Isihloko Sombuso WaseRussia Isifunda saseNovosibirsk siyingxenye yeSifunda Sombuso saseSiberia. Indawo yayo ngamamitha-skwele ayi-178.2. km Lesi sifunda sasungulwa ngo-1937. Imingcele neKazakhstan, i-Altai Territory, i-Omsk, iTomsk neKemerovo Regions. Ababili bokugcina bake baba yingxenye yalo. Ngokusho kwedatha ka-2015, bangu-2746822 abantu abahlala kuyo, kubandakanya neNovosibirsk.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesifunda kanye nemithombo yezemvelo
Imifula i-Ob ne-Om igeleza esifundeni sayo. Ngaphezu kwamachibi anamazinga ehlukene kasawoti, isifunda sinaso isixhaphozi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - iVasyugan. Isimo sezulu sinamazwekazi okushisa okujwayelekile okunguJanuwari - 20 ° С noJulayi + 20 ° С. Isifunda sinezindawo ezintathu zemvelo: i-steppe, ihlathi kanye ne-taiga. Amahlathi anamahektha angaphezu kwezigidi ezine. noma ingxenye yesihlanu yensimu. Phakathi kwezimila ze-conifers kuqala. Umhlaba wezilwane umelelwa yilezi zinhlobo ezinjengalezi: ibhere, imvukuzane, inyamazane edonsa, i-beaver, impisi, impungushe, i-hare, i-otter, i-capercaillie, i-hazel grouse nezinye.
Kutholwe imali engaphezulu kwama-500 yamaminerali ahlukahlukene esifundeni. Lezi yilezi: i-oyili, igesi, amalahle kanye namalahle e-coking, ubumba, i-peat, i-titanium, i-zirconium, imabula, igolide njalonjalo.
Izinsizakusebenza zemvelo zesifunda zingabizwa ngokuthi izinkuni, okuthi izinqolobane zazo zibalwe kumamitha ayi-278 ezigidi. m., nezwe elinokuphakama okuningi kwezinto zemvelo zemisakazo: i-uranium, i-radium ne-radon.
Ungcoliso lomsakazo
I-Radon igesi yemvelo engenawo umbala noma iphunga. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezejwayelekile, isinda kakhulu kunomoya ngakho-ke igxila ezindaweni eziphansi, emaphaseleni nakumakamelo angaphansi, lapho ukugcotshwa kwakhona kungadlula isilinganiso esivunyelwe kakhulu ngamashumi ezinikhathi. Kepha okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi yi-radioactive. Futhi, ngakho-ke, kuyingozi kubantu. Ngenxa yokungagxili kwayo, ingena ngaphakathi emifantweni yenhlabathi. Ingena emanzini, ipheshana lokuphefumula futhi i-iradiates enezinhlayiya ze-alpha. Ensimini yedolobha kunezindawo ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili lapho igesi ifinyelela khona phezulu namanzi e-radon.
Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, kwakuyizinto ezifakwa emisakazweni izinto ezaba yindaba yocwaningo lwesayensi, kwabe sekwakhiwa amabhizinisi ezimboni zezenuzi. Njengamanje, iningi lalawa mabhizinisi awasasebenzi, kepha amasayithi angaphezu kwama-200 anokungcola okukho emsakazweni asekhona. Umthombo wamanje wokungcoliswa kwemisebe komoya womkhathi womhlaba, inhlabathi namanzi oMfula i-Yeltsovka-2 yiNovosibirsk Chemical Concentrate Plant.
Ukuphathwa kwendle
Inkinga elandelayo yedolobha ukungcola kwezimboni nokwasendlini. Imfucumfucu yezimboni incishiswa kancane kancane, ngenxa yokuqedwa kokukhiqizwa kwamabhizinisi amaningi. Kepha idolobha elinabantu abahlala ngaphezu kwesigidi elilodwa likhiqiza ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2 cubic metres. m. wokungcola kwasekhaya ngonyaka. Emadolobheni kuphela kubekelwe imingcele yokwebiwa komhlaba engama-170. Kodwa-ke, lezi zindawo azihlangabezani nezindlela zokuhlanzeka, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, azicubunguli imfucuza - udoti uqongelela futhi udinga ukususwa kanye nokungcoliswa komhlaba omusha.
Ukukhishwa komoya
Ukungcoliswa komoya ngamagesi aqeda amandla. Umthombo wabo oyinhloko akuyona imboni, kodwa ezokuhamba ngomgwaqo, inani lazo liyanda unyaka nonyaka. Kepha nalapha futhi, kunobuntu bayo obukhethekile. Ipaki yezimoto iyaguga. Inani lokukhipha kanye nenqwaba yezinto ezinobuthi kuzo liyanda. Lezi yilezi: i-nitrogen dioxide ne-carbon dioxide. Izinga lenyanga lokweqa izinga lokuhlushwa elivumelekile lokugcina lingafinyelela izikhathi eziyi-18. Ngaphezu kwalezi zinto, imingcele yokuhlaselwa komoya ye-formaldehyde, uthuli, i-phenol, ne-ammonia idluliwe.
Isabelo sesibili ngobukhulu ekungcoleni komoya wedolobha yizitshalo zamandla nezindlu ezi-boiler zamabhizinisi wezimboni nawomasipala.
IVovosibirsk esigabeni sokungcoliswa komoya wasemkhathini yenzeka phakathi kweSt.
Ucwaningo ngesimo semvelo seNovosibirsk. Isilinganiso senani lokukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi emoyeni womuzi. Ukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi yokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi nokukhucululwa kwendle. Izinhloso zokulawulwa kwemvelo. Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wokuvikela izinsiza zemvelo.
Isihloko | Ukulondolozwa kwemvelo nokulondolozwa kwemvelo |
Buka | okungabonakali |
Ulimi | IsiRussia |
Usuku Lungeziwe | 01.06.2015 |
Usayizi wefayela | 27.3 K |
Ukungcola kwendle
Inkinga ephuthumayo yeNovosibirsk ukungcoliswa kwemvelo yimfucuza yasendlini. Uma umsebenzi wamabhizinisi ancishisiwe, imfucuza yezimboni iba ngaphansi. Kodwa-ke, inani lokungcola okuqinile komasipala liyanda minyaka yonke, isibalo sokushiswa komhlaba siyakhula. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kudingeka izingosi eziningi zokugcwaliswa komhlaba.
p, blockquote 6.0,0,1,0 ->
Wonke umuntu ohlala khona angathuthukisa imvelo yedolobha uma esindisa amandla, amanzi, elahla udoti emgqonyeni, ephephula amaphepha angcolile, futhi engalimazi imvelo. Umnikelo omncane womuntu ngamunye uzosiza ukwenza imvelo ibe ngcono futhi ithandeke kakhudlwana.
p, blockquote 7,0,0,0,0 -> p, blockquote 8,0,0,0,1 ->
Ukuhambisa umsebenzi wakho omuhle kwisisekelo solwazi kulula. Sebenzisa ifomu elingezansi
Abafundi, abafundi abaneziqu, ososayensi abancane abasebenzisa isisekelo solwazi ezifundweni zabo nasemsebenzini bazokubonga kakhulu.
Kuthunyelwe http://allbest.ru
UMnyango Wezemfundo Nesayensi Yezwe LaseRussia
IFederal State Budgetary Institution Institution of Higher Education
ISerieri State University of Geosystems and Technologies
(FSBEI KU "SGUGiT")
Umnyango Wezemvelo Nezokuphathwa Kwemvelo
"Izinkinga zemvelo zeNovosibirsk"
Kuqediwe: ISt. I-21
1. Isimo semvelo sedolobha laseNovosibirsk
2. Ukukhipha izinto eziyingozi emoyeni womuzi
3. Umfula i-Ob endaweni yaseNovosibirsk
4. Ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi nokukhucululwa kwendle eNovosibirsk
Izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa isimo sendawo ezungeze izidumbu zamanzi edolobha
6. Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nezinyathelo zemvelo
Idolobha lethu alilikhulu kangako futhi zonke izinqubo zemvelo ezenzeka kulo zixhumene kakhulu.
Ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi kuholela ekunciphiseni kwezinsizakusebenza zemvelo edolobheni laseNovosibirsk, ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali kungadala umdlavuza wesikhumba kubantu, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni diokhethi endaweni eyodwa kusheshise ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu sisonke.
Ubudlelwano bezomnotho nezemvelo bukhula ngokushesha futhi buzibonakalisa ku:
1. Ukuqinisa ukuncika kwezomnotho. Kuze kube muva nje, umsebenzi womuntu kanye nemiphumela yako kuchazwe ngokucacile. Ngemuva kwalokho imingcele ekhona yaqala ukunyamalala. Inguquko yezimboni kanye nokuguqukela kwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe kuvulele indlela yokwakheka komkhakha wokuhamba kwezimpahla, owokusebenza nezimali.
2. Ukwanda komthwalo emvelweni ngenxa yokwanda kwesibalo sabantu. Ukubona imiphumela emihle yentuthuko yezomnotho nomnotho. Kungashiwo ukuthi ukushona kwezingane kwehlile, isilinganiso sokuphila isikhathi sempilo sikhuphukile (sisuka kumaphakathi kweminyaka engama-60 saya ku-62), amanani okukhula kokudla adlule inani lokukhula kwesibalo sabantu.
Intuthuko kwezokwelapha yasindisa abantu ezifweni ezithile futhi yanikeza impumuzo kwabanye.
Kwezolimo, i- “Green Revolution” yenzeka - ukukhiqizwa okusanhlamvu kukhuphuke ngezikhathi ezingama-2.6, okuvumela ukuthi kukhule ukusetshenziswa komuntu ngamunye ngama-25- 40%.
Idolobha laseNovosibirsk libhekene nezinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo, ezisenza sinake kakhulu ukuxhashazwa kwezinsizakusebenza zemvelo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuxhashazwa okwengeziwe kwemithombo yezemvelo, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle okuyinto ebalulekile emnothweni.
IKomidi Ledolobha laseNovosibirsk Lokuvikelwa Kwemvelo Nezemvelo lilinganisele izindlela zokuvikela imvelo futhi libhekele ukuhlelwa kokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo ngokuhlanganisa ukubukeza kwezemvelo lonyaka ka-2005 wedolobha laseNovosibirsk.
Ngokwesakhiwo sendawo yasemadolobheni, ama-34.2% athathelwa indawo yokuhlala, u-12.6% uhlala endaweni yokukhiqiza, ama-37,8% yizindawo zokuzithokozisa nezindawo zokuzijabulisa (kufaka phakathi iziza zasengadini). I-8.5% - izidumbu zamanzi, u-6.9% - okunye, okubandakanya ukufakelwa komhlaba namathuna. Ngaso leso sikhathi, u-28.6% - indawo yedolobha ihlalwa yizindawo zokukhiqiza nezindawo yokugcina izinto.
1. Isimo semvelo sedolobha laseNovosibirsk
Isimo semvelo saseNovosibirsk sixhunywe kakhulu nezinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu: ukungcoliswa kwenhlabathi kanye nezimo zemisebe.
ENovosibirsk, kumiswa cishe amamitha ama-cubic metres ngonyaka. indlu eqinile futhi engaba ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-500 kadoti wezimboni. Imfucuza enjalo inenkinga enkulu yedolobha. Cishe zibalelwa ku-1,500 000 zamamitha, lapho kuthunyelwa khona amabhizinisi komhlaba, kanti ingxenye igcinwa emabhizinisini, kanti enye ingxenye iya ekuphakameni komhlaba okungakahlelwanga, imfucumfucu yeqhwa, imvamisa etholakala ezigodini nasezikhukhuleni.
Endaweni yasemadolobheni kunabantu abangafika ku-170, okuyindawo ephelele engaba ngamahektare ayi-14. Eminyakeni yamuva, inhlabathi izithathele yona wonke umthwalo wethonya le-anthropogenic futhi ukuvela kwayo kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi. Izinkinga ezinkulu zesimo esibi somhlabathi zihambisana nokuguguleka kwazo okukhulu, izikhukhula, imfucuza yemfucumfucu yezindlu kanye nezimboni, ukuphazamiseka kokubukeka komhlaba ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwenhlabathi, ukungcoliswa kwendalo isikhathi eside nezidakamizwa ezinosawoti, usawoti wezinsimbi ezisindayo, imfucumfucu enomsakazo, imikhiqizo kaphethiloli, amaminerali, i-nitrate, izibulala-zinambuzane zezifo zabantu nezifo. izilwane.
Futhi, enhlabathini yaseNovosibirsk, kutholakale okweqile kokuqukethwe kwangemuva kokukhula okuphindwe kayishumi noma ngaphezulu. Ukulahlwa kukadoti komasipala okuqinile edolobheni akuhlomile ngokuhambisana nemigomo esebenzayo. Imfucuza egciniwe ihlala ivutha njalo, umoya ungcoliswe ngothuli, umquba, i-nitrogen oxides, i-hydrogen sulfide nezinye izinto eziyingozi.
I-Ecology yeNovosibirsk iyalawulwa. Ngemuva kwenhlekelele esesikhungweni samandla enuzi yaseChernobyl ezingeni likahulumeni, kwathathwa isinqumo ngophenyo oluyimpohlakalo lokungcoliswa kwemisebe yamadolobha enabantu abaningi abangaphezu kwesigidi. Kusukela ngo-1988, izifundo ezinjalo ziye zenziwa emkhakheni weNovosibirsk.
Ukungcoliswa kwemisebe ye-Technogenic eNovosibirsk kwasungulwa kusukela kuma-40-50s. ngenxa yemisebenzi yokukhiqiza yamabhizinisi nezikhungo zomkhakha wezenuzi. Amabhizinisi amaningi awasatholakali, kepha iminxa yemisebenzi yawo iyavela kulo lonke idolobha manje. Lokhu kufakazelwa ukutholwa kwezindawo ezingama-217 zokungcola kwe-radioactive cishe kuzo zonke izindawo. Inani elikhulu lezindawo zokungcola i-radioactive zitholakele esifundeni saseKalinin (131), lapho kutholakala khona iNovosibirsk Chemical Concentrate Plant.
Njengomphumela womsebenzi, cishe zonke izindawo zokungcola kwe-radioactive zenziwe zangasebenzi, ngaphandle kwalezi ezimbili ezinkulu, okuyile: indawo engcolisiwe endaweni yokuvikela izindlu zangasese iNPZhK kanye nesikhukhula somfula. I-Yeltsovka-2. Kufanele ukuthi kuqhubeke ucwaningo olunemininingwane ye-radiometric yesifunda saseKalininsky. Kusuka kulwazi lomsebenzi owenziwayo, kungenzeka ukubikezela ukukhonjwa kwezindawo ezingakaze zibonwe zokungcola komsakazo kanye nesidingo somsebenzi wokuhlukanisa endaweni eyi-1 ha.
Sekukonke, singasho ukuthi njengamanje lesi simo sokungcola kwemisebe yendawo yedolobha asisibi kangako kunaseminyakeni edlule, kepha yize kunjalo, imali yabiwa minyaka yonke esikhwameni semvelo sedolobha ngemisebenzi ehlose ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabantu emisebeni.
INovosibirsk, eyisikhungo esikhulu sezimboni, umthambo wezokuthutha waseSiberia, ibophekile ukuthi ibe nohlelo lwesimanje oluthuthukisiwe lokuqapha isimo semisebe, esiyingxenye yohlelo olulodwa lombuso.
Lokhu kuboniswa yindawo esendaweni yesifunda saseNovosibirsk, emngceleni wezindawo ezingaphansi kokungcoliswa kwemisebe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwenyukliya (i-Altai Territory) kanye nokukhishwa kwengozi ngephutha (iTomsk Region), isikhundla sendawo yelesi, okufaka isandla ekuqokeleleni kanye nomthelela kubantu bama-radionuclides wemvelo, imisebenzi yamabhizinisi asebenzisa i-radioactive izinto zokusetshenziswa (NZHK). Idolobha linamabhizinisi angaphezu kwekhulu, izikhungo zezokwelapha, izikhungo zokucwaninga ezisebenzisa imithombo yerediyo emisebenzini yazo futhi zidinga ukulawulwa kokuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwazo.
INovosibirsk iyindawo enkulu yokuhamba lapho imithwalo yezempahla nezinto zemvelo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-radioactive, zidlula futhi zifike. Konke okungenhla kukhombisa isidingo sokubheka isimo semisebe ohlelweni olulodwa oluhlelekile.
Izifunda eziyisishiyagalombili kweziyishumi zedolobha laseNovosibirsk zitholakala ngaphakathi kwenqwaba yamagranite ngokugxila okuphezulu kwezinto zomsakazo zemvelo - i-uranium, i-thorium, i-potassium kanye ne-radium ne-radon ehlobene nayo, ebeka engcupheni yokuvezwa kwabantu emithonjeni yemvelo.
I-Radon igesi yemvelo ye-inert engenawo umbala noma iphunga. Njengomthetho, ebusweni bomhlaba, i-radon ayihlanganisi ekujuleni kobungozi kubantu, kepha njengoba iphindwe izikhathi eziyi-7.5 kunomoya, iyakwazi ukugxila ezingxenyeni ezivaliwe zezakhiwo, amakamelo, izindawo eziphansi, njll. ngobuningi obwedlula iMPC ngamashumi ezikhathi.
I-Radon ingena futhi ngaphakathi emifantwini emadwaleni, ngokusebenzisa inhlabathi, ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuhambisa indle namanzi, ngokusebenzisa amanzi. I-Radon ingakhipha izinto zokwakha. Imikhiqizo yokuwohloka kweRadon ihlala ezinhlayiyeni zothuli eziqukethwe emoyeni, ingena ohlelweni lokuphefumula futhi ifudumeze umzimba ngezinhlayiya ze-alpha, okungaba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Umsebenzi wezomnotho, umthelela embusweni wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba we-Ob reservoir, ukuthuthukiswa kwensimu ngaphandle kokuthatha umthelela wethonya lezikhukhula, kubhebhethekisa isimo se-radioecological edolobheni. Kukhonjiswe ngaphezulu kweshumi nambili lama-deponits amanzi e-radon edolobheni. Ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene zasendlini, inani elikhulu lemithombo lakhiwa ngokuqukethwe kwe-radon emanzini aphansi okwedlula amanani avumelekile. Ukusebenza kwabo okungafanele, isimo esiphuthumayo semithombo kuholela ekungcolisweni kwe-radon kwezingaphezulu eziphezulu kanye nokuwohloka kwesimo se-radioecological.
Isimo semvelo saseNovosibirsk ngeke sithinte isimo sezempilo yomphakathi.
Igalelo lezimoto ekukhutshulweni okuphelele kwedolobha ngonyaka we-2005 lalinganiselwa kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-187 / ngonyaka, futhi izingxenye zamakhemikhali zamagesi aqeda izimoto zifakiwe ngokuqinile ohlwini lwezinto ezingcolisa umoya oyisisekelo wedolobha. Ucwaningo lomoya womkhathi emigwaqweni emikhulu yedolobha "ephakathi kwengcindezi" lubonise ubukhona bomoya bezakhi zezimoto ezifana ne-carbon monoxide, i-nitrogen oxides, i-formaldehyde, ukuhola, njll., Ekugxiliseni okwedlula amanani avumelekile ngonyaka we-1,1 ukuya ku-10. Emigwaqweni emikhulu, inani lamasampula anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ezinobungozi kusuka ku-40 kuye ku-100%.
Ukukhula kwesibalo sezimoto emigwaqweni yaseNovosibirsk eminyakeni emithathu edlule kufinyelele ngaphezulu kwama-25%. Ngokwesibikezeli esikhona, eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo ukukhula kwesibalo sezimoto eNovosibirsk kuzoqhubeka. Ngokukhula kwemikhumbi yezimoto zasedolobheni, ukwanda kokuphuma kokungcola emoyeni nakho kuzokwenzeka.
Ngokukhula kwemikhumbi yezimoto zedolobha, kukhona ukwanda kokuphuma kokungcola emkhathini. Ngokusho kwesimo sezulu esikhona, ukukhula kwesibalo sezimoto eNovosibirsk kuzoqhubeka eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo.
Uma unikezwe izimoto ezikhulayo zezimoto, inani eliphansi lokuvuselela, amathemba abuthakathaka wejubane lokuthuthuka kwezinye izindlela (ngokwesibonelo, kubaluleke kakhulu) ukusebenzisa izinqolobane ezitholakalayo ukunciphisa umthelela omubi wemikhumbi esimweni semvelo samanje sedolobha nangesikhathi eside.
2. Ukukhipha izinto eziyingozi emoyeni womuzi
Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa komoya: izimoto, uwoyela namabhizinisi wamandla nemithombo ephansi yemikhakha yezinkampani ezizimele (ama-chimney).
Inani eliphelele lokukhipha i-2005 lalingamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-11.9. Lokhu kungenxa yokwanda kokukhishwa kwezobuchwepheshe ngenxa yokukhula komkhiqizo, ukwanda kwezithuthi zabashayeli kanye nokwenyuka kwezindleko zikagesi owashisiwe.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ukungcoliswa komoya embonini yamandla kagesi. Amabhizinisi anjengokuthi: amayunithi we-CHPP-2, i-CHPP-3, i-CHPP-4, i-CHPP-5 yegatsha leGeneration leNovosibirskenergo OJSC lingcolisa umkhathi. Amandla wokukhishwa kokungcola emabhizinisini akwa-JSC "Novosibirskenergo" avezwe etafuleni:
Amandla okukhuculula ukungcoliswa yiNovosibirsk TPP, amathani ayinkulungwane.
Imisebe eyenzelwe umuntu nemvelo
Ngaphansi kweSoviet Union, amabhizinisi amaningi embonini yenuzi - imithombo ye-radiation - asebenza eNovosibirsk. Namuhla, cishe izingxenye ezingama-200 ezinemisuka eyengeziwe yemisebe zitholakala eduze nefektri. Emkhathini kukhona:
Kodwa ukungcoliswa kwemisebe yenhlabathi yesiFunda seNovosibirsk kwenzeka hhayi kuphela ngenxa yomthelela wethonya: i-granite slab lapho leli dolobha likhona liqukethe i-radon. Le nto enomsakazo iyingozi empilweni nasekuphileni kwabantu.
I-radon yemvelo ihlangana kalula nomoya, inhlabathi enoshevu namanzi amdaka. Ososayensi bakufakazele ukuthi ubuthi be-radon buyinto yesibili ejwayelekile eholela ekuhlaselweni umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ababhemayo badalulwa ikakhulukazi kwi-radon.
INovosibirsk ingelinye lamadolobha ayishumi “anomdlavuza” kakhulu ezweni. Eminyakeni emithathu eyedlule, inani labaphethwe ngumdlavuza lenyuke ngo-4%. E-dispensary, kubhaliswe okungenani ama-10% abantu besigidi esisodwa nesigamu se-megalopolis.
Emingceleni yeNovosibirsk kuphela, okungenani izindawo eziyishumi nambili lapho kwatholakala khona igesi enobuthi iphumele ngaphandle.
Umoya ongcolile
Inkinga yokungcoliswa kwezimboni iyasebenza emadolobheni amakhulu. Imidondoshiya enkulu yezimboni esebenza ngo-oyela, chemistry, nomkhakha osindayo ingcolisa umkhathi ngezinkulungwane zamamitha angama-cubic. Kepha usongo olukhulu emoyeni ezokuhamba. Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa:
- ezokuthutha - i-66% yokuphuma,
- imboni - 4.5%,
- izindlu ezibandakanya ama-boiler (4%) nokukhishwa kwezinhlangano ezizimele.
Ukuqoqwa kwezinto ezinobuthi ngaphezulu kwe-metropolis kudlula okujwayelekile ngezikhathi eziyi-18. Umkhathi ungcolile:
- isikhutha
- benzapyrene,
- i-nitrogen (isikhutha kanye ne-fluoride),
- phenol
- i-ammonia
- ngokusemthethweni.
INovosibirsk yathuthuka njengesikhungo sezimboni. Imisebenzi emisha iheha abantu abavela esifundeni, inani labantu liyakhula - kunezithuthi zomuntu siqu. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi inkinga yokungcola komoya ibe yimbi kakhulu.
Odokotela babheka ukungcoliswa komoya njengembangela eyinhloko yomdlavuza wesikhumba, uhlobo “oludumile” kakhulu lwe-oncology eNovosibirsk. Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke seziguli ezisezindaweni eziphakathi (lapho izimoto zidla umoya komoya) nasezindaweni zezimboni.
Amanzi anobuthi
I-Inya ne-Ob kuyimifula ephambili yesifunda saseNovosibirsk. Banikeza abahlali ngamanzi, kepha ngasikhathi sinye bangcoliswa yidolobha uqobo kanye nomakhelwane balo.
I-Ob ithola indle evela eNovosibirsk nase-Altai Territory bese iyiyisa eNovosibirsk Reservoir, lapho amanzi ehlanza khona kancane. Amabhizinisi asezimboni ahlala elahla imfucuza emfuleni, okwenza isimo somvelo sibe sibi kakhulu.
Uhlelo lokwelapha amanzi emadolobheni aluphelele, ngakho-ke awukwazi ukuphuza empompini. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa, kumele ibiliswe noma ihlungwe.
Izazi zemvelo ziphawula ukuthi isifunda saseNovosibirsk asinazo izindawo zokugcina eziphephile. Ngo-2018, kwavulwa amabhishi angama-15 kuphela ukubhukuda, angama-5 kuwo asesigabeni sesifunda. Iningi lezidumbu zamanzi alesifunda zithathwa njengezingakulungele ukubhukuda ngenxa yokungalandeli imigomo yokuhlanzeka.
Ukungcola
Umkhiqizo ongenakugwenywa wokuphila komuntu udoti oqinile kamasipala. Kunezindawo zokulahla imfucuza eziqinile ezingama-41 esifundeni saseNovosibirsk, kodwa azikho izindawo ezanele zokulahla imfucuza. Ngenxa yokugcwala kwemfucumfucu yedolobha, abantu basemadolobheni bahlela okwenzeka ngasese - emahlathini nasezigodini.
Isifunda asicubunguli imfucuza. Enye indlela yokulondolozwa kwemfucumfucu ingaba yinsinerators. Manje kukhona ibhizinisi elilodwa elinjalo elisebenzela sonke isifunda, kepha amanani entengo yokuqoqa udoti akhona aphakeme kakhulu kunokwembiwa komhlaba, ngakho-ke izinsizakalo zomphakathi zikhetha ukulahla imfucuza ngendlela yakudala. Ngokusho kwabezemvelo, izitshalo ezi-5 zinganela iNovosibirsk nezindawo ezikuyo zihlanzwe udoti.
Abahlali bendawo ngokumelene nokwakhiwa kwezitshalo zokuphinda zisebenze kabusha. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa uhlelo oluzungeza imvelo.
Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi
Ukwenza ngcono isimo semvelo esifundeni saseNovosibirsk kungasiza izikhala eziluhlaza ezihlanza umoya ongcolile. Kepha izihlahla ezintsha azitshalwa. Futhi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuyaqhubeka.
Imibhikisho yokuqothulwa kwehlathi yenzeka njalo eSiberia, futhi iNovosibirsk nayo iyodwa. Isihlava sakamuva sibandakanya ukugawulwa kwezihlahla ezungeze idolobha. Amahlathi abekade enamapulazi ahlanganyelwe futhi akha “isivikelo esiluhlaza” sedolobha elikhulu manje angawabantu abazimele. Izishoshovu zikholelwa ukuthi izinkuni zithengiswa phesheya, futhi inzuzo ethengiswayo kubanikazi bamahlathi iyabiza kakhulu kunezezinto eziphilayo.
Amahlathi eNovosibirsk awadingeki njengezindawo zokuzilibazisa. Bahlanza imifula, bavikele ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, balondoloze imvelo yesifunda.
Ukuhlanza
Izishoshovu zemvelo nabaphathi bedolobha bayaqonda ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuvumela isimo ukuba sihambe. Umuntu ungcolisa idolobha - umuntu awuhlanze.
Ama-subbotniks nemicimbi yezemvelo, ukuhlanzwa kwezindawo eziluhlaza namachibi, kanye nezindawo zokuzijabulisa kuqhutshwa esifundeni. Ngakho-ke, umphumela wochungechunge lwama-eco-marathons kwaba ukunqunyelwa ngokuphelele kwelinye lamabhishi, lawo kwavalwa ngenxa yokungahambisani nezindinganiso zokuhlanzeka. Manje ukubhukuda kuvunyelwe futhi.
Iziphathimandla zasekhaya sezingenele uhlelo lokuphucula isimo semvelo sendawo. Inika:
- ukuqapha kwasemkhathini
- ukuvikelwa kwamanzi
- Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha imfucuza yokusetshenziswa,
- ukuqaphela imvelo,
- ukubuka izwe
- qinisekisa ukuphepha kwemisebe.
Bahlela ukwedlulisa izindlu ezibhemayo zedolobha kanye nokuhamba komphakathi kugesi kaphethiloli, ukukhulisa abasebenza ngokuzimele: ngokusho kwabezemvelo, amapayipi esitofu akhipha izinto eziyingozi kakhulu emkhathini kunazo zonke izitshalo zokushisa namandla ezihlanganisiwe eNovosibirsk.
Eziteshini zikaphethiloli, ukuthengiswa kaphethiloli nodizili onokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule sekuvinjelwe. Isilinganiso sinciphisa inani lokuhola emoyeni. Kwethulwe ukulawulwa kobuthi bezimoto.
Ukunakwa kukhokhelwa "isihlangu esiluhlaza": bavame ukwenza ukuhanjiswa kwendle, ukuvuna, ukubuyisela ezinye izihlahla ezintsha. Amaqembu ezenzo akhuthaza umbono wezivumelwano zokuqoqwa kukadoti nezinkampani ezizimele zangasese.
Isimo semvelo edolobheni
Singakwazi ukwahlukanisa imithombo ephambili elandelayo, njengomphumela lapho umoya wedolobha ungcolile:
- ezokuthutha (zifinyelela ku-66%),
- umsebenzi wamabhizinisi (4,5%),
- amakamelo we-boiler womphakathi (4%),
- ukukhishwa kwezinhlangano ezizimele (ikakhulukazi kuma-chimney).
Isimo semvelo esibhakabhakeni
Kusuka kumathani angama-300 kuye kwangama-360,000 wezinto ezahlukahlukene ezingcolisa umkhathi akhishwa esitsheni somoya saseNovosibirsk minyaka yonke.
Ukuhlushwa kwabanye babo kudlula izinkambiso ezivumelekile.
Iningi lasemoyeni kukhona i-formaldehyde (kusuka kuma-3 kuye ku-4,5 ukujula okuvumelekile okuvumelekile), i-benzapyrene (kuze kufike ku-3 MPC), i-nitrogen dioxide (ukusuka ku-1,2 kuye ku-1,3 ukugxila), i-ammonia (kuze kufinyelele ku-1.2 ukugxila), kanye i-nitrogen fluoride (okufika ku-1.1 ukugxila) nothuli (kuze kufike ku-1,2 MAC).
Ukungcoliswa kwesimo sezulu
Futhi, isimo semvelo saseNovosibirsk, namanye amadolobha amakhulu, asigcini nje ezintweni ezilimazayo ezikhipha emoyeni, kodwa futhi nasezintweni ezihlukene zezulu eziqondile ezinjengokuzola, inversions yokushisa, kanye nenkungu (ezinamandla okuqongelela izinto eziyingozi ku ungqimba lomkhathi).
Ngokuvamile, amandla okusabalalisa omkhathi eNovosibirsk angcono kakhulu kunalokho, ngokwesibonelo, e-Eastern Siberia noma e-Kuzbass, kepha awakafinyeleli ezingeni elifanele elibonwa engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia, ngenxa yalesi sizathu amandla e-meteorological okungcola ayanda edolobheni.
Isimo semizimba yamanzi
Emifuleni ye-Ine ne-Ob, iningi lokungcola liza ngokuhamba lisuka ezindaweni eziseduze. Isayithi,okuqala kusuka eBarnaul kuze kufinyelele endaweni yokugcina amanzi yaseNovosibirsk, kunezinga eliphakeme lokungcola.
Isichibi saseNovosibirsk, okuyisidleke esinamandla amakhulu okuzihlanza, sithola amanzi angcolile asuka e-Altai Territory futhi sithuthukisa izinga laso kube elingcolile eliphakathi. Ngokubaleka kwawo okungakahlelekile, leli dolobha lifaka isandla esiningi enanini eliphelele lokungcola. Umuntu angabona ukushoda okucacile kwezindawo zokuvikela amanzi.
UMfula i-Ob ungumthombo omkhulu onikeza idolobha ngamanzi. Unyaka ngamunye, amamitha angama-700 ezigidi zawo asetshenziswa ezidingweni zabantu. Amanzi angaphansi kwama-2% athathwa emithonjeni engaphansi komhlaba.
Leli qiniso lithwele ingozi ethile, ngoba, uma kwenzeka kungcolile uMfula iNovosibirsk, ubeka engcupheni yokushiywa ngaphandle kwamanzi.
Isimo semvelo kwezinye izindawo zaseNovosibirsk
Ngokusho kwamasampula ahlelwayo, aqhutshwa eWest Siberian Environmental Monitoring Center emfuleni iKamenka (esendaweni ephakathi nendawo), kukhuphuka izinga lokungcola. Ngakho-ke, ezinkombeni zayo zamanzi izinkomba ze-sulfide, i-hydrogen sulfide, i-ammonium nitrogen ziphakeme kakhulu kunokujwayelekile. Ukungcola okubili kokuqala kubangelwa imfucumfucu yezimboni. Futhi, ngenxa yokungcoliswa okukhulu komzimba womfula, inani eliphansi kakhulu lomoya ophefumulile labonwa emanzini alo.
Imimoya eNovosibirsk inendlela eya eningizimu-ntshonalanga, okuholela ekudlulisweni kokungcoliswa komhlaba kusuka ezifundeni zaseLeninsky naseKirovsky kuya eZaeltsovsky naseCentral.
Esifundeni esiphakathi, ngokusho kwemiphumela yokuqashelwa, kunokuqukethwe okukhulayo kwe-nitrogen dioxide emoyeni, kanye ne-formaldehyde ne-carbon dioxide.
Idolobha linezindawo ezimbili ezinkulu eziluhlaza, zitholakala ezifundeni zaseSoviet naseZaeltsovsky. Banomthelela ekunikezeni idolobha umoya omusha. Kodwa-ke, lapha kwesinye isikhathi ungasibona lesi simo ngokuwa kwezihlahla okukhulu, yize eminyakeni yamuva nje lokhu bekuyivelakancane impela.
I-Zaeltsovsky boron empeleni ngamaphaphu eNovosibirsk, ingesinye sezindawo zemvelo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokwezifundo eziningi, umoya ohlanza esifundeni saseZaeltsovsky, bese ufinyelela enkabeni yedolobha unikeze isifunda umoya-mpilo esifundeni sase-Oktyabrsky.
Kuyadingeka futhi ukusho ukuthi isifunda samaSoviet yiphaphu lesibili lomuzi, okuyiwo njengamanje ngalesi sikhathi nawo uzibandakanya ngokuzikhandla ekugcineni izindawo zalo eziluhlaza. Isibonelo, indawo yemvelo ekhethekile evikelekile manje isiyakhiwa, ezobekwa maphakathi nemigwaqo emikhulu ye-Academgorodsky neBerdsky.
Isimo somsakazo edolobheni
Ukungcoliswa kwemisebe yedolobha lobuchwepheshe okwakhiwa ngawo-40-50s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Izizathu zayo yimisebenzi yamabhizinisi ahlukahlukene, kanye nezikhungo ezothuthukisa imboni yenuzi.
Amanye amabhizinisi asewumisile umsebenzi wawo namuhla, kodwa-ke, usengabuka imiphumela yemisebenzi yawo. Isibonelo, kutholakale iziza ezingama-217 kuzo zonke izindawo zaseNovosibirsk lapho kwandiswa khona amazinga emisebe.
Iningi lezindawo ezinokungcoliswa kwemvelo kwemvelo zitholakala esifundeni saseKalininsky (izifunda eziyi-131), nansi indawo yokutshala amakhemikhali. Umsebenzi ohlukahlukene wenziwa njalo ekulahleni kwamazinga aphezulu emisebe edolobheni.
Sekukonke, ngalesi sikhathi, isikhundla serediyo yeNovosibirsk asisiyimbi njengoba besikade sinjalo, kepha kunesidingo semisebenzi ejwayelekile ezoqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemisebe edolobheni.
Amabhizinisi angaphezu kwekhulu ahlukile, kanye nezikhungo zezokwelapha zisebenzisa imithombo ye-radioactive emsebenzini wazo, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwazo.
Lapha, izifunda eziyi-8 kwezingu-10 zitholakala endaweni yesibalo segranite ngokugcwala kwezinto zomsakazo zemvelo, okuyi-thorium, i-uranium, i-potassium, kanye ne-radon ne-radium, ezifaka isandla ekwandeni kwengozi yokuvezwa kwezakhamizi.
Amabhizinisi wezimboni zedolobha
INovosibirsk embonini yayo ingenye yezikhungo ezinkulu eSiberia. Cishe i-20% yetotali imishini yokwakha imishini yenziwa ngamabhizinisi wedolobha nesifunda salo. Ngokukhethekile phakathi kwabo kukhona imishini yokhuni neyensimbi. I-metallurgy engafiki futhi yegesi nayo ikhula ngamandla.
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zamabhizinisi nabamele bazo zingabizwa:
- Indiza: “V.P. Aviation Association I-Chkalova ", ebandakanyeka ukulungisa kanye nokwenza ngcono izindiza,
- Amasimbi: I-NZMK - izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezakhiwo zensimbi,
- I-"LVK" - izakhiwo zamaselula, amakamu okuhamba, izakhiwo zesivinini esikhulu,
- ipulasitiki: "I-NZP Uniz", ikhiqiza iziqukathi ezivela ku-polyethylene,
- izinto zokwakha: I-PromGeoPlast - amashidi we-polymer enziwa lapha,
- Amathuluzi: "I-NIZ" - ukushaya amakhala, umshayeli, namathuluzi wokukhwezela,
- ikhebula: "NKZ" - ikhebula lamandla elenziwe ngethusi,
- isitini: "Strokeramika" - isitini se-ceramic,
- ifektri chocolate ”- Imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ye-confectionery,
- "NKZ" - ikhiqiza imikhiqizo ekheniwe,
- I-NLZ - ibamba ngendlela efanele insimbi, i-iron iron ne-non ferrous iron,
- Indawo Yobuchwepheshe Yobuchwepheshe - ikhiqiza izinto ezifudumeza zangaphakathi,
- "Cinderella", "NMF" - amafektri efenisha, akhiqiza ifenisha yekhabethe,
- "I-NFF", "i-NZMP-Novomed" - impahla yezokwelapha,
- "NMZ" - insimbi,
- "I-NFVO", "Korsors" - kukhiqizwa izicathulo,
- I-Baltika-Novosibirsk - kwenziwa ubhiya,
- “USchwabe” - ubambe iqhaza ekwenziweni kwamadivayisi okubhekisisa nokuqondisa, kanye nezinsimbi zokulinganisa ezisetshenziswa embonini,
- "I-KPF" - ipulazi lezinkukhu,
- "Gallop" - iziqukathi zokulungiswa, okokudlula, okulungiswayo,
- ISibir iyimboni yezingubo
- I-Chemplast - imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yamakhemikhali,
- I-SibFlux - ukukhiqizwa kwe-fluxes ephezulu yokushisa,
- I-“Salute” - ukukhiqizwa kwamawashi odonga,
- I-PSF, i-Severyanka, uMklomelo, i-Sympathy, i-Classics, i-Sinar - amafektri wokuthunga,
- "NEMZ" - switch switch-low voltage,
- "TEK" - okokushisa kwehhubhu,
- I-Adalit ifektri yobucwebecwebe.
Umkhakha osindayo ubonakala kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokukhiqiza ezitholakala eNovosibirsk. Amabhizinisi amakhulu wecebo elinjalo atholakala eNovosibirsk, nase-Iskitim naseBerdsk (ngesifunda saseNovosibirsk).
Ingabe upulasitiki uyinto yesikhathi esizayo? Cha, sekungokoqobo. Ungafunda ngomunye we-polymers othakazelisa kakhulu esihlokweni sethu.
Hlobo luni lwezimoto ezenza amadolobha ethu ahlanzeke futhi abe mahle ekuseni? I-athikili ewusizo futhi efundisayo ku-https: //greenologia.ru/othody/vyvoz/kommunalnaya/kommunalnaya-texnika-pum.html isixhumanisi.
Ukuvikelwa Kwemvelo eNovosibirsk
Imicimbi ehlukahlukene yenziwa ngokuhlelekile kulo lonke idolobha, kanye nezenzo okuhloswe ngazo ukuhlanza izidumbu zamanzi nezindawo eziluhlaza futhi zizigcine zisesimweni esihle. Kulokhu, izikhungo zomphakathi ezahlukahlukene, izinhlangano namabhizinisi bayabandakanyeka, futhi ukuphathwa kwezifunda zeNovosibirsk nakho kuyabamba iqhaza kule nqubo.
Ama-subbotniks aphathwa kuzo zonke izindawo zedolobha elihlobene nokuqoqwa kukadoti kanye nokubonwa kwamapaki, amabala, izigcawu. Ukuze kuhlanzwe insimu engasogwini yoMfula i-Kamenka, ogeleza esifundeni i-Dzerzhinsky, ukuqoqwa kukadoti, ukukhishwa, kanye nokuqoqwa kukadoti emigwaqweni etholakala endaweni engasogwini kuyenziwa.
Kwaphinde kwenziwa futhi isenzo sokulahla udoti ovela eMfuleni i-Ob. NgoJuni 5, 2014, kwaba nomkhosi wezemvelo lapho ugu lolwandle nolwandle echibini elibizwa ngeNingizimu-Ntshonalanga esifundeni saseLeninsky bahlanza imfucumfucu.
Futhi, abaphathi besifunda basebenzise uhlelo okufanele luthathwe ngokulandela inqubo ngokulandela:
- ukuthuthukisa umkhathi,
- ukuvikelwa nokusetshenziswa kahle kwemithombo yamanzi,
- ukuvikela imvelo ekusetshenzisweni kwemfucuza kanye nasekukhiqizeni,
- ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwemvelo
- ekubukweni komhlaba kwedolobha, kanye nokwenziwa kabusha kwamahlathi akulo muzi.
- Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemvelo kwabantu.
Imisebenzi elandelayo iyenziwa ngalesi sikhathi ukuze kubuyiswe isimo semvelo edolobheni (futhi kubalulekile ukuyenza ngokuzayo):
- Ngokwandisa ukuncishiswa komthelela omubi ekuphilisweni kwedolobha (ngokuyinhloko, okuvela ezinsizakalweni, kanye nasekushiseni nasezikhundleni zamandla).
- Ukuphuculwa kwensiza ephakathi nendawo nezinhlelo zokufudumeza ukushisa, okungenzeka kushintshwe eminye imithombo yokushisa ibe igesi, kanye nokuvala imithombo yokushisa engasebenzi engalimaza imvelo.
- Ukunciphisa imiphumela elimazayo yezimoto, ukwethula izinhlobo zemvelo zikaphethiloli, ukuqapha isimo sobuchwepheshe bezimoto.
- Ngale njongo, kubalulekile ukuthi silwe nokulahlwa kukadoti okungekho emthethweni futhi sithuthukise uhlelo lokuqothuka kwezindawo futhi sithuthukise izindawo zazo zokuzijabulisa zokuhlanza kanye nokwenza ngcono izindawo zokuvikela amanzi, kanye nemichilo esogwini.
Uma unamathela kuyo yonke le mithetho, isimo semvelo saseNovosibirsk sizoshintsha sibe ngcono, esizosiza ekuthuthukiseni kakhulu izinga lempilo yezakhamizi zasendaweni futhi sinciphise inani lezifo ezivelayo ngenxa yendawo engcolile.