Lesi silwane esingajwayelekile besilokhu sidonsela ukunakekela kososayensi bezemvelo, nabacwaningi bemvelo, futhi, futhi, abazingeli. Igama lesiLatini elithi musk deer Moschus moschiferus lisho "ukunika musk." Kwakuyi-musk, noma, njengoba futhi kubizwa ngokomfanekiso, "iphunga lengelo," eladlala indima ebulalayo ekuphelisweni kwenyoka yedlozi.
Kusukela maphakathi neshumi nesishiyagalolunye, inani lalezi zilwane liye lehla kakhulu.
Ezikhathini ezithile, umthelela we-anthropogenic ku-musk deer wawunobungozi kangangokuba waholela kabili emiphumeleni efana nokuqhathaniswa nosongo lokuqothulwa.
Kulokhu, umbuzo kade wabuza ukuthi izinyamazane zanamuhla zinekusasa yini.
Impendulo kuyo ingatholakala emlandweni wesinyamanzi sikamaskandi.
IZIPHUMA EZIQINILE
I-Musk deer ngummeleli omncane kakhulu we-artiodactyls kwizilwane zaseRussia. Ubonakaliswa ngezici azizuze njengefa zivela kukhokho wamadlozi angasekho.
Ubude bomzimba bezilwane ezindala buhlala bufika ku-84-94 cm. Iziduna nezinsikazi, njengazo zonke izinhlobo zasendulo ze-artiodactyl, azinazimpondo.
Indima yezici zesibili zobudoda emadodeni idlalwa ngamafangs amade abunjiwe abushelelezi, aphuma ngo-5.0-6.5 cm kusuka ezindebeni eziphakeme. Abesilisa banesici esibonakalayo se-musky gland kuphela.
I-gland yomsila nayo ithuthukiswe kahle, imfihlo yokuthi abesilisa babeka uphawu lwensimu yabo. Ezinye izici ze-anatomy ne-morphology zesikebhe se-musk deer zihlotshaniswa ne-hopping run gait. Lokhu kuboniswa ukukhula okungatheni kwangaphambi kwesiqu sesiqu, kanye nokwakheka kwama-vertebrae nohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi.
Ensimini yaseRussia, ibanga lama-musk deer lifaka izinhlelo zezintaba zase-Altai, Sayan, Transbaikalia naseMpumalanga Ekude. Umngcele osentshonalanga ugudla i-Yenisei. Isikhungo sokucija umaskandi sasiseCentral Asia.
Izifundo zofuzo zamangqamuzana zibonisa ukwehlukaniswa kwangaphambi kokuphela kwama-musk deer fossils esiqwini esivamile sama-artiodactyls. Iminyaka ye-phylogenetic yakudala kakhulu, yezindlela ezinde zokuqothuka kweqembu elikhanyayo lesithakazelo lifinyelela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-26.
Izidalwa zaseRussia nezindawo eziseduzane ziqukethe kuphela uhlobo lweMusk deer Moschus olunezinhlobo eyodwa zeMoschus moschiferus Linnaeus, 1758.
Ukuphathwa okufanele kwezinsiza zezinhlobo akunakucabanga ngaphandle kokuqonda okujulile kwezinto ezithinta amandla osayizi bawo kanye nendima yomuntu kule nqubo. IZITHOMBE SHUTTERSTOCK
Ukuhlaziywa kwethu kwezimpawu ze-craniological (osayizi beswazi) kukhombisa ukuzimela okukhulu kakhulu kwezinhlobo zasenyakatho neziseningizimu zohlobo lwe-musk deer.
Lawa mafomu okwamanje ahlukaniswe ngokwendawo; ngaphezu kwalokho, ahlala emikhakheni eyehlukene nezindawo zezulu, ezazisebenza njengesisekelo sokwehlukaniswa kwedesk yasenyakatho neseningizimu yaba ngamaqembu amabili okuyi-subspecies: eSiberia naseHimalayan.
Iqembu laseSiberia lifaka ama-subspecies amane: eSiberia, Far East, Verkhoyansk naseSakhalin. Ukuba semthethweni kokuhlukaniswa kwengcosana yama-musk deer ngokwezinhlamvu ze-morphological kwaqinisekiswa kamuva ngezindlela zofuzo ekuhlaziyweni kwe-mitochondrial DNA.
E-Russia, ama-musk deer ahlala emahlathini asezintabeni, ikakhulu i-fir-umsedari kanye ne-spruce. Kuvame kakhulu emithambekeni yemigwaqo, lapho kunamatshe amatshe anamakhasi noma imfucumfucu evela ezihlahleni zomoya.
E-Yakutia naseNyakatho-mpumalanga yeRussia, izilwane zihlala emahlathini ama-coniface akhanyayo avela e-Daurian larch, nasehlathini elinezikhukhula ze popole-willow ezinezimbali ezakhiwe kahle ze-Rhododendron undergrowth kanye notshani obumi.
I-Musk deer isebenza kuphela kusihlwa nasebusuku. Umsebenzi wansuku zonke uboniswa ekushintsheni kwezigaba ezichazwe kahle zokuphumula (ukuphumula nokulala embhedeni) nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha ezihambisana nokondla, ukuhamba izindawo, ukukhulisa izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ngabesifazane, njll.
NgoMashi noSepthemba, izinkathi ezinde kakhulu zomsebenzi wasebusuku zaqoshwa kusuka ngo-20: 00 kuye ku-23: 30, kanti ekuseni - kusuka ngo-5h00 kuye ku-7:00. Ebusika, ukuqala komsebenzi kuguqukela esikhathini sangaphambi kosuku (16:00), bese umsebenzi wasekuseni uphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngo-9: 00-9: 30.
Ngesikhathi sokukhuliswa kwezingane ezisanda kuzalwa, kwaqalwa iziqongo ezifika kwabayishumi nambili phakathi kwezinsikazi futhi zaze zafika kweziyishumi kubantu ngabesilisa nabesilisa nabesifazane ehlobo elikhulu le-midges.
Umsebenzi wobusuku bezilwane isikhathi eside uvimbele ososayensi ekuhloleni kahle isimo se-musk deer. Ukubhekwa kwezilwane kuphela ekuthunjweni nemvelo okwasivumela ukuthola isithombe esiphelele sebhayoloji yezinhlobo.
I-Musk deer ngumthengi wokudla okuphakame ngaphansi kwesihlahla sehlathi. Isisekelo sokudla komzimba sakhiwa ngokhuni kanye nama-lichens asemhlabeni, isilinganiso sawo sibalulekile ngisho ehlobo. Ama-lichens ngevolumu angafinyelela kuma-99% wokudla okudliwayo we-musk deer.
Ebusika, izilwane, ngaphezu kwamaloyi, zidla izinaliti zomswakama, amaqabunga omisiwe notshani, kwesinye isikhathi zimba ngaphansi kwesithwathwa amakhowe agcinwe eqandisiwe, wona awadla ngentshiseko ekwindla.
Esikhathini sentwasahlobo-ehlobo, ingxenye ebalulekile ekudleni yizimila ezinotshani, amaqabunga ezihlahla nezihlahla.
Ezimweni ezingama-80%, ama-musk deer mains adla ngenkathi ehambahamba ezindaweni zawo, eqoqa isikebhe ebusweni beqhwa (umhlabathi) noma emagatsheni awile ngesikhathi sokunyakaza. Amantombazane namathole amancane njalo (kusuka ku-35% kuya ku-65% kokuphakelayo) adla i-lichen ezihlahleni zomoya nezihlahlana.
Kwabaningi bemisky deer abahlala endaweni yaseRussia, izinsuku zokuqala nezokuphela zesikhathi sokuzala zibonakaliswa ngokuqina okukhulu. Imvamisa, umjaho ubonakala ngoDisemba- Januwari, kancane ngoFebhuwari - Mashi.
UGon uhlala isikhathi esifushane, futhi isigaba se-estrus (estrus) sowesifazane, lapho kwenzeka konke ukuzalanisa, kuthatha amahora angama-12-24 kuphela. Iqhaza elibalulekile ekulinganiseni kokuziphatha kwesikhumba sikamasikhi lidlalwa ngamaphunga endlala yamadoda, okubizwa ngokuthi abazingeli benyamazane.
Ukukhishwa kwalolu gland kanye nezimpawu zomchamo, ezithwele iphunga le-musk, kunomthelela ovuselelayo ekuziphatheni kobulili kwabalingani, ikakhulukazi, bakhuthaza i-estrus kwabesifazane, ngaleyo ndlela baqinisekise impumelelo yokuzala.
UMusk udlala indima efanayo nokuhlafunwa kwenyamazane. Kungabonakala sengathi ukushukuma kuhlukile emvelweni, kepha yeka ukuthi uvumelanisa kahle kangakanani imijikelezo yama-estrous futhi uqinisekise ukulungela kwabesifazane ukuzalanisa!
Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, imaskhi yezilwane isetshenziselwe ukulungiswa kwe-tinctures yokwelapha, futhi manje isetshenziswa kabanzi ku-perfumery kanye ne-homeopathy.
Isici esiyinhloko esinomthelela ekusindeni kwezinyamazane zama-musk imvelaphi yasendulo yezinhlobo. Njengoba wazi, isilwane ngasinye sinomkhawulo waso weminyaka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlobo noma iqembu lezinhlobo zezimpawu libonwa isikhathi sobudala bokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuthi, ngokusho kwama-paleontologists, lisukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezinhlanu kuya kweziyi-7.
Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kwalesi sikhombisi, inyamazane yama-musk sekudlule isikhathi eside intambo yokuchuma, eyaqedwa eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili edlule, futhi kubonakala sengathi ibhekene nokuqothulwa ngenxa yemikhawulo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
IZITHOMBE NGUVLADIMIR Prikhodko
Ukubhujiswa komsika we-musk kufanele kubonwe njengento yesibili eyingozi ekusindeni kwezinhlobo. Akuhlotshaniswa nezinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma umncintiswano we-interspecific.
Eqinisweni, le yinto ehluzekile engeyona eyethropogenic engancishiswa futhi ingaqediwe ngokwamukela izindlela ezimbalwa zokuvikela inyamazane.
Ekugcineni, indawo yesithathu kwisigaba sethu kuhlalwa ngokubhujiswa okungaba khona kwama-lichens lapho kwenzeka ukungcoliswa komoya emhlabeni, okuzobenza banyamalale. Isici esinqunyiwe sizonquma ikusasa le-musk deer kungekudala.
INANI DYNAMICS
Ukushintshashintsha kwezikhathi kwenani lezilwane kuyinto eyandile emvelweni, okwathi esikhathini esidlule yayiqeda ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ngakho-ke, eMiddle East neLate Miocene, okungenani izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye zohlobo lwe-musk deer zaphela.
Imbangela yokuqothulwa kwabo, ngokusho kwe-paleontologists, kwakuwukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuholela ekuguqukeni komhlaba wonke ekwakhiweni kwezimila namathafa omhlaba. Ngokuqala komuntu, ijubane lokuqothulwa kwezilwane lisheshisa.
Umlando weqembu elincane lokuzalwa lomndeni womndeni wama-musk deer cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-11; waphela ngokulondolozwa kohlobo olulodwa kuphela lwanamuhla - umaskandi wezinyoni.
Njengoba siyizinhlobo zezentengiso, lesi silwane sasihlala sithathelwa phansi imishini yokuzingela. Emuva ngo-1997, ngabhekisisa inkinga yokuncipha kwenhlekelele enanini lama-musk deer eRussia, ngiveza izindlela zokudotshwa kwe-archaic ezichitha ukwakheka kwendawo nokuziphatha kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezulu futhi kwaholela ekuzingeleni okusakazekile.
Imithombo etholakalayo yemibhalo ikhombisa ngokuqiniseka ukwehliswa kwenhlekelele kwezinsizakusebenza kanye nenqwaba yabantu abasebenza kude nge-musk ngekhulu le-19. Ngokubanzi kokuchichima kobukhulu baso, sihlukanise ukwehla okubili ngenxa yokudotshwa kwezilwane ngokweqile, okwasebenza njengesici esiyinhloko sokunciphisa.
Isibalo esikhulu sezinhlobo (abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-250) ngekhulu le-19 senzeka ngo-1845, salandelwa ukwehla okuyinhlekelele kwemithombo ye-musk deer (abantu abafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni eziyi-10 ngonyaka we-1880) esikhathini esifushane.
Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuncipha komnotho, isikhathi eside sokukhula kahle kwesibalo sabonwa, futhi umkhawulo ophezulu wokuchichimayo (abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-200) wafinyelelwa kuphela ngonyaka we-1989.
Namuhla, ibanga lama-musk deer limelelwa yizindawo ezimbili ezingayodwa: inyakatho (izintaba zase-Altai, Sayan, Siberia eseMpumalanga, iFar East East, iMongolia) naseningizimu (Korea, China, iHimalayas). Esikhathini esedlule, lezi zingxenye zazixhunyiwe futhi zakha indawo eyodwa yokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo. IZITHOMBE I-VALERY MALEYEV
Izinsizakusebenza zesimanje sezinyamazane eRussia zingabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-25-30, okusondele ukuthi kuqalwe ekuqaleni kokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo. Imikhawulo yokukhula efinyelelwe ngekhulu le-19 nele-20 inabantu abasondelene, okucacile ukuthi banciphise amandla abo okukhulisa ukukhula kwezinsiza ngenxa yobuningi bazo zonke izindawo zokuhlala ezifanele phakathi kobubanzi bezilwane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehla kwenhlekelele enanini lezinhlobo zombili ngaphambili nangama-90s akubanga ngenxa yokuxinana kwabantu, i.e. ukugcwala kwezilwane njengento ebalulekile yokunciphisa.
Ukukhishwa okugcwele nokusabalala konyaka okungekho emthethweni kwe-musk deer ngokusebenzisa enye yezinto ezibalulekile ekunciphiseni amanani ayo ngesikhathi seminyaka eyinkulungwane, futhi lo mkhuba nawo uyabonakala manje.
Njengoba izifundo zethu zensimu zikhombisile, kude nendlela ekhethiwe yokuqothula imiski deer kuholela ekususweni komgogodla wokuzala (abesilisa nabesilisa besifunda) futhi cishe bonke abantu abasha emiphakathini yemvelo.
Ngokwesilinganiso sethu, inani eliphakeme lokuqothulwa kwalaba bantu abangathandeki labonwa ngo-1992-1995. Kungalesi sikhathi esifushane kuphela nokusetshenziswa kwama-loops, cishe amaphesenti angama-60 ezilwane zemvelo zezilwane aqothulwa.
Izibalo ezisemthethweni zakwamanye amazwe zibonisa ukuthi amandla omdabu wama-musk asezweni elingumakhelwane (iChina neMongolia) anokwehla okufanayo, futhi abacwaningi bakwamanye amazwe nabo bathi ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lalaba bantu abangazithembi ngezinto ezihlaselayo - ukuzingela nokubhujiswa kwemvelo.
Ngakho-ke, kuma-60s, izinsizakusebenza zedeski yezinyoni eChina zehle ngamaphesenti angama-50 iminyaka eyishumi, kuma-80s ijubane lokwehla ngesivinini, kanti inani lezinhlobo lehle ngamaphesenti angama-50 ngeminyaka emihlanu. EMongolia, inyamazane edonswa inyamazane yaqothulwa iminyaka eyishumi, kanti ukuzingela sekuyinto enqumayo ekuguquguqukeni okubi kwezilwane eziphila kuleli.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezinga lokwehla kwenani lama-musk deer kukhombisa ukuthi ukufakwa kwezinhlobo zezentengiselwano kungenzeka esikhathini esifushane - eminyakeni eyi-5 ukuya kweli-10, ngenkathi ukubuyiselwa kwezinsizakusebenza ezingeni labo lokuqala elilungile kudinga okungenani iminyaka eyi-100-120.
Ukuqothulwa kwama-musk deer loops. I-Altai, umlomo womfula iShavly, ngo-1999. IZITHOMBE V.S. I-LUKAREVSKY
Ukuze kusindiswe inyamazane, izifundi eziningi zeRussian Federation zethule imingcele yesikhashana ekuzingeleni kwayo, kepha lokhu akuzange kunikeze umphumela omuhle ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuvikelwa okufanele kwabangabodwa basendle ezweni.
Isibonelo, eRiphabhulikhi ye-Altai, lapho phakathi konyaka we-2009 kuya ku-2014 kwaqalwa futhi nezinye izindlela zokuzingela inyamazane, izinsizakusebenza zayo zancishiswa minyaka yonke ngenxa yokushushiswa kwabantu abaningi futhi kwehle kusuka ku-3.0 kuya ku-1.5,000
abantu ngabanye.
Kwalandelelwa inkambiso efanayo engemihle (futhi iyaqhubeka nokulandelelwa) kwezinye izingxenye zohlobo lwezinhlobo: kuma-Sayans, eTransbaikalia, naseMpumalanga Ekude. Ngenxa yobuningi obuphansi obukhulu kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile zaseRussia (i-Altai Territory, i-Altai Republic, i-Kemerovo Region, iRepublic of Khakassia) ama-musk deer abhalwe ku-Red Book wesifunda.
Iziphathimandla zezemvelo nezikhulu ziyazi ukuthi izinga lokwehla kwenani lezinhlobo lihlobene eduze nesidingo semisk emakethe yomhlaba. Unyaka nonyaka, intengo yama-cabaret jets yakhula.
Njengamanje, inani layo emakethe emnyama lifinyelela kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-25. Isidingo esiphakeme semusk yemvelo sishukumisela abazingeli ukuba bazingele izilwane noma ngesibalo esiphansi sabantu balezi zinhlobo.
Ukungabi bikho komugqa we-musk emkhakheni wamasosha wokudoba abazingeli ukuthola izilwane ezindaweni zemvelo ezivikelwe ngokukhethekile, njengoba kufakazelwa ukwehla kwenani lezinhlobo (kusuka kuma-30 kuye kwangama-70%) ezindaweni ezigcinwe ezindaweni eziningana.
Njengoba izifundo zethu zensimu zikhombisile, izindawo ezinkulu zeGorny Altai, i-Irkutsk Oblast kanye nezinye izifunda, ezazakhiwe khona okokuqala ngqa ngama-musk deer, manje sezilahlekelwe ukubukeka kwazo, okufakazelwa ukungabikho kwamathrekhi ezilwane emizileni yasebusika.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezikhathi eziguqukayo zamanje zesimanje sabantu abaningi be-musk deer kunikeza isizathu sokuthola isiphetho esilandelayo: ubuningi bamanje bezilwane eziseRussia bufinyelele ezingeni elibucayi, ngemuva kwalokho ukuqothulwa kwalo okulandelayo kuzolandela.
Isimo sezulu esingesihle ngezinsizakusebenza sinikezwa uchwepheshe wezilwane zasendle, uSolwazi A.A. UDanilkin. Ngokusho kwalo mbhali, cishe zonke izinhlobo zabantu abangathandeki eRussia zisesimweni sokucindezelwa, futhi izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zisondele ekuqothulweni.
Imininingwane etholwe yithina ngenxa yokuqapha ikhombisa ukuthi izinsiza zesimanje ze-Far Eastern musk deer azidluli abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-2,5, iVerkhoyansk - izilwane eziyi-1.5.
ISakhalin musk deer, inani lakhona elingadluli kubantu abangama-300, isondele ekuqothulweni futhi ibhalwe ku-Red Book of the Russian Federation.
Isiphetho esijwayelekile ngemuva kokuhlaziya isimo samanje siyadumaza. Ukuvikelwa kwesinyamazane se-musk eRussia namanje akukwanelisi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zezinhlobo akunangqondo ngokweqile. Iningi lokubhalisa, ngezinga elithile noma kwelinye, lisengozini.
Ukuze ulondoloze inyamazane yama-musk ezinyaweni zaseRussia, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo ezimbalwa eziphuthumayo.
- Kwenziwa i-accounting yaseRussia yonke ye-musk deer.
- Ukwethulwa kokuvinjwa kokukhishwa kwesigaxa sikamasikhi eRussia isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyi-15. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi wonke amazwe anhlobonhlobo yezinhlobo (iChina, iMongolia, India, Nepal, njll.) Asethule izinhlawulo eziqinile zomthetho ngokukhishwa kwesinyamanzi se-musk.
- Ukuqedwa kokukhishwa kwezimvume ngumgwamanda olawula i-CITES eRussia ukuthunyelwa kwama jets e-cabaret.
- Ukubuyekezwa kwendlela yendabuko yokuxhaphaza izinsiza zezinhlobo: ukuyeka ukukhiqizwa kwezilwane nokushintshela ekufuyweni kokufuya kwe-musk deer ye-musk.
Kufanele wengezwe ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa okusemthethweni komthetho wokudla inyamazane usebenzisa izihibe kuzobeka engcupheni ukusinda kwezinyamazane njengemvelo esisengozini ngenxa yokusebenzisa ngokweqile izinsizakusebenza yayo kanye nobunjalo obungakhethi bendlela yokudoba ehlongozwayo.
Ochwepheshe bokuzingela kanye nezikhulu kufanele bazi ukuthi ama-musk deer afa e-loops kaningi kunabazingeli. Ukuze usindise lolu hlobo lwendalo oludala ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuyadingeka ukuthatha izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokuvikela nokubuyisela izinsiza zalo ezinombolweni yokuqala ka-1989.
Ukufeza le nhloso, kuzodingeka umsebenzi ohlelwayo emashumini amaningi eminyaka.