Izimpiko ezimnyama ze-orange ezinemithende emnyama nemigqa emibili yamabala amhlophe amhlophe emaphethelweni - uvemvane i-monarch (Danaus plexippus) libonakala kalula ngombala walo ogqamile wesimilo. Lesi isinambuzane amaphiko awo angaba ngu-10 cm, ahamba amabanga amakhulu futhi uyakwazi ukundiza phezu koLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. Ake sibheke ukuthi la magama angajwayelekile aqhamukaphi, uvemvane i-monarch luhlala isikhathi esingakanani, nokuthi luqhubeka kanjani uhlobo lwalo.

Ukuqanjwa okokuqala nomlando wegama

Lezi zinambuzane bezaziwa isayensi amakhulu eminyaka. Ukuchazwa kokuqala kokubonakala kwezimvemvane kwamukelwa ngonyaka we-1758, ngesikhathi uKarl Linnaeus ekhuluma ngayo encwadini yakhe ethi "System of Natural" ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Papilio plexippus". Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kweminyaka engama-32, isinambuzane semvelo uJan Krzysztof Kluk wabalwa nolunye uhlobo lobuzwe - "Danaus plexippus". Ngokunokwenzeka, leli gama lanikezwa ukuhlonipha omunye wabalingiswa ezinganekwaneni zaseGrisi yasendulo. Amagama we-Consonant atholakala kabili. Oyedwa wayengowendodana yombusi waseGibhithe uDanai. Owesibili nguDanae, umzukulu wakhe omkhulu.

Igama elithi "inkosi" ekuchazelweni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo laqala ukukhuluma ngo-1874 ngumbhali wezazi ngemvelo uSamuel Scudder waseMelika. Uveze ukuthi lesi sinambuzane esikhona phakathi kwezimvemvane singesinye sezindawo ezinkulu kunazo zonke futhi “sibusa ezindaweni ezinkulu” - sihlala ezindaweni ezinkudlwana. Uvemvane akubekezeleli ukubanda futhi alutholi ukudla ezweni lendabuko ebusika, ngakho-ke kuyaphoqeleka ukuthi lufudukele emazweni afudumele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma utadisha izithombe, kuba sobala ukuthi ubukeka emangalisa kakhulu ngokubonga kwakhe.

Ingabe kukhona usongo olukhulu lokuqothulwa kwalolu hlobo noma cha? Njengamanje, isibalo sehle kakhulu ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ngakho-ke uvemvane luqashelwe ngokucophelela emazweni ehlukene.

Bheka incazelo

UButterfly Dananaida Monark uyangena umndeni we-nymphalid. Lapho izimpiko zesinambuzane sezisakazekile, zifinyelela ku-8 kuya ku-10 cm. Kutholakala abantu bemibala ehlukene. Esikhathini esiningi ungabona izimvemvane ezibomvu ngombala. Abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane ngobukhulu, amaphiko abo makhulu futhi alula.

Izinambuzane eziningi zivame eNyakatho Melika. Ungababona nase-Australia nase-Afrika. ENew Zealand, izimvemvane zavela ngekhulu le-19. Kulezi zinsuku, ihlala eCanaries, Madeira naseRussia. Butterflies of Danaida futhi bahlala ezindaweni zemvelo ezakhiwe emazweni ahlukene. Enye enkulu kunazo zonke futhi ethandwa kakhulu eMexico..

Izimvemvane zalesi zinhlobo zingabonakala ezindaweni ezigcinwe emhlabeni jikelele.

Izimvemvane zeMonarch azizithandi izinguquko ezishisayo zokushisa, ngoba kubanda zingafa. Indiza ifika entwasahlobo. Indlela yezinambuzane ingaba ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezine, futhi ijubane libalelwa ku-35 km / h. Insikazi ithwala amaqanda ngaphakathi ngesikhathi sokufuduka ukuwabeka endaweni entsha.

Isikhathi sokuphila sezinambuzane siyizinsuku ezingama-42 kuphela. Ngalesi sikhathi, uyakwazi ukuphatha ukudla, isisindo saso siphindwe kayizinkulungwane eziyi-15 ngaphezu kwesakhe. Iphethini yesimo emzimbeni wesinambuzane, ongayibona esithombeni, siyisindise ezinyangeni. Izimbangi zisheshe zibone ukuthi isibungu lesi sinoshevu, sibonga imivimbo emnyama, emhlophe futhi ephuzi. Iqiniso ngukuthi le nhlobo idla ikakhulukazi amaqabunga ezitshalo aqukethe ama-enzyme anobuthi. Ngalesi sizathu, ubuthi buyakha emzimbeni.

Isibungu sezinhlungu

Isibungu esidala sifinyelela ubude obude bufika ku-7 cm. Ngokuvamile sibekela amaqanda emjondolo, amaqabunga ekhetha ukuwadla. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, izimvemvane ziphuza umpe omningi - udinga ukulungiselela indiza. Lapho izinambuzane sezifinyelele endaweni ebusika, zifakwa emanzini amaningi, zihlala izinyanga ezine. Ukuze uhlale ufudumele kangcono, kufanele ulale emakoloni - izinambuzane zinamathela emagatsheni ngazo zonke izinhlangothi bese zilenga kuwo njengeziqu zamagilebhisi.

Ukuvuka ngemuva kokuqunjelwa izimvemvane, inkosi iqala ngesenzo esisodwa esilula, esisiza ukufudumala ngaphambi kwendiza - ivula amaphiko ayo bese iqala ukuzisongela. Ukudla okunempilo manje kuqukethe izitshalo ezigcina ubisi olunamandla. Ukudla kukamabhungane kufaka umpe wezimbali - izinambuzane zikhetha ama-asters, ama-lilac nama-clovers.

Ukufuduka komabhungane

Ukufuduka kuyinqubo yokuhambisa inani labantu lapho abantu besuka endaweni eyodwa bese beya kwenye. Kwenzeka ukuthi lapho izimo zezulu ezifanele zenzeka, izinambuzane zibuyele emazweni azo endabuko. Izinhlobo ezingama-250 kuphela zezimvemvane ezifudukayo, zazo ezingama-20 kuphela ezikwazi ukubekezelela indiza ende. Ucwaningo lwalesi simo beluqhubeka kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Ososayensi babeka uphawu ezimpikweni zezimvemvane, ezenziwa ngopende kawoyela wemibala ehlukene:

• ophuzi e-Austria
• Reds eSwitzerland
• luhlaza eGerman.

Enye indlela yokufunda ukufuduka idumile eMelika. Uvemvane le-monarch olusemaphikweni alo luthola i-etiquette encane, lapho kukhonjiswa khona inani layo. Ososayensi babuye bahlole i-DNA yabantu abafudukayo, okunquma ukuthi yibaphi.

ENyakatho Melika, uvemvane lwenkosi i-Dananaida lwaya eningizimu. Imvamisa ukufuduka kwezimvemvane kwenzeka kusuka ekupheleni kwehlobo kuze kube yiqhwa lokuqala. Iningi lezinambuzane ezazisempumalanga ye-Rocky Mountain ziqeda uhambo lwazo eMariposa Monarch Biosphere Reserve, etholakala eMichoacan. Ezihlahleni lapho ungabona inani elikhulu labantu - kuze kufike ezinkulungwaneni eziyikhulu ngasikhathi. Isikhathi sokuhamba sidlula kakhulu impilo yesinambuzane ku-vivo. Ukufuduka kwentwasahlobo kwezimvemvane kwenzeka eTexas nase-Oklahoma.

EMelika, izinhlobo - Danaus plexippus Megalippe nazo zivamile. Lezi zimvemvane azisuki, njengoba isimo sezulu esisebumnandini endaweni yokuhlala sifanela ngokuphelele.

Ukuzala

Isikhathi esivamile sokukhwelana kwamavemvane amakhosi kusentwasahlobo. Ngaphambi kokuya emazweni afudumele, abesilisa baqala ukunakekela izinsikazi - babamba indiza, bezama ukuheha ukunakwa, njengokungathi bahlasela amaphiko abo, bese becindezela abakhethiweyo phansi. Inqubo yokuzalela yenzeka, lapho abesilisa bedlula isikhwama esikhethekile ngesidoda. Akudingeki kuphela ekuzaleni, kepha futhi kusiza uvemvane ukuthi ungaphelelwa amandla ngesikhathi sokufuduka. Izinsikazi zigcina amaqanda amhlophe noma aphuzi ama-conical entwasahlobo noma ehlobo. Amaqanda acishe abe ngu-1 cm ubude no-1 mm ububanzi.

Kudingeka izinsuku ezine kuphela ukuze isibungu siqhamuke. Okokuqala, udla iqanda lakhe, bese eya emaqabunga. Izingadi zegadi zingazithandi izimvemvane ze-monarch ngenxa yokuminza ngokweqile - izivakashi ezingamenywanga zingadala ukulimala okukhulu kwezolimo. Emavikini amabili okuphila, izinambuzane zizama ukugcwala ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze zithole amandla adingekayo.

Bese kuza isigaba esilandelayo - i-pupae. Ngalesi sikhathi, lesi sibungu silenga kuhlamvu noma iqabunga. Umzimba wakhe ufana nencwadi "J" esesimweni. Izinsimbi ezinamathelayo, zilahla igobolondo lakudala. Lapho-ke i-pupa ishintsha umbala - iba mnyama futhi ibe sobala. Ngaphambi kokuvela komuntu ovuthiwe, isilinganiso sezinsuku eziyi-14 sidlula. Uvemvane lusakaza kancane amaphiko alo omile, agcwala kancane kancane uketshezi. Izinambuzane zilinda zize zibe nzima, bese zihamba ziyofuna ukudla.

Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani uvemvane i- monarch? Kuyaziwa ukuthi ubude bohambo lwayo lwasemhlabeni ezimweni zemvelo bujwayelekile ukusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-14 kuye kwezingama-60. Izimvemvane ezifudukayo zingahlala isikhathi eside - kuze kube yizinyanga eziyisikhombisa.

Ividiyo

Lezi zimvemvane zivame kakhulu futhi ziyathandwa eMelika kangangoba ziyizimpawu zezifundazwe ezilandelayo:

Uvemvane i-monarch lwaze lwaphakanyiswa ngo-1990 njengesidalwa sezwe laseMelika. Kodwa-ke, ukuvunyelwa kweziShayamthetho akukatholakali. Imvamisa ezikoleni eziseklasini zinika amacimbi okutshala. Kamuva, izingane zikhulula abantu abavuthiwe abanamaphiko amahle kakhulu e-orange baye enkululekweni.

Imvelaphi yegama

Igama elijwayelekile "inkosi" laqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-1874 isazi sezomnotho saseMelika uSamuel Skudder: "leli bhabhathane lingenye enkulu kunazo zonke, futhi libusa amazwe amakhulu." Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, leli gama lalinganikezwa ukuhlonipha uWilliam III wase-Orange, osebenzela eNetherlands nenkosi yaseNgilandi naseScotland.

Igama lohlobo Danaus cishe livela kumagama abalingiswa bezinganekwane zasendulo zamaGrikhi: UDanai (indodana yenkosi yaseGibhithe) noma umzukulu wakhe omkhulu kaDanai.

Ukufuduka

Ukuwa ngakunye, izigidi zalezi zimvemvane zifuduka ziye ebusika zisuka eCanada ziye eningizimu, ziye eCalifornia naseMexico, bese zibuyela enyakatho eCanada ehlobo. Lesi kuphela uvemvane oluhamba njalo usuka enyakatho uye eningizimu, njengoba kwenza izinyoni. Kodwa into emangalisa kakhulu ukuthi akekho uvemvane owenza uhambo oluphelele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi impilo yovemvane imfushane, futhi kusuka ezizukulwaneni ezintathu kuya kwezi-4 zezimvemvane ziyashintsha kuyo yonke inkathi yokufuduka. Izimvemvane zeMonarch nazo zingenye yezinambuzane ezimbalwa ezingawela i-Atlantic. Ngaphambi kokufuduka, ahlangana emikhondlwini emikhulu ezihlahleni ezine-coniferous, bese enamathela kuzo ukuze izihlahla ziphenduke o-orenji bese amagatsha eqina ngaphansi kwesisindo sawo. Lo mbono omangalisayo uheha izivakashi eziningi.

Ukufuduka kwenkosi kuvame ukuqala ngo-Okthoba wonyaka ngamunye, kepha kungaqala ekuqaleni uma isimo sezulu sibanda. Bahamba ukusuka ku-1200 kuye ku-2800 km, besuka eCanada baye emahlathini aphakathi neMexico, lapho isimo sezulu sifudumele khona. Uma inkosi ihlala ezifundeni ezisempumalanga, imvamisa empumalanga yeRocky Mountain, izothuthela eMexico nasebusika kuma-conifers. Uma ehlala entshonalanga nama-Rockies, uyobusika endaweni yasePacific Grove eCalifornia, ezihlahleni ze-eucalyptus. Kuyamangaza ukuthi izimvemvane zisebenzisa izihlahla ezifanayo ukwenza ubusika unyaka nonyaka, ngoba azimeleli isizukulwane esifanayo sezimvemvane ezazikhona ngonyaka owedlule. Ukuthi izimvemvane zikwazile kanjani ukubuyela ezindaweni ezifanayo zobusika, zibe negebe lezizukulwane eziningana, kusayimfihlakalo kososayensi. Kukholelwa ukuthi amacebo ezindiza atholakala njengefa. Olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi izimvemvane zisebenzisa isikhundla selanga esibhakabhakeni kanye namandla kazibuthe omhlaba ukuze zibukeke.

Kungani kufuduka uvemvane lwenkosi?

Kukholakala ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezinambuzane luvele endaweni eyi-equatorial, enkabeni yezwekazi laseMelika. Isisekelo saso ekuqaleni sakhiwa izingxenyana ezixazululiwe zezimvemvane. Ekupheleni kwenkathi yeqhwa nokwanda kwenani labantu, uhla lwezinhlobo lwaqala ukwanda lubheke ezifundeni ezisenyakatho Melika. Kepha izimo zezulu kulezi zingxenye bezingalungele ubusika bama-butterflies abathanda ukushisa, ngakho izimvemvane ezihlala lapho zaphoqelelwa ukuba zenze izindiza ezinde. Kuze kube manje, sekuqale umjikelezo wempilo entsha ohlelweni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kukhona elinye iphuzu lokubukwa, ngokusho ukuthi abantu abafudukayo baseMelika basuka ezindaweni ezishisayo nasenkabazwe, base bezinza kuwo wonke umhlaba.

Eminyakeni edlule, abantu bebelokhu bemangele lapho izigidi zamakhosi asebenzisa ihlobo eCanada anyamalala ebusika. Kuphela ngo-1937, isazi sezilwane saseCanada uFur Urkhart saqala ukulandela ukuhamba kwezimvemvane, kwaphawula amaphiko ezinkulungwane zabantu. Eminyakeni engama-38 kamuva, ngosizo lwezinkulungwane zamavolontiya ezweni lonke, usosayensi wabona indawo yokuhlala ebusika ebusika ebukhazikhazi phezu kweNtaba iMichoacan eMexico, amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziningana ukusuka lapho beqala ukufuduka. Le ndawo njengamanje iyindawo eyiGugu Lomhlaba futhi yaziwa njengeMonarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. Kukhona inqwaba yezindawo ezinjalo eMexico, futhi zivikelwe nguhulumeni waseMexico, njengezindawo ezigcina imvelo.

Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ukuzalwa kabusha kwalezinambuzane kudinga ukuba khona kwezihlahla zezinhlobo ezikhethekile. Kungakho ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuvinjelwe endaweni yokugcina yemvelo. Ubunye bale ndawo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo kwaqashelwa yi-UNESCO, okuyifaka phakathi kwamagugu emvelo esintu.

Ngeshwa, amakoloni amakhulu ebusika asongelwa ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, inani lezimvemvane ze-monarch eziqede ukufudukela ehlathini laseMexico zehle laze lehla kakhulu emashumini amabili eminyaka. Lokhu kubangelwe ikakhulukazi yisimo sezulu esibi kakhulu kanye nokwanda okusheshayo komhlaba wezolimo. Ngokwezibalo zaminyaka yonke zekoloni, ezabanjwa ngoDisemba 2012, indawo yamahlathi ahlalwa izimvemvane yehle isuka emahekeni angama-50 yaya ku-2.94.

Izimpawu zangaphandle zenkosi enamakhanda amnyama

Inkosi enamakhanda amnyama ifinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha ayi-16. Kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane banombala ogqamile ophuzi okwesibhakabhaka ekhanda, entanyeni, emuva, esifubeni. Abesilisa banebala elimnyama ngemuva ekhanda labo, futhi “umgexo” wombala ofanayo ume ngaphandle komphimbo. Umzimba ophansi unombala onsundu. Umbala wezinsikazi uyi-azure ephaphathekile, uqukethe amathoni ansundu kanye ansundu emuva, kanti amamaki amnyama awekho.

Inkosi enamakhanda amnyama (Hypothymis azurea).

Futhi imisila namaphiko amnyama kunamaduna. Igama lesiShayina lenkosi enamakhanda amnyama lihunyushwa ngokuthi "umqamelo omnyama", libhekise entweni emnyama ekhanda. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane nombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ogqamile, lezi zinyoni zibizwa ngokuthi "imifino eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka". Imilenze yezinyoni imfishane futhi ibuthakathaka, ngakho amakhosi anamakhanda amnyama ahlala phansi kungathi “ku-squat”.

Ebangeni elibanzi, inani elihlukaniswe ngokwendawo yezinduna ezinamakhanda amnyama lihluke kancane kumbala wamaplanethi nosayizi womzimba. I-styani ihlangana namamaki amnyama ahlukile ne-plumage emhlophe ye-plumage ihlala eNhlonhlo YaseNdiya. Abesilisa abatholakala eSri Lanka bangabaphathi bakaH. A. i-ceylonensis, ibe ne-nape emnyama, futhi akukho ntambo emnyama emphinjeni. I-subspecies evela eziqhingini zase-Andaman, i-tytleri, ihlukaniswa i-glue - iplamu elimpunga ngaphansi komzimba.

Izinyoni ezihlala eziQhingini zaseNicobar, okuyi-subsidiors ye-idiochroa, zinesisu esimhlophe ngombala obomvu, kanti i-nicobarica evela eningizimu yeNicobars incane ngosayizi futhi yinhle ekwakheni, futhi umbala uluhlaza ophuzi. KuH. A. i-ceylonensis akukho ntambo emnyama emqaleni, okuyisici sezinye izingxhaso.

Ngenxa yama-bristles aqinile ezinhlangothini zesisekelo soqhwaku, uhlobo lwengubo yokubamba amafomu ezinambuzane.

Izici zokuziphatha kwenkosi enamakhanda amnyama

Amakhosi anamakhanda amnyama ayizinyoni zomhlaba. Zigcinwa ngababili noma ziodwa.

Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, ahlangana emihlambini emincane, imvamisa ndawonye nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni.

Ekufuneni ukudla, amaqembu amancane wezinyoni afuna ngentshiseko indawo engaphansi. Ukuziphatha kwalezi zinyoni kuyaxaka, akuhlali phansi, zihlala zisonteka ngemisila yazo, zishaye amaphiko azo.

Umsila wabaphepheli abanamakhanda amnyama uvuswa njalo futhi ujikelezwe ngokukhululekile.

Izinyoni zibamba izinambuzane emoyeni, zijaha inyamazane, zibopha amagatsha angabonakali. Amakhosi abamba izinambuzane ezibanjiwe ngezihlakala zazo, ezinjengengquza. Bese ukhamba, uklebhula izinhlayiya ezincane. Amakhosi anamakhanda amnyama awahlukaniswa ngamakhono amangalisayo wemisindo. Izingcingo emadodeni ziwuchungechunge lwezikhonkwane ezimfushane noma ezingapheli.

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo, izinyoni zikhipha i-twitter ekhalayo.

Izinduna Zenkosi Emnyama enekhanda elimnyama

Amakhosi anamakhanda amnyama ahlala ezindaweni ezinamahlathi.

Ukubhalwa okuningi kwenkosi enamakhanda amnyama kuthanda amazinga aphansi noma aphansi ngaphansi kwesihlahla sehlathi futhi ahlele izidleke eduze komhlaba.

Bathanda ukuhlala emahlathini ahlanganisiwe kaphayini nokhuni oluqinile endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1300 ngaphezu kolwandle. Zitholakala emathangeni kaqalo ezigodini zemifula.

Izinyoni eTaiwan zikhetha amabanga aphezulu naphakathi ngaphansi kwesihlahla sehlathi, khona-ke amabhulokhethi angenamakhanda amnyama awabonakali esuka emhlabathini.

Ngokushisa okushisa komoya, izinyoni ziya endaweni epholile ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, ziyolima umhlaba, zingene ezingxenyeni zoqalo.

Inkukhu enamakhanda amnyama enhloko.

Isimo sokulondolozwa kwenkosi enamakhanda amnyama

Amakhosi anamakhanda amnyama ajwayelekile kakhulu futhi awazona izinhlobo zezinto ezisongelwa isibalo emhlabeni wonke. Inani eliphelele labantu alikanqunywa. Ngenkathi inani labantu eTaiwan lalinganiselwa ku-10,000-100,000 ngazimbili zokuzalela futhi libhekwa njengezinzile. Umbono: ukuntuleka kobufakazi bokunciphiswa noma izinsongo ezibalulekile.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.