Ngesikhathi sokukhona kwezinyoni ezinkulu ze-moa, ezinye izinyoni ezingaqondakaliyo ezazihlala eMhlabeni, zazibizwa ngokuthi ama-epiornises.

U-Epiornis wayehlala eziqhingini zaseNew Zealand.

I-Epiornis (Aepyornithidae).

AbaseYurophu baqala ukubona ama-epiornise ngekhulu le-17, lapho kushicilelwa incwadi ye-Admiral Flacour. Kamuva ngekhulu le-XIX, isazi semvelo esivela eFrance sathola amaqanda ayemakhulu amahlandla ayisithupha kunamaqanda ezintshe, sathola amathambo enyoni enkulu.

Ama-epiornise afinyelela kumamitha amathathu ukuphakama, futhi isisindo esijwayelekile sasingamakhilogremu ayi-500.

I-Epiornisis kwakuyizinyoni ezinkulu. Ubukhulu bomzimba wabo bwedlula obomuntu, hhayi ngisho nezintshe.

Lezi zinyoni zazinezinyawo ezikhule kahle, ngakho-ke zazingeke zigijime kahle kuphela, kodwa futhi zazishaya nokushaya uma zazisengozini. Kungenxa yobukhulu obukhulu nemilenze emikhulu lapho i-epiornis ivele khona igama lesibili - "izinyoni zendlovu."

Ama-Epiornisis ama-herbivores asendulo, abizwa ngokuthi "izindlovu."

Lezi zinyoni zazinentamo ende kanye nenhloko encane. Izimpiko zazakhiwe kabi. Naphezu kobukhulu bawo obuhlaba umxhwele, ama-epiornise ayengezona izinyoni ezidla inyama, njengama-fororacos asendulo noma ama-diatrim, kodwa ayondliwa ikakhulu ngezitshalo.

Izimpiko ezakheke kabi azizange zinikeze ama-Ephiornis ithuba lokundiza, kodwa imilenze eqinile yasiza ukugijima ngokushesha nokubamba inyamazane.

Abantu bendawo bathi i-epiornis enkulu yayihlala eMadagascar kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX, kodwa ososayensi banesiqiniseko sokuthi lezi zinyoni zashona eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule.

Ososayensi e-Oxford University ngonyaka ka-2001 babamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni ngabomvu - besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokuhlanganisa, bazama ukuphinda bayiqede i-epiornis. Kepha amasampula e-DNA abengalondolozekanga kahle, kanti ukuhlolwa akuphumelelanga.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

I-Epiornisis

I-Epiornisis
I-Skeleton neqanda I-Aepyornis maximus
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi

Umndeni ophelelwe ithemba

I-Epiornisis (lat. Aepyornithidae, ovela esiGrekini. αππςςς - okuphezulu nesiGrikhi. i-epiorniform (I-Aepyornithiformes). Bahlala eMadagascar eHholocene kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-XVII.

Incazelo

I-Epiornisis ingesinye sezinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu ezazikhona ngesikhathi somlando. I-Madagascar Epiornis (I-Aepyornis maximus) ifinyelele ngaphezu kwamamitha amathathu ukuphakama futhi inesisindo esifinyelela kuma-450 kg, amaqanda ayo - ubude be-30-32 cm ngevolumu efinyelela ku-8-9 l, okuyisilinganiso sobukhulu beqanda lezinkukhu. Izinsalela zezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zezinhlobo ezimbili zohlobo lwendalo zichaziwe - empeleni I-Aepyorniskufaka phakathi A. hildebrandti, A. gracilis, A. umlamuleli, A. maximus, futhi I-Mullerornis. Esimweni sefosili eyaziwa ngePleistocene. Ama-epiornisis okugcina abhujiswa ngumuntu ngekhulu le-XVII, ayengamalungu alezi zinhlobo I-Aepyornis maximus . Umbusi wekoloni laseFrance esiqhingini saseMadagascar maphakathi nekhulu le-17, u-Etienne de Flacourt, ukhuluma ngenyoni enjengentethe ezindaweni ezingenamuntu. Ummeleli omkhulu we-Epiornis, ongaba nesisindo esingu-640 kg, wabelwa uhlobo olwehlukile Vorombe (buka Vorombe titan) .

Ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlobo ze-endocranes I-Aepyornis maximus futhi Aepyornis hildebrandti kubonise ukuthi i-cortex ebonakalayo ye-epiornis incishiswe kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinyoni, ngaphandle kwe-kiwi. Amabhulela wezinto zokuloba ngaphakathi A. maximus zazinkulu impela, ngenkathi A. hildebrandti zazincane, okusho ukuthi zazingaboni kahle emehlweni futhi zazihola indlela yokuphila yobusuku, zincike embonweni wazo wephunga.

Amaqanda

Ngaphandle kokuthi izinyoni ezindlovu zafa kudala, kwatholakala amaqanda azo angama-70. Usaqhubeka ukutholakala kuze kube namuhla. Amanye amaqanda akhonjiswa eminyuziyamu ye-paleontological kanye namathambo wezinyoni atholakele.

Ososayensi abavela eYunivesithi yaseMurdoch ePerth bathola iDNA yophondo lwendlovu kumagobolondo amaqanda. Ukuqhathaniswa kweDNA kukhombisa ukuthi inyoni yendlovu iyisihlobo esiseduze kakhulu senyoni yanamuhla eyi-kiwi engenasibindi, esiyisayizi yenkukhu.

Ukubukwa

Imvamisa ngomusa I-Aepyornis Izinhlobo ezine okwamanje zamukelwa: A. hildebrandti, A. gracilis, A. umlamuleli futhi A. maximus , kodwa ukuba semthethweni kwabanye babo kuyaphikiswa, futhi ababhali abaningi bababheka bonke bangabezinhlobo ezifanayo, A. maximus. Noma kunjalo, njengomthetho, kuze kufinyelele ezinhlotsheni ezintathu ezifakiwe I-Mullerornis .

Zivelaphi izilwane ezinkulu?

Kungani izinyoni zazikwazi ukukhula zikhule zikhulu kangaka? Kukhona incazelo yesayensi yalokhu, ogama lakhe lingu-gigantism wesiqhingi. Ngenxa yokuguquka emzimbeni we-pituitary, umuntu ngamunye ukhula mkhulu kunabandulelayo. Lokhu kungenxa yama-hormone okukhula, okuthi lapho iminyaka yobudala yesilwane iyeka ukudedelwa egazini ngobukhulu obukhulu futhi ukukhula kukame.

Ezwekazini, lapho kunezitha eziningi nxazonke, abantu abanjalo bavame ukuba ngundabamlonyeni futhi bangashiyi nzalo. Futhi uma beyishiya, khona-ke lolu hlobo kunzima ukulilungisa, ngoba kunalokho luyisithiyo sokusinda. Kepha eziqhingini, ama-herbivores amaningi - namagundane nezinyoni - ngokuvamile makhulu kunabalingani bawo abasezweni.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, inyoni ye-kiwi ifana ne-epiornis ye-DNA ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu, okungenjalo, ngaphandle kwalokho, alikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngosayizi omkhulu.

I-Operation Stripping

I-epiornis yokuqala yavela emhlabeni wethu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-2,5 edlule. Bakhulela ku-microclimate eyingqayizivele yaseMadagascar, lapho babengenazitha zemvelo. Kuze kufike kulesi siqhingi, kwavela abantu kulesi siqhingi.

Iningi lezinyoni labhujiswa ngabahlali abavela e-Afrika, abathuthela eMadagascar eminyakeni engaba yinkulungwane eyi-1,3 eyedlule.

Futhi basebenzisa amaqhinga abhubhisayo ukuthuthukisa lesi siqhingi. Ukususa indawo yedlelo, bashisa wonke amahlathi. Sekukonke, ama-90% amahlathi acekelwa phansi eMadagascar. Ngenxa yalokhu, hhayi nje kuphela izitshalo ezihlukile ezanyamalalayo, kodwa nezilwane eziningi eziye zalahlekelwa yimizi nokudla kwazo. EMadagascar, izimvubu nama-lemurs amakhulu anyamalala. Kepha okulahlekelwe kakhulu yinyoni yendlovu, engenazo izifaniso nomaphi emhlabeni.

Uthando lwabokufika ngamaqanda akhungathekile baluqedela lolu daba. Iqanda elilodwa le-epiornis lingondla umndeni wonke. Azange zithinte izinyoni ngokwazo - ama-epiornise ayizitha eziphikisayo eziyingozi ngisho nakubantu abahlome ngemikhonto.

Abanye abantu bezinyoni zezindlovu basinda kuze kube ngekhulu le-17, kodwa ekugcineni babhujiswa yigagasi elisha labahlali. Ngezibhamu, babengesabi ukuzingela umdlalo omkhulu. Nokho, labo bambalwa ababecashe endle babengasakwazi ukushiya inzalo esebenzayo.

Ufuna ukwazi konke

I-Epiornis noma inyoni yendlovu yayisiqhingi esiqhingini saseMadagascar, kodwa yasinda kuphela ezithombeni. Ezikhathini zasendle, i-epiornis yacekelwa phansi ngumuntu ngekhulu le-17. Inyoni yendlovu engenabhanoyi ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-3-4 ukuphakama, kanti abanye abantu babenesisindo esingaphezu kwama-600 kg.

Amaqanda ama-epiornis ama-9-litreis abengama-32 cm ubude: asatholakala eMadagascar, kodwa ngeshwa akekho obambekile.

Ngokusho kwe-DNA, i-epiornis iyisihlobo senye inyoni yesiqhingi engenandiza - kiwi, engeke iziqhayise ngosayizi omkhulu. Ososayensi babiza isizathu sobukhulu obukhulu be-epiornisis Island gigantism - isici sokuvela kokuvela kokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo esimweni esivaliwe semvelo, lapho kungekho khona izitha zangaphandle nezinye izinto ezingezinhle, izinhlobo ezithile zezimpawu ezingezona zabalingani bezwekazi zilungisiwe.

I-epiornis yokuqala yavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-2,5 edlule. Bakhulela ku-microclimate eyingqayizivele yaseMadagascar, lapho babengenazitha zemvelo. Kodwa-ke, izimila nezilwane zaseMadagascar zahlupheka kakhulu ngokufika kwabokufika abavela e-Afrika.
Kuze kube ngama-90% amahlathi abhujiswa kulesi siqhingi, izitshalo nezilwane ezihlukile zanyamalala. U-Epiornis waba ngomunye wokulahleka okukhulu.

Ekuqaleni, kungenzeka ukuthi abantu babezingela amaqanda enyoni - iqanda elilodwa le-epiornis lingondla wonke umndeni. Azange zithinte izinyoni ngokwazo - ama-epiornis ayengabaphikisi abayingozi ngisho nakubantu ababehlome ngemikhonto. Kodwa-ke, igagasi lesibili labokufika, abanye babo abebehlome ngisho nezibhamu, bagcina sebezibhubhisile lezi zinhlobo.

Isikhathi eside bekukholelwa ukuthi lezi zinyoni zihola impilo yansuku zonke, kanye nobuningi bezinhlobonhlobo zeqembu labo - izintshe nezinhlansi.

Manje, ososayensi abavela eYunivesithi yaseTexas bathi izinyoni zezindlovu zazingabusuku, kanye nezidalwa eziyimpumputhe. Njenge-kiwi, iyisihlobo se-Epiornis esivela eNew Zealand.

Ngesikhathi sokufunda, izazi zebhayoloji zakha "izindiza" zedijithali zobuchopho be-epiornis nezihlobo zayo eziseduze kakhulu. Kwavela ukuthi ama-lobes abonakalayo ebuchosheni be-epiornis ayemincane njenge-kiwi. Ezinhlotsheni ezimbili ezinkulu kakhulu, cishe zazingekho. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi iso lezinyoni zendlovu lalibuthakathaka, beyizidalwa zasebusuku.

Kodwa ukungaboni kahle kwakunxephezelwa iphunga elihle kakhulu: ama bulbiory, kunalokho, andiswa. Futhi ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu, ayehlukahluka ngosayizi omuhle. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zimidondoshiya zazihlala emahlathini. I-Epiornisis yobukhulu obunesizotha xaxa kungenzeka ihlala endaweni evulekile futhi ibisebenza ngokuhlwa.

Incazelo

I-Epiornisis ingesinye sezinyoni ezinkulu kunazo zonke. IMadagascar Epiornis (lat. I-Aepyornis maximus) afinyelela kumamitha angama-3-5 ukuphakama nesisindo esingama-400 kg, amaqanda awo - ubude buyi-30-32 cm nomthamo ongafika ku-8-9 l, okuyisikhathi esiphindwe ka-160 ubukhulu beqanda lezinkukhu. Kuchazwa izinsalela zezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zofuzo lwangempela - empeleni I-Aepyorniskufaka phakathi A. hildebrandti, A. gracilis, A. umlamuleli, A. maximus, futhi I-Mullerornis. Esimweni sefosili eyaziwa ngePleistocene. Ama-epiornisis okugcina abhujiswa ngumuntu ekuqaleni kwamakhulu eminyaka we-XVII-XVIII. Umbusi wekoloni laseFrance esiqhingini saseMadagascar maphakathi nekhulu le-17, u-Etienne de Flacourt, ukhuluma ngenyoni enjengentethe ezindaweni ezingenamuntu.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinyoni zindlovu zishonile kudala, inamba eyanele yamaqanda ayo angagciniwe. Usaqhubeka ukutholakala kuze kube namuhla. Amanye amaqanda akhonjiswa eminyuziyamu ye-paleontological kanye namathambo wezinyoni atholakele. Ososayensi abavela eYunivesithi yaseMurdoch ePerth bathola iDNA yophondo lwendlovu kumagobolondo amaqanda. Ukuqhathaniswa kweDNA kukhombisa ukuthi inyoni yendlovu iyisihlobo esiseduze kakhulu senyoni yanamuhla eyi-kiwi engenasibindi, esiyisayizi yenkukhu.

Imvamisa inomusa I-Aepyornis Izinhlobo ezine okwamanje zamukelwa: A. hildebrandti, A. gracilis, A. umlamuleli futhi A. maximus , kodwa ukuba semthethweni kwabanye babo kuyaphikiswa, futhi ababhali abaningi bababheka bonke bangabezinhlobo ezifanayo, A. maximus. Noma kunjalo, njengomthetho, kuze kufinyelele ezinhlotsheni ezintathu ezifakiwe I-Mullerornis . Umusa I-Aepyornis

• I-Aepyornis gracilis(Monnier, 1913)
• Aepyornis hildebrandti(Burckhardt, 1893)
  • Aepyornis mulleri(Milne-Edward & Grandidier, 1894)
• I-Aepyornis maximus(IHilaire, ngo-1851)
  • Aepyornis modus(Milne-Edward & Grandidier, 1869)
  • I-Aepyornis inrogen(Milne-Edward & Grandidier, 1894)
  • I-Aepyornis titan(Andrews, 1894)
• I-Aepyornis Medius(Milne-Edward & Grandidier, 1866)
  • Aepyornis grandidieri(Rowley, 1867)
  • Isikhombisi se-Aepyornis(Milne-Edward & Grandidier, 1894)
  • Aepyornis lentus(Milne-Edward & Grandidier, 1894)

• Mullerornis betsilei(Milne-Edward & Grandidier, 1894)
• I-Mullerornis agilis(Milne-Edward & Grandidier, 1894)
• I-Mullerornis rudis(Milne-Edward & Grandidier, 1894)
  • I-Flacourtia rudis(Andrews, 1894)