-17, abesifazane - 14, yize bachitha iningi lempilo yabo ngaphakathi kwendawo yabo yasekhaya, okuyisigamu sosayizi wokuzingela. Ama-Otter avela emindenini ahlala endaweni ngokuvamile ahlala ndawonye, ngokuvamile avikela ngokuhlanganyela imingcele yeziza zawo kubantu angabazi.
Ukukhulelwa lkbncz cishe izinsuku ezingama-63. Insikazi izala imidlwane engu-2-5 (ngokwesilinganiso - 2-3). Imidlwane esanda kuzalwa iyimpumputhe futhi izalwe imbozwe ngompunga onsomi ompunga, noboya obunqabile obungakhuli. Eminyakeni yangesonto elilodwa, imidlwane inesisindo esingama-260 g, namasonto amabili ubudala - 700-1400 g.Izinganyana zivuthwa esikhathini kusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-16 kuye kwezingama-30. Owesifazane wondla imidlwane ngobisi: unamabili amabele wezingono zesifuba. Phakathi kwamasonto ayi-8 kuya kwayi-16 ubudala, imidlwane engenasici ithola cishe amagremu angama-330 lilinye. ngeviki. Owesifazane uyeka ukondla ubisi ezinsukwini ezingama-45-60 ubudala. Izinyosi zihlala nonina unyaka noma ngaphezulu.
(Enhydra lutris)
Sisatshalaliswa eRussia Far East, ogwini lwase-Alaska nasogwini lweCalifornia.
Amadoda amadala anesisindo esisukela ku-22 kuye ku-45 kg futhi akhula ngobude ukusuka ku-120 kuya ku-150 cm.
Ama-sea otter adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu emvelweni yolwandle, elawula inani lama-urchins olwandle. Ukuzala kabusha okungalawulwa kwalezi zinhlwathi kuholela ekubhujisweni kwe-algae, okubuye kube nomphumela omubi wokuphindaphindeka kuhlelo lwemvelo yasolwandle.
Ama-sea otter ahola indlela yokuphila yansuku zonke, echitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini. Njengamanje, ama-sea otter ahlala ezindaweni ezingenakufinyeleleka kubantu, ngokwesibonelo, esiqhingini saseMednoy, asalokhu elele emhlabeni ngamamitha ayi-10- 10 ukusuka emanzini, ikakhulukazi esimweni sezulu esinesivunguvungu. Lapho ulwandle lushubile, izilwane ezindala noma ezigulayo zivame ukuya ogwini, ngoba zingenawo amandla okumelana ne-surf. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsikazi zezilwandle zasenyakatho zivame ukuzala amawundlu emhlabeni: ogwini noma ematsheni asogwini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-otter olwandle ahlala ezindaweni ezakhiwe ngabantu, njengama-sea otter olwandle lwaseCalifornia, kuyaqabukela aphume emanzini. Umzimba we-otter wasolwandle umvumela ukuba alale ngokukhululeka emanzini ngenkathi elele emhlane wakhe, njengoba amaphaphu esilwane enziwa ngokweqile futhi ekwazi ukubamba umoya owenele ukuze isilwane sikwazi ukululawula kalula udoti. Noma kunjalo, imvelo yasemanzini yiyona engokwemvelo futhi iphephe kakhulu kuma-solter olwandle. Ama-otter olwandle avumelaniswa kakhulu nokuhamba emanzini kunasemhlabeni; emanzini lapho izilwane zithanda ukudla ukudla okukhiqizwayo. Esimweni sezulu esipholile, abasebenza olwandle bashiya ugu olungamakhilomitha angama-25, ngesikhathi sesiphepho bathanda ukuhlala emanzini angajulile.
Ama-otter olwandle ayizilwane ezinomusa kakhulu, zombili ezihlobene nezinye nezilwane eziseduzane, ngaphandle kwalezo ezifakiwe ekudleni kwazo. Ama-sea otter anokuthula ngokuthula ngezimpawu zoboya, amabhubesi olwandle, uphawu, kwesinye isikhathi abelana ngemibhede yawo. Ukulwa phakathi kwalezi zilwane kuyivelakancane kakhulu. Ukuxabana kuphakama phakathi kwabesilisa bendawo, kepha ezimweni eziningi kungokomfanekiso.
Ama-sea otter kwesinye isikhathi ahlala eyedwa, kepha kaningi ngamaqembu amancane ngaphandle kwezimpawu zenhlangano yobukhosi. Manje ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi amaqembu anjalo abanabaholi abakhonjiswe ngokusobala. Ezinye izilwane kwesinye isikhathi zishiya amaqembu anjalo, kwesinye isikhathi izihambi zijoyina amaqembu, abanye abantu bahlangane nabahle ngokwendalo, hhayi ngenkani, njengoba kwenzeka nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo. Amaqembu anjalo ngokwawo, njengomthetho, akhiwa ahlukanisiwe futhi aqukethe noma kungaba owesilisa, noma insikazi eyodwa, noma insikazi enamathole. Akukho ukunyakaza okuhleliwe kwamaqembu anjalo kwama-sea otter atholakele. Emini, iqembu lama-otter olwandle libhukuda endaweni engaba ngu-5.5 km 2, futhi abanye abantu akuvamile ukubhukuda okungaphezu kwamakhilomitha amabili ngosuku. Akukho ukufuduka kwesizini kuma-otter olwandle. Njengoba ama-otter olwandle besifazane anamathele endaweni ethile kunabesilisa besifunda, amaqembu awagcini ngokuqinile ekwakhekeni kwezilwane. Ukwakhiwa kwamaqembu kwenzeka ezindaweni ezifanayo, okulula kakhulu ukuphumula, kuvame ukutholakala emathangeni aminyene kakhulu we-brown algae. Ama-single femering sea sea kwesinye isikhathi amboza amabanga abaluleke kakhulu.
Ama-otter olwandle ahola indlela yokuphila esebenzayo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, asebenzisa amandla amaningi ekugcineni umzimba wawo ugcina ukushisa (38 ° C), echitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini. Kulokhu, ama-otter olwandle adinga ukudla nsuku zonke ngenani lama-20-25% wesisindo somzimba. Izinga lokutholwa kwama-metabolism ama-otter olwandle liphindwe amahlandla ama-8 kunalawo ezincelisayo zomhlaba osayizi ofanayo. Ngakho-ke, badla ama-otter olwandle kaningi futhi okuningi.
Ukudla kwama-sea otters kuncike endaweni, kepha kuhlale kunama-urchins asolwandle, ama-mollusks kanye nama crabs. Imvamisa ama-sea solter athela inyamazane emanzini angajulile futhi aqoqe inyamazane kusuka ezansi ephaketheni elingajwayelekile elenzelwe yisikhwama sesikhumba futhi elitholakala ngaphansi kwesihlahla sangakwesobunxele sangaphambili.(Isikhwama esifanayo sitholakala ngaphansi kwesidladla sokudla, kepha ama-sea otter awasisebenzisi, ngoba, ngokusho kokubonayo, onke anesandla sokudla). Ngemuva kokuthatha amasampula amaningana, ama-solter solter atholakala emajukujuku phezu kwamanzi bese asusa indlela ethile emgqonyeni ngamunye emaphaketheni awo, awavule noma awephule, bese ewadla. Ngezikhathi ezithile, i-otter yolwandle iguqulwa ibe ngu-360 ° emanzini ukuze kuhlanzwe isisu kusuka ekuqhekekeni, futhi ephaketheni kulokhu kusebenza akuyona into engenalutho. Ukusebenza okunjalo kubalulekile ukugcina uboya buhlanzekile.
Idivaysi yonke yephakethe lesisu le-otter yolwandle imvumela ukuthi adle izinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla. Ngempela, ngesikhathi sendlala, kwesinye isikhathi ama-solter solter ayaphoqwa ukuba azingele ngisho nezinyoni zasogwini, futhi kwesinye isikhathi, ngokusho kwabazingeli, badla inyama yezilwane eziwile, ikakhulukazi izimpungushe ze-arctic. Ama-otter olwandle aphuza amanzi olwandle, futhi ngamanani amakhulu kunezinye izilwane zasolwandle, okungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yokudla kwabo okuqukethe inani elikhulu lamaprotheni.
Ama-otter asolwandle azinazo izikhathi zokuphawula, ngakho-ke, ukukhula nokuzala amawundlu kwenzeka unyaka wonke. Abanye ososayensi, kodwa, baphawula imvamisa ephakeme kakhulu yokuvuthwa kwentwasahlobo kwezinye izindawo zokuhlala.
Ama-otter olwandle besilisa afinyelela eminyakeni yobudala engama-5-6 (futhi agcine amandla okuzala kuze kube sekupheleni kwezimpilo zabo), izintokazi - imvamisa ngeminyaka emi-4, kaningi ngeminyaka emi-2-3. Ukuqomisana kuvame ukwenzeka kuma-otter olwandle ngendlela edlalwa kakhulu futhi enyakazayo. Owesifazane nowesilisa babhukuda futhi bangene ngokulandelana isikhathi eside kuze kuqale inqubo eqondile yokuzalelisa. Ukuhlangana ngokwako kwenzeka njalo emanzini, kepha kutholakala okuhlukile ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokuhlala, kodwa-ke, kuwuphawu lokuthi owesilisa ubamba insikazi ngamazinyo akhe ngekhala, kuthi ukukhula kwayo kuphume ngokuluma okubuhlungu. Kulokhu, abesifazane abanokuhlangenwe nakho kokuzala banesibazi esibonakalayo ekhaleni labo. Kokubili ngesikhathi sokuphola futhi ngesikhathi sokuphola, owesilisa utholakala emanzini, ubuso bawo bubheke phansi, kwesinye isikhathi bugcina owesimame bungaphansi kwamanzi. Kulokhu, ezimweni ezingakaze zibonwe, ukukhula komzimba kungabulala abesifazane. “Imindeni” yama-otter olwandle inesithembu, okungukuthi, owesilisa angafaka izinsikazi eziningana ngasikhathi sinye. Owesilisa uhlala nowesifazane izinsuku ezingama-3-5 futhi ngalesi sikhathi uyamvikela kubaqhudelani, noma kunjalo, izingxabano phakathi kwabesilisa cishe azikaze ziphenduke izimpi, kodwa zixazululwa esiteji sokusongela okungenzeka kube khona.
Ukukhulelwa kuma-otter olwandle besifazane kuqala ngokubambezeleka, umbungu ekuqaleni udlula esigabeni sokugcina esihlala izinyanga ezi-2, lapho singanamathiseli odongeni lwesibeletho (cishe izinhlobo eziyi-100 zezilwane ezincelisayo ezinalesi sici, lokhu kuvumela umzimba womama ukuthi ukhethe isikhathi esihle kakhulu se-metabolic for ukukhulelwa uqobo). Ukukhulelwa ngokwako kuthatha izinyanga eziyisithupha (izinyanga ezingama-7-8 enyakatho yolwandle).
Abesifazane kwabesifazane iningi lezindawo ezisetshenziswayo zenzeka emadwaleni nasogwini. Ezimweni ezingama-99%, kuzalwa iwundlu elilodwa ("ibhere"). Ezimweni ezingavamile, amawele azalwa, kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile yibhubesi elilodwa kuphela elingasinda. Amacembe azalwa ngombala onsundu ngombala, enesisindo kusuka ku-1.5 kg, embozwe ngosana phansi. Ukuphakanyiswa kwamawundlu angabafokazi kuvamile phakathi kwama-sea solter, ngakho-ke amawundlu esibili angaphila uma amukelwe ngowesifazane oshonelwe yinqola yakhe.
Ama-solter osanda kuzalwa izinyanga eziningana awakwazi ukuzimela ngokwawo futhi ancike ngokuphelele kunina. Abesilisa abahlanganyeli ezinqubweni zemfundo futhi balahla abesifazane ngosuku noma ezimbili ngemuva kokuzala. Zonke izinyanga zokuqala zokuphila kwasolwandle, umama umgcina esiswini, ayondle, ayifundise futhi ayihlanganise, ngezikhathi ezithile ishiya ingane yakhe ematsheni noma emanzini ngenkathi izitholela ukudla. Ngalezi zikhathi, i-otter encane yolwandle ibhoboza i-alamu, ilinde umama ukuba abuye.Umuntu osanda kuzalwa olwandle angakwazi ukuzimela phezu kwamanzi esesimweni esikhulu, njenge- "float", kodwa engakwazi ukubhukuda, azitholele owakhe ukudla futhi angazi ukuthi uzomelana kanjani. Ama-otter olwandle ancike ngokuphelele kunina kusuka ezinyangeni ezi-5 kuye kwezingu-15 (isilinganiso sezinyanga eziyisithupha), ukushona kwezinsana kuphezulu impela: cishe ama-30% amawundlu afa ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila.
Ngenyanga yokuqala, umama usuthisa kuphela ibisi ngobisi lwalo, olufana kakhulu nokwakheka ubisi lwezinye izilwane zasolwandle kunobisi lwezinye izidakamizwa, futhi lunamafutha angama-23%, amaprotheni ayi-13% ne-1% kuphela ye-lactose. Emva kwalokho, uqala ukondla ingane "ngokudla kwabantu abadala". Kancane kancane, umama ufundisa amawundlu izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuzingela, adle ukudla “okulungile”, ukuhlanganisa namanye amakhono.