Ucwaningo lokuziphatha kwama-chimpanzee cubs ngonyaka we-1913 kuya ku-1916. waba ngumcimbi ochazayo ku-biography yesayensi kaN.N. I-Ladyginoy-Cots. Amaqiniso atholakala ekubukeni kuka-Ioni empeleni anquma ukuqondiswa kwezinhloso zesayensi zikaNadezhda Nikolaevna impilo yakhe yonke. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni wesayensi, ukusebenza kanye ne-psyche yezinkawu ze-anthropoid, okwaze kwaba yindawo emhlophe eqhubekayo, zaba yinto yokuqashelwa ngokucophelela nangokucophelela. Iminyaka emibili nesigamu yokuphila, u-Ioni waqoqa impahla enkulu. Izinkulungwane zamakhasi edayari kanye nezivumelwano aqopha ngokucophelela zonke izici zokuziphatha nokusebenza kwengqondo kumshimpi, noma, njengoba uNadezhda Nikolaevna ngezinye izikhathi abhala, inkawu. Ngenxa yalokhu okubukwayo, kwanikezwa izici zokuqonda, ukufunda nememori, kanye nakho konke ukubonakala kwesimo, ukunyakaza okuzwakalayo, nomsebenzi wegeyimu. Kufundwe izici ezahlukahlukene ze-physiology ne-anatomy, ikakhulukazi, i-dermatoglyphics yezinyawo zamachimpane. Akukhona ukweqisa ukusho ukuthi iLadygina-Kots yayiphambili kwe-Russian primatology.
Izinto ezinkulu ezaziqoqwe nguNadezhda Nikolaevna zacutshungulwa futhi zabanjwa cishe iminyaka engama-20: incwadi yokuqala ethi “The Study of the Cognitive Ability of Chimpanzees” yashicilelwa ngo-1923 kuphela. Kule ncwadi yokuqala, i-Ladygina-Kots ifingqa ukwaziswa ngamakhono okuzwela kwezimpimpi. Uqale ngokuqhathanisa umnikelo wezinhlelo ezihlukile zokuhlaziya nenhlangano yokuziphatha kulolu hlobo, futhi wakufakazela ukuphakama komcwaningi obonakalayo ngaphezulu kwalowo ophawulayo. Kepha okubaluleke kakhulu, kule ncwadi, i-Ladygina-Cots okokuqala ngqa ukuthi i-chimpanzee ingagcini ngokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezimpawu ezibonakalayo ezinjengombala, ukwakheka nosayizi wezinto, kepha futhi iyakwazi ukusebenza nokuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Ukufundisa u-Ioni ukukhetha into ehambelana nephethini, uthole ukuthi lapho esefunda, ukhombisa kancane kancane ikhono lokwenza konke, i.e. ekuhlanganisweni kwengqondo kwezinto ngokuya ngezinto ezivamile ezibalulekile zazo. Noma, njengoba uNadezhda Nikolaevna uqobo abhala, “ngenxa yokuhlolwa kokhonkolo okuningi okuveza ngokusobala nangomphumela wolwazi lwezinzwa. Ukuhlangana kwezinto, isishimane senza ukuvumelana okujwayelekile. "
Lesi siphetho iqiniso elibaluleke kakhulu lesayensi yemibhalo ye- N.N. I-Ladyginoy-Cots, okuthi, ngeshwa, ivame ukungaziwa. Ngaleso sikhathi, lokhu bekungubufakazi bokuqala bokuhlola bokuqalwa kokucabanga ezilwaneni, kusukela generalization kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwengqondo. Ngokubambisana nomsebenzi kaV. Köhler, owathola ikhono lezimpimpi ukuqonda ngesikhathi esifanayo, iziphetho zikaLadygina-Kots zakha isisekelo sokwenza ucwaningo lokuqhathanisa lomsebenzi walezi zengqondo eziyisisekelo ezilwaneni. Umsebenzi kaNadezhda Nikolaevna waba ngomunye wemithombo yesayensi yesimanje yokuqonda, okungenye yezikhalazo zokuqala embuzweni wezimpande zemvelo zokucabanga komuntu.
Ukutholwa kweziqalo zokucabanga kuma-chimpanzee kubuye kwanciphisa izintshisekelo zesayensi kaNadezhda Nikolaevna. Ngokwemiphumela yomsebenzi eZoo-Psychological Laboratory eMnyuziyamu waseDarwin, uqale waveza ubukhulu bezibiliboco namapharafishi ngaphezu kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezinamandla ekuhlaziyeni kanye nokwenziwa uphawu olujwayelekile "lwenombolo". Le mininingwane inikezwe kwifilimu esivele ishiwo ngemisebenzi yakhe egcinwe eMnyuziyamu waseDarwin, futhi esiqeshini sango-1945, 5 futhi bachazwa ngokuningiliziwe embhalweni obonakele “Ikhono lezimpimpi ukwehlukanisa phakathi kobukhulu, ubungako, inani, ukubala, ukuhlaziya kanye synthes. "
Ukutadisha ngezibhamu nokwakhayo
imisebenzi ye-chimpanzee yaseParis
(nguLadygina-Cots, 1959)
Empilweni yakhe yonke, uNadezhda Nikolaevna wakufakazela njalo ukuba khona kwezilwane zezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokucabanga kokuqala. Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi usebenzise igama elithi "ukucabanga". Ngakho-ke, komunye wemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala, wabhala ukuthi lapho ehlola imisebenzi ephezulu kakhulu yezilwane, "umuntu kufanele alahle yonke imiqondo evame ukuhlanganiswa, efana nomqondo, ukucabanga, ukuyiqonda, bese eyibeka esikhundleni sokuthi" ukucabanga, "okusho ukuthi kamuva kunengqondo "Ukucabanga okuzimele, kuhambisana nezinqubo zokuthathwa komhlaba, ukwakheka kwemiqondo, izinqumo, iziphetho." Kuyimpawu ukuthi le misebenzi yokucabanga ibilokhu isendaweni yokunakwa nokucwaningisisa kakhulu kusukela ngeminyaka yo-1970. futhi kuze kube manje. Ngasikhathi sinye, uNadezhda Nikolaevna ugcizelele ukuthi "ukusungulwa kobuhlakani kungaqalwa ngokwenziwa yizilwane ezixhumeka kuphela izinto ezintsha esimeni esisha."
Enye yamaphrojekthi weN.N. I-Ladyginoy-Cots ngawo-1940 ibinikezelwe embuzweni wokuthi zingakanani izimboni ezingakwazi ukusetshenziswa kuphela, kodwa futhi nokucwengwa nokwenziwa kwamathuluzi. Ngenxa yalokhu, uNadezhda Nikolaevna wenza izivivinyo ezingama-674 nge-chimpanzee Paris. Njalo lapho enikezwa into entsha yokuthola isheyisi, eyayibekwa phambi kwamehlo akhe maphakathi nethhubhu elincane. Kwavela ukuthi iParis ixazulula lezo zinkinga futhi isebenzisa noma yimaphi amathuluzi afanelekile kulokhu: isipuni, ibhodi elincane eliyindilinga, i-splinter, umucu omfishane wamakhadibhodi obukhulu, i-pestle, ilidi lamateyipu ezinto nezinye izinto ezahlukahlukene.
Lo mbhalo ushicilelwe ngokwesekwa iwebsite yeTyumen State University. Izikhungo zeNyuvesi - Isikhungo Sokuphilisa kanye Nobuntatheli, Amakhemikhali, Isayensi Yokomzimba, Isayensi Yezomnotho, I-Biology, iMathematics neComputer Science, Ezomnotho, Ezomthetho, Ezezimali kanye Nezomnotho, Umlando Nesayensi Yezepolitiki, I-Psychology nePedagogy, Izwe noMthetho, Ibanga Lezemfundo kanye nezinye. Kanye namagatsha eTobolsk, Novy Urengoy, Ishim, Surgut Institute of Management, Economics and Law. Ungafunda kabanzi ngeyunivesithi, mayelana nokwamukelwa, amakhono nezindawo zokufunda esizeni, esiku-: UTMN.ru.
Izibonelo "ezingenalutho" ezihlongozwayo eParis
ukusetshenziswa njengamathuluzi
washintsha ngokufanele
(nguLadygina-Cots, 1959)
Kanye namathuluzi aselenziwe enzelwe, afanele, iParis iphinde yathatha izinhlobo ezahlukene zokusebenzisa ngobuqili ukuze “icwengisise” izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziye ezweni elifanele, i.e. ukhombisile amandla emisebenzini eyakhayo. Wagobeka futhi wafaka ezingafakwanga izikhala, waququda emagatsheni ngokweqile, izinqwaba ezingenazintambo, nocingo olungenantambo, wakhipha izingxenye ezengeziwe ezazingavumeli ukuthi induku ifakwe tube.
Kodwa-ke, ubengeke akwazi ukudala ithuluzi elivela ezintweni ezincane zesishimane. Ku-monograph "Umsebenzi Wokwakha nethuluzi lezinkawu eziphakeme" (1959) N.N. U-Ladygina-Kots uphakamise ukuthi lokhu akubangelwa ubunzima bokwenza okukhohlisayo okuhambisanayo, kodwa ngenxa yokucaca nokuqonda okulinganiselwe - "ukungakwazi kwesishimpi ukusebenza ngezithombe ezibonakalayo, izethulo, ukuhlanganisa ngokwengqondo lezi zethulo maqondana nenkinga yokuxazululwa, ngoba ukuthola eyodwa ende ezintweni ezimbili ezimfushane, udinga ukuqonda okushiwo, i.e. ubudlelwane obuxakile bokuxhuma okunje. " Kamuva, wabhala ngokuba khona kwezimpimpi futhi nemibono eyejwayelekile, enquma ubukhulu bendawo esimeni esisebenzayo lapho kuxazululwa imisebenzi eyakhayo nezibhamu.
Lo mbono wezinga lamakhono wokuqonda we-anthropoids wayefana kakhulu nalesi sikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo yokuqhathanisa; sitholakala emisebenzini eminingi yalesosikhathi. Ukufingqa le misebenzi, N.N. ILadygina-Cots yabhala ukuthi "izinkawu zinokucabanga okuyisisekelo kokucabanga okuqanjiwe (ubuhlakani), ziyakwazi ukuzithathela izinto nokuziqhenya, futhi lezi zici zisondeza ingqondo yazo emqondweni womuntu," egcizelela ukuthi "ubuhlakani babo bufanelekile, buhluke ngokuphelele emcabangweni womuntu" (ILadygina-Kots N.N. Isisho ngemuva kwencwadi ebhalwe ngu-Y. Dembovsky, Psychology of the Apes. - UM., 1963).
Ekhuluma ngokucophelela, uNadezhda Nikolaevna ngasikhathi sinye, kusuka ku-monograph kuya ku-monograph, ngokungaguquki waletha isisekelo esiyisisekelo emcabangweni wokuthi ku-psyche ye-anthropoids kukhona "izimfuneko zokucabanga komuntu" - futhi yilokho ambize njenge-monograph yakhe yokugcina ngomsebenzi wokuqonda kwama-chimpanzee, ashicilelwe ngemuva ukubulawa kwakhe (ILadygina-Kots N.N. Isizinda sokucabanga komuntu. - M.: UNauka, 1965).
Njengoba sekushiwo, kanye nokucwaninga kokucabanga kwezizukulwane, ama-Ladygin-Cots akazange alahlekelwe yisifundo esifundweni sokuqhathanisa sokuziphatha okungokwemvelo. Ngo-1925, kwavela elinye ithuba lokubona lesi sithakazelo: abashadikazi uCot babenendodana uRudolph (Rudy), nokuziphatha kwakhe ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-5 kwafundwa futhi kuchazwa ngokucophelela futhi kuzo zonke izici ezifanayo nokuziphatha kuka-Ioni. Amakhulu wezithombe nemidwebo (kanye namakhasi ezinkulungwane zamaprothokholi) athatha i-inclusionsis yazo zonke izinhlobo zokuziphatha komuntu okhethekile ezinhlotsheni.
N.N. ILadygina-Cotes nendodana yakhe. 1925
Ukuhlaziywa kwale datha eyingqayizivele kwathatha iminyaka eminingana futhi kwasebenza njengesisekelo sokuqhathaniswa okuningiliziwe cishe kwazo zonke izici ze-inclusionsis zokuziphatha kanye ne-psyche ye-anthropoid nengane. Yakha isisekelo somsebenzi owaziwa kakhulu owaletha udumo lomhlaba wonke iLadigina-Kots, isithombe esithi "Ingane Yesishimpi kanye Nengane Yomuntu Kwezimo Zazo Zomzwelo, Imidlalo, Izindlela Zokuzijabulisa Nezingumfuziselo" (1935). Lona ngumsebenzi obalulekile - amashidi angama-37,5 aprintiwe, amatafula angama-22 anemidwebo yezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezenziwe ngu-Ioni owenziwe ngumdwebi wezilwane odumile uV.A. IVatagin. Amakhulu wezithombe zezimpimpi uma ziqhathaniswa nengane zimele inani elizimele, ingxenye ebalulekile yalo eyabulawa kahle yi-A.F. ICotsom. Ahlanganiswe namatafula ayi-120 omthamo ohlukile, wesibili. Lamatafula abonisa cishe zonke izici zokuziphatha kuka-Ioni noRudy. Ngokuhambisana nemidwebo yeVatagin, zingabhekwa njengohlobo lwe-ethogram yomndeni omncane we-chimpanzee nengane. Ngokuphelela kwezimpawu zokuziphatha zalezi zinto zombili, i-monograph nguN.N. ILadyginoy-Cots cishe iyi-encyclopedia.
Izingcezu ezinkulu ze-monograph zahunyushwa ngokushesha zahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningana zaseYurophu futhi kwavuselelwa isasasa elikhulu, eliye lahlala kwisayensi yomhlaba kuwo wonke amashumishumi eminyaka adlule kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Lokhu kufakazelwa ukuhunyushwa okuphelele kwalencwadi esiNgisini, okwenziwa ngonyaka ka-2000 ngesinyathelo somlobi odumile waseMelika uF. De Waal, ngesingeniso sakhe nangendatshana, kanye nokwethulwa komngane womshado u-A. no-B. Gardner.
Kumele ngivume ukuthi ama -othandriots asezikweletini ezinkulu kuNadezhda Nikolaevna, ngoba ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, akekho noyedwa wezithombe zakhe owabhalwa kabusha. Lokhu kungashiywa kuzolungiswa ngokwengxenye ngokusekelwa kweRector of the Institute Institute of International Relations yaseMoscow, Isazi seRussia Academy of Education S.K. UBondyreva, kwathi ngonyaka ka-2009 kuzoshicilelwa uhlelo lwesibili lwethi “Ingane YeChimpanzee nethi Ingane Yomuntu”. Asithembe ukuthi lesi kuphela isinyathelo sokuqala sokubuyisa izincwadi zakhe kubafundi.
Ukunikeza umbono ngobunjalo kanye nenani lezinto ezisetshenziswe ku-monograph "Ingane Yomuntu Ophakeme kanye noMntwana Womuntu Kwezimo Zabo, Imizwelo, Imidlalo, Izindlela Zokuzijabulisa", sethula (ngokunciphisa okuncane) okuqukethwe kwengxenye yokuqala yencwadi.
Ingxenye 1 (echazayo). Ukuziphatha kwengane yeChimpanzee
Isahluko 1. Ukuchazwa kokubukeka kwama-chimpanzee
a) Ubuso be-chimpanzee kuzibalo
b) Izandla zeshimpanzi
c) Imilenze yeChimpanzee
d) Isidumbu somshwayizi wesibalo
e) Umzimba womshwayizi osoguqukayo
f) Ubuso besishimane esijwayelekile
Isahluko 2. Imizwelo yezimpimpi, izinkulumo zazo zangaphandle nezikhuthazo eziyibangelayo
a) Ukugcizelela kokuchuma okuvamile
b) Umuzwa wenjabulo
c) Ukuxineka kosizi
Isahluko 3. Imvelo YaseChimpanzee
a) Isifiso sokuzilolonga ku-chimpanzee enempilo futhi egulayo
b) Isifiso samandla
c) Isimo sobunikazi
d) Imvelo yokwakha isidleke
e) Isifiso sobulili
f) Iphupho LikaChimpanzee
g) Inkululeko yothando kanye nomzabalazo wenkululeko
h) Isimo sokuzivikela (ukuzivikela nokuhlasela)
i) Isifiso sokuxhumana
Isahluko 4. Imidlalo yeChimpanzee
a) imidlalo engaphandle
b) Umsebenzi wengqondo wezimpimpi
c) Ukuzilibazisa okuzwakalayo
d) Imidlalo yokuhlola
e) Imidlalo eyonakalisayo
Isahluko 5. Ukuziphatha ngokuqonda kwama chimpanzee (inkohliso, ubuqili)
Isahluko 6. Ukusetshenziswa Kwamathuluzi
Isahluko 7. Ukulingisa
Isahluko 8. Inkumbulo yama-chimpanzee (imikhuba, izenzo ezinamakhombisa)
Isahluko 9. Ulimi olunemibandela (ukushukuma nemisindo)
Isahluko 10. Imisindo yemvelo yama-chimpanzee
Engxenyeni yesi-2 yencwadi, indlela yokuziphatha kwengane ichazwa futhi ihlaziywa ngemininingwane efanayo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi incazelo yamawundlu okuyi-chimpanzee kuphela ayesesimweni sokudingiswa kude kakhulu nenhlobo yezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo yafika inembe ngokuphelele. Khumbula ukuthi uNadezhda Nikolaevna wabhala lo msebenzi ngawo-1930s, ngasikhathi sinye lapho imfundiso yokuziphatha yayisanda kuqala ukwakheka njengesayensi ezimele, futhi kwakungekho nokukhuluma ngokuziphatha kwabantu nhlobo. Futhi kuphela kamuva kakhulu, ngonyaka we-1960s, indlela yokuziphatha ethize yama-anthropoids endaweni yemvelo, kanye nokuziphatha komuntu, yaba yinto yokunakwa kakhulu kwezazi zokuziphatha. UJ. Goodall 6 wayengowokuqala phakathi kwezazi zokuziphatha ezazihlonza ngokucophelela izindlela zokuziphatha kwama-chimpanzee, kodwa esivele zisesimweni semvelo. Emashumini eminyaka edlule, amakhulukhulu emisebenzi kuma-inclusionsis wokuziphatha kanye ne-psyche yama-chimpanzee, lapho kwaqhamuka khona idatha kaNadezhda Nikolaevna futhi yathuthukiswa.
Ukuhlaziywa kwethu okuqhathaniswayo kokuziphatha komdlalo kwama-chimpane athunjiwe, ngokusho kwedatha yeLadygin-Cotes (1935), nangemvelo, ngokusho kukaGoodall (1992) kanye nezinye izazi zokuziphatha, kukhombise ukuvumelana kwabo okuphelele 7. Ngizonikeza isibonelo esisodwa lapha - uNadezhda Nikolaevna uchaze kabanzi isigaba "somdlalo wokuvivinya," oqokonyiswa nguK. Gross. U-Ioni uthela amanzi asuka enkomishini aye enkomishini isikhathi eside, athulula okusanhlamvu kusuka esandleni kuya kwesinye isandla, njll. Kungashiwo ukuthi imisebenzi enjalo yinto eyindida, umphumela wokuphila 'kwenkawu' ekudingisweni, nabantu abangabalingisa ngokudangala. Kodwa-ke, kwavela ukuthi emvelweni, amawundlu asemancanyana adlala ngendlela efanayo. UJ. Goodall uchaza indlela intokazi esuke ilwa ngayo uchungechunge lwezintuthwane ne-wand yayo, ingazami ukuzidla, okuyiyo, ibuka ukuthi izidedela kanjani izenzo zayo. Esinye isibonelo yimidlalo enezinto ezilingisayo, ezibuye zichazwe kaningi yizazi zezokuziphatha kuma-anthropoids emvelweni.
Ukuqhathanisa ukubonwa uN.N. ILadigina-Kots yokuhamba okuzwakalayo kumashimpanzi nezingane ezinemisebenzi yesimanje yesimilo kwenziwa enkulwaneni kaL. Parr et al. Ukuhambisa ukushicilelwa kwesithombe esenziwe uNadezhda Nikolaevna ngesiNgisi.
Okubaluleke kakhulu yincazelo yokuqhathanisa "yezinyathelo nezinyathelo" eningilizayo yazo zonke izinhlobo zokuziphatha kwengane kanye nonozinti beminyaka efanayo naleyo eyenziwa uNadezhda Nikolaevna engxenyeni yesithathu yencwadi. Le ncazelo ihambisana namatafula asivele akhonjwe omthamo wesibili, abonisa ukufana nokuhluka kwesakhiwo somzimba, imiphumela eyisisekelo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kokuhamba nokuhamba (ezinemilenze emibili), ukuthuthuka kwayo enganeni, izinzuzo zezimpimpi uma ukhuphuka ngobude, ukuqhathanisa ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu enganeni nakumanyazi . Amatafula amaningi akhombisa ukufana lapho kuvezwa imizwa eyisisekelo nomehluko ezindaweni ezicashile zemizwelo, kanye nokufana kwamakhono okuqala wemoto kanye nokugcwala kwez chimpanzee ekuthuthukiseni amakhono acashile wamathuluzi wokukhiqiza nokusika.
Ukunakekela komuntu nabantu
(ngokusho kweLadygina-Cotes, 1935)
UNadezhda Nikolaevna ubhala: "Ukufana kwengane yesishimane esithandana nomuntu kutholakala kumaphuzu amaningi, kepha kuphela ngokubheka okungafaniyo kwezingane zombili ngokufana, ukudlala, ukuhlonza imizwa, kukhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokuziphatha kwazo ezindaweni ezingathathi hlangothi kwezenzo - kwezinye izinhlobo zemidlalo ( mobile, okubhubhisayo, ezemidlalo, imidlalo yokuzilinga), ekuvezweni kwangaphandle kwemizwa eyinhloko, ezenzweni zesikhashana, kumakhono athile anobuhlakani bendawo, ezinhlelweni zokuhlwaya eziyisisekelo sah (ilukuluku, ukubona, ukuqaphela, ukuthakazisa), ngemisindo engathathi hlangothi, .. kodwa lapho nje sesiqala ukujula ekuhlaziyeni kwethu futhi sizame ukudweba izimpawu ezilinganayo phakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo zokuziphatha kuzingane zombili, siyaqiniseka ukuthi asikwazi ukwenza lokhu, futhi siyaphoqelelwa ukubeka izimpawu zokungalingani, kuphendulwa ngemfoloko lapho kuyiwa khona kwitshimpanzi, bese kuyiwa kumuntu. Futhi kumphumela wokugcina, sibona ukwehlukahlukana kwezidalwa zombili. Futhi ekugcineni kuvela ukuthi izimfanelo zemvelo ezibaluleke ngokwengeziwe esizithatha uma siqhathanisa, imvamisa yesimo sezulu ihlangana nomuntu, izimfanelo zengqondo eziphakeme nezicashile ziba maphakathi nokunakwa kwethu kokuhlaziywa, imvamisa yesilo sengqondo iba ngumuntu kuyo. ”
Konke lokhu kukhonjiswa kahle etafuleni elinemininingwane ekugcineni kwencwadi, lapho idatha yokuqhathanisa ebanzi ku-psyche yama-chimpanzee nengane ihlelwe khona. Ithebula lifaka izici ezingama-51. Zonke izindlela zokuziphatha zihlukaniswe izigaba eziyisishiyagalombili:
• ukuqhathanisa ukuma nokuhamba komzimba,
• ukuqhathanisa ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kwemizwa,
• Ukuqhathanisa okushukumisayo okubangela imizwa eyisisekelo,
• ukuqhathanisa kwezenzo zemvelo,
• Ukuqhathanisa umdlalo
• Ukuqhathanisa kwezimpawu ezinesifiso esinamandla,
• Ukuqhathanisa kwezimpawu zokufunda,
• Ukuqhathanisa amakhono - ikhaliphe elungiselelwe.
Ngeso naleso naleso sici, "imikhuba ebonakaliswa kuphela noma ikakhulukazi yamashimpanzi", "nokuziphatha okufanayo kumashimpanzi nontanga babantu", kukhonjiswa "izimilo eziqondile noma ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu". Ukufana nokwehluka kwesimo seminye imidlalo kukhonjisiwe kuthebula.
Ithebula. Ukufana nokwehluka ngohlobo lwemidlalo ethile kumashimpanzi nabantu
Ukuqhathanisa imidlalo kuma-chimpanzee nabantu
Izici zokuziphatha, ngokuqondile noma ikakhulukazi komuntu
Ukuziphatha okufanayo kuma-chimpanzee nontanga yabantu
Ama-Behaviors kuphela noma ikakhulukazi ama-chimpanzee
Ukukhala kuqeda kungaphumeleli
Ukuncintisana ngokugijima, ukubamba, ukuthatha, ukulwa, ukuthanda ukubalekela kwabanamandla, ukulandela umphikisi obuthakathaka
Imililo ekuqedeni okungaphumelelanga
Khetha ukufihla kunokuba ufune
Ukucasha Okungcono
Fihla ufune
(ngokusho kweLadygina-Cotes, 1935)
Kuyabonakala ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, lapho kudlalwa ukucasha futhi kufuna, amabhungane abonakala njengamaskandi, kuyilapho ingane ifihla ngokungokomfanekiso.
Inhlangano enjalo yezinto ezibonakalayo ayineli nje ukunikeza umbono ocacile wevolumu kanye nohlobo lwedatha ebaluleke kakhulu etholakele, kepha kumcwaningi wanamuhla angasebenza njengohlobo lwe-matrix, uhlobo lwe “tafula lesikhathi” lapho amaseli angenalutho agcwaliswa khona ngezikhathi ezithile noma okuqukethwe kwabaziwayo. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwesimanje lusivumela ukuthi sengeze kwikholamu ethi "Ukuziphatha okufanayo kuma-chimpanzee kanye nontanga yabantu" uchungechunge lwemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yokuqonda engekho emihlanganweni yokuqala, kepha ifana noma incane kakhulu kuma-anthropoids nasezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-3. Lokhu kufaka ukuzazisa kanye nokuqonda izinhloso zabalingani (umbono wengqondo), amandla 'okuxhaphaza ngokuhlalisana' kanye "nenkohliso ngamabomu", ikhono lokuhlonza ama-analogies kanye nezinye izindlela zokucabanga okungaqondakali. Amandla okudweba, aqale achazwe yi-N.N., nawo angawlesigaba. Ladygina Cots. Njengamanje usebenza nguM.A. UVankatova (M. Vancatova) ukhombisile ukuthi umkhuba wokudweba ubonakala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zama-anthropoids, futhi imidwebo yawo ifana nemidwebo yezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-3.
Isibonelo esiveza kakhulu sendlela uN.N. ILadigina-Kots manje isithola ukuthuthukiswa nokwengeza - lo ngumbuzo ngamakhono ezilimi anthropoids anamuhla. UNadezhda Nikolaevna uchaze "ulimi olunemibandela" lokuxhumana kwakhe no-Ioni. Njengabanye abacwaningi baleya minyaka, akazange azitholele kuye izimpawu zokuqonda inkulumo (ngaphandle kwenombolo ethile yemiyalo ebekiwe ngokukhethekile), noma yikuphi okunye ukusikisela ekuqaleni kohlelo lwesibili lwezimpawu, aluphawulile encwadini yakhe.
Izifundo zanamuhla zaseMelika zisiphoqa ukuthi sicabange kabusha lesi siphetho. Kwavela ukuthi izinkawu ezingama-anthropoid, "ezamukelwe" zisuka kubudala obudlula i-Ioni, futhi ezikhula esimweni senhlalo esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi esigcwele indawo yokuhlala, zingakwazi ukukhuluma izilimi eziphakathi - izilokotho ezilula ezingezona Sonic zolimi lomuntu (i-Amslen, Yerjik) zokuxhumana nomuntu nomuntu umngani. Into ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu ukuthi bayakwazi ukuzenzisa (njengoba kwenza izingane) baqala ukuqonda imisindo yokukhuluma yabantu, ngaphezu kwalokho, baqonda hhayi amagama ngamanye kuphela, kodwa futhi nemisho ephelele, baqonde isixakaxaka sokuzwakala kwenkulumo yabantu ezingeni labantwana abaneminyaka emibili.
ILadygina-Kots ocwaningweni lwayo ibingeyokuqala ukuqhathanisa ukusabela kokukhonjiswa kwayo esibukweni se-anthropoid nengane, yakhomba izigaba ezi-7 ezifanayo zokukhula kokuqala kwaleli khono futhi yakhombisa ukuthi kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-4 chimpanzee angazazi esibukweni, okuhambisana ngokuphelele nedatha yanamuhla. Uthole okokuqala ukuthi isishimpanzi sisebenzisa isenzo esikhomba.
Ukusetshenziswa komunwe wenkomba okwenziwa ingane neng chimpanzee (ngokusho kweLadygina-Cots, 1935)
Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungasho ukuthi uNadezhda Nikolaevna unikeza ubufakazi obuningi bokuthi u-Ioni esemncane (aze afike eminyakeni emi-4) wayehlala engabheki nje ukuziphatha kwabantu abaseduze naye, kepha nezinhloso zabo, nezenzo zabo abasolwa ngazo. Ezimweni ezahlukahlukene, wakhombisa, enkulumweni yakhe, "izenzo ngamabomu, ukukhohlisa, ubuqili obungenangqondo." UNadezhda Nikolaevna akabhali ngomehluko phakathi kwengane noshizi, kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi wayengowokuqala ukudonsela ukunakekela kuleli cala le-chimpanzee psyche. Njengakwezinye izimo eziningi, lapha wayengaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe isikhathi eside, ngoba ukucwaningisisa kahle lezi zici zokuziphatha - imfundiso yengqondo (imodeli yengqondo), ukuqonda komphakathi, ubuhlakani be-machiavellian, ngenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezibanzi zocwaningo lwanamuhla njengabaphathi bezokuziphatha (e imvelo), nodokotela bengqondo.
Iyaqhubeka nokuhlaziywa kokuqhathanisa kwe-psyche yengane nezimpimpi, N.N. ILadygiga-Cots iyabhala: “Futhi ekugcineni, sithola kumuntu izici ezithile eziqondile esingakwazi ukuzithola kumachimpanzee futhi eziphuma emkhakheni wokuqhathanisa, yilezi: eqenjini lezici zomzimba nezomzimba - i-gaitical vertical kanye nokubanjwa ngezandla, emkhakheni wemvelo - i-onomatopoeia ezwini lomuntu, emkhakheni wezimo - imizwa yokuziphatha, imizwa yokukhohlisa kanye namahlaya, emkhakheni wezemvelo wokuziphatha - ukwabiwa okulula kwempahla, emkhakheni wezengqondo zenhlalo - ukuxhumana okuhleliwe ngaphansi kwabo uqobo izidalwa ezimi, .. emkhakheni wemidlalo - imidlalo yokuqamba, yokubuka neyakhayo, emkhakheni wezobunhloli - umcabango, ukukhuluma okunengqondo okunengqondo, ukubala, emkhakheni wemikhuba - ukuphuculwa kwamakhono abalulekile nsuku zonke, ukuba khona kwe-auditory-intelligence - sound and visual-intelligence Izikhombisi-zesimo esinombandela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyamangaza ukuthi asitholi sici esisodwa sobuhlakani ku-chimpanzee obungeke bube uphawu lwabantu esigabeni esithile noma kwesinye sentuthuko yabo. ”
Phezu kokufana okuningi kwe-psyche ye-anthropoids nabantu abambulelwe yona, uNadezhda Nikolaevna akazange avumelane nombono kaR. Yerks wokuthi amashimpanzi “acishe abe ngabantu”. Ukugcizelele ukuthi "ngokungangabazeki bayizilwane futhi akukho muntu ngabantu, kodwa izilwane ezimi eduze kakhulu nokuhamba kwezitebhisi zokuqala, okubizwa nge-anthropogenesis."
Abaphenyi banamuhla banemibono ehlukene ngalolu daba. Impikiswano mayelana nobungako bokufana kanye nokwehluka kumakhono okuqonda we-anthropoids nabantu kuzoqhubeka isikhathi eside futhi cishe akunakuphela. Ngakho-ke, ekuphetheni, ngithanda ukukhuluma amazwi abashadikazi u-A. no-B. Gardner, ongomunye wabaphayona kwisayensi yokuqaphela izilwane, eyabhalwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili: “Asikho isithiyo okufanele sibhujiswe, akukho kwalasha okufanele kubekwe phansi ibhuloho, kunendawo engafakiwe kuphela edinga ukubhekisiswa ”(UGardner B.T., uGardner R.A., uVan Catfort T.E. Ukufundisa Ulimi Lwezandla kumaChimpanzee. NY, 1989).
Imidwebo emfishane enikeziwe yomsebenzi kaNadezhda Nikolaevna Ladygina-Kots, njengoba kubonakala kimi, ikhombisa ukuthi waba negalelo elikhulu ekufundeni "indawo engaziwa" - izimpande zemvelo ze-psyche yabantu.
Izithombe ziwusizo ngokuphathwa kwe-State Darwin Museum.
5 ILadygina-Kots N.N. Umehluko enanini lesishimane. - Umq. I-Academy of Science of the GSSR, 1945. Le ndatshana yahunyushelwa esiNgisini, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, umnikelo weLadyginoy-Kots ekufundweni kwekhono lezilwane ukwaziwa kwaziwa phesheya.
6 UGoodall J. Chimpanzees Kwemvelo: Ukuziphatha. - M: Umhlaba. 1992.
7 Bheka, ngokwesibonelo, uZorina Z.A. Imidlalo Yezilwane // i-Biology, 2005. Cha. 13–14.
Amandla we-chimpanzee wokusiza mutual ayephezulu kunalokho obekulindelwe
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ama-primatologists aseMelika afinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi iz chimpanzee, ngaphambili ezazibhekwa njengabazimele, zinekhono eliphakeme kwizenzo ezihlanganyelwe ezihlanganyelwe.
Ososayensi bashicilele imiphumela yomsebenzi wabo kwiphephabhuku i-PNAS. Njengoba kushiwo nguProfessor France de Val, konke ukuhlola okwenziwa kuma-chimpanzee bekungeyona inhloso ngokuphelele, ngoba azange zinike izilwane ithuba lokukhombisa ngokuphelele amakhono abo emisebenzi yokuhlangana. Isizathu salokhu, ngokusho kukasolwazi, ukuthi izinkawu zazingenalo ithuba lokujezisa labo bezizwana zabo ezithathe imiphumela yokusebenza kwabo kwezinye izinkawu.
AmaChimpane akhombise ikhono eliphezulu losizo mutual.
Ukuvala igebe leli, lo profesa kanye nozakwabo babeka izitshana ezindala eziyishumi nanye esikhungweni sezingane enkulisa. I-feeder yahlelwa ngendlela yokuthi yavula kuphela lapho izilwane eziningana zidonswa ngentambo enamathiselwe esembozweni. Emahoreni angama-96 lapho lo msebenzi uqhubeke khona, ama-primatologists aqopha amacala angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu nengxenye lapho izinkawu zasebenzisana ngempumelelo. Ngaso leso sikhathi, izimpi nezinye izingxabano zaqala ukuvela kaningi kunangaphambili.
Lezo zinkawu ezathatha izithelo zomsebenzi kwabanye abantu zijeziswa ngamalungu enkawu ngokuhlangene.
Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, izingulule azikhombisanga nje amandla abo ezenzo ezihlangene ezakhayo futhi ezihlelekile, kodwa futhi ziveze ukucabanga komphakathi. Ngakho-ke, baqala ukujezisa "abaphula umthetho" we-oda ngosizo lwama-bumps and bites. Ngokusho kososayensi, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwabo ikhombisa ukuthi ukubambisana phakathi kwezimpimpi kunomsuka wasendulo nokubaluleka okukhulu kokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Uma uphucula izinwele zezimpimpi, ngaphansi kwawo ungathola izicubu ezinamandla.
Lokhu kufakazelwa yukuthi i-chimpanzee iyamangalisa, ngamazinga abantu, emandleni (owesilisa osekhulile onesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-70 angakhula ngomzamo ofanayo nowesilisa omdala onesisindo esiphindwe kabili). Uma efisa, angagoba izinduku zensimbi nge-intshi engu-1.5 cm. Ngalezo zimo, amandla amakhulu okubamba nokufutheka okukhulu (imidlwane kuphela nabantu abanolaka kakhulu phakathi kozimele), bangaklebhula izicucu. uma kukhulunywa ngempi ebulalayo phakathi kwabafakizicelo bobuholi. Kodwa-ke, kulolu vivinyo, bebenqunyelwe umthelela olula womzimba, okubonisa ukuthi inhloso yabo kwakungeyona ukujeziswa, kepha imfundo "yabenzi bokubi."
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Izinkawu azikwazi ukuqonda imishwana eyinkimbinkimbi, kanti ingane encane ibhekana kalula nalo msebenzi.
Izazi zezilimi ezivela eNyuvesi yase-Edinburgh (eScotland) ziveze ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ama-chimpane angakwazi ukuqonda ulimi lwabantu njengoba bacabanga ososayensi. Umbiko wokucwaninga uyatholakala ekukhipheni kwabezindaba Isayensi. I-athikili yendatshana ingatholakala lapha.
Phambilini, abaphengululi bezenkolo babecabanga ukuthi abantu banamandla okuqonda okushiwo amabinzana ngamanye emshweni oyinkimbinkimbi, kanti ezinye izilwane, ngisho nokwazi izincazelo zamagama ngazinye, azikwazi ukubona kahle le mishwana futhi zakha uhlaka lwesigwebo sesikhundla. Ngokwalo mbono, abantu babizwa ngokuthi “ama-dendrophils,” kanti zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinomqondo ongathuthukile zibizwa ngokuthi “ama-dendrophobes”.
Kusetshenziswa igama elithi “dendro” lapha ngoba isakhiwo sezikhundla esiphakeme singamiswa njengesihlahla, amagatsha awo angamaqembu akudala - izingxenye zomusho lapho amagama axhumeke khona eduze. Ukwenza isibonelo, ibinzana elithi “John hit the ball” lingahlukaniswa ngokuthi ibinzana “John” neqembu lesenzo “lishaya ibhola”. Iqembu lesenzo lihlukaniswe isenzo nesibizo. Ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu, iqembu lesenzo lingafaka amabizo ambalwa, ngokwesibonelo, “ulethe itiye nekhofi”. Abantu bayakubona kalula ukwakhiwa okunjalo okuyinkimbinkimbi, kepha hhayi izilwane, okuthi, ngokusho kukaFitch, amabizo ahlala emaqenjini ahlukene: “alethe itiye” futhi ngokwehlukana, “ikhofi” uqobo.
Ukuqinisekisa le mqondo, izazi zezilimi siqhathanisa ukusabela kwezimpimpi ze-bonobo pygmy ( I-Pan paniscus) aqambe igama elithi Kanzi nengane yeminyaka engama-2-3 emaqenjini angama-660, ngokwesibonelo, "bonisa amanzi ashisayo" noma "uthele amanzi abandayo ebhodweni." Isilwane siqede kahle amaphesenti angama-71.5 amaqembu, kanti ingane - ngamaphesenti angama-66,6. Umphumela ophakeme kangaka ngenkawu, ngokusho kososayensi, ungachazwa ngokuqonda okushiwo amagama ngamanye, kodwa hhayi wonke umusho.
Ukukhuphela lokhu okungenzeka, izazi zezilimi ziphinde zenza olunye ucwaningo lapho kwahlongozwa khona amaqembu abunjiwe, ngokwesibonelo, “faka utamatisi kawoyela” noma “faka uwoyela notamatisi”. Babedinga ukuqonda kokulandelana kwemisho. UKanzi uqede ngempumelelo imisebenzi enjalo ngamaphesenti angama-76.7 wamacala. Lokhu kukhombisile ukuthi chimpanzee ayakwazi ukubona syntax, okungukuthi, izindlela zokuhlanganisa amagama. Kodwa-ke, amandla weKansi kule sici abekhawulelwe. UKanzi akakwazanga ukwenza kahle imiyalo uma ehlanganisa amabizo ambalwa: "Ngikhombise ubisi nenja" noma "ulethe uRose isibane nenja". Cishe kuzo zonke izimo, i-chimpanzee ayinaki elinye lamagama futhi ikhombisa, ngokwesibonelo, inja kuphela noma ilethe isibani kuphela. Sekukonke, uKansi wakwazi ukukhipha kahle amaphesenti angama-22 kuphela amaqembu ayinkimbinkimbi, kanti ingane - ngamaphesenti angama-68. Izazi zezilimi ziphakamisa ukuthi lo mphumela ubangelwa ukuthi isichwensi sibona elinye lamagama njengegama elihlukile, elingahambisani nalo lonke ibinzana. Ukuhunyushwa okulungile kudinga ukuqonda ukuthi womabili amabizo angamalungu eqembu lesenzo elifanayo. Ngakho-ke, usosayensi uphetha ngokuthi, uKanzi "uyi-dendrophobic." U-Kanzi uyi-chimpanzee eyinduna noma i-bonobo ebandakanyeka ezifundweni zokufundisa izinkawu ulimi. Kwezihlakaniphi, uqhathaniswa nengane encane. Isilwane sikhulumisana nososayensi abasebenzisa ikhibhodi ngama-lexigrams - izimpawu ezichaza amagama. Sekukonke, uKanzi wazi ngaphezu kwama-348 ama-lexicogram, futhi ubona amagama angaphezu kuka-3 000 ngendlebe. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi chimpanzee unamandla okucabanga ngokomfanekiso futhi ayakwazi ukusebenzisa ukuthinta okujwayelekile ezimweni ezintsha.Kodwa-ke, izazi zezilimi, ama-zoopsychologists, kanye nezazi zezemilo bakhomba ukungabonakali kwezinkawu ekwakheni imisho kanye nekhono elibuthakathaka lokukhumbula amagama.