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Ayikho incazelo eyodwa yokufakelwa kwamaphiko enamaphiko engayenza ngaphandle kwebhungane lamazambane leColorado - ukubaluleka kwalo empilweni yezomnotho yezwe kukhulu kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, muva nje, cishe eminyakeni engama-50 edlule, bebengekho ezincekwini zethu. Futhi ngaphansi kweminyaka eyikhulu edlule, wayengekho eYurophu.
Ukubhebhetheka
Umlando wokungena kwalesi sinambuzane esiyingozi sezilimo ezisondelene nathi umfishane ngokulandelayo. Kusukela ngo-1918, phakathi neMpi Yezwe yokuQala, ibhungane elalithwele izimpahla zaseMelika lawela ogwini lwaseFrance edolobheni laseBordeaux. Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu baseYurophu babengenaso isikhathi sokuvikela izitshalo, futhi lesi sinambuzane esiyingozi samazambane ngokushesha "sasibhekiswa ebhulohweni" lolwandle lwaseFrance. Ngemuva kwalokho, naphezu kokuphikiswa kwabasebenzi bezolimo, ngokushesha wahlalisa wonke amazwe e-Central Europe, ngaphandle kweNgilandi nehlobo ebandayo lasehlobo kanye nensizakalo eyakhiwe kahle yokwakha izitshalo. (Kusendleleni, ugcina umngcele wezwe "ukhiyiwe" ngaye.)
Ukuthuthela empumalanga kanye nemimoya evamile ezinyangeni zasehlobo, ukunqoba zonke izingqinamba nokubekezelela ukucubungula okuphelele kwezinkambu zamazambane ngamaphilisi okubulala izinambuzane, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1940s, leli bug, eliqhutshwa umoya nokoma kokunqoba izikhala ezintsha ezingahlalwa lapho, lasondela emingceleni yesifundazwe ye-USSR. Kumele ngithi amabhungane ngokwawo angamabhula amahle. Kuliqiniso, ukuze indize ingene emoyeni, idinga isimo sezulu esishisayo - ekuseni nakusihlwa nangezinsuku ezinamafu nezipholile, mabhungane akhetha ukuhamba ngezinyawo.
Ukugxila kokuqala kokusakazwa kwesinambuzane esiyingozi endaweni yethu kwatholakala esifundeni saseLviv e-Ukraine ngonyaka we-1949. Kwathi ngo-1953 kwavela ngasikhathi sinye esifundeni saseKaliningrad, iVolyn, iBrest neGrodno.
Ekugcineni, ngezinsuku ezishisayo ezinomoya onamandla ngoMeyi 1958, ibhungane lamazambane leColorado landizela esifundeni saseTranscarpathian lisuka eHungary naseCzechoslovakia. Ngasikhathi sinye, "ukufika" kwezihlahla ezinamandla okunezigidi eziningi okuvuseleleke ngendlela emangalisayo ehlobo emasimini amakhulu amazambane ePoland kwaphonswa ogwini lwaseLithuania nolweKaliningrad oLwandle iBaltic. Lapho-ke iningi lamapheshana afisa kakhulu lafa emanzini anezivunguvungu oLwandle iBaltic, ulwandle olusindayo nolunwabuzelayo lwasheshe lwabhujiswa ngabalimi abaphapheme bebonke. Kepha "ukufika" kwakukukhulu kakhulu kangangokuba kwakungelula ukubhekana nakho futhi "ukulahla olwandle". Abantu abaningi, "benyuka" kuphela esihlabathini esisogwini futhi benesikhathi sokusoma, bandizela emasimini aseduze. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, eqinisweni, ukuhlalwa kwezixuku zabavakashi baphesheya kwezwe ngokoqobo kwendawo yaseRussia kwaqala.
Izimpawu zangaphandle
Kepha sizoyiphazamisa indaba yomfokazi onqoba izwekazi elisha futhi asichaze. Kubukeka sengathi leli bhungane laziwa yiwo wonke umuntu. Ubude baso buqala ku-9 kuye ku-12 mm, ububanzi obuyi-6 - 7 mm. Umzimba ufushane, ovulekile, ucwebezela, ubomvu-uphuzi ngombala okhanyayo, ngamunye wabo unemivimbo emnyama emihlanu (isiyonke-ke, ishumi - yingakho igama lezinhlobo zesiLatini igama elithi decemlineata - umugqa oyishumi). Izimpiko ze-webbed ze-mabhungane zikhule kahle; ngosizo lwazo, ngezinsuku ezishisayo zasehlobo, amabhungane enza izindiza ezinde.
Umbala womzimba wezibungu ngesikhathi sokuqala nesesibili unombala onsundu; kusukela eminyakeni yesithathu, izibungu ziba orenji okhanyayo, opinki noma ophuzi-owolintshi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ziyahlukahluka ngombala wazo nangefomu elithi "humpbacked" kusuka kubhungane lamanye amabhungane ethu.
Indlela yokuphila
Indlela yokuphila yebhungane lamazambane yaseColorado iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ososayensi abaningi bakwamanye amazwe nabaseRussia basebenzise iminyaka eminingi ukuyifunda.
Amabhungane azibonakalisa ebuntwini obukhulu. Entwasahlobo, ziphuma enhlabathini futhi ngokushesha ziqala ukondla ngezithombo zezambane namazambane. Uma, njengoba kwenzeka kaningi, ukuzalanisa kwenzeka ekwindla, ngaphambi kokuqala kokujula kobusika obukhulu, obubizwa ngokuthi yi-diapause, khona-ke entwasahlobo, ngemuva kwezinsuku eziningana zokondla, izinsikazi zingaqala ukubeka amaqanda ngaphandle kokuzalela okulandelayo. Ngakho-ke, owesifazane oyedwa kuphela ongaba umsunguli wokuqhuma okusha.
Izinsikazi ezihlula ngokweqile kusuka entwasahlobo kuya ekwindla zibeka amaqanda aqhakazile e-orange ngaphansi komhlaba wamaqabunga. Kungakapheli lusuku lunye, insikazi ibekela amaqanda amahlanu kuya kwangama-80. Sekukonke, ingabekela amaqanda afinyelela ku-1000, yize isilinganiso sokuzala singaphansi kakhulu - ama-350. Inani lezizukulwane phakathi nehlobo lincike kwisimo sezulu sendawo kanye nesimo sezulu. Enyakatho yebanga laseYurophu, amabhungane akhula esizukulwaneni esisodwa, eningizimu ekwazi ukwakha izizukulwane ezintathu ezilandelanayo.
Esigabeni se-larval, ibhungane lamazambane leColorado lihlukanisa iminyaka emine, ihlukaniswe ngumolts. Eminyakeni yokuqala neyesibili, izibungu zidla futhi zihlale eziqongweni zamazambane zisho "ama-broods". Elesithathu nelesine, bayahlakazeka, bavame ukuthuthela ezitshalweni ezingomakhelwane. Ukuze ukhuhle, inqwaba yesibungu ingena emhlabathini ngaphakathi komugqa ongu-10 - 20 cm kusuka esihlahleni abesidla kuwo. Ukujula lapho izibungu zishiya kanjalo kuncike esakhiweni nasomswanyeni wenhlabathi, kepha ngokuvamile awudluli cm 10.Ipupa lakha esimweni sobumba ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10 kuye kwezingu-20.
Amabhungane amancane, asanda kunyanyekelwa ahlukile ngombala okhanyayo we-orange futhi abe nezinombolo ezithambile. Kepha ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa nje, baba mnyama, aphenduke ansundu ngombala opinki, futhi ngokushesha athole umbala wawo ojwayelekile. Isikhathi sokuphila kwamabhungane amadala siyahlukahluka kanye nezilinganiso ngonyaka 1. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye yamabhungane ingaphila iminyaka emi-2 noma emi-3.
Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu ngokomzimba webhungane lamazambane leColorado yizinhlobo eziningi zokuphumula. Izinambuzane zivame ukuba nefomu elilodwa lokuphanza. Ubhungane lwamazambane waseColorado unezithupha! Sibala. Owokuqala ukushaya ubusika. Okwesibili yi-oligopause ebusika. Owesithathu iphupho lasehlobo, lapho bashiya maphakathi nehlobo isikhathi sezinsuku ezi-1 kuye kweziyi-10 ukuya kwengxenye yabo bonke abantu ababhuqiwe. Okwesine - ukuhamba isikhathi eside ehlobo. Okwesihlanu - ukuphindaphindwa kokudilizwa, okuzibonakalisa ngasekupheleni kwehlobo kanye noma kabili (akufane kathathu) izikhathi zobusika futhi ngenkathi yokukhula kwamabhungane okuza amazambane asinda kuze kube sekupheleni. Futhi ekugcineni, okwesithupha kungukuhlala isikhathi eside kokuguquguquka (superpusing), okungahlala iminyaka emi-2 kuye kwemi-3. Ayikho indlela yokuchaza ngokuningiliziwe ngayinye yalezi zifundazwe. Sizosho kuphela ukuthi i-plasticity enjalo ngokomzimba ivumela ibhungane ukuba linqobe ngempumelelo bonke ubunzima bempilo. Futhi kubalimi - kunzima kakhulu ukulwa nalesi sinambuzane.
Thatha okungenani iminyaka eminingi yokuphazamiseka. Ukutshala amazambane ensimini lapho ibhungane kungakaze kube khona iminyaka emi-3, futhi bazi ukuthi akekho umuntu otshala lesi sitshalo kulo nyaka, umlimi ngokungazelelwe uthola ngokuphelelwa yithemba ukuthi kulokhu insimu igcwele ibhungane lamazambane leColorado. Lawa ngabantu asebebuye badonsa okwesikhashana iminyaka engu-2 futhi, sebenqume ukuthi sekuyisikhathi 'sokuphuma,' baphuma ezinhlungwini zabo, futhi kwaba yize.
Labo abafisa ukuthola imininingwane eminingi mayelana ne-biology yaleli bhungane lamazambane leColorado bangakwenza lokhu ngokufunda incwadi ethi “Colorado Potato Beetle” eyakhishwa indlu yokushicilela yaseNauka ngonyaka we-1981.
Iqhaza emvelweni
Futhi amabhungane kanye nezibungu zebhungane lamazambane leColorado zidla amaqabunga ezitshalo eziseduze: amazambane, utamatisi, isitshalo seqanda, okuvame kakhulu - ugwayi. Ezinye izitshalo zasendle zomndeni ofanayo nazo zidla kalula. Njengoba ibhungane lamazambane leColorado lingenazitha zalo ezwenikazi laseYurophu, futhi izinyamazane zasendaweni ngokusobala azizithandi, kuzizwa zimnandi lapha. Futhi uma ungalwa nayo, yindlala kuphela engamisa ukukhula kwayo. Kuyacaca ukuthi angafika kuphela ngenxa yokubhujiswa okuphelele kokuphakelayo, ngokuvamile amazambane. Kepha umuntu ngokuqinisekile akakwazi ukukuvumela lokhu. Futhi uqala ukulwa nenkathazo. Kepha kulokhu, kwavela kwaba umsebenzi onzima. Ake sichaze ngemininingwane eminingi ukuthi bazama kanjani ukuyixazulula.
Izindlela zokulawula
Inhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi yempilo yesiphazamisi ifaka isandla kakhulu ekulimazekeni kwenkathazo nganoma yiziphi izindlela zokulawula.
Futhi intuthuko yabo ibilokhu yenzeka selokhu kwavela inkathazo ezwenikazi lase-Europe. Ekuqaleni, bekuyimpi yamakhemikhali kuphela esebenzisa ama-pesticides amabi kakhulu afana ne-DDT ne-hexachloran. Ngemuva kwalokho, isibulala-zinambuzane zezizukulwane ezintsha ngokwengeziwe zaqala ukusebenza ngokumelene nenkathazo. Ibhungane lasheshe lajwayela abanye babo, abanye kwadingeka bashiywe ngenxa yemiphumela emibi yokusebenzisa kwabo imvelo.
Okwamanje, indlela eyingozi engacindezeli yokucindezela inani lezilokazane zaphesheya ibisaziwa. Ngesikhathi kufika ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado eYurophu, izazi zezinhlungu zase zisungule indlela ebizwa ngokuthi yi-classical biology yokulawula inani lezinambuzane eziyingozi. Kwakusebenza ngqo ezinhlotsheni zasemzini, kulabo nje abephule imingcele yobukhona babo obujwayelekile, ngenkathi beshiya kude nezitha zabo zemvelo - ama-invertebrates angamakhambi nezilwane ezidla ubhedu.
Umqondo wale ndlela ubuhambisana kahle nosesho lwasemzini 'wasemzini' wezitha zakhe zemvelo kanye nokulethwa kwabo emva kwakhe. Esimweni sethu, bekufanele babathole ezwekazini laseMelika, bese bebadedela emasimini aseYurophu, ukuze baphinde bangene lapha futhi baqale ukubhubhisa ngokwemvelo ukubhala kwabo okujwayelekile - ibhungane lamazambane leColorado.
Ngesikhathi "ukunqotshwa" kweYurophu yi-mabhungane kwimibuthano yezesayensi, umbono wasungulwa ngokuqinile wokuthi izwe lakubo yi-United States, futhi, ngokusobala, isimo saseColorado (akusikho ukuthi walithola igama lakhe!). Kwaqhubeka ukuthola izinambuzane noma izinyamazane ezibulala izinambuzane e-United States (zibizwa ngokuthi ama-entomophages - abadla izinambuzane), bazilethele e-Europe, zibadedele emasimini futhi ziqaphele ukuthi "izindlela zemvelo zokulawula inani labantu" ziqala kanjani ukusebenza. Umsebenzi waqala ukubilisa. Ososayensi bamazwe amaningi aseYurophu baba abahlanganyeli bawo. Izinyoni ezidla izimbungulu nezinambuzane ezazilethwa eYurophu, izimpukane eziyizidlakudla zazibanjiswa futhi zikhishwe zingene emasimini, zilinde ukuhlanjululwa kumvakashi ovela phesheya kwezilwandle.
Ososayensi bafundile ukuzala izinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane e-American Colorado amazambane. Izinkulungwane zezinambuzane ezidliwayo zakhululwa: i-perillus ne-podizus hhayi emasimini amazambane kuphela, kodwa nakuwo isitshalo seqanda namatamatisi, ngaleso sikhathi ibhungane lase lifake ekudleni kwaso. Kodwa lapho nje sekuphelile ukukhishwa kwabantu abaningi, inkathazo enonya yabuye yaba namandla futhi yaqhubeka “nokulungisa ukuphanga,” futhi abasizi bethu abazidlayo banyamalala ngaphandle kokulandela emasimini. Lo msebenzi ufana nokusebenza kukaSisyphus.
Kepha ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-60. futhi amaMelika uqobo aqala ukuhlushwa yile bug. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, bazivikele ngempumelelo ngama-pesticides. Kepha nalapha, impi yamakhemikhali yaya incipha futhi yangasebenzi kahle. Ekugcineni, kwafika isikhathi lapho kungekho nowodwa wemithi yokubulala izinambuzane evunyelwe e-USA ukuthi isetshenziswe kumazambane ibe nomthelela oyingozi ku-bug: yayisetshenziswa kubo bonke. Ososayensi baseMelika babhekene nenkinga efanayo neyaseYurophu - kwakudingeka babheke enye indlela yendlela yamakhemikhali, i.e. funa ama-entomophages akhe asebenza kahle.
Ngalesi sikhathi, kwase sekucacile ukuthi zonke izitha zemvelo zebhungane lamazambane leColorado, okwase kusebenze kulo izazi zaseYurophu iminyaka eminingi, futhi emva kwazo lezo zaseMelika, zaziyizinhlobo eziningi. Ubhungane wamazambane waseColorado ungenye nje yezitsha eziningi ezingenzeka kubo. Kepha thina maRussia, izithelo, ukwatapheya noma ipaya.
Kwakuvele kwaziwa ochwepheshe ekuvikelweni kwezitshalo zemvelo ukuthi abalawuli abasebenza kakhulu benani lezinambuzane eziyingozi akuzona izinhlobo zezinzuzo ezi-polyphagous, kepha lezo okuyi-pest yisinambuzane esiyinhloko, ngokukhethekile ukuzondla ngazo.
Kwavela esinye isimo esimangazayo, esasibaluleke kakhulu. Ucwaningo olunobunikazi oluvunyelwe yileso sikhathi ukucabanga kabusha ngomlando "wokuhamba" webhungane lamazambane leColorado, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthola izwe langempela lakhona. Usosayensi waseMelika uW. Tower waveza ngokuqiniseka ukuthi isikhungo semvelaphi yohlobo lwe-Leptinotarsa, okuyiqhawe lethu, akuyona iColorado nhlobo. Izwe lakule mabhungane litholakala kakhulu eningizimu - esifundazweni okuthiwa yiSoraora zoogeographic. Lapha, enyakatho neMexico, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-50 zezinambuzane zalolu hlobo. Kusuka lapha lapho ibhungane "lethu" lisanda kufinyelela enyakatho, liye phezulu emithambekeni esezimpumalanga yeZintaba zeRocky, ezisemngceleni wezigodi zaseColorado ukusuka entshonalanga. Futhi waveza ubukhona obubi lapho, "ukucindezela" izitshalo zasendle ezingandile ezivela emndenini osondelene.
Futhi lapho kuphela lapho amaphayona aseMelika enesifiso sokufika lapha ezwenikazi lonke futhi atshale nezilimo eziyizigaxa zezithelo eza nazo, lapho ibhungane “laqonda” ukuthi bekungasizi ngalutho ukuthi lidlula ogwadule olushisayo lwaseMexico, Arizona, naseTexas. Ezihlotsheni zakhe eziningi, nguyena kuphela osheshe wazijwayela ngokudla kumazambane futhi waqala ukudla isivuno esibalulekile esikhulayo. Lapha, abokufika - abokufika abavela eYurophu, baqale bahlangana naleli bhungane, futhi balibiza ngokuthi yiColorado.
Lapho-ke, sekuvele izindlela ezihambile zomgwaqo, inkathazo yafika ngokushesha ogwini lwe-Atlantic. Futhi lapha kuma-80s. yekhulu lokugcina, kusasele iminyaka engama-40 ngaphambi kokungena eYurophu, waqala wenza izisulu zakhe ezilimazayo emasimini amazambane njengezinhlobo zasemzini.
Ngakho-ke, kwagcina kucace lapho izwe langempela lezinambuzane likhona. Futhi lokhu ngokwako iqiniso elibaluleke kakhulu. Angithi phela lalikhona lapha, hhayi kwenye indawo, ukuthi izitha zalo eziyinhloko zemvelo ngabe zavela futhi zahlalwa. Futhi-ke, lapha kwakudingekile ukubabheka kwasekuqaleni. Kusehlathini lama-cactus exotic lesifundazwe iSonor lapho i-nightshade yasendle ikhula khona - izihlobo ezikude neziseduze zamazambane atshaliwe, utamatisi nogwayi. Izihlobo eziningi zebhungane lamazambane laseColorado, okuthi, njengoba manje siqonda, zingaba eziqonde ngokwengeziwe ukubiza ibhungane le-sonor, ezisetshenziselwa ukukudla.
Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, imizamo ehlanganyelwe yososayensi abavela emazweni amaningana ithole izinambuzane eziyisinambuzane ezikhuthaza ukondla ibhungane lamazambane leColorado. Kuqhubeka ucwaningo olunzulu kanti kulindeleke ukuba kufakwe ibhodi yokufaka kulezo zifunda lapho udla “wesibili wesinkwa” wethu, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado, alimala kabi khona.
Imvelaphi nomlando wokubukeka eYurophu
Uhlobo lweLeptinotarsa decemlineata (ibhungane lamazambane leColorado) latholakala emuva engxenyeni yoku-1 yekhulu le-19, ngonyaka we-1824, nguThomas Say, isazi semvelo nesazi semvelo sase-USA. Amakhophi okuqala aqoqwa nguyena ngasesandleni esinezimpondo, akhula ezintabeni zeRocky. Abamele izinhlobo zakamuva, uthi uhlobo lweChrysomela noma amabhungane amaqabunga. Kepha ngo-1865, omunye umcwaningi wamabhungane wafaka ubhungane wamazambane waseColorado kuhlobo lweLeptinotarsa, lapho okukhona manje.
Izwe labhungane lamazambane laseColorado liyinyakatho mpumalanga yeMexico, esifundeni iSonora. Ngaphezu kwakhe, ezinye izinhlobo zamabhungane amaqabunga zihlala lapho, zidla ngasendaweni eseduze nogwayi. Ngekhulu le-19, ibhungane lasuka ezindaweni zomdabu lafudukela enyakatho, empumalanga ye-Rocky Mountain, lapho lalijwayela ukudla amaqabunga amazambane, ayekhiqizwa ngabokufika. Umonakalo wokuqala obonakalayo ovela ebubini wabhalwa eNebraska ngonyaka we-1855, kwathi ngo-1859 wacekela phansi amasimu esifundazweni saseColorado, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho yaziwa ngegama.
Yize iqiniso lokuthi kwathathwa izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukusakazeka kwezinambuzane ezweni lonke, yaqala ukuvela kwezinye izifundazwe naseCanada, kwathi ngo-1876 yaqala ukubonakala eYurophu kanye nemithwalo yemikhumbi.
Ngemuva kwalokho ibhungane lawa kaningi ezwekazini, kodwa isikhathi ngasinye lapho labhujiswa. Ngo-1918, "ukufika" kwe-mabhungane kwaphumelela - lesi sinambuzane savela emasimini aseFrance futhi saqala ukusabalala emazweni angomakhelwane. Manje eYurophu yonke indawo ngaphandle kweNgilandi, lapho kuyivelakancane ngokwanele.
Ngo-1949, kwavela amabhungane e-USSR - esifundeni saseLviv, ngonyaka we-1953 - ngaso leso sikhathi ezindaweni eziningana zaseRussia. Njengomphumela wokuqhubekela phambili empumalanga kancane kancane, lesi sinambuzane safinyelela eTrimorsky Territory kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21.
Izici zebhungane lamazambane leColorado
Isinambuzane singamalungu omndeni wamabhungane amaqabunga, unesimo somzimba okusaqanda. Izinambuzane zabantu abadala zihluka ngezibungu hhayi ngosayizi kuphela, kodwa nangemichilo emide emide. Ngokwencazelo eningilizayo, kufanelekile ukubiza indawo ecwebezelayo yomzimba wamabhungane.Isici esikhethekile umbala ophuzi omnyama emuva.
Isisu senkathazo siqukethe izingxenye eziyi-7, lapho imigqa yamabala amnyama ibonakala khona. Lesi sinambuzane sinamabhangqa amathathu emilenze “enezingwegwe” eziklanyelwe ukukhamba kancane ezitshalweni. Izimpiko zeWebed zivumela lo mabhungane amazambane enze ama-hops amade.
Izinkomba zokulinganisa izinambuzane cishe ziyi-8-12 mm. Ububanzi bhungane lamazambane lifinyelela ku-7 mm. Endaweni yephiko ngalinye kunemivimbo emi-5 emnyama. Umzimba wezibungu uboniswa ngombala opinki noma okhanyayo. Kunamachashazi amnyama emzimbeni wezibungu.
Ubhungane wamazambane waseColorado awesabi isithwathwa, amanzi noma ukushisa. Ngesikhathi sonyaka, abantu abadala banqoba ibanga lamashumi amakhilomitha. Kuke kwaba nezikhathi lapho umoya uthwala lezi zinambuzane ngamakhulu amakhilomitha.
Izinambuzane
Ubhungane oludala luphakathi ngosayizi - ububanzi bu-0,8-1.2 cm futhi ububanzi bube ngu-0.6-0.7 cm. Umzimba ungama-round, o-convex, umbala ophuzi osawolintshi, onamabala amnyama, acwebile. I-prespinum ibuye ibe nezindawo ezimnyama; imithelela emnyama emi-5 emincane idlula elytra. Ngokwendlela enjalo enemigqa, ukwahlukanisa ibhungane kwezinye izinambuzane akunzima. Amaphiko akhe akhule kahle, yingakho ekwazi ukundiza amabanga amade ngokwebala.
Izibungu zithambile, futhi zi-convex, zifinyelela ku-1.5 cm ubude, ekuqaleni, zisencane, zinombala ophuzi, bese zimnyama, ziba bomvu obomvana futhi nsundu. Imibala enjalo ibangelwa ukuthi, ukudliwa kwamaqabunga, izibungu azikwazi ukugaya i-carotene kuzo, futhi kancane kancane zanda ezithweni zazo. Izibungu zinekhanda elimnyama nemigqa emi-2 yamachashazi anombala ofanayo ezinhlangothini zombili zomzimba.
Amabhungane amadala ikakhulukazi izibungu zidla amaqabunga ama-nightshade. Ezinhlotsheni zamasiko zalo mndeni, zithanda kakhulu ama-isitshalo amaqanda kanye namazambane, kepha azihambi ngokuxazulula utamatisi, i-physalis nogwayi. Kukhethwe upelepele obumnandi lapho kungasenakho ukudla okufanelekile eduzane. Kubukeka kanjani I-Colorado amazambane amazambane uyabona esithombeni.
Uvelaphi ubhungane wamazambane waseColorado?
Indaba yesinambuzane ivela eMexico. Ubhungane lwamaqabunga luqale ngokudla izitshalo zasendle; aluzange lwenze amazambane. Ngenxa yokufuduka kwabantu, kwavela ibhungane lamaqabunga eColorado, lapho laqala khona ukubhubhisa izilimo zamazambane. Kamuva, izinambuzane zasakazeka kulo lonke elaseMelika naseYurophu.
Ngemuva kokuphumelela ubusika ngempumelelo, izinambuzane eziyizimbotshana eziyizigaxa ziyakhasa ziphume emhlabathini. Amabhungane "afudumele" elangeni, aqale ukudla nokushada. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, amaqanda abekwa, kuqhume izibungu ezincane. Amaqanda eMinke abekwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zamaqabunga amazambane.
Impilo ye-larva ihlukaniswe ngokwezigaba ezine; ikhipha amagobolondo ayo amahlandla amane. Emva kwalokhu, izibungu zishiya amaqabunga, ziqale ukuzwakala ngaphansi komhlaba. Izinambuzane ezisencane ziphuma epulini bese ziqala ukudla amacembe amazambane.
Izinambuzane zobusika emhlabathini, phakathi nobusika obubandayo zingena ngamasentimitha ayi-10-30 emhlabathini. Izinambuzane ezinemigqa zingangcwaba ngokujula kwama-50-100 cm. Isibalo nokukhula kwebhungane lamazambane leColorado kuncike ekujuleni kobusika. Ubusika bufudumele, kanti izinambuzane eziningi zizophila lapho kuneqhwa.
Amanye ama-minke whales alala ngaphansi komhlaba iminyaka engu-2-3 ngokulandelana. Futhi, zingakhuphuka zingabi ndawonye, kodwa kancane kancane. Lokhu kuchaza ubukhona benyathi yamazambane ngonyaka odlule ngasehlobo.
Esiqeshini, izinambuzane zingavela hhayi kuphela ezingxenyeni ezijulile zenhlabathi. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nokufuduka kwabantu abaningi. Le nto yenzeka lapho isimo sezulu sihlukile kakhulu ngonyaka owedlule. Amabhungane nawo andiza kalula esuka ezweni elingumakhelwane.
Umjikelezo wempilo
Zishiywe izinambuzane nje kuphela ebusika, ekwindla zijikijela emhlabathini ziyi-0,2-0,5 m.Ukufika ukushisa, amabhungane akhuphuke, aqale ukudla izithombo zamazambane abese ethola owakwakhe.
Ngasikhathi sinye, izinsikazi zingavundiswa ekwindla, lapho kuhlangana khona amaqanda ngokushesha. Kuyasiza futhi ekusindeni kwesinambuzane esiyingozi, ngoba izintokazi ezivundile azidingi ukusesha owesilisa entwasahlobo.
Amabhungane, esefinyelele amazambane, aqala ukubeka amaqanda awo - ngamaqembu amancane ngaphansi kwamaqabunga. Amaqanda ama-Colorado Beetle - omncane, omude, ophuzi noma owolintshi okhanyayo.
Ngosuku lokuqala lwe-1, insikazi ingabeka eceleni ama-pcs angama-5-80. amaqanda, futhi isizini yonke - ama-350-700 ama-pcs. (ngokusho kweminye imibiko, lesi sibalo ngamayunithi ayinkulungwane). Zingaki izizukulwane ezizokhula ehlobo ngokuya ngesimo sezulu kanye nesimo sezulu esikhona: eningizimu kunama-2-3, enyakatho - kuphela u-1.
I-Colado amazambane amabhungane shiya amaqanda ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-5- 17. Ngaphambi kokudlwengulwa, badlula ezigabeni ezi-4 ekukhuleni kwabo:
- 1 - kudliwa izicubu ezithambile zeqabunga kusuka ngezansi, okwenziwe njalo ngamaqabunga amasha apical,
- 2 - yidla lonke iphepha, ushiye imithambo kuphela,
- 3 no-4 - hlakazeka kuso sonke isitshalo, ukhasa kulabo abasondelene nabo.
Izibungu zondla ngokuzikhandla, ukuze kuthi emva kwamasonto angama-2-3 ziphume zingene emhlabathini ukuze zibambe. Ukujula kokungcwaba kungamamitha ayi-0,1 kuphela. Izinyosi ziphuma ziphele ngemuva kwamaviki awu-1.5 ukuya kwayi-22. Zingakhuphuka noma zihlale emhlabathini kuze kube sentwasahlobo (lokhu kuncike ekushiseni kwenhlabathi).
Ubhungane abasebasha abanezinhlayiya ezithambile, orenji okhanyayo. Kepha ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa baphenduka nsundu, bethola umbala ojwayelekile wezinhlobo. Bondla ngamaqabunga amazambane amasonto ama-1-3. Uma isimo sezulu sishisa, amabhungane andizela nakwezinye izindawo. Besebenzisa umoya, ngesivinini sehlobo esiyi-8 km / h, bangandiza amashumi amakhilomitha ukusuka endaweni yabo yasekuqaleni.
Amabhungane aphila, imvamisa unyaka owodwa, kepha amanye angaphila izinkathi ezi-2 noma ezi-3. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, izinambuzane ziwela ekuhambeni bese zihlala emhlabathini iminyaka engama-2-3. Lesi sici siphazamisa ukulawulwa ngempumelelo kwezinambuzane. Ngobungozi, izimbungulu azizami ukundiza, kepha ziwe phansi kube sengathi zifile.
Potato Beetle Habitat
Indawo yokubulala izinambuzane isiko elihlukile elingumakhelwane. IBhungane lihlala kunoma yiziphi izindawo ezivulekile. Umsebenzi phakathi nosuku ubonwa ngabantu abadala nezibungu. I- “minke whale” isakazeke engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia; indawo yayo ihlanganisa iNtshonalanga Yurophu, iNyakatho neMelika Ephakathi.
Ijubane lentuthuko, ukuzalwa kabusha kwesibalo sabantu kuya ngokushisa kanye nomswakama wemvelo, ukutholakala kokudla. Ubhungane lwamazambane waseColorado unezici eziguquguqukayo eziphezulu kwisisekelo sokudla, ezimeni ze-agroclimatic.
Abantu abadala bachitha ubusika ngaphansi komhlaba. Lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngenhla kwama-degrees angu-10, amabhungane aqala ukwanda. Kwesinye isikhathi izinambuzane ziyagana ngaphambi kokulala kobusika. Isilinganiso sokuphila esiphakeme kakhulu sabadala yiminyaka emi-3.
Ungalwa kanjani
I-Colorado potato beetle - izinambuzane ubudlabha obukhulu, uma ungathathi izinyathelo zokulwa nakho, izibungu ngesikhathi esifushane ziyakwazi ukudla ingxenye eqabulayo yamaqabunga esihlahleni. Kulokhu, lesi sitshalo ngeke sikwazi ukuthuthuka ngokujwayelekile, sibophele futhi sikhule nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ngeke kube khona ukuvuna.
Ezindaweni ezincane, kungenzeka ukubhekana naleli bhungane ngesandla, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amakhemikhali. Ungaqala ngemuva kokutshala amazambane. Kumele ibekwe eduzane nemibhede yokuhlanza. Behehwa yiphunga, bayobutha izimbungulu ezincibilika ziphume emhlabathini.
Kuhlala kuphela ukuqoqa ukuhlanzwa kanye nezinambuzane, kuzisuse emibhedeni bese zichitha. Isikhathi sokuthi ibhungane liphume enhlabathini singelula inyanga yonke, ngakho-ke nje ukusebenzisa le ndlela akwanele.
Isigaba sesibili somzabalazo: ukuhlolwa kwezihlahla ngobukhona bokugcotshwa kwamaqanda abasha kubo. Njengoba izinsikazi zibabeka epulelweni eliphansi leqabunga, kunzima ukubabona ngokushesha. Udinga ukuthatha amaqabunga, uwahlole kusuka ngezansi, uthathe lawo mafutha amaqanda atholakala kuwo futhi uwaqothule, uqoqe amabhungane lapho nje esetholakala kumazambane futhi awabhubhise.
Okudliwa yibhungane lamazambane le-Colado
Izinambuzane "zisebenza ngokukhethekile" ekubhujisweni kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezithile. Ukudla okumnandi kakhulu kwamabhungane amaqabunga aluhlaza amazambane. Amaqabunga amazambane amasha akukhona ukuphela kokudla kwezinambuzane ezimthende. Zidla ngamaqabunga ezitshalo ezingafani eziseduze.
Uma amaqabunga amazambane engakakhuphuki emhlabathini, ibhungane lihamba liye kopelepele, utamatisi kanye nesitshalo seqanda. Isinambuzane esisodwa esidliwayo sidla ama-75 mg wesisindo seqabunga ngosuku. Isinambuzane sesizukulwane sasehlobo singabhubhisa kuze kufike ku-136 mg weqabunga leqabunga.
Amabhungane amaqabunga angadla amaqabunga amazambane kuya ku-petioles. Ngenqwaba yezinambuzane, ukulahleka kwezitshalo kufinyelela kuma-40%. Uma kungekho amazambane esizeni, izinambuzane ziqala izilimo zasolwandle zasendle.
Kuyathakazelisa! Emzimbeni wamabhungane, izinto ezinobuthi zibuthana kumasiko asondelene. Lokhu kuchaza iqiniso lokuthi izinyoni ezidla inyama azidli izibungu zebhungane lamazambane leColorado.
Izitha zemvelo
Amabhungane aseColorado adla amaqabunga amazambane aqukethe i-solanine. Le nto inqwabelana ezicutshini zayo, ngakho-ke ayikufanele ukudla kwezinyoni eziningi noma izilwane. Ngenxa yalokhu, zinezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo, futhi ezinazo azikwazi ukulawula inani lamabhungane endaweni engeyona ingozi.
Izinyoni zaseGuinea, ama-turkeys, ama-pheasants kanye nemigwaqo kungenisa izinyoni zasepulazini, amabhungane, ngaphandle kokuzilimaza. Kubo, izinambuzane azinobuthi futhi zidliwa ngentokozo enkulu. Izinambuzane ngokwazo zidla ama-Guinea Guinea kuphela, ezinye kumele ziqeqeshelwe kusukela eminyakeni eyi-3-4 izinyanga: qala ngokufaka amabhungane amancane achotshoziwe ekudleni, bese kuphelele ukuze izinyoni zikujwayele.
Izinyoni zingakhishwa ngqo esivandeni, azilimazi izitshalo, azilimi inhlabathi njengezinkukhu, zidla amabhungane nezibungu ngokuqondile kusuka emaqabungeni. Kanye nezimbungulu, izinyoni ze-guinea zibhubhisa ezinye izinambuzane, ezilimaza nezitshalo ezitshaliwe.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi izinkukhu ezifuywayo zidla amabhungane eColorado, kepha ngabantu abathile kuphela abajwayele lokhu kusukela ebuntwaneni. Ungadedela izinyoni ziye engadini ngokuqala kwezibungu, okusho ukuthi ngoMeyi-Juni.
Kepha, kuyathandeka ukuthi amazambane aboshwe ngokuthile, ngaphandle kwalokho izinkukhu zingashintshela kalula emibhedeni engomakhelwane futhi zonakalise imifino ekhula lapho, zibambe imifino emisha, ihlele imigodi yokubhukuda othulini. Usebenzisa izinkukhu ngale ndlela, ungakwenza ngaphandle kokuthola ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali noma amakhemikhali abantu.
Ukulwa naleli bhungane kuzoba lula ngokuphelele futhi kube yinzuzo: izinyoni, ezidla izinambuzane ezinothile ngamaprotheni, zizokhula ngokushesha futhi zizuze isisindo, ukugcwala izinkukhu kuthwale amaqanda amaningi nakho konke lokhu okuphakelayo kwamahhala.
Ngaphezu kwezilwane ezifuywayo, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado libuye lidliwe yizinyoni zasendle. Lezi yizinkanyezi, undlunkulu, ukhukhamba, amajuba, i-grouse, kanti abanye, kodwa-ke, akufanele uthembele ekutheni bazobhubhisa ibhungane ngamanani amakhulu.
Kungenzeka ukwandisa isibalo sezinyoni zasendle uma uzinxenxa ngqo esizeni, kepha lokhu kukude futhi akuphumeleli, ngakho-ke, akunangqondo ukubheka izinyoni zasendle njengeyona ndlela yokuqeda ibhungane. Futhi ngokusho kweminye imibiko, lezi zinyoni, njengoba sezishaye isiza kule ndawo, azidli izinambuzane kuphela, kepha futhi zonakalisa isivuno samajikijolo avuthwa ngalesi sikhathi.
Ukusuka ezinambuzaneni, amaqanda kanye nezibungu zebhungane lamazambane leColorado kubhujiswa ngohlaka lwamabhungane, amabhungane omhlabathi, ama-ladybugs, amabhungane, izinambuzane, izimbungulu ezidla inyama kanye ne-tahini (zithinta okokugcina, ekwindla, esizukulwaneni senkathazo, esivimbela ukuzalwa kwayo). Izifundo ziyaqhubeka nokufakwa kwama-entomophages aseMelika - izitha zemvelo zebhungane lamazambane leColorado kanye nokushintshwa kwazo eYurophu.
Ukulwa nebhungane lamazambane leColorado
Izindlela zomzabalazo zihlukaniswe zokuvimbela, amakhemikhali kanye nemvelo. Izindlela zokuzivikela zifaka phakathi ezolimo. Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amakhambi esintu afakazelwe.
Izindlela zokuvikela zamakhemikhali - imikhiqizo ye-biological, izindlela ezikhethekile zokucubungula okutshala amazambane. Amakhemikhali ayasebenza ekucutshungweni kwesikhathi se-larval. Ukulungiswa kwebhayoloji kubhekwa njengokuphephile kubantu, kukhombisa imiphumela emihle ngamafafaza aphindaphindiwe.
Ukucubungula amazambane kusuka kubhungane lamazambane aseColorado akukho ngaphandle kwezindlela eziphilayo. Ubhungane wamazambane wesaba izitshalo ezinambuzane (ubhontshisi, ugarlic, i-coriander nabanye). Izitshalo ezinjalo, ezitshalwe ngasemaphethelweni emibhede, zivikela amazambane ezinambuzaneni.
Zonke lezi zindlela zisebenza okwesikhashana nje, ngoba izinambuzane ziyavumelana nezimo ezintsha. Kungcono ukusebenzisa amakhemikhali, uwagcwalise ngezindlela ezihlukile ezifakiwe zokulawula. Ungaguqula imali ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze uvikele isivuno samazambane kusuka kubhungane bamaqabunga.
Umlando Wokutholwa kanye ne-Systematics
Le nhlobo yaqala ukutholwa ngonyaka we-1824 ngudokotela wezemvelo waseMelika uThomas Say (UThomas Say) kusuka ezinhlotweni eziqoqwe eZintabeni Zamadwala endaweni eseduze enezimpondo (Solanum rostratum) Uveze uhlobo olusha njengommeleli wohlobo. Chrysomela. Ngo-1858, isazi sempi saseJalimane uChristian Wilhelm Suffrian (UChristian Wilhelm Ludwig Eduard Suffrian) wabeka le nhlobo kuhlobo lwaseMelika I-Doryphoraathandana naye kakhulu. Kamuva, ngo-1865, umcwaningi owaziwayo waseSweden waleli qembu lamabhungane weStehl wafaka ibhungane lembiza yamazambane kuColorado kuhlobo olusungulwe nguye ngo-1858 Leptinotarsa, ngokwakhiwa kwalo okukhona kuze kube namuhla. Kodwa-ke, emisebenzini eminingana, ikakhulukazi ngabenzeli baseMelika, kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, izinhlobo zavela ngaphansi kwegama I-Doryphora decemlineata.
Ubhungane wamazambane waseColorado uyilungu lomndeni wamabhungane amaqabunga (Chrysomelidae), subfamily of real leaf mabhungane (Chrysomelinae).
Izwe lase-Colorado amazambane likhulu
Ubhungane lathola igama laso kuzwelonke ngo-1859 ngemuva kokubhubhisa amasimu amazambane endaweni yase-US yaseColorado, kepha izwe lakhona uqobo yiSonora zoogeographic sub-region esenyakatho mpumalanga yeMexico [ Umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku ezingama-286 ]. Ngaphezu kwebhungane lamazambane leColorado, ezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lwezinsizwa nazo zihlala lapho. Leptinotarsaezondla nge-nightshade yasendle nogwayi - izihlobo zamazambane atshaliwe nezinhlobo zikatamatisi.
Ukusuka esifundazweni iSonoran, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado lasakazekela enyakatho lafika emithambekeni esempumalanga yeRocky Mountain, lapho ngekhulu le-19 lavumelana nokudla amazambane abekwa izifiki.
Spread emhlabeni wonke
Umonakalo wokuqala omkhulu wamazambane yiBhungane lembiza yamazambane waphawulwa ngonyaka we-1855 esifundazweni saseNebraska, kodwa walithola igama ngemuva kokuvela emasimini amazambane eColorado ngo-1859. Naphezu kwakho konke ukuphepha, inkathazo entsha yasakazeka masinyane eNyakatho Melika, kwathi ngo-1876-1877 bawela uLwandle i-Atlantic bephethe izimpahla emikhunjini futhi yaqala ukubonakala eYurophu, eduzane naseLeipzig.
Ngemuva kokuba leli bhungane lezinhlwathi laseColorado lilethwe kaningana eYurophu, kepha ama-foci alo achithwa ngokuphepha kuze kube ngonyaka we-1918, phakathi neMpi Yezwe yokuQala, wakwazi "ukuthola indawo" esifundeni saseBordeaux (France). Ukusuka lapha, ibhungane laqala imashi yalo lokunqoba emazweni aseYurophu, hhayi e-UK kuphela, lapho lisavela khona.
Ukuthuthela empumalanga kanye nemimoya evele njalo ezinyangeni zasehlobo, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1940, ibhungane lafika emingceleni ye-USSR. Ukugxila kwayo kokuqala endaweni ye-USSR kwatholakala esifundeni saseLviv ngo-1949. Kwathi ngo-1953 wabonakala ngasikhathi sinye ezifundeni zaseKaliningrad, Volyn, Brest naseGrodno. Ekugcineni, ngezinsuku ezishisayo nezineziwula zomoya ngoMeyi 1958, indiza enkulu yamabhungane amazambane eColorado yaya esifundeni saseTranscarpathian yenzeka eHungary naseCzechoslovakia, ngenkathi “ukubhukwa” okunamandla kwezihlahla ezinamandla okuvela ePoland kwaphonswa ogwini lwaseLithuania nolweKaliningrad oLwandle iBaltic. Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi kwaqala ukusetshenzwa kabusha kwezinkumbi zamabhungane amazambane aseColorado e-USSR. Ngonyaka owomile we-1975, kanye nezinqola ezazithwelwe ngotshani, ezivela ezifundeni ze-Russian SSR zawela ezifundeni ze-Southern Urals. Kusukela ngo-2000, kutholakala ku-Primorsky Territory.
Ukubukeka
Ubhungane uphakathi ngosayizi, ubude obuyi-8-12 mm no-6-7 mm ububanzi. Umzimba wakhe ububende, ucwebezela ngokuqinile, ucwebezela, uphuzi-owolintshi. I-Pronotum enamabala amnyama. E-elytra ngayinye kunemivimbo emnyama emi-5 (ukusuka lapho igama lesiLatin lalolo hlobo likhona decemlineataumugqa oyishumi). Izimpiko ze-webbed zakhiwe kahle, futhi ngosizo lwazo amabhungane eColorado enza izindiza ezinde.
Izibungu zebhungane lamazambane leColorado zide zifike ku-15-16 mm ubude nekhanda elimnyama nezintambo ezimbili zamachashazi amnyama ezinhlangothini zomzimba, ngenxa yokuthi okuvame ukudidaniswa ne-larbug larva, kuphela i-larbug ye-ladybug enamabala e-orange. Umbala womzimba wezibungu zebhungane lamazambane leColorado kuqala unombala onsundu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uba umbala ophuzi noma opinki. Indaba esemqoka yokwenza imibala ye-hemolymph yama-larvae ngumbala we-carotene. Lapho izibungu zidla amaqabunga amazambane, zigaya yonke imibala ngaphandle kwe-carotene, enqwabelana izicubu zazo bese zibeka izibungu ngombala “we-karoti.
Izindlela zokulawula
Izindlela zokulawula ubhungane wamazambane waseColorado zifaka izinyathelo zokuvalelwa kwabantu kanye nokwelashwa kwezitshalo lapho kuvela izibungu zeminyaka yesi-2 naphakathi kokuzalwa okukhulu kwamabhungane amancane anama-insecticides (ama-pesticides). Kodwa-ke, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado libonisa ukumelana okukhulu nobuthi futhi lisheshe likhulele ukungaziphathi. Kodwa ama-insecticides e-systemic awamlutha kumabhungane [ Umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku ezingama-286 ] futhi unikeze amandla okubhekana nayo ngempumelelo iminyaka eminingi. Ezindaweni ezincane, amabhungane nezibungu zazo kuvame ukuqoqwa ngesandla kuqedwe.
Ama-Grooves (noma imijondolo) enamathambeka angama-45 ° futhi angena ngokushesha aba yisicupho esingaphezu kwengxenye yamabhungane amancane aseColorado ahamba ngaphezulu.
Njengoba amabhungane aseColorado aqongelela emizimbeni yawo ama-alkaloid anobuthi be-solanins aqukethe amahlumela namahlamvu esolanaceous, ayakwazi ukuhlala ezinyangeni nasezilwaneni eziningi, futhi ngenxa yalokho anezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo, ngaphezu kwalokho, izitha eziningi zemvelo ezidumile zebhungane laseColorado azikwazi ukubamba isibalo sazo ezingeni eliphephile.
Izibungu zeBhungane zingadla: kusuka kwizinyoni - ama-pheasants, ama-turkeys kanye ne-Guinea Guinea, kusuka ezinambuzaneni - mabhungane emhlabathini namalayoni. Ama-Ladybugs angadla amaqanda nezinqolobane zamabhungane amancane.
Izinyoni ezindala ze-Guinea zidla kuphela izinyoni ze-guinea, ama-turkeys afundiswa ukwenza lokhu kusukela ebuntwaneni, engeza amabhungane amancane eColorado achotshoziwe ekudleni noma ekondleni amabhungane, ewagingqiza abe yipea ngesinkwa [ umthombo ongagunyaziwe? ] .
Izitha zemvelo zebhungane lamazambane leColorado nazo zingamabhungane futhi ezinye izinambuzane, ezisebenza kakhulu kunazo zonke kwakuyizinhlobo ze-tahini I-Myiopharus doryphorae (fr.) IsiRussia , efinyelela amanani amakhulu kakhulu ekwindla futhi ishaye isizukulwane sokugcina samabhungane eColorado ngonyaka, kodwa eColorado inani lalezinambuzane eziyizidlakudla lingafinyelela amanani aphezulu entwasahlobo, okuvumela ukugcina inani lamabhungane aseColorado ngezinga elamukelekayo.
Imizamo yenziwa ukulawula inani lamabhungane aseColorado esebenzisa izinambuzane ezi-entomophagous, ikakhulukazi ngosizo lwezimbungulu eziyingozi Podisus maculiventris futhi I-Perillus bioculatus.
Ngo-2010, iSikhungo Sokuvikelwa Kwezitshalo Sikhungo Sezemfundo yaseRiphabhlikhi yaseMoldova sakhombisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwe-hellebore Lobel ngokumelene nembhungane yamazambane yaseColorado.
Amabhungane aseColorado athola izindawo zokutshala izitshalo ezi-solanaceous ngosizo lomqondo othuthuke kakhulu. Uma utshala i-solanaceous exutshwe nezitshalo ezinuka kamnandi (isibonelo, i-borago, i-calendula, i-lemon balm, i-basil, i-mint, i-dill, i-coriander, u-anyanisi, ugarliki, ubhontshisi, ubhontshisi)-ke inani lamabhungane lingancipha ngezikhathi 8-9, okubalulekile okungenani kuthinte ukuphepha kwesitshalo.
Ibhungane lamazambane leColorado alibekezeleli iphunga lokubola u-anyanisi ikhasi, ngakho-ke uma ufaka umlotha omningi nesikhwanyana esincane sika-anyanisi lapho utshala amazambane emgodini, khona-ke ibhungane ngeke libonakale kula mabhasi kuze kube yilapho kuqhuma amazambane, futhi emva kwalokho ngeke kulimaze amazambane, kusukela lapho intuthuko ephelele kanye ukubekwa kwesilimo kudlula kusukela ekuqaleni kokukhula kuphetha ngokuqhakaza izimbali [ umthombo ongagunyaziwe? ] .
Ngomthelela omkhulu, izindlela eziningana zokulawula zingenzeka.
Thayipha | Buka | Ukuhlukaniswa | Isigaba esihlaselwe | Indawo |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ama-parasites kanye nama-parasitoids | Chrysomelobia labidomerae | Acari | imago | E-USA, eMexico |
Edovum puttleri | I-Hymenoptera | amaqanda | EColombia, eMexico, e-USA | |
I-flavour ye-Anaphes | I-Hymenoptera | amaqanda | E-USA | |
Abahlali baseMyiopharus | IDiptera | imago | E-USA | |
I-Myiopharus doryphorae | IDiptera | izibungu | ECanada, e-USA | |
Meigenia mutabilis | IDiptera | izibungu | IRussia | |
Megaselia rufipes | IDiptera | imago | EJalimane | |
IHeterorhabditis bacteriophora | Nematoda | imago | cosmopolitans | |
IHeterorhabditis heliothidis | Nematoda | imago | cosmopolitans | |
Izidlamlilo | Lebia grandis | Coleoptera | amaqanda, izibungu | E-USA |
Hippodamia convergener | Coleoptera | amaqanda, izibungu | E-USA, eMexico | |
Coccinellidae | Coleoptera | amaqanda, izibungu | cosmopolitans | |
Euthyrhynchus floridanus | IHemiptera | izibungu | E-USA | |
I-Oplomus dichrous | IHemiptera | amaqanda, izibungu | EMexico | |
I-Perillus bioculatus | IHemiptera | abadala, amaqanda, izibungu | ECanada, e-USA, eMexico | |
Podisus maculiventris | IHemiptera | izibungu | E-USA | |
IPselliopus cinctus | IHemiptera | izibungu | E-USA | |
I-Sinea diadema | IHemiptera | izibungu | E-USA | |
Stiretrus anchorago | IHemiptera | izibungu | E-USA, eMexico | |
Amagciwane | Bacillus thuringiensis | Amagciwane | izibungu | I-USA, Canada, Europe |
I-Photorhabdus luminescens | Amagciwane | abadala, izibungu | cosmopolitans | |
I-Spiroplasma | IBacterium | abadala, izibungu | ENyakatho Melika, eYurophu | |
Beauveria bassiana | Ascomycota | abadala, izibungu | E-USA |
Ubhungane wamazambane wamanga
Ubhungane wamazambane wangempela ungadideka ubhungane wamazambane wamanga (I-Leptinotarsa juncta) Lesi sakamuva akuyona inkathazo enkulu yezolimo - idla ukhula oluqhamuka emndenini osondelene, ngokwesibonelo, ugwayi, uCaroline nightshade (I-solanum carolinense), kanye ne-bittersweet nightshade nezinhlobo zama-physalis. Akuvamile ukuthi adle amazambane futhi akazali ezitshalweni zakhe.
Ngabe libukeka kanjani ibhungane lamazambane leColorado?
I-Colorado amazambane ibhungane, ukubukeka, isithombe
Ubhungane wamazambane waseColorado ungowokuhleleka kweColeoptera, umndeni wamabhungane amaqabunga.
Umzimba wamabhungane unesimo seqanda: ingxenye yawo engenhla iyi-convex, kanti engezansi isicaba. Ubude bomzimba buyi-8-12 mm, futhi ububanzi buyi-6-7 mm. Inhloko inesimo esiyindilinga, ububanzi bayo bukhulu kunobude, buyacishwa futhi butholakale buqamama. Ekhanda lobhungane lamazambane leColorado kukhona uphawu olumnyama ngendlela yoxantathu. Amehlo ebhungane asesimweni sobhontshisi nomnyama, atholakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda.
Ama-antenxe anezingxenye eziyi-11 atholakala ezingeni lesifunda se-anterior iso: eyokuqala engu-5 insundu, kanti eziyisi-6 ezisele zimnyama.
Isisu sinezingxenye ezi-7 zombala wewolintshi okhanyayo onamabala amnyama. I-Elytra isondele emzimbeni webhungane; inombala ogqamile, ohlanganisa imivimbo ephuzi namnyama. Ibhungane linamaphiko akhule kahle athuthukile, ngenxa yawo leli bhungane lingenza izindiza ezinde, ikakhulukazi lapho kunesimo sezulu esinamandla.
Imilenze yesinambuzane ibuthakathaka futhi mncane, ngakho ibhungane lamazambane leColorado alikwazi ukuhamba, kukhasa kuphela.
Izinsikazi emabhungwini zikhulu futhi zinzima, isisindo sazo ngu-160 mg, kanti abesilisa - 145 mg.
Amaqanda ama-Colorado Beetle
Ekushiseni komoya oku- + 21 ° C kanye nomswakama ka-70%, ukukhula kweqanda kuthatha amasonto angama-1-2,5, kodwa uma izinga lokushisa lehlika laya ku + 11 ° C, inqubo iyama.
Amaqanda amabhungane anesimo se-oval, indawo ebushelelezi futhi ecwebezelayo, ububanzi bawo bubalelwa ku-0.8 mm, futhi ubude bawo buyi-1.7-1.8 mm. Lapho insikazi ibekela amaqanda, zithola umbala ophuzi okhanyayo, bese kancane kancane iba mnyama bese icishe ibe yi-orange.
I-Colado amazambane amabhungane
Cishe izinsuku ezingama-5 kuya ku-5 kamuva, izibungu zisuka emaqandeni, inani eliqondile lezinsuku zokuvuthwa kuya ngezimo zezulu. Izibungu zinekhanda elincane elimnyama nomzimba onamafutha, liyithebile ngezansi futhi li-convex ngaphezulu. Ngaphambili komzimba kunamabili amathathu amafushane wemilenze yombala omnyama, amaringi amnyama atholakala ezinhlangothini ngemigqa emibili.
Izibungu zihamba ngezigaba ezi-4 zokuthuthuka:
- Iminyaka yokuqala: umzimba umbozwe izinwele futhi ubude bawo bube ngu-1.5-2.4 mm, upendiwe ngwempunga emnyama. Ngalesi sikhathi, izibungu zidla engxenyeni engezansi yenyama yamaqabunga.
- Iminyaka yesibili: umzimba uguqula umbala ube bomvu okhanyayo, ubude bawo bunyuke bufika ku-2,5-4,5 mm, inani lezinwele liyancipha. Izibungu zidla kuyo yonke inyama yeqabunga, kusale iminxa kuphela.
- Iminyaka yesithathu: ubude bomzimba buyi-4.6-9 mm, imibala ishintsha ibe izitini, izinwele ziyanyamalala. IBhungane ziyindlela yokufudukela ezitshalweni ezingomakhelwane zidle inyama yamaqabunga kanye namahlumela amancane.
- Iminyaka yesine: umzimba ufinyelela ku-9-15 mm ubude, umbala uba kusuka ku-orange-ophuzi uye kubomvu ophuzi.
Umbala we-orange wezibungu ubangelwa ukuthi into ebalulekile yokufaka imibala emzimbeni wabo yi-carotene.
Isigaba ngasinye sokuthuthuka kwesibungu siphela ngokuncibilikisa. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinambuzane zidla ngokuzikhandla bese kuthi emva kwezinsuku eziyi-10 ukuya kwezingu-10 zijike zingene enhlabathini ziye ekujuleni okungaba ngu-10 cm bese kuqhuma.
UPupae kanye nabantu abadala bhungane lamazambane leColorado
I-pupa ifana nomuntu omdala ngokubukeka; umzimba wayo ungaba ngu-9.2 mm ubude kanye no-6.4 mm ububanzi. UPupa unombala womzimba opinki noma ophuzi owolintshi.
Uma ukucwilisa kwenzeka kwenzeka ekwindla, ibhungane eliphuma epulini lihlala emhlabathini ebusika, liphume kuphela entwasahlobo.
Ngemuva kokuthi ibhungane selidlulile lisuka esigabeni sezingane liya kumuntu omdala, liba mnyama emahoreni ambalwa bese licishe libe nsundu.
Ngokuhamba kwamasonto ayi-1-3, izinambuzane zithola ukonga kwamafutha. Isimo sezulu esishisayo, sibonga ezonga amandla, uyakwazi ngisho nezindiza ezikude. By the way, amabhungane endiza ikakhulukazi ngesimo sezulu esinomoya futhi angafika ngesivinini esingafika ku-7 km / h.
Ahlala kuphi la mabhungane aseColorado? Indawo abahlala kuyo
Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo ibhungane lamazambane leColorado yiMexico, okuyi-Sonora sub-region. Umonakalo omkhulu obonakalayo wokutshala amazambane ubhungane wamazambane waseColorado waphawulwa eNebraska ngonyaka we-1855.
It got igama layo ngenxa yomcimbi owenzeka ngo-1859 eColorado. Lonyaka, izinambuzane zacekela phansi indawo enkulu yokutshala amazambane kuleli lizwe. Kepha kunomunye umbono wokuvela kwegama elinjalo: kusuka olimini lwaseMexico igama elithi “colorado” lihunyushwe ngokuthi “ngombala”, ofanele ukubukeka kwesimungumungwane.
Ibhungane lasakazeka ngokushesha eNyakatho Melika. Kamuva, ngo-1876-1877, weza engxenyeni eseNtshonalanga yeYurophu ezwa nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane ezalethwa phesheya. Ngokuvamile, ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho simo esibucayi nge-Colorado bugs, ngoba zonke izinhloso zokubukeka kwazo zachithwa. Kepha konke kuguqukile ngo-1918, phakathi neMpi Yezwe yokuQala, isiphazamisi sikwazile ukuzala eFrance, endaweni yaseBordeaux.
Ngesikhathi seMpi eNkulu yokuPhatha, izinambuzane zazivele zisemingceleni ye-USSR.
Ngokokuqala ngqa endaweni ye-USSR yangaphambili, amabhungane abonwa ngonyaka we-1949 esifundeni saseLviv, ngonyaka we-1953 aqala ukutholakala ezifundeni zaseKaliningrad, Volyn, Grodno naseBrest. Ngo-1958, phakathi nezinyanga ezishisayo neziyimimoya kusuka eHungary naseCzechoslovakia, kwaba nendiza enkulu yamabhungane eColorado aya esifundeni saseTranscarpathian nasePoland.
Kancane kancane, izinambuzane zaqonda ngqo eRussia, lapho kwakukhona khona izitshalo ezinkulu zamazambane, zaqala ukwanda ngokushesha okukhulu futhi zasakazekela ezweni lonke. Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1970s, amabhungane abonakale kuma-Urals aseningizimu, kwathi ngonyaka ka-2000 - asevele ese Primorsky Territory.
Indawo yokuhlala kwebhungane lamazambane leColorado isiko eliseduze, lingatholakala kunoma yiziphi izindawo ezivulekile. Lezi zinambuzane zingatholwa cishe yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwalezozindawo ezikude neNyakatho.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala
I-Colorado amazambane amazambane (Igama lesiLatini elithi Leptinotarsa decemlineеata) yisinambuzane esivela emndenini wamabhungane amaqabunga ngokulandelana kwezilwane ezinamaphiko, ezingenahlobo lwama-arthropods. Ngenye indlela, ibizwa nge- bhungane lamazambane leColorado, ngoba ukudla okuqukethe ikakhulukazi kuqukethe iziqongo zamazambane kanye namahlamvu ezinye izitshalo eziseduze.
Leli bhungane elinamaqabunga linomzimba omkhulu webhungane, elinomumo oyindilinga (oval), ongu-10-12 mm ubude nobude obuyi-5-7 mm ububanzi. Isikimu sombala wephiko lalesi sinambuzane senziwe ngemibala ephuzi norenji (isanqante).
Use isithombe se-colorado bhungane ungabona imicu emnyama eqondanayo emaphikweni, kukhona izingcezu eziyishumi kuphela, ezinhlanu kwelinye lamaphiko. Kungoko ngenxa yalokhu ukuthi igama elithi "decemlineata" liyavela ekuhlukaniselweni kwesiLatini kwaleli bhungane, okuhunyushwa ngalo kuqondwe ngokuthi "imigqa eyishumi."
Izimpiko zaleli bhungane ziqinile futhi zinesimo se-convex esiqongweni solwandle. Ubhungane lwamazambane lundiza kahle futhi izindiza ezinde zisebenzisa ubuhlakani busebenzisa umoya oshubile ongawuthwala phakathi nenkathi yamakhilomitha ambalwa.
I-Colado amazambane amabhungane izithunzi ezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo ezimumo obude ngokwesilinganiso zinobude be-14-15 mm. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ibanga lemibala yama-larva liguquka liphuzi ngokugqamile, bese kuba umbala we-orange (isanqante) ngenxa yokuqongelela kwe-carotene ebusweni bomzimba, obuqukethwe amaqabunga amazambane futhi aluhlafuneki ngokuphelele umzimba.
Ikhanda le-larva limnyama, ngaphezulu kube mnyama, ezinhlangothini zomzimba kukhona amachashazi amnyama emigqeni emibili. Okuthakazelisa ukwakheka komzimba walezi zibalo ukuba khona kwamabili ayisithupha wamehlo ezinhlangothini eziphambene zekhanda, okukuvumela ukuba uhambe ngokufanele endaweni efanele.
Lesi sinambuzane satholakala, noma, sahlukaniswa ngusosayensi wezemvelo wasosayensi waseMelika uThomas Say ngonyaka we-1824. Ukusatshalaliswa kwalo emhlabeni wethu izinambuzane zombala wezinambuzane kusukela eNyakatho Melika, noma, izwe lakuleli bhungane lingabhekwa njengasenyakatho-nasempumalanga yeMexico.
Esithombeni izibungu zamabhungane amazambane aseColorado
Yaziwa ngegama ngemuva kokudla amasimu amaningi amazambane eColorado, e-USA. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ibhungane laseColorado lawela ulwandle ngemikhumbi ethwala imithwalo eyayithutha imifino eYurophu futhi kusukela lapho yaqala ukusakazekela ezwekazini lase-Euro.
Ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-40, wabonakala ekuveleni kweRussia Republic of the Soviet Union, lapho isakazekele khona kuyo yonke indawo ye-CIS yanamuhla. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XXI, abantu bakhe batholakala emasimini amakhulu e-Far East endaweni ye-Primorsky Territory, lapho manje kwenzeka futhi silwe nebhungane lamazambane eli-colorado.
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
Izinambuzane ezakheke ngokuphelele futhi izibungu zazo zihlala ziphila nobusika eduze kwezindawo zokuhluma kwezilimo eziseduze. Ngaphezu ezindizeni zezinambuzane zabantu abadala ezihlangene nokuntuleka kokudla okwanele endaweni yakudala.
Izibungu zinamaqembu weminyaka emine (izigaba zokukhula): eminyakeni emibili yokuqala, izibungu zidla kuphela amaqabunga amancane athambile ezitshalo ezingabunjiwe, ngenxa yalokho zihlala ikakhulu esiqwini, esigabeni sesithathu nesesine zisakazeka kuso sonke isitshalo bese ziqala ukudla amaqabunga azo zonke izinhlobo (abancane nabadala), kusale imithambo yamaqabunga aminyene kuphela.
Ngemuva kokudla isitshalo esisodwa, kancane kancane bakhasa izigaxa zomakhelwane bese bezicekela phansi, okubangela Ukulimala kwamabhungane e-Colado amasimu amazambane nezinye izitshalo ezingabizi ezitshalwe ngumuntu.
Izinga lokuthuthuka kwezibungu kusuka kumbungu liye kumuntu omdala lincike kakhulu kwimvelo yangaphandle (ekushiseni komhlaba nasemoyeni ozungezile, kubungako kanye nethamo lemvula, ngesivinini somoya oshubile nokunye).
Ngemuva kokufika ebangeni lesine, izibungu ngejubane zehlela emhlabathini bese zifinyelela emhlabathini zijule ngamasentimitha ayishumi ukujula, imvamisa lokhu kwenzeka ngeviki lesibili noma lesithathu lokukhula.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-Pupa kwenzeka ezinsukwini eziyi-10-15, kuya ngezimo zezemvelo, emva kwalokho ibhungane labantu abadala lifika ebusweni ukuze liqhubeke nokuba khona kwalo.
Uma ibhungane selisungulwe ekwindla epholile, khona-ke lingakwazi, ngaphandle kokuphuma emhlabathini, liwele ngokushesha ekuthini hibernation ngaphambi kokuqala kokushisa okufudumele kwentwasahlobo.
Ukuphawula okuthokozisayo ukuthi amabhungane eColorado angawela ekukhumbeni ngisho iminyaka eminingana, imvamisa ngenxa yokushisa kwamakhaza ehlobo noma inani elikhulu lalezinambuzane endaweni encane, okubandakanya ukudla okwanele kubo bonke abantu.
I-Colorado amazambane amazambane
Njengoba kwacaca kuzo zonke izinto ezichazwe ngenhla I-Colorado amazambane amazambane le yinhlekelele ephelele kubo bonke abalimi nabalimi be-amateur. Ukudla amaqabunga esitshalo esisodwa ngokulandelana, lezi zinambuzane ezinambuzane, zanda ngokushesha okukhulu, zingabhubhisa amahektha emasimini atshaliwe.
Ngaphezu kweziqongo zamazambane, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado lisebenzisa amaqabunga ama-isitshalo seqanda, utamatisi, upelepele omnandi, i-physalis, i-nightshade, i-dereza, i-mandrake ngisho nogwayi.
Ukuze izinambuzane ezivele emasimini zingabhubhisi sonke isivuno esizayo, umuntu wasungula eziningana amakhambi we-Colorado amazambane beetle. Emapulazini amakhulu maqondana nebhungane lamazambane leColorado, kaningi, kusetshenziswa ama-pesticides ahlukahlukene.
Ububi bezenzo ezinjalo ukuthi kancane kancane izinambuzane zijwayela ukubulala izinambuzane futhi, lapho sezijwayele okunye, ziyaqhubeka nokudla amaqabunga ezitshalo ezitshaliwe, futhi abantu abaneme ngokudla amazambane kaphethiloli.
Emasimini amancane asekhaya, abalimi bacubungula izitshalo ezivela kubhungane lamazambane waseColorado ngomlotha wokhuni. Futhi ubuthi bhungane lamazambane leColorado izibungu zaso ziyisisombululo se-urea, futhi lapho usebenzisa ikhambi elinjalo, inhlabathi ngokwayo ivundiswa i-nitrogen ngokwengeziwe.
Ngenxa yokuthi lesi sinambuzane sinomuzwa omubi kabi, asithandi iphunga elinamandla, ngakho-ke kungenzeka lahla ubhungane wamazambane we-colorado Ungafafaza ama-infusions ahlukahlukene, ngokwesibonelo, ukumnika kwe-dandelion, umhlonyane, amahashe noma isilinganiselo se-anyanisi.
Ezindaweni zasendlini, ubhungane wamazambane waseColorado uvame ukuvunwa ngesandla, bese ushiswa noma uchotshozwe, okungenye yezindlela ezisebenzayo zokulwa nalesi sinambuzane.
Njengo okufanele ukwenze ubuthi bhungane lamazambane le-Colorado umnikazi wamasimu atshaliwe nezingadi uhlala enquma, kepha muva nje abantu bebelokhu bezama ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali amakhemikhali kancane futhi bachitha isikhathi esithe xaxa ukuthola izinhlobo ezintsha zezilimo ezinozinti ezingadliwanga ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ngemuva kobusika ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho izinsuku zokuqala zelanga zifika, amabhungane aseColorado asekhulile aphuma ngaphansi komhlaba futhi ngokushesha angakwazi ukubonana.
Ngemuva nje kokuvundiswa, izinsikazi zizalela amaqanda, ngokuvamile zifihla amaqanda ngaphakathi kwengxenye yamaqabunga noma ekuhlukaniseni iziqu. Ngosuku olulodwa, insikazi iyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda afinyelela kwangama-70, futhi ngenkathi yokufaka umquba ukusuka entwasahlobo kuya ekwindla, inani lamaqanda lingafinyelela izinkulungwane.
Ngemuva kweviki elilodwa noma amabili, kusuka emaqandeni amancane, acishe abe ngu-2-3 mm ngosayizi, aqanduselwa emaqanda abekwe, okuqala ukusuka emizuzwini yokuqala yokuphila eseqala ukondla, okokuqala edla igobolondo leqanda uqobo bese kancane kancane eshintshela kumakhasi amancane.
Ngemuva kwamaviki ambalwa, izibungu zingena esigabeni sokuhlwitha futhi emasontweni amabili kamuva, kukhethwa umuntu ozimele ngokuphelele ozimele ngaphansi komhlaba, yena, olungele inzalo.
Ezifundeni ezingaseningizimu, phakathi nenkathi kusuka entwasahlobo kuya ekwindla, izizukulwane ezimbili noma ezintathu zabantu abadala ezinamakhambi zingakhula, lapho izinga lokushisa eliqandayo libanda kakhulu, imvamisa kuvela isizukulwane esisodwa. Ngokwesilinganiso, ubhungane wamazambane waseColorado uphila unyaka owodwa noma emibili, kepha uma uwela ekuhambeni isikhathi eside, lesi sinambuzane singaphila iminyaka emithathu.
Izici zangaphandle
Uma ungakaze uhlangane nale nkinga yezolimo ejwayelekile, ungayazi ku-Intanethi. Inethiwekhi inezithombe eziningi zebhungane lamazambane leColorado, ongabheka kuzo ngokuningilize ukubukeka kwayo. Ensimini yezwe lethu, le bug ihlala ifushane - cishe iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa.
E-terminology yesayensi, ibhungane lamazambane leColorado lingelomndeni wamabhungane amaqabunga, i-oda "mabhungane." Kokubili izibungu kanye nomuntu okhulile weColorado amazambane ubhungane adla ngamaqabunga nezimbali zezitshalo ezakhiwe eziseduze.
Isidumbu sakhe siqanda, sifana neqanda lezinkukhu. Ngaphansi phansi, umzimba uyacaba. Abantu abadala balezi zinambuzane bakhula ngobude ukusuka kumamilimitha ayisikhombisa kuya kwayishumi nambili. Ngobubanzi, imizimba yabo ingamamilimitha ayi-5- 10.
Qaphela!
Ikhanda la mabhungane litholakala limaqondana nomzimba. Idonswa ngaphakathi futhi ibukeke icishe ingabonakali. Umehluko obonakalayo wale bhungane ukuba khona kophawu olunxantathu ekhanda, olunombala omnyama. Amehlo ayindilinga, i-oval, ibekwe ngokulinganayo ezinhlangothini zekhanda. Ibhungane linezimpondo ezinde.
Ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekile semilenze, amabhungane aseColorado akhasa kuphela. Abakwazi ukusebenzisa. Amabhungane amazambane aseColorado anombala ongaphezulu oqinile wamaphiko. Umbala wamaphiko umthende, imivimbo imnyama futhi imhlophe. Umbhangqwana ongaphansi wamaphiko uluwolintshi, mncane, mancane. Umbala wesisu sebhungane nawo usawolintshi, uhlukaniswe ngezigaba.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi izinsikazi zalezi zinambuzane zikhulu kunezabesilisa. Ngemuva kwe-hibernation, isisindo esivamile sowesifazane singama-gramu ayi-160, kanti abesilisa - ama-gramu ayi-145.
Uvelaphi?
Ngaphandle kwegama, lezi zinambuzane zavela okokuqala eMexico. Futhi izinambuzane zathola igama lazo ngenxa yokubhujiswa kwesilimo esiningi eColorado.
Lesi sehlakalo senzeka ngonyaka we-1859. Izinyosi zanda ngokushesha futhi zasakazeka kanye namazambane, ezazithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe zisuka eMelika ziye kwamanye amazwe omhlaba. Ekupheleni kwalelikhulu lama-20, izinambuzane ezinemigqa zase zivele zithathe iYurophu nezwe leSoviet Union.
Ngokokuqala ngqa emazweni aseSoviet, ukuhlaselwa ngamabhungane aseColorado aqoshwa esifundeni saseVolyn. Ukuze bazivikele kule nhlekelele, abaphathi bathatha izinyathelo ezinkulu zokuhlukaniswa. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izimbungulu azizange zinyamalale. I-microclimate yendawo ilungele impilo nokuthuthukiswa kwamaqanda wamabhungane we-Colorado amazambane.
Ukulungiselela
Amagciwane abulala izinambuzane asemakethe. Ukuthola ikhambi elisebenzayo lale bhungane lamazambane leColorado, udinga ukunaka ukwakheka kwalo. Izinto ezisebenzayo zezinto ezinobuthi azithinti ngokulinganayo ibhungane lamazambane.
Ama-insecticides abulala abantu abadala nezibungu. Isixazululo sixubene nezilinganiso ezichazwe emiyalweni, ingxube eseqediwe ithululelwa kwisifutho. Lapho usebenza nama-insecticides, kubaluleke kakhulu ukunakekela ukuphepha kwakho.
Kukhona izidakamizwa ezenzelwe ukwelapha ama-nezilimo eziyizigaxa ngaphambi kokutshala. Kwanele ukufafaza amazambane awembele emhlabathini. Emhlabathini, nezilimo eziyizigaxa zithola isivikelo ku-mabhungane wamazambane waseColorado. Amazambane avikelwa futhi kwezinye izinambuzane ezisemhlabathini.
Izizukulwane ezintsha zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ibonakala ngomphumela olimazayo. Ubuthi obunjalo obuvela kubhungane lamazambane waseColorado bunomphumela obulalayo ezinambuzaneni. Kunzima kakhulu ukususa "imikhomo" ngokuphelele, kepha ungabhubhisa inani elikhulu lamabhungane amaqabunga.
Amakhemikhali anobuthi angaguqulwa ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye yemikhiqizo yemvelo yezinto eziphilayo. Inzuzo yale mikhiqizo ayinangozi kubantu, ezinyoni nasezilwaneni. Imikhiqizo ye-biological iqukethe uhlobo olukhethekile lwamagciwane abangela ukubulala izinambuzane. Kuliqiniso, inqubo yokufa kwamabhungane selulwa ngesikhathi.
Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwama-insecticides kuthinta kabi ikhwalithi nokunambitheka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane. Ngalesi sizathu, ungashintsha ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ngezindlela ezilula zabantu.
Izici zomjikelezo wempilo
Ama-Adult Colado mabhungane achitha ubusika efihlekile ngaphansi komhlaba. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ziyaphuma bese ziqala ukubhubhisa kuphela izitshalo ezikhuphukayo.
Lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya liba ngaphezu kwama-degree ayishumi, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado liqala isikhathi sokuzalela. Kwezinye izimo, amabhungane mate noma ngaphambi kokulala ebusika. Ngemuva kwalokho banikeza inzalo ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvuka. Isilinganiso sempilo esiphilwa ngabamele lezi zinambuzane sisukela onyakeni owodwa kuya kwemithathu.
Isikhathi sokuvuka nokuzivumelanisa namabhungane sithatha inyanga eyodwa kuya kwengxenye. Uma kunomthombo wokudla okunempilo, abantu abadala baqina ngokushesha futhi bakulungele ukuzala.
Izibungu ziphuma emaqanda isonto ngemuva kokubekwa kwazo. Umzimba we izibungu unamanzi, u-convex, ubonakala ngombala okhanyayo we-orange. Umsebenzi oyinhloko walezi zinambuzane uqala ngemuva kokufika ekushiseni komoya okungu-15 degrees.
Amakhambi esintu
Indlela ephephe kunazo zonke yokuqeda ubhungane wamazambane waseColorado uthathwa njenge amakhambi abantu. Inqubo enobunzima - iqoqo lezandla lezinambuzane nokubhujiswa kwazo. Kulula kakhulu ukucubungula ama-plantings kusetshenziswa umlotha, ama-decoctions ajwayelekile, ama-infusions.
Umlotha wezinkuni owomile ungapova izihlahla zamazambane. Isixazululo somlotha sibhekwa njengasisebenzi kahle. 2 kg womlotha kufanele uchitheke kumalitha ayi-10 amanzi. 1 ilitha lenhlanganisela ephumayo lihlanjululwe kumalitha ayi-10 amanzi, emva kwalokho izitshalo ziphathwa.
Izakhamizi zasehlobo nazo zithi i-mustard inika umphumela omuhle ekulweni nezilokazane ezinemizila. I-100 g yempuphu yesinaphi eyomile ihlakazwa kumalitha ama-5 amanzi afudumele, kufakwa i-50 ml kaviniga (9%). Ingxube ebangelwa kufanele iphathwe ngamabhishi ngesikhathi sezimbali.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yesintu kunemithetho yayo:
- ukufafaza kuhlale kwenziwa kwisimo sezulu esomile,
- Kunconywa ukuphinda ukwelashwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-7,
- izixazululo azikwazi ukulondolozwa isikhathi eside, ngoba amakhambi emvelo alahlekelwa ukusebenza kwawo,
- ukufafaza kwenziwa ekuseni nakusihlwa.
Ukufakwa kwe-anyanisi kukhombisa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu ekulweni nezimbungulu. Imbiza enamalitha amathathu u-1/3 ugcwele ama-onion husks, athelwe ngamanzi afudumele, asele izinsuku ezimbili. Ingxube ihlanjululwe ngamanzi (1: 2), engeza u-10 g wesepha kwifomu lewuketshezi.
Ungasebenzisa amahlumela wejuniper, ijusi elinobuthi le-celandine, ukumiliselwa komhlonyane obabayo. Ukuhlunga okujwayelekile kunikeza nokuvikelwa okuthembekile kumabhungane aseColorado. Isawdust iyanconywa ukuthi isetshenziswe njenge-mulch. Ukususa kancane izinambuzane kuzosiza i-clover emhlophe etshalwe eduze kwemibhede yamazambane.
Yiziphi izinambuzane nezinyoni amabhungane aseColorado angahlangani nazo?
I-Colorado amazambane ibhungane, ukubukeka, isithombe
Kithina, indlela ejwayelekile yokubhekana namabhungane aseColorado ukuwachitha ngosizo lwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene nemithi yabantu. Kepha kukhona enye inketho - kunezinambuzane nezinyoni ezidla amabhungane eColorado, okusho ukuthi zingasiza ekulweni nezilokazane.
Kepha zimbalwa izidalwa ezinjalo, ngoba ubuthi buthelela emzimbeni webhungane, bunezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo.
Ikakhulu, i-ladybug, i-creeper encane ne-lacewing zidla amaqanda nezibungu zebhungane, kepha azinamandla phambi kwabantu abadala. Bangasiza ukunciphisa inani lezinambuzane, kepha noma kunjalo, kuzofanele usebenzise ezinye izindlela zokubhekana namabhungane aseColorado.
Iyingozi yezinyoni zezinyoni ne-turkey. Abanye baqala lezi zinkukhu ukuze nje balahle izimbungulu. Izinyoni nazo zingadla abantu abadala, kepha kuzofanela ukuthi zikujwayele lokho kudla. Ukwenza lokhu kulula kakhulu: udinga ukuwafaka ekudleni kwamabhungane eColorado, emva kwalokho azoqala ukudla lezo zinambuzane eziza ngendlela yazo.
Ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado liyisidleke esinokuphila okuphezulu, liphindaphindeka ngokushesha futhi lingasakazeka ngamabanga amade. Ukuqeda ubhungane wamazambane waseColorado akulula, ngakho-ke kudingeka uqale ulwe nayo ngokushesha.
Ezinye izindlela zomzabalazo
Mabhungane abadala bathola amazambane ngephunga, ngenxa yomqondo omuhle wephunga. Ukuze uvimbele izimbungulu ekutholeni izihlahla, udinga ukutshala enye yalezi amakhambi eduze kwazo: i-calendula, i-dill, i-basil, i-cilantro, iminti, i-garlic yesitshalo, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-anyanisi, ubhontshisi. Ngokumangazayo, kusuka kulokhu inani lamabhungane lingancipha cishe kayishumi.
Lapho utshala nezilimo eziyizigaxa entwasahlobo emgodini ngamunye, faka i-husk encane ye-anyanisi nomlotha. Ubhungane ngeke uvele ku-amazambane kuze kube ukuqhakaza, futhi ngemuva kwalokho ngeke kusaba songo, ngoba ukubekwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezintsha kwenzeka engxenyeni yokuqala yesikhathi sokukhula.
Ama-insecticides
Uma izindlela zemvelo zokulawula zingazange zisize kakhulu, bekukhona amabhungane amaningi noma indawo okuhlalwa kuyo amazambane yayinkulu, ke into enhle ongacabanga ngayo ukuphatha okutshalekile ngama-insecticides amakhemikhali. Bafafaza izitshalo ngokubonakala kwezibungu zeminyaka emi-2 namabhungane amancane kuzo.
Kepha, njengoba ubumfihlo bhungane lamazambane eColorado ukumelana kwawo okuhle namakhemikhali ahlukahlukene nokuvumelana nezimo kuwo ngokushesha, udinga ukushintsha amalungiselelo, futhi ungawafafazi ngokufanayo njalo. Akunzima ukwenza lokhu, ngoba manje kuningi okuhlukile amakhambi we-Colorado amazambane beetle, khetha kusuka kuliphi.
Ama-insecticides - Ubuthi obuvela ku-mabhungane wamazambane waseColorado - ingahlukaniswa ngokuya ngamapharamitha amaningi. Isibonelo, zonke zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba: zokugxila okuxakile, zisebenza kuphela kwizibungu noma kubantu abadala kuphela, noma ezikhona emhlabeni wonke ezibhubhisa amabhungane nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Izidakamizwa zokugcina zinamandla ngokwengeziwe futhi zisebenza ngamakhemikhali; azigcini nje ngokubulala izinambuzane ngokuthembekile, kodwa futhi zithinta kakhulu izitshalo, futhi uma zisetshenziswe ngendlela engafanele futhi uma umthamo wedlulisiwe, zithinta nabantu.
Ngokwendlela yokufaka isicelo, imikhiqizo ihloselwe ukugqoka nokufafaza. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zifafazwa ngesisombululo esilungiswe kusuka kumanxusa wokugqoka ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa ukuhluma noma ukuthambisa isisombululo. Kulungiswa nesixazululo kusuka kwizitshiza ezizosetshenziselwa ukufafaza ngeqabunga kanye neziqu.
Ngokwendlela yokwenza ku-pest, ama-insecticides athintana, amathumbu nohlelo. Ziyahlukahluka ezintweni ezisebenzayo. Lawa ngama-avermectins, ama-pyrethrins, amakhompiyutha axube kanye neoniconic.
Iningi lama-insecticides anamandla yi-phytotoxic, awanconyelwanga ukuvuthwa kwe-tubers: ukwelashwa kokugcina kufanele kwenziwe okungenani inyanga ngaphambi kokumba isivuno esisha. Ukushiya amazambane anjalo wokutshala entwasahlobo elandelayo akunconywa.
Izindlela Zokuphathwa Kwezinambuzane
Uma uzibuza ukuthi ususa kanjani lo bhungane wamazambane waseColorado, kunezindlela eziningi. Njengoba isikhathi sokuhlala kwebhungane lamazambane laseColorado elangeni lethu alibalulekile, azinazitha eziningi endaweni yemvelo.
Izinhlobo eziphikisayo
Azikho izinhlobo ezingaba yi-100% "ezinzima kakhulu" ze-bug. Kepha kunezinhlobo eziningi zemithi ezingamelana kakhulu nokudla kwezinambuzane kunabo bonke abanye. Lokhu akwenziwa hhayi ngobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, kepha ngokwenza umsebenzi wokuzalela izinhlobo ezihlukile kwezinye izakhiwo zamaqabunga.
Imvamisa ama-coarse, ama-fibrous, ambozwe izinwele, anamathambo alukhuni, ahlanganisa umsoco wamabhungane, ikakhulukazi izibungu ezincane. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi abathandi ukunambitheka kwamaqabunga agcwele i-solanine namanye ama-alkaloids. Lezi zingxube azigcini ngokunambitheka okungathandeki nje kuphela, kodwa futhi zilinganisela nekhono lembabala lokuzala.
Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinezinga eliphakeme lokuvuselelwa, ngakho-ke, noma zidliwe yizimbungulu, zibuyiselwa ngokushesha, zikhule amaqabunga amasha. Lokhu kunciphisa ukulahleka kwesivuno, njengoba umthamo wawo uncike kakhulu enanini lokuluhlaza okuvela kuwo izakhamzimba lungene kuma-tubers.
Yehlisa amathuba okuhlaselwa kwebhungane kanye nokumelana okujwayelekile kwamazambane nezifo: inkathazo ekhethekayo ihlathi yenziwa buthakathaka yizifo, izidla kalula. Ngemibhede yasekhaya, ungakhetha izinhlobo zamazambane ezilandelayo:
- Inhlanhla. Izinhlobonhlobo azikhukhumezi, zinesivuno esikhulu nokuqukethwe kwesitashi. Ubunzima - bungathinteka yi-nematode.
- Oncelayo. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zaphakathi nesizini, ezilungele kahle ukulinyelwa endaweni ephakathi yeRussian Federation. Ubhatata ubumnandi, uphila ngegama lawo.
- Kamensky. Izinhlobo zokuqala zokuvuthwa, ngaphandle kwezithelo. Kuhlanganiswe nokumelana ne-bhungane, lezi zakhiwo zenza kube inketho efanelekile yemibhede ehlukahlukene yasekhaya.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ngokuthengiswa ungathola ezinye izinhlobo eziningi ezingamelana nebhungane. Zingathengwa ezitolo eziku-inthanethi noma ezitolo zemifino.
Izeluleko Ezilusizo
Akufanele uthembele ezinhlobonhlobo kuphela, noma ngabe zizinze kangakanani. Kungcono kakhulu ukulungiselela amazambane ukuze angatholakali kwisipuni ngesikhathi sonyaka. Isigaba sokuqala ukuhluma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze amahlumela enze indlela yawo phezulu phezulu ngokushesha okukhulu.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi I-Colorado amazambane amazambane ivela emazingeni okushisa angaba ngu-15 ° C, futhi uma utshala amazambane kusenesikhathi, lapho ngalesi sikhathi izihlahla zizoba nesikhathi sokukhula iziqongo ezinamandla.Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu zinganqunywa ezingxenyeni eziningana eziqukethe i-peephole. Isitshalo sonke sizokhula kusuka kokukodwa, futhi isivuno esiphelele siyoba sikhulu. Isigaxa kuzilimo eziyizigaxa kufanele sifafazwe ngomlotha osusiwe.
Amazambane kufanele akhule enhlabathini evundisiwe. Ukuthola izondlamzimba ezanele, kuzoba namandla futhi kube namandla, kuzoba lula ukumelana nezinambuzane. Ukwakha indawo efanelekile, umanyolo kumele wethulwe emhlabathini - humus kanye nomlotha wezinkuni ohlanzekile.
Ubhungane lwamazambane waseColorado alilethi noma iyiphi inzuzo, ukulimala kuphela okubalulekile. Ngokubhubhisa amahlathi amazambane, kunciphisa isivuno sezilimo. Ukulwa nayo, kuye kwenziwa izindlela ezahlukahlukene; ukuthola umphumela osheshayo nethembekile, awukwazi ukuma kwelinye lawo, kepha sebenzisa u-2 noma u-3 ngasikhathi sinye.