Ubufakazi obuvela kwi-Renaissance bubhekisela ezimweni ezitholwayo zamazinyo amakhulu ezinxantathu ezinciphile emazweni amaningi aseYurophu. Ekuqaleni, la mazinyo ayethathwa njengezilimi ezivikelekile zamadragoni noma izinyoka - ama-glosseters.
Ukuchazwa okuyikho kokutholakele kwahlongozwa ngo-1667 ngusosayensi wemvelo waseDenmark uNiels Stensen: waqaphela amazinyo kashaka wasendulo kubo. Waduma ngesithombe senhloko yoshaka ohlomile ngamazinyo anjalo. Lokhu okutholakele, kanye nomfanekiso wezinyo le-megalodon, kwashicilelwa ngaye encwadini ethi "The Head of a Fossil Shark."

I-Megalodon, I-Carcharodon megalodon (lat. Carcharodon megalodon), kusuka ku "izinyo elikhulu" lesiGrikhi - ushaka wokumbiwa komhlaba okutholakale izidumbu zakhe ezitholakala endaweni edonsela phansi kusukela esikhathini se-Oligocene (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-25 ezedlule) esikhathini se-Pleistocene (1.5 million edlule).

Izifundo ze-Paleontological zibonisa ukuthi i-megalodon yayingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu futhi ezinamandla kakhulu emlandweni wama-vertebrates. IMegalodon ifundwe ikakhulu kwizinsalela zamathambo ezilondolozwe ngokwengxenye, ucwaningo lwayo olukhombisa ukuthi lolu shaka lwalunobukhulu obukhulu, lufinyelele kubude bamamitha angama-20 (ngokusho kwemithombo ethile - kuze kufike ku-30 ​​m). IMegalodon yanikezwa ososayensi i-oda lamaLamoids, noma kunjalo, ukwahlukaniswa kwemvelo kwe-megalodon kuseyimpikiswano. Kukholelwa ukuthi i-megalodon ibibukeka njengoshaka omkhulu omhlophe. Ukutholwa kwezinsalela zezinsalela kukhombisa ukuthi i-megalodon yayigcwele emhlabeni wonke. Kwakuwukudla okuphambili phezulu kwekhonkolo lokudla. Ukulandelela emathanjeni ezinsalela zezisulu zakhe kukhombisa ukuthi ubedla izilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle.

Igama lesayensi i-Carcharodon megalodon lanikezwa ushaka wezinsalela ngonyaka we-1835 ngusosayensi wemvelo waseSwitzerland uJean Louis Agassis ku-Recherches sur les poissons fossiles (Study of fossil), laqedwa ngo-1843. Ngenxa yokuthi amazinyo e-megalodon afana namazinyo kashaka omkhulu omhlophe, u-Agassis wakhetha uhlobo lweCarcharodon lwe-megalodon.

Ithambo le-megalodon, njengabanye oshaka, liqukethe i-cartilage, hhayi ithambo. Ngalesi sizathu, izinsalela zamathambo ngokuvamile zigcinwa kabi. I-Cartilage ayilona ithambo; isikhathi siyonakalisa ngokushesha.
Izinsalela ezivame kakhulu ze-megalodon ngamazinyo alo, afana ngokufana namazinyo woshaka omkhulu omhlophe, kepha ahlala isikhathi eside futhi acasaniswe ngokulinganayo ngokwengeziwe, futhi, ngokweqiniso, adlula kakhulu ngosayizi. Ukuphakama okuthambekele (ubude be-diagonal) bamazinyo e-megalodon kungafinyelela ku-180 mm, amazinyo azikho ezinye izinhlobo zabashaka aziwa isayensi afinyelela kulosayizi.

Kutholwe nama-vertebrae amaningana agcinwe ngokwengxenye ye-megalodon. Ukutholakala edume kakhulu kwalolu hlobo isiqu esithile kodwa esesexhunywe ngaphandle kwesisekelo sombala owodwa we-megalodon, esatholakala eBelgium ngo-1926. Bekuqukethe ama-vertebrae ayi-150, amakhulu kunawo wonke afinyelela kumamilimitha angama-155. I-vertebrae esindayo ye-megalodon ikhombisa ukuthi wayene-skeleton ebalulwe kakhudlwana, uma uyiqhathanisa noshaka banamuhla.

Izidumbu zeMegalodon zatholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, kufaka phakathi i-Europe, North America, South America, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Africa, Malta, Grenadines kanye ne India. Amazinyo kaMegalodon atholakala nasezindaweni ezikude nezwekazi (isibonelo, eMariana Trench oLwandle iPacific).
I-megalodon yokuqala yasendalini ingekaLate Oligocene strata. Yize izinsalela ze-megalodon zingekho ngokweqiniso emgodini olandela ukufakwa kweTertiary, zitholakala nasezindaweni zasePleistocene.

Kukholakala ukuthi i-megalodon yafa ePleistocene, cishe eminyakeni engu-1.5 - 2 million edlule.

Udaba lokuhlola usayizi omkhulu we-megalodon emphakathini wesayensi luyaqhubeka mpikiswano, lolu daba luyimpikiswano enkulu futhi lunzima. Emphakathini wesayensi, kukholelwa ukuthi i-megalodon yayinkulu kune-whale shark, i-Rhincodon typus. Umzamo wokuqala wokwakha kabusha umhlathi we-megalodon wenziwe nguProfessor Bashford Dean ngonyaka we-1909. Ngokuya ngosayizi wemihlathi eyakhiwe kabusha, isilinganiso sobude bomzimba we-megalodon satholakala: sasicishe sibe ngamamitha angama-30.
Kodwa-ke, izinsalela zakamuva ezitholakele kamuva nokufinyeleleka okusha kwe-vertebrate biology kuveza ukungabaza ekuthembekeni kwalesi sakhiwo. Njengesizathu esiyinhloko sokungalungile kokuphinda kwakhiwe, ukungabikho kolwazi olwanele mayelana nenamba nendawo yamazinyo e-megalodon kuboniswa ngesikhathi sikaDean. Ngokusho kokuqagela kochwepheshe, inguqulo ngqo yemodeli ye-megalodon yomhlathi eyakhiwe nguBashford Dean ingahle ibe ngama-30% amancane kunosayizi wokuqala futhi ingahambelana nobude bomzimba obuhambisana nokutholakele kwamuva. Njengamanje, izindlela eziningana ziye zahlongozwa zokulinganisa usayizi we-megalodon, ngokususelwa ebudlelwaneni bezibalo phakathi kosayizi wamazinyo nobude bomzimba koshaka omkhulu omhlophe.

Njengamanje, kwamukelwa emphakathini wesayensi ukuthi i-megalodon ifinyelele kumamitha ayi-18.2 - 20.3 ubude.
Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi i-megalodon yayingelotshaka olukhulu kunazo zonke olwaziwa yisayensi, futhi ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezake zaba nezilwandle zomhlaba wethu.

IMegalodon yayinamazinyo aqine kakhulu, inani labo liphelele lafika kuma-276, i.e. cishe, njengoshaka omhlophe omkhulu. Amazinyo ahlelwe ngemigqa emi-5. Ngokusho kwe-paleontologists, uhla lomhlathi wabantu abadala be-megalodon lungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-2.
Amazinyo aqinile ka-Megalodon ahlonishwa, okwenza kwaba lula ngaye ukukhipha izingcezu zenyama emizimbeni yababehlukumezekile. Isazi se-Paleontologist B. Kent siveza ukuthi la mazinyo aminyene ngokwanele ngosayizi wawo futhi anokuvumelana nezimo ezithile, yize enamandla amakhulu okuguquguquka. Izimpande zamazinyo e-megalodon zikhulu impela uma ziqhathaniswa nokuphakama kwamazinyo ngokuphelele. Amazinyo anjalo awona nje ithuluzi elihle lokusika - nawo aguqulwa kahle ukuze abambe inyamazane eqinile, futhi kuyaqabukela aphule noma ngabe amathambo asikiwe.

Ukusekela amazinyo amakhulu kakhulu futhi anamandla, imihlathi ye-megalodon nayo bekufanele ibe nkulu kakhulu, iqinile futhi ibe namandla. Imihlathi enjalo ethuthukiswe kahle yanikeza ikhanda le-megalodon ukubukeka okungafani "nengulube".

Bafundela namandla okuluma kwe-megalodon. Ama-zoologists axhuma izazi zezibalo kanye ne-physicists kulezi zibalo. Ngenxa yocwaningo nokubalwa, ososayensi bathola ukuthi amandla e-megalodon shark bite ayengaphezu kwamathani ayishumi nesishiyagalombili! Lokhu kungamandla amakhulu.
Isibonelo, amandla okulunywa ngoshaka we-megalodon acishe abe makhulu kunalawo omashiqela, kanti ushaka omhlophe omkhulu unamandla emihlana acishe abe ngamathani amabili.

Ngokusekelwe ezicini ezisetshenziswe ngaphambili, usosayensi waseMelika uGottfried nozakwabo bakwazi ukwakha kabusha ithambo eligcwele le-megalodon. Yakhonjiswa eCalvert Marine Museum (Solomon Islands, Maryland, USA). Umgodi owakhiwe kabusha unobude bamamitha ayi-11.5 futhi uhambelana noshaka osemusha. Ososayensi baqaphela ukuthi ushintsho oluhlobene nokulingana kwezici zamathambo we-megalodon uma kuqhathaniswa noshaka omkhulu omhlophe ziyi -gengenetic ngokwemvelo, futhi kufanele zenzeke oshaka abamhlophe abakhulu ngosayizi owandayo.

Ama-Paleontologists enza ucwaningo ngezinsalela zezinsalela ukuthola izindlela namasu okuhlasela izimayini ze-megalodon. Imiphumela yakhe ikhombisa ukuthi izindlela zokuhlasela zingahluka ngokuya ngosayizi wexhoba. Izinsalela zama-cetaceans amancane zibonisa ukuthi anikezwa amandla amakhulu ngokugunda, ngemuva kwalokho zabulawa zadliwa. Enye yezinto zokutadisha - izinsalela zomkhomo wefosili owamamitha ayi-9 wesikhathi seMiocene, kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukucubungula ngobuningi bokuhlasela kwe-megalodon. Umhlaseli uhlasele ikakhulukazi izindawo ezinamadumbe omzimba wesisulu (amahlombe, izihlakala, isifuba, umgogodla), ezivame ukuvinjelwa oshaka abamhlophe.

UDkt Bretton Kent uphakamise ukuthi i-megalodon izame ukuphula amathambo futhi ilimaze izitho ezibalulekile (ezinjengezinhliziyo namaphaphu) ezivaleleke esifubeni sephango. Ukuhlaselwa kwalezi zitho ezibalulekile ezifakwayo inyamazane, efile ngokushesha ngenxa yokulimala okungaphakathi kwangaphakathi. Lezi zifundo zikhombisa nokuthi kungani i-megalodon idinga amazinyo aqinile kunoshaka omhlophe omkhulu.

Ngesikhathi se-Pliocene, kwavela ama-cetaceans amakhudlwana futhi athuthukile. IMegalodons yashintsha amasu ayo okulwa nalezi zilwane ezinkulu. Inani elikhulu lamathambo wezinsalela zezicucu kanye ne-caudal vertebrae yendawo enkulu ye-Pliocene yatholakala, inamamaki okulimala kwesokunxele ngokuhlaselwa yi-megalodon. Le mininingwane yemvelo ikhombisa ukuthi i-megalodon iqale yazama ukufaka amandla inyamazane enkulu ngokukhipha noma ngokuluma izitho zayo zezimoto, yabe isilubulala lwayiqeda.

IMegalodons yanyamalala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezimbili edlule. Bahlala isikhathi eside kunabo bonke e-Southern Hemisphere. Babengabazingeli bezikhwanyana zakudala, ikakhulukazi ama-cetoterium (imikhomo emincane yasendulo). Izisulu zalo zazihlala olwandle olunamathelufu angafudumele. Ngesikhathi sokupholisa kwesimo sezulu ePliocene, iziqhwa “zabopha” izindimbane zamanzi nezolwandle eziningi ezishalofini zanyamalala. Imephu yemisinga yolwandle iguqukile. Izilwandle ziya ngokuya zibanda. Imikhomo yakwazi ukusinda, icashe emanzini abandayo acwebile e-plankton. Kwama-megalodons, kwavele kwaba yisigwebo sentambo. Ama-Orcas avele ngasikhathi sinye, ayedla ama-megalodons asemancane, nawo angadlala indima yawo.

Kunombono onelukuluku wokuthi i-megalodon yanyamalala ngenxa yokuvela kwe-Isthmus yasePanama phakathi kwamazwekazi aseMelika. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinto ezingajwayelekile zazenzeka emhlabeni - ukuqondiswa kwemisinga efudumele yomhlaba yayishintsha, isimo sezulu sasishintsha. Ngakho-ke lo mbono unencazelo efanelekile yesayensi. Kuyiqiniso, ukwahlukaniswa kwezilwandle ezimbili yi-Isthmus of Panama kwakuyisenzeko sesikhashana. Kepha iqiniso licacile - i-megalodon inyamalale, kwavela iPanama, nenhloko-dolobha yePanama City.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi kusendaweni yePanama lapho kwatholakala khona umhlambi wamazinyo amathole asemgodon, okusho ukuthi lapha ushaka omncane we-megalodon uchithe ubuntwana bakhe. Emhlabeni akukho ndawo lapho bathole khona indawo efanayo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi abekho, iPanama kuphela ebingowokuqala ukuthola into efana nale. Phambilini, into efanayo yatholakala eSouth Carolina, kepha uma eRiphabhulikhi lasePanama kwatholakala amazinyo engxenye yamazinyane angaphansi kweminyaka, khona-ke eSouth Carolina kwathola amazinyo abantu abadala, nezicubu zemikhomo, kanye nezinsalela zezinye izidalwa. Kunokuthile okufana ngakho, nokho, phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili ezitholakele - zombili kwiRiphabhlikhi yasePanama naseNingizimu Carolina, ukutholwa kwenziwa ezingeni elingaphezulu kwezinga le-mora.
Kungabhekwa ukuthi i-megalodon yayihlala emanzini angajulile, noma ihambe ngomkhumbi lapha ukuzala.

Lokhu kutholwa kwakubalulekile futhi ngoba ososayensi bangaphambili babekholelwa ukuthi oshaka be-megalodon abadingi ukuvikelwa - ngoba i-megalodon iyisidalwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. I-hypothesis echazwe ngenhla isikisela ukuthi yilezi zindawo ezinamanzi anjalo emanzini angajulile adalwa abantu abasha ukuze bakwazi ukuzivikela. Yize kunjalo, kwakukhona oshaka beminyaka ehlukene, yize iqiniso ukuthi encane kunazo zonke i-megalodon (malek) ubude yayingamamitha amabili kuphela. Ushaka ongamamitha amabili, ngisho ne-megalodon, ebhukuda kude nabafowabo, ungaba ukudla kwabantu abakhulu bezinye izinhlobo zikashaka.

Kepha nokho, kungani le megalodon enkulu futhi enamandla kangaka inyamalale ebusweni bomhlaba? Kunokusikisela okuningi ngalokhu. Yize i-megalodon uqobo lwayo yayingenazitha ekujuleni kolwandle, noma kunjalo, abantu bayo basengozini yokubulawa.
Kwavela imikhomo emikhulu yokubulala, amandla ayo hhayi kuphela emazinyweni anamandla nasemzimbeni ophelele, kodwa futhi nangendlela yokuziphatha komphakathi. Lezi zinselo zokubulala zazizingelwa emaphaketheni, zishiya nesilo sasolwandle esinjenge-megalodon singekho ithuba lokusindiswa. IKiller whales yayihlala izingela le megalodon encane idle inzalo yayo.
Kepha lesi akusona ukuphela kwesizathu hhayi ukuphela komqondo ochaza ukuqothulwa kwe-megalodon. Imibono ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu olwandle ngemuva kokwehlukaniswa kwamanzi e-Atlantic nePacific yi-isthmus nayo ibukeka iyakholelwa, futhi iqiniso lokuthi i-megalodon imane ayinalutho lokudla emanzini ancipha olwandle.
Ngokwenye yalezi zinkolelo-mbono, i-megalodon imane yafa ngoba ibingenakho ukudla. Futhi into ubukhulu balesi sidlakela. Yize kunjalo, umzimba omkhulu kangaka wawudinga ukudla okuhlala njalo nokuningi! Futhi uma imikhomo emikhulu ikwazi ukusinda, ngoba bona, njengabo ababephila ngesikhathi sabo, badla ipulankton, khona-ke i-megalodon ngokusobala yayingenakho ukudla okukhulu nokunempilo ukuze ibe nokuphila okuntofontofo.

Yikuphi kuyo yonke le mibono eyiqiniso, noma yonke eyiqiniso ngokuhlangana, asisoze sazi, ngoba i-megalodon yona ngokwayo ayinakusitshela lutho, futhi ososayensi bayakwazi ukwenza imibono, imibono kanye nemibono.

Uma i-megalodon isinda kuze kube namuhla, umuntu ubekwazi ukuyigcina njalo. Ushaka omkhulu ohlala emanzini asogwini wawungenakubonwa.
Noma. konke kungaba.
NgoNovemba 2013, kwavela imithombo yezindaba emideni eminingi mayelana nevidiyo eyadutshulwa amaJapan eMariana Trench ekujuleni okukhulu. Ushaka omkhulu ubonakala kuzimele, abathi ababhali besiumbi sevidiyo bakhona njenge-megalodon osindile kuze kube namuhla. Funda kabanzi ngalokhu.

Ekugcineni kwendaba - ividiyo ekhuluma nge-megalodon, edutshulwe yisiteshi saseBrithani i-Nat Geo Wild HD.

Incazelo Megalodon

Igama lalesi ushaka omkhulukazi ohlala ePaleogene - Neogene (futhi ngokusho kweminye imithombo, ukufinyelela iPleistocene) lihunyushwa lisuselwa esiGrekini ngokuthi "izinyo elikhulu". Kukholakala ukuthi i-megalodon yagcina izakhamizi zasolwandle zesaba isikhathi eside, yavela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-28,1 edlule futhi yashonelwa eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezi-2,6 edlule.

Izikhala

Imisebenzi ephathelene ne-Renaissance yisho amacala atholakala ngamazinyo amakhulu kanxantathu ekwakhiweni kwamadwala. Kuqala, la mazinyo ayethathwa njengezilimi ezigqinsiwe zemidleke noma izinyoka futhi ayebizwa ngokuthi “ama-glossopode” (avela “ezilimini zamatshe” zesiGreki). Kwachazwa incazelo efanelekile ngo-1667 ngudokotela wezemvelo waseDenmark uNiels Stensen: waqaphela amazinyo oshaka basendulo kuyo. Isithombe esenziwe nguye sekhanda loshaka ehlome ngamazinyo anjalo sathandwa. Phakathi kwamazinyo, izithombe azishicilele, kunamazinyo e-megalodon.

Umnotho

Igama lokuqala lesayensi I-Carcharodon megalodon wabelwa lo shark ngo-1835 ngusosayensi wezemvelo waseSwitzerland uJean Louis Agassis ku Iphinda ifunde ngama-fossil wefisks ("Ukufundwa kwezinhlanzi zezinsalela", 1833-1843). Ngenxa yokufana kokufana kwamazinyo e-megalodon namazinyo kashaka omhlophe, u-Agassis wathi megalodon kuhlobo olufanayo. I-Carcharodon . Ngo-1960, umcwaningi waseBelgian u-Edgar Casier, owayekholelwa ukuthi la oshaka bakude kakhulu, wakhomba i-megalodon kanye nezinhlobo ezihlobene kulolo hlobo I-Procarcharodon. Ngo-1964, usosayensi waseSoviet uL. S. Glikman, evuma ukuthi i-megalodon ayinabo ubuhlobo obusondelene noshaka omhlophe, yayithwala futhi isondelene, manje esesaziwa ngokuthi I-Carcharocles / otodus chubutensis (NgesiNgisi), kuya kuhlobo olusha Megaselachus, kanye nezinhlobo ezihlobene ezazinamazinyo emuva amazinyo zifakiwe kuhlobo I-Otodus . Ngo-1987, isazi saseFrance uHenri Cappetta saphawula lokho I-Procarcharodon Ingabe igama elifanayo elincane kunalo lonke elachazwa ngo-1923 I-Carcharocles, futhi iphathe i-megalodon nezinhlobo eziningi ezihlobene (ezinonqenqemeni lwamazinyo, I-Carcharocles . Le nketho (I-Carcharocles megalodon) ithole ukusatshalaliswa okukhulu kunakho konke, inguqulo kaGlikman (Megaselachus megalodon) Ngo-2012, uCappetta wahlongoza ukwahlukaniswa okusha: waphatha i-megalodon nazo zonke izinhlobo ezisondelene nohlobo I-Otodus, lapho akhombe khona i-3 subgenera: I-Otodus, I-Carcharocles futhi Megaselachusngakho-ke umbono waba negama I-Otodus megalodon . Ekuvukelweni koshaka kwalolu hlobo lobuciko, kuye kwaba nokwanda kancane kancane nokwanda kwamazinyo, ukuqina komphetho we-incisal, kwathi kamuva - ukulahleka kwepiki yamazinyo asebusweni. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlelo zeGlickman (1964), Cappetta (1987) neCappetta (2012) kulapho imingcele enemibandela phakathi kwejenerali idonswa kulolu shintsho lokuziphendukela kwemvelo olubushelelezi, kepha ngokuya ngazo zonke lezi zinhlelo, i-megalodon ingeyomndeni wakwa-Otodontidae.

Uhlobo oludala lobuhlobo obusondelene be-megalodon kanye no-shark omhlophe alunabasekeli phakathi kososayensi abakhulu. Kodwa-ke, labo abanamathela kule nguqulo bayibiza I-Carcharodon megalodon futhi, ngokufanele, bangabomndeni uLamnidae.

Amazinyo okugcwala

Izicucu ezivame kakhulu ze-megalodon ngamazinyo aso. Koshaka besimanje, ushaka omhlophe unamazinyo afana kakhulu, kepha amazinyo e-megalodon akhulu kakhulu (kufinyelela izikhathi ezingama-2-3), aqine kakhulu, aqine futhi aqine ngokulinganayo. Ukuphakama okuthambekele (ubude be-diagonal) bamazinyo we-megalodon angafinyelela ku-18-19 cm, lawa ngamazinyo oshaka amakhulu owaziwayo emlandweni wonke woMhlaba.

I-Megalodon ihluke ezinhlotsheni ezihlobene kakhulu, ikakhulukazi, ngokungabi bikho kwamazinyo okugcina amazinyo wamazinyo abantu abadala. Ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amazinyo anyamalala kancane, ahlala isikhathi eside phakathi koshaka abasebasha nasemazinyweni asemaphethelweni omlomo. KwiLate Oligocene, ukungabikho kwamazinyo kubantu abadala kwakuhlukile, futhi eMiocene kwaba yinto evamile. Ama-megalodons amancane agcina ama-clove, kepha awalahlekelwa yiPliocene yakuqala.

I-vertebrae yensimbi

Kunokutholwe okuningana kwezinsika zomgogodla ezigcinwe ngokwengxenye ze-megalodon. Esidume kunabo bonke satholakala eBelgium ngo-1926. Siqukethe ama-vertebrae ayi-150 anobubanzi obufika ku-15,5 cm. Kodwa-ke, ububanzi obukhulu be-megalodon vertebrae bungadlula kuma-22,5 cm, ngokwesibonelo, ngonyaka we-2006 ePeru, ikholomu ephelele ye-vertebral yatholakala enobubanzi obukhulu be-26 cm. Ama-vertebrae e-megalodon abalwa kakhulu ukuze akwazi ukumelana nobunzima bawo kanye nemithwalo evela ngenxa yokuncipha kwemisipha.

Ukusatshalaliswa Kwasasele

Izidumbu ze-megalodon ezi-fossilised zitholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, kufaka phakathi i-Europe, North America, South America, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Africa, Malta, Grenadines kanye neNdiya. Amazinyo kaMegalodon atholakala nasezindaweni ezikude nezwekazi (isibonelo, eMariana Trench oLwandle iPacific). Ubehlala emanzini angaphansi nasesabekayo kuwo womabili ama-hemispheres; izinga lokushisa lamanzi endaweni yokusatshalaliswa lalinganiselwa ku-12-27 ° C. EVenezuela, amazinyo e-megalodon atholakala emimangweni yamanzi acwebile ayaziwa, okungakhombisa ukuthi i-megalodon, njengoshaka wanamuhla wezinkunzi, waguqulwa ngoba usemanzini amasha.

Ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe ngonyaka we-2016, ukutholwa okudala kunokwethenjelwa kakhulu kwe-megalodon kubuyele eLower Miocene (cishe eminyakeni engama-20 million edlule), kepha kunemibiko ye-Oligocene ngisho ne-Eocene. Kwesinye isikhathi ukubukeka kwezinhlobo kufakwa kwi-Middle Miocene. Ukungaqiniseki kwesikhathi sokubukeka kohlobo kuhlotshaniswa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, nokufiphala komngcele phakathi kwayo nokhokho wayo okungenzeka I-Carcharocles chubutensis (NgesiNgisi): ushintsho ezibonweni zamazinyo ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo lwathuthuka kancane kancane.

IMegalodon yanyamalala, mhlawumbe isemngceleni wePliocene nePleistocene, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-2,6 edlule, yize kunemibiko eminingana yokuthola kwePleistocene. Kwesinye isikhathi kubhekiselwa kuzo njengezigidi eziyi-1,6 ezedlule. Okwamazinyo aphakanyiswe kusuka phansi kolwandle, abanye abacwaningi, ngokuya ngesilinganiso sokukhula kwe-crust of sediments, bathola amashumi ezinkulungwane ngisho namakhulu eminyaka yeminyaka, kepha le ndlela yokuthola iminyaka yobudala ayithembekile: iqhubu lingakhula ngesivinini esingafani ngisho nasezingxenyeni ezihlukile zezinyo elilodwa, noma mhlawumbe yeka ukukhula ngezizathu ezingacacile.

I-Anatomy

Phakathi kwezinhlobo zesimanje, ezifanayo kakhulu ne-megalodon ngaphambili zazibhekwa njengoshaka omhlophe. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamathambo agcinwe kahle we-megalodon, ososayensi baphoqeleka ukuthi baseke ukwakhiwa kabusha nokucabanga kwabo ngosayizi wayo ikakhulukazi kwi-morphology koshaka omhlophe. Kodwa-ke, izifundo ezengeziwe zikhombisile ukuthi ama-otodontids (umndeni owakhelwa yi-megalodon) awahlobene ngqo nabasiki be-herring, futhi eqinisweni bawugatsha labashisi bakudala, ngokunokwenzeka abalondoloze izimpawu eziyisisekelo zama-lamiformiformes. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi i-megalodon ibukeke njengoshaka wesihlabathi, futhi ezinye izici zesimo samazinyo, ezikhumbuza leyo kashaka omhlophe, kungenzeka zibe yisibonelo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakheka nezici zomzimba we-megalodon kungenzeka futhi, kufane nalokho koshaka omkhulu, ngoba ukulingana okufanayo kuvamile ezilwaneni ezinkulu zasemanzini.

Isilinganiso sokulinganisa

Umbuzo wobukhulu obukhulu be-megalodon uyaphikisana kakhulu. Emphakathini wesayensi, kukholelwa ukuthi i-megalodon yayiqhathaniswa ngosayizi noshark wesimanje wanamuhla (I-Rhincodon typus) nezinhlanzi ezingapheli zamathambo ezibizwa ngokuthi liddsihtis (I-Leedsichthys) Umzamo wokuqala wokwakha kabusha umhlathi we-megalodon wenziwe nguProfessor Bashford Dean ngonyaka we-1909. Ngokuya ngosayizi wemisipha eyakhiwe kabusha, isilinganiso sobude bomzimba we-megalodon satholakala: kwakungamamitha angama-30. Kodwa-ke, okwatholakala kamuva izinsalela nokuthuthuka okusha ku-vertebrate biology kubangela ukungabaza ukuthembeka kwalesi sakhiwo. Njengesizathu esiyinhloko sokungalungile kokuphinda kwakhiwe, ukungabikho kolwazi olwanele mayelana nenamba nendawo yamazinyo e-megalodon kuboniswa ngesikhathi sikaDean. Ngokusho kokuqagela kochwepheshe, inguqulo ngqo yemodeli ye-megalodon yomhlathi eyakhiwe nguBashford Dean ingaba ngaphezulu kwama-30% kunosayizi wokuqala futhi ingahambelana nobude bomzimba obuhambisana nokutholakele kwamuva. Njengamanje, izindlela eziningana ziye zahlongozwa zokulinganisa usayizi we-megalodon, ngokususelwa ebudlelwaneni bezibalo phakathi kosayizi wamazinyo nobude bomzimba koshaka omkhulu omhlophe.

John E. Randall Indlela

Ngo-1973, uchthyologist, uJohn E. Randall, waphakamisa indlela yokuthola ubukhulu boshaka obumhlophe obukhulu futhi wayikhipha ngaphezulu ukuthola ubungako be-megalodon. Ngokusho kweRandall, ubude bomzimba we-megalodon ngamamitha bunqunywa ngefomula:

L = 0,096 × ukuphakama koqweqwe lwawo ngamamilimitha.

Le ndlela isuselwa eqinisweni lokuthi ukuphakama koqweqwe lwawo (ibanga eliqonde mpo ukusuka esisekelweni sengxenye engenazinyo lezinyo kuya empini yalo) kwamazinyo amakhulu amakhulu omhlathi woshaka axhumene nobude obugcwele bomzimba wayo.

Njengoba ukuphakama koqweqwe lwawo kwamazinyo amakhulu e-megalodon, ngaleso sikhathi eyayitholakala eRandall, kwakungu-115 mm, kwavela ukuthi i-megalodon ifinyelela kubude bamamitha ayi-13. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1991, abacwaningi ababili boshaka (uRichard Ellis noJohn E. McCrocker) baveza iphutha okungenzeka liyindlela yaseRandall. Ngokucwaninga kwabo, ukuphakama koqweqwe lezinyo loshaka akuvamile ukulingana nobubanzi bezinhlanzi. Ngokusekelwe kudatha evela kulezi cwaningo, izindlela ezintsha, ezinembile kakhudlwana zokuthola usayizi koshaka omkhulu omhlophe kanye nezinhlobo ezifanayo zoshaka zahlongozwa kamuva.

Indlela yokushada nabanye

Indlela elandelayo yaphakanyiswa yiqembu lososayensi elakhiwe nguMichael D. Gottfried, uLeonard Compagno, kanye no-S. Curtis Bowman, okwathi ngemuva kokutadisha ngokucophelela amasampula amaningi koshaka omhlophe omkhulu, bahlongoza indlela entsha yokuthola osayizi C. carcharias futhi C. megalodon, imiphumela yabo yashicilelwa ngonyaka we-1996. Ngokusho kwale ndlela, ubude bomzimba we-megalodon ngamamitha bunqunywa ngefomula:

L = −0.22 + 0,096 × (ukuphakama okukhulu kwamazinyo angaphambili aphezulu ngamamilimitha).

Izinyo elikhulu kakhulu elingaphambili le-megalodon, elalisetshenziswa yileli qembu labaphenyi, lalinobude obukhulu (isb., Buthambekele) ukuphakama kwamamilimitha ayi-168. Leli zinyo latholakala nguL. Compagno ngonyaka we-1993. Umphumela wokubala ngokuya ngefomula yawo ehambelana nobude bomzimba obuyi-15.9 m. Ukuphakama kwamazinyo okuphezulu kule ndlela kuhambelana nobude bomugqa oqondile kusuka phezulu kwekhonkolo lezinyo kuya engxenyeni engezansi yempande eqondana ne-eksisi ende yezinyo, isb. Ukuphakama kwamazinyo okuphezulu kuhambelana nokuphakama kwayo okuthandekayo.

Isisindo somzimba

UGottfried et al. Uphinde wahlongoza indlela yokuthola isisindo somzimba koshaka omkhulu omhlophe, esefundile isilinganiso sobude nobude babantu abangu-175 balolu hlobo lwezinsuku zeminyaka ehlukile, futhi wasiphinda wasifaka endaweni yakhe ukuthola ubuningi be-megalodon. Isisindo somzimba se-megalodone ngamakhilogremu, ngokuya ngale ndlela, ibalwa ifomula:

M = 3.2 × 10 −6 × (ubude bomzimba ngamamitha) 3.174

Ngokusho kwale ndlela, umuntu ngamunye ongamamitha ayi-15.9 ubude angaba nesisindo somzimba samathani cishe angama-47.

Indlela yeKenshu Simada.

Ngo-2002, isazi se-paleontologist uKenshu Simada waseDePaul University, njengeRandall, wakwazi ukwakha ubudlelwano obulinganayo phakathi kokuphakama komqhele wamazinyo nobude obugcwele ngokwenza ukucubungula okwenziwe ngamasampula ambalwa koshaka abamhlophe. Lokhu kwavumela ukusetshenziswa kwamazinyo wanoma yisiphi isikhundla ku-dentition. USimada uveze ukuthi izindlela ezaziphakanyisiwe ngaphambilini bezisuselwa ekucabangeni kokuqanjwa kwamazinyo phakathi kwe-megalodone noshaka omhlophe, nokuthi izinga lokukhula komqhele nezimpande zezinyo akuyona i-isometric. Kusetshenziswa umfuziselo weSimad, izinyo elingaphambili elingaphezulu, ubude bokubamba okukhona kulo uGottfried nozakwabo abalinganiselwa ku-15,9 m, bekuzohambelana noshaka obude obungamamitha ayi-15. Ukulungiswa kwezibalo zonyaka we-2002, okwenziwa nguKenshu Simada ngonyaka ka-2019, ngaphezu kwalokho kuphakamisa ukuthi ubude obucatshangelwa amazinyo aphezulu angaphezulu kufanele bube bungaphansi. Ngo-2015, kusetshenziswa isampula enkulu yamazinyo e-megalodon, i-S. Pimiento ne-M.A. Balk esebenzisa indlela yeKenshu Simada balinganisa ubude obujwayelekile bama-megalodons cishe kumamitha ayi-10. Kuyamangaza ukuthi amasampula amakhulu kakhulu afundwe yiwo alinganiselwa ku-17-18 m. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka ka-2019, uKenshu Simada waveza iphutha ezibalweni zika-S. Pimiento kanye noM.A. Balk, wengeza ngokuthi amazinyo amakhulu kakhulu e-megalodon aziwa umhlaba wezesayensi cishe angawezilwane ezingekho ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-14.2-15.3, nokuthi lokho abantu bebeqabukela kakhulu.

Clifford Jeremiah Indlela

Ngo-2002, umcwaningi woshaka uClifford Jeremiah wahlongoza indlela yokuthola usayizi woshaka omkhulu omhlophe kanye nezinhlobo ezifanayo zikashaka. Ngokusho kwale ndlela, ubude bomzimba woshaka ezinyaweni bubalwa ifomula:

L = ububanzi bezimpande zezinyo eliphezulu elingaphandle ngamasentimitha × 4.5.

Ngokuka K. Jeremiah, ukuzungeza komhlathi woshaka kuhambelana ngqo nobude bawo, futhi ububanzi bezimpande zamazinyo amakhulu kakhulu busivumela ukulinganisa ubude bomhlathi. Izinyo elikhulu kunawo wonke elatholakala ku-K. Jeremiah lalinobubanzi bezimpande cishe amasentimitha ayi-12, olwaluhambelana nobude bomzimba obuyi-15,5 metres.

Isibalo se-Vertebra

Enye yezindlela ezinembayo kakhulu yokulinganisa usayizi wama-megalodons, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amazinyo, isuselwe kusayizi we-vertebrae. Izindlela ezimbili zokubalwa kwe-vertebrae esebenzayo kule hlobo ziphakanyisiwe. Omunye wabo waphakanyiswa ngonyaka ka-1996 ngabakwaGottfried kanye nababhali. Kulomsebenzi, ngokusekelwe ekufundweni kwekholamu eyinxenye ye-vertebral yaseBelgium kanye ne-white shark vertebrae, kwahlongozwa indlela elandelayo:

L = 0.22 + 0.058 × usayizi we-vertebra

Indlela yesibili yokubala ama-vertebrae iphakanyisiwe nguSimada et al. Ngo-2008, balinganisa ubude bomzimba weshaka ushaka. I-Cretoxyrhina mantelli. Ifomula imi kanje:

L = 0.281 + 0.05746 × usayizi wama-vertebra

Ukungafani phakathi kwemiphumela lapho usebenzisa lezi zindlela kuncane. Naphezu kokutholwa kwe-megalodon vertebrae, lezi zindlela zenza ukuthi kubalwe usayizi wamasampula amakhulu kakhulu. Ikholomu yomgogodla oyingxenye ye-megalodone, eyatholakala eDenmark ngo-1983, yayine-vertebrae eboshwe ngo-20 enobukhulu obukhulu obungaba ngu-23 cm. Ngokuya ngefomula ehlongozwayo, le megalodon yomuntu ngamunye yayingamamitha ayi-13.5, ngaphandle kokuthi amazinyo amakhulu kunazo zonke alesi sampula ayenobude obungaba ngu-16 cm. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi amazinyo amakhulu akodwa ama-megalodons awakhombisi usayizi omkhulu walaba oshaka ngesikhathi sokuphila.

Ukuhlolwa kokugcina kobukhulu obukhulu

Njengamanje, emphakathini wesayensi, ukulinganisa okuvame kakhulu kobude obukhulu be-megalodon cishe amamitha ayi-15. Ubukhulu obulindelekile obungahle bube khona be-megalodon lapho azokwazi ukuphefumula cishe ngamamitha ayi-15.1. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisa ukuthi, yize yayincane kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelwe ngaphambili, i-megalodon yayingokhulu oshaka abedlula bonke abaziwa isayensi, bancintisana ngalesi sihloko kuphela noshaka wesimanje whale, kanye nenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu ezake zaba nezilwandle zomhlaba wethu .

Ukwakheka kwamazinyo kanye newomakhenikha

Iqembu lososayensi baseJapan (T. Uyeno, O. Sakamoto, G. Sekine) ngonyaka we-1989 lachaza imfucumfucu eyayilondolozwe kancane kancane ye-megalodon etholakala eSaitama Prefecture (Japan) enamazinyo acishe axhumene ngokuphelele. Enye into ecishe yaqedwa yatholakala ekwakhiweni kweYorktown eLee Creek, eNyakatho ne-North, e-USA. Kwasebenza njengesisekelo sokwakhiwa kabusha kwemihlathi ye-megalodon ekhonjiswe eMnyuziyamu waseMelika Wezemvelo eNew York. Lokhu okutholakele kwenze ukuthi kunqume inani nendawo okuhlala kuyo amazinyo emihlathini, okwenze ukuthi kube nokwakhiwa kabusha kwemihlathi ngokunemba. Kamuva, kwatholakala amanye amazinyo e-megalodon izinyo. Ngo-1996, uS. Applegate noL. Espinosa bachaza ifomula yakhe yamazinyo: 2.1.7.4 3.0.8.4 < showstyle < qala< frac <2.1.7.4> <3.0.8.4 >> kuphele>> (kusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla - inani lamazinyo angaphambili, aphakathi nendawo, nawokugcina ngemuva engxenyeni ngayinye yomhlathi ongenhla (phezulu) naphansi (phansi). Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesimanjemanje okunembe kakhulu ngemihlana ye-megalodon kusekelwe kule fomu.

IMegalodon yayinamazinyo aqine kakhulu, isibalo sawo sonke safinyelela kuma-276. Amazinyo ahlelwe ngemigqa emi-5. Ngokusho kwe-paleontologists, usayizi womhlathi wabantu abakhulu be-megalodon ufinyelele kumamitha ayi-2.

Ukuluma amandla

Ngo-2008, iqembu lososayensi eliholwa uStephen Uro lenza imodeli yekhompyutha yemihlathi kanye nokuhlafuna imisipha koshaka omhlophe onesisindo esingama-240 kg futhi yabala ukuthi i-bite Force kwezinye izindawo zomlomo wayo ifinyelela ku-3.1 kN. Leli nani lakhishwa kabusha kwi-megalodon (kucatshangelwa ukuthi linokulingana okufanayo) kusetshenziswa ukulinganisa okubili kwesisindo salo esiphezulu. Ngobunzima bamathani angama-48, kwabalwa amandla we-109 kN, kwathi ngesisindo samathani ayi-103 - 182 kN. Eyokuqala yalezi zibalo ibukeka ilunge ngokwengeziwe ukusuka lapho kubhekwa khona ukulinganisa kwanamuhla kwe-megalodon mass, icishe ibe ngu-17 amandla angaphezu kokulunywa yi-dunklesteus (6.3 kN), izikhathi eziphindwe ka-9 ukwedlula koshaka omkhulu omhlophe (cishe i-12 kN), Izikhathi ezi-3 ezingaphezu kwesibambiso samanje serekhodi - ingwenya egxishiwe (cishe ngo-28-34 kN) futhi iphakeme kancane kunaleyo ye-pliosaurus Pliosaurus kevani (64-81 kN), kepha ingaphansi kwamandla okulunywa yi-deinosuchus (356 kN), i-tyrannosaurus (183–235 kN), i-Hoffman mosasaur (ngaphezu kwama-200 kN) nezilwane ezifanayo. Ngakho-ke, i-megalodon, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, yayinokulunywa okuqine kakhulu okwaziwa yisayensi namuhla, yize lesi sikhombi sasincane kakhulu maqondana nesisindo ngenxa yamathambo e-cartilage skull ephansi ngamandla.

Umsebenzi wezinyo

Kunalokho iqinile, kepha amazinyo amancane i-megalodon adonswa ngomkhawulo wokusika okungashoni. Isazi se-Paleontologist uBretton Kent uveza ukuthi la mazinyo awugqinsi ngokwanele ngosayizi wawo futhi anokuguquguquka okuncane, kepha amandla amahle okugoba. Izimpande zazo zikhulu ngokwanele uma ziqhathaniswa nokuphakama kwamazinyo ngokuphelele.Amazinyo anjalo awona nje ithuluzi elihle lokusika, futhi azivumelanisa kahle ukuze avule isifuba futhi alume i-vertebrae yesilwane esikhulu, futhi akuqabuki aqhephuke ngisho nalapho egawula emathanjeni. Ngakho-ke, lapho kudliwa isidumbu esikhulu, i-megalodon ingafinyelela lezo zingxenye zayo ezingatholakali kwabanye oshaka abaningi.

Amathambo e-Axial

Ngokuhlola iziqu ze-vertebral ze-megalodon ezigcinwe ngokwengxenye ezivela eBelgium, kwaba sobala ukuthi inani lama-vertebrae eMegalodon lidlula inani lama-vertebrae ngezinhlobo ezinkulu zabanye oshaka. Linani lama-vertebrae loshaka elimhlophe kuphela elisondele, elibonisa ubudlelwane obuthile phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili. Kodwa-ke, ngokusekelwe esimweni esihlelekile se-megalodon, kucatshangwa ukuthi ngaphandle kwakufana noshaka ojwayelekile wesanti kunokuba ushaka omkhulu omhlophe, ngoba umzimba ophakeme ne-heterocercal caudal fin kuwuphawu oluyisisekelo lwaleli qembu.

Isigaxa esigcwele

Ngokusekelwe ezicini ezishiwo ngenhla, uGottfried nozakwabo bakwazile ukwakha kabusha i-skeleton ephelele ye-megalodon. Yakhonjiswa eCalvert Marine Museum (Solomon Islands, Maryland, USA). Isikebhe esakhiwe kabusha sinobude bamamitha ayi-11.5 futhi silingana nomuntu omdala ojwayelekile. Iqembu likhombisa ukuthi ushintsho oluhlobene nokulinganayo kuzinto zesimo samathambo we-megalodon uma kuqhathaniswa noshaka omkhulu omhlophe kukhona i -gengenetic ngokwemvelo, futhi kufanele kwenzeke oshaka abamhlophe abakhulu ngosayizi owandayo.

Izinkinga ezinkulu zosayizi

IMegalodon yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke izinhlanzi ezake zaba khona, kanye ne-lidsichtis kanye ne-whale shark yesimanje. Kodwa-ke, ushaka omkhulu kunazo zonke oyisidakamizwa yi-megalodon, amadivaysi amakhulu kakhulu wokuhlunga, i-lidsichtis kanye ne-whale shark, awafinyeleli usayizi wemikhomo emikhulu kakhulu futhi awudluli emgqonyeni wesisindo ongamathani angamashumi amane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngokukhuphuka kosayizi womzimba, ivolumu likhula ngokushesha okungafani nendawo yalo engaphezulu. Ngenkathi umzimba wezinhlanzi ukhawulelwa yindawo engaphezulu eqoqa i-oxygen (gill). Ngenkathi izinhlanzi ezinkulu zifinyelela usayizi omkhulu futhi umthamo wazo ukhuphuka ngezinga elikhulu ukwedlula indawo yama-gill, baqala ukubhekana nezinkinga zokushintshwa kwegesi.

Ngakho-ke, lezi zinhlanzi ezinkulu, kufaka phakathi i-megalodon, azikwazi ukubhukuda okusheshayo kwe-aerobic - zinokukhuthazela okuncane, i-metabolism ehamba kancane. Ijubane lokunyakaza nokudla kwe-megalodon kuzoba ngcono uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo omkhomo, hhayi ushaka omkhulu omhlophe. Akukaziwa ukuthi i-megalodon ithuthukise i-coocalal caudal fin ephelele yini, yona ushaka omhlophe oyisebenzisa ngejubane futhi inakekele ukusheshisa, okubuye kuqhutshwe yi-Homoyothermy yayo yesifunda. UMegalodon kungenzeka abe ne-heterocercal caudal Fin, edingeka ukubhukuda kancane futhi nokushayela kwejubane lesikhashana nje, futhi bekulindelekile ukuba negazi elifudumele. Enye inkinga ukuthi i-cartilage iphansi kakhulu emandleni emathanjeni noma ngabe ukubala kwayo kubalulekile, futhi ngenxa yalokho izicubu zikashaka omkhulu, onamathiselwe kule cartilage, azikwazanga ukukunikeza amandla anele okuphila okusebenzayo.

Ubudlelwano nezinyamazane

Izici ezinjengosayizi omkhulu, imihlathi enamandla namazinyo amakhulu anonqenqema oluhle lokusika, zibonisa ukuthi i-megalodon yakwazi ukuhlasela izilwane ezinkulu kunanoma isiphi oshaka besimanje. Yize oshaka, njengomthetho, beyizisulu ezinamathuba, ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi i-megalodon, ngokusobala, ingaba nobungcweti bokudla futhi ihlukane nalo mthetho. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, lo mdwebi wakwazi ukubhekana nezisulu ezahlukahlukene zokuphangwa, yize izindlela zawo zokudla zazingasebenzi kahle kunokuba, ngokwesibonelo, lezo zama-mosasaurs abakhulu. Okuwukuphela kwalabo abancintisana nezitha zama-megalodons esikhathini eside sokuphila kwabo mhlawumbe kwakuyimikhomo edonswayo, njengama-leviathans nama-zygophysites, kanye nabanye oshaka abakhulu (kufaka phakathi omunye omelele wohlobo I-Carcharocles — I-Carcharocles chubutensis ) Izicucu zamathambo zibonisa ukuthi i-megalodon eyondliwa kuma-cetaceans, kufaka phakathi imikhomo emincane yesidoda, imikhomo yokuqala yamakhothamo, ama-cetoterias, imichilo, ama-dolphin afana ne-walrus, amahlengethwa kanye nama-porpoises, ama-siren, ama-pinnipeds kanye nezimfudu zasolwandle. Amasayizi ama-megalodons amakhulu akhombisa ukuthi inyamazane yazo kwakuyizilwane kusuka kumamitha ayi-2,5 kuye kwayi-7 ubude - ngezinga elikhulu, lokhu kungaba yimikhomo yakudala ye-baleen. Yize imikhomo emincane ye-baleen imvamisa ingekho ngokushesha okukhulu futhi ingakwazi ukulwa ne-predator, i-megalodon idinga izikhali ezibhubhisayo kanye necebo lokuzingela elisebenzayo lezisulu zazo. Njengamanje, kutholakale inani elikhulu lamathambo we-whale enamamaki acacile avela emazinyweni amakhulu (imihuzuko ejulile) ehambelana namazinyo e-megalodon, futhi ezimweni eziningi amazinyo e-megalodon atholakala eduze kwezinsalela zezinsalela zomkhomo ezinamamaki afanayo, futhi ngesinye isikhathi amazinyo ayebambeka ngisho nasekulahlekelweni komhlaba. Njengabanye oshaka, i-megalodon kwakudingeka idle izinhlanzi eziningi, ikakhulukazi isencane.

Ukuzingela ekuziphatheni

Oshaka besimanje bavame ukusebenzisa amasu anzima wokuzingela lapho bedoba inyamazane. Ezinye izazi ze-paleontologists ziphakamisa ukuthi amasu okuzingela ushaka omhlophe anganikeza umbono wokuthi i-megalodon iwazingele kanjani inyamazane yayo enkulu ngokungajwayelekile (ngokwesibonelo, imikhomo). Kodwa-ke, izinsalela zamathambo zibonisa ukuthi i-megalodon ingasebenzisa okuhlukile futhi okusebenzayo ngokwanele ekuzingeleni ama-cetaceans. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusobala ukuthi wahlasela isisulu sakhe esivela ekuqamekweni futhi akazange azimisele ukuphishekela intshiseko, ngoba wayengeke akhule ngesivinini esiphezulu futhi wayenamandla amancane.

Ukuthola izindlela zokuhlasela kwe-megalodon ezimayini, i-paleontologists yenze ucwaningo olukhethekile ngezinsalela zamathambo. Imiphumela yakhe ikhombisa ukuthi izindlela zokuhlasela zingahluka ngokuya ngosayizi wexhoba. Izinsalela zezinsalela ezincane ze-cetaceans zibonisa ukuthi batholwa ngenqama enkulu eshisayo, ngemuva kwalokho babulawa badliwa. Enye yezinto ezifundwayo - ifosili lomkhomo omunyene ongamamitha ayi-9 wesikhathi seMiocene - kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukucubungula ngobuningi bokuhlaselwa kokuhlasela kwe-megalodon. Umhlaseli uhlasele ikakhulukazi izindawo eziqinile zomzimba wesisulu (amahlombe, izihlakala, isifuba, umgogodla), okuvame ukugwemeka oshaka abamhlophe. UDkt Bretton Kent uphakamise ukuthi i-megalodon izame ukuphula amathambo futhi ilimaze izitho ezibalulekile (ezinjengezinhliziyo namaphaphu) ezivaleleke esifubeni sephango. Ukuhlaselwa kwalezi zitho ezibalulekile ezifakwayo inyamazane, efile ngokushesha ngenxa yokulimala okungaphakathi kwangaphakathi. Lezi zifundo ziphinde ziveze ukuthi kungani i-megalodon idinga amazinyo aqinile kunoshaka omhlophe omkhulu.

Kwi-Pliocene, ngaphezu kwemikhomo emincane ye-baleen, kwavela ama-cetacean amakhulu amakhulu nangaphezulu. UMegalodons ushintshe isu lokuhlasela kwabo ukubhekana nalezi zilwane. Kwatholwa amathambo amaningi ezinsephe kanye ne-caudal vertebrae yemikhomo emikhulu yePliocene enemigqa yokulunywa yi-megalodon. Lokhu kungakhombisa ukuthi i-megalodon iqale yazama ukufaka amandla inyamazane enkulu ngokuklebhula noma ngokuluma izitho zayo zezimoto, yabe isilubulala lwayiqeda.

Enye incazelo ngomonakalo wamathambo we-whale

Le nguqulo yokuthi, ngenxa yokuhamba kancane kancane namandla omzimba aphansi, ama-megalodons amakhulu kungenzeka ukuthi abe ama-scavenger kunabazingeli abasebenzayo, nayo inesizathu. Ukulimala emathanjeni e-cetacean kungenzeka kungakhombisi ubuqili obusetshenziswa ama-megalodons ukubulala inyamazane enkulu, kodwa indlela abakhipha ngayo okuqukethwe esifubeni ezimungeni zezidumbu ezincane ezazingafinyeleleki, ngenkathi ukulimala okusolwa kuhlaka lwenqama lwe-megalodons ku Eqinisweni, kungenzeka ukuthi zitholwe ngemikhomo ngesikhathi somzabalazo wezinsizakalo ezibucayi futhi zabangela ukufa kwezilwane. Ukuzama ukubamba nokubulala ngisho nomkhomo omncane ngokukuluma ngemuva noma esifubeni kuyingxenye evikelweke kakhulu, kungaba nzima kakhulu futhi kungenangqondo, ngoba i-megalodon ingasibulala ngokushesha isisulu sayo ngokushlasela esiswini njengoshaka banamuhla. Ngaleli phuzu, iqiniso lamandla akhulayo wamazinyo wabantu abadala be-megalodon lihlangana ngokuphelele, kuyilapho amazinyo abantu abasha (ngokusobala abakhuthele ngokwengeziwe) nezihlobo zakuqala ze-megalodon zifana kakhulu namazinyo oshaka abamhlophe banamuhla.

Ukuqothulwa

Lab 'oshaka baqothuka cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezintathu edlule. Isizathu sokuqothuka, ngokusho kwesazi sezinto eziphilayo, kwakuwukuqina komncintiswano nezinye izinyamazane ngenkathi yezinkinga zokudla, yize ngaphambili inguqulo yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni yayithandwa kakhulu. IMegalodons yazuza impumelelo ngoba yayiphila ngesikhathi lapho izilwane eziningi ezincelisayo ezihamba kancane zasolwandle zibhukuda olwandle, futhi kwakungekho mqhudelwano nezinkomo ezidonswayo ezazingakakhiwa kahle ngaleso sikhathi. Babengabazingeli bezimikhomo zokuqala zasendulo, ngokwesibonelo ama-cetoterium, futhi babethembele kakhulu kulomthombo wokudla. Izilwane ezinjalo zihlala emashalofini angafudumele olwandle. IMegalodon cishe nayo yayivame ukuhlangana nolwandle olwandle ngokufudumele. Lapho isimo sezulu siphola ePliocene, izintethe zeqhwa “zabopha” izindimbane zamanzi, nezilwandle eziningi ezishalofini zanyamalala. Imephu yemisinga yolwandle iguqukile. Izilwandle ziya ngokuya zibanda. Futhi lokhu akuboniswanga kangako kuma-megalodons uqobo, kodwa kwizilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, ezazisebenza njengomunye wemithombo eyinhloko yokudla kubo. Isici esilandelayo sokuqothulwa kwama-megalodons kwakuwukubonakala kwemikhomo enezinwele - amadlozi omkhonto wesimanje wokubulala, okuhola umhlambi wokuphila nokuba nengqondo ekhule ngokwengeziwe. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu kanye nokudla okuhamba kancane, ama-megalodons awakwazanga ukubhukuda nokuqondisa kanye nalezi zilwanyana ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Futhi abakwazanga ukuvikela ama-gill abo futhi kungenzeka kakhulu bawele ukungasebenzi kwe-tonic ngendlela efanayo noshaka besimanje. Ngakho-ke, imikhomo yokubulala yayingadla kahle ama-megalodons amancane, noma imvamisa ifihla emanzini asogwini, futhi ngemizamo ehlangene yakwazi nokubulala abantu abadala. Ama-megalodons amade kunawo wonke ahlala endaweni eseningizimu ye-hemisphere.

I-Megalodon ku-cryptozoology

Kodwa-ke, abanye be-cryptozoologists bakholelwa ukuthi i-megalodon ingaphila kuze kube namuhla. Babhekisa emaphuzwini ambalwa angabaza kakhulu: okokuqala, izifundo zamazinyo amabili e-megalodon atholakale ngengozi olwandle lwePacific kungathi kukhombisa ukuthi abalahlwanga oshaka abakhulu hhayi izigidi zeminyaka eyedlule, kodwa cishe iminyaka engama-24,000 ne-11,000 ngayinye, okuyinto “yesimanje” "Kusukela endaweni yokubukwa kwe-geology ne-paleontology. Futhi okwesibili, kuqoshwe isichologistologist sase-Australia uDavid George Stad, icala lomhlangano wabadobi base-Australia okusolwa ukuthi unoshaka omkhulu osayizi omangalisayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuthembeka kolwazi olunjalo noma kuphi, ngaphandle kweziza ezikhuluma nge-cryptozoology nezehlakalo zobumbano, akuqinisekiswa. Amaqiniso amaningi akhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi i-megalodon yanyamalala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezintathu ezedlule, kanti izinsolo zokuthi "yi-5% yolwandle kuphela eye yafundwa futhi i-megalodon ingafihlwa kwenye indawo" ayivumelani nokugxekwa kwesayensi.

Ngo-2013, i-Discovery Channel yabukisa ngephrojekthi ekhethekile eyaziwa nge-Megalodon: I-Monster Shark Is Alive, okucatshangwa ukuthi ibinikeza ubufakazi bokuthi i-megalodon isaphila, futhi yaqinisekisa okungenani ama-70% ezilaleli ukuthi ushaka omkhulu osabambile. uhlala endaweni ethile olwandle. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kudluliselwa kwemibhalo-mbumbulu kwagxekwa ngokushesha ososayensi nababukeli ngeqiniso lokuthi cishe wonke amaqiniso akhonjiwe kuwo ayengamanga. Isibonelo, bonke “ososayensi” ababoniswe kule filimu empeleni babengabalingisi abakhokhelwa kakhulu. Cishe zonke izithombe noma ividiyo ye-megalodon yayimane nje iyimbumbulu, futhi ngaphandle kwekhwalithi enhle kakhulu. Ngo-2014, iDiscovery yahlunga i-sequel, iMegalodon: I-New Evidence, eyaba yingxenye ephezulu ye-Shark of the Sonto, yathola ababukeli abayizigidi eziyi-4.8, kwabe sekukhishwa uhlelo olungeluhle, olufanayo olubizwa ngeShark of Darkness: Submarine Fury ekhishwe ukuthi Sekukonke, kuholele ekuphenduleni okungekuhle okuvela kwabezindaba kanye nomphakathi wesayensi.

Ukubukeka

Imidwebo ye-megalodon (inhlanzi ejwayelekile yama-cartilaginous, engenawo amathambo) yabuyiselwa emazinyweni ayo, yasakazeka olwandle lonke. Ngaphezu kwamazinyo, abacwaningi bathola ama-vertebrae nawo wonke amakholomu we-vertebral agcinwe ngenxa yokuxineka okukhulu kwe-calcium (amaminerali asize i-vertebrae ukuba ibekezelele isisindo soshaka nokucindezelwa okubangelwa ukuzama kwemisipha).

Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphambi kokwenza isazi sokuma komhlaba saseDenmark futhi uNiels Stensen, amazinyo kashaka ongapheli abhekwa njengamatshe ajwayelekile waze wakhomba ukwakheka kwamatshe njengamazinyo e-megalodon. Lokhu kwenzeka ngekhulu le-17, okwathi emuva kwalokho uStenensen wabizwa ngokuthi yi-paleontologist yokuqala.

Okokuqala, umhlathi woshaka waqanjwa kabusha (ngemigqa emihlanu yamazinyo aqinile, isibalo sawo safinyelela kuma-276), okuthi, ngokusho kwe-paleogenetics, bekungamamitha ayi-2. Ngemuva kwalokho baqala ngomzimba we-megalodon, bawunika ubukhulu, obekujwayelekile kubantu besifazane, futhi nasekucabangeni kobuhlobo obusondelene nesilo noshaka omhlophe.

Isikhumba esibuyiselwe esinobude obungamamitha ayi-11.5 sifana nesikebhe soshaka omkhulu omhlophe, sakhuphuka kakhulu ngobubanzi / ngobude, futhi sibabaza izivakashi eMaryland Maritime Museum (e-USA). Isigaxa esinwebekile, umhlathi omkhulu we-toothy kanye nesiphuzo esimfushane - njengoba kusho izazi zesayensi, "megalodon wawungulube ebusweni bakhe." Ukubukeka okucasulayo nokwesabekayo.

Ngale ndlela, ezinsukwini zethu, ososayensi sebevele basuka emcabangweni mayelana nokufana kwe-megalodon ne-karharodon (ushaka omhlophe) futhi baphakamisa ukuthi ngaphandle bekufana kakhulu noshaka osandisiwe owandisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvela ukuthi i-megalodon yokuziphatha (ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu kanye ne-niche ekhethekile yemvelo) yayihluke ngokumangalisa kubo bonke oshaka besimanje.

Ubukhulu beMegalodon

Kusenempikiswano mayelana nosayizi omkhulu womphangi, futhi izindlela eziningi ziye zakhiwa ukuthola ubukhulu bazo bangempela: othile uphakamisa ukuqala kwenombolo yama-vertebrae, abanye badweba ukufana phakathi kosayizi wamazinyo nobude bomzimba. Amazinyo angunxantathu we-megalodon asatholakala emakhoneni ahlukene omhlaba, okukhombisa ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi kwalaba oshaka kulo lonke ulwandle.

Kuyathakazelisa! ICarkarodon inamazinyo afanayo kakhulu, kepha amazinyo esihlobo sayo esingapheli aqine kakhulu, anamandla, acishe abe kathathu futhi abe nensada ngokulinganayo. IMegalodon (ngokungafani nezinhlobo ezihlobene nayo) ayinayo amazinyo e-lateral, avele anyamalala kancane kancane emazinyweni akhe.

IMegalodon yayihlome ngamazinyo amakhulu kunawo wonke (ngokuqhathaniswa nabanye abaphilayo nabangasekho) kuwo wonke umlando woMhlaba. Ukuphakama kwabo okuthambekele, noma ubude be-diagonal, kufinyelela ku-18-19 cm, kanti i-fang ephansi yakhula yaba ngu-10 cm, ngenkathi izinyo likashaka omhlophe (umdondoshiya wezwe loshaka wesimanje) alidluli ku-6 cm.

Ukuqhathanisa nokutadisha izinsalela ze-megalodon, eziqukethe i-vertebrae yensimbi namazinyo amaningi, kwaholela emcabangweni wobukhulu bawo obukhulu. Abakwa-Ichthyologists bayaqiniseka ukuthi i-megalodon endala ibindlulisela kumamitha ayi-15-16 ngesisindo esingamathani angama-47. Amapharamitha ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu abhekwa njengempikiswano.

Isimilo nendlela yokuphila

Izinhlanzi ezinkulu, okwakungokwazo i-megalodon, zibhukuda kakhulu - ngoba zingenawo amandla kanye ne-metabolism edingekayo. Imetabolism yabo incishisiwe, futhi ukunyakaza kwabo akunamandla ngokwanele: ngendlela, i-megalodon ayiqhathaniswa nje nabamhlophe kuphela, kepha ngo-shark whale kulezi zinkomba. Enye ingozi yokuba isisulu esinamandla amakhulu amandla amancane aphansi we-cartilage, aphansi kumandla amathambo, futhi kucatshangelwa ukubalwa kwabo okwandayo.

I-Megalodon imane nje ayikwazanga ukuhola impilo esebenzayo ngenxa yokuthi isixha esikhulu sezicubu zomzimba (izicubu) sinamathiselwe hhayi emathanjeni, kodwa ku-cartilage. Kungakho isilo, sifuna inyamazane, sincamela ukuhlala ekuqamekelweni, sigwema ukulandela ngamandla: i-megalodon yathintwa ngejubane eliphansi kanye nokunikezwa okuncane kokukhuthazela. Manje izindlela ezi-2 ziyaziwa, ngosizo ngalo ukuthi ushaka wabulala izisulu zalo. Uye wakhetha indlela, wagxila kubukhulu bento e-gastronomic.

Kuyathakazelisa! Indlela yokuqala kwakuyinqama echobozekayo, esetshenziselwa ama-cetaceans amancane - ama-megalodon ahlasela izindawo ezinamathambo alukhuni (amahlombe, umgogodla ongenhla, isifuba) ukuwaphula nokulimaza inhliziyo noma amaphaphu.

Lapho esethole ukushayeka kwezitho ezibalulekile, isisulu saphelelwa amandla okusuka futhi safa ngenxa yokulimala kanzima kwangaphakathi. UMegalodon wasungula indlela yesibili yokuhlasela kungekudala, lapho ama-cetaceans amakhulu avela kuPliocene engena ezokuzingela. Ama-Ichthyologists athola ama-vertebrae amaningi we-caudal kanye namathambo emihlanjini engemikhomo emikhulu yePliocene, enolayini be-megalodon. Lokhu okutholwe kuholele esiphethweni sokuthi inyamazane ephezulu idlwengula inyamazane enkulu, iluma / iklebhula amaphiko ayo noma amachashaza, bese kuthi lapho-ke isiqede ngokuphelele.

Isikhathi sokuphila

Isikhathi sokuphila se-megalodon bekungenakwenzeka ukuthi sidlule iminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-40 (lokhu kungukuthi bangaki oshaka abaphakathi bahlala). Kuyiqiniso, kulezi zinhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous kukhona nama-Centenarians, ngokwesibonelo, ushaka we-polar, omeleli bakhe ngezinye izikhathi bagubha iminyaka eyikhulu. Kepha oshaka be-polar bahlala emanzini abandayo, abanikeza i-margin eyengeziwe yokuphepha, futhi i-megalodon yayihlala kuyo efudumele. Kuyiqiniso, umhlaseli omkhulu wayengekho neze izitha ezinkulu, kepha yena (njengabo bonke abanye oshaka) wayengavikelekile kuma-parasites nasegciwane le-pathogenic.

Habitat, indawo yokuhlala

Izinsalela zamandulo ze-megalodon ziveze ukuthi umhlaba wazo wawuningi futhi uhlala kuwo wonke umhlaba oLwandlekazi lwezwe, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezibandayo. Ngokusho kwe-ichthyologists, i-megalodon itholakale emanzini athambile futhi angaphansi komhlaba kuwo womabili ama-hemispheres, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi liguqukela khona ebangeni + 12 + 27 ° C.

Amazinyo kanye ne-vertebrae yoshaka omkhulu atholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni, njengoku:

• I-America esenyakatho,
• I-South America,
• Japan neNdiya
• I-Europe,
• I-Australia,
• E-New Zealand,
• I-Afrika.

Amazinyo kaMegalodon atholakala kude nezwekazi elikhulu - ngokwesibonelo, eMgede iMariana yoLwandle iPacific. Futhi eVenezuela, kwatholakala amazinyo omuntu onamandla amakhulu ezindaweni zokuphila zamanzi amasha, okwasivumela ukuba siphethe ngokuthi i-megalodon iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokuphila nezidumbu zamanzi amasha (njengeshark inkunzi).

Ukudla kweMegalodone

Kuze kufike imikhomo eyindilinga efana nemikhomo engumbulali, ushaka wesilo, njengoba kufanele kube owoyisikhulu, wayehlala esiqongweni sephiramidi lokudla futhi akazange azilinganise lapho ekhetha ukudla. Izinhlobonhlobo zezidalwa eziphilayo zachazwa ngosayizi omkhulu we-megalodon, imihlathi yayo emikhulu namazinyo amakhulu anomphetho wokusika okungashisi. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, i-megalodon ibhekane nezilwane ezinjalo okungekho shark wesimanje okwazi ukunqoba.

Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokombono wokubheka kwe-ichthyologists, i-megalodon enomhlathi wayo omfushane ayikwazanga (ngokungafani ne-mosasaurus enkulu) ukubamba ngokuqinile futhi isuse ukwehla isisulu esikhulu. Imvamisa wayekhulula izingcezwana zesikhumba nemisipha engaphezulu.

Manje sekusungulwe ukuthi oshaka abancane kanye nezimfudu, ezinamagobolondo anikezela ekucindezelweni kwezicubu zomhlathi onamandla kanye nethonya lamazinyo amaningi, kwasebenza njengokudla okuyisisekelo kwe-megalodon.

Ukudla kwe-megalodon, kanye noshaka kanye nezimfudu zasolwandle, kufakiwe:

• imikhonto ekhothayo
• imikhaza emincane,
• imikhomo yemikhomo
• kuvunyelwe i -opsops,
• cetoteria (i-baleen whales),
• iziqobolondo nezinhlabamkhosi,
• dolphin kanye pinnipeds.

UMegalodon akazange anqikaze ukuhlasela izinto ukusuka ku-2,5 kuye ku-7 m ubude, ngokwesibonelo, imikhomo yakudala ye-baleen, engakwazanga ukumelana nomphikisi omkhulu futhi ingahlukanga ngejubane eliphezulu ukubalekela kuye. Ngo-2008, iqembu labaphenyi abavela e-United States nase-Australia basungula amandla okuluma kwe-megalodon besebenzisa ukumbumbuluzwa kwe-computer.

Imiphumela yokubala yabonwa njengemangalisa - i-megalodon yacwilisa isisulu amahlandla ayisishiyagalombili kunanoma yimuphi ushaka wamanje, futhi izikhathi ezi-3 zibonakala kakhulukazi kune ngwenya egobekile (ophethe irekhodi lamanje lokuluma amandla). Kuyiqiniso, i-megalodon yayingaphansi ngokuya kokuqina kokuluma kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingapheli, njenge-deinosuch, tyrannosaurus, i-mosasaur kaHoffmann, i-sarcosuchus, i-purusaurus ne-daspletosaurus.

Izitha zemvelo

Naphezu kwesimo esingenakufinyeleleka se-superpredator, i-megalodon yayinezitha ezingathi sína (nazo izimbangi zokudla). Ama-Ichthyologists ahlukanisa imikhomo enezinhlwayi, noma kunalokho, imikhomo enjenge-zygophysiters kanye neMelville leviathans, kanye nabanye oshaka abakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, iCarkarocles chubutensis kusuka kuhlobo lweCarcharocles. Imikhomo yesidoda nemikhomo eyabulala kamuva yayingasabi abantu abadala oshaka abakhulu futhi yayivame ukuzingela i-megalodon encane.

Izimbangela zokuqothuka

Ama-Paleontologists okwamanje awakwazi ukusisho ngokunembile isizathu esinqumele ukufa kwe-megalodon, futhi ngenxa yalokho bakhuluma ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinto (ezinye izisulu eziphakeme kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni). Kuyaziwa ukuthi epochene epoch, phansi kwaphakama phakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu Melika, kanye ne-Isthmus of Panama yahlukanisa ulwandlekazi lwePacific ne-Atlantic. Ngemuva kokushintshwa kwezikhombisi-ndlela, imisinga efudumele yayingasakwazi ukuletha isilinganiso esifanele sokushisa e-Arctic, futhi isizungu se-hemisphere esenyakatho saphola kahle.

Lesi yisici sokuqala esibi esathinta indlela yokuphila kwama-megalodons, ajwayele amanzi afudumele. EPliocene, imikhomo emikhulu yafika endaweni yemikhomo emincane, eyayithanda isimo sezulu esibandayo sasenyakatho. Amaphapheya amakhulu womkhomo aqala ukuthutha, ebhukuda emanzini apholile ehlobo, futhi i-megalodon yalahlekelwa inyamazane yayo ejwayelekile.

Kubalulekile! Maphakathi nePliocene, ngaphandle kokuthola ithuba lokuthola inyamazane enkulu unyaka wonke, ama-megalodons aqala ukubulawa indlala, okwavusa umdlandla wokukhipha insangu, lapho ukukhula komncane kwathinteka kakhulu. Isizathu sesibili sokufa kwe-megalodon ukubonakala kwamadlozi omkhomo wesimanje wokubulala, imikhomo enezinwele, enikezwe ubuchopho obukhuliswe ngokwengeziwe futhi bahola indlela yokuphila ebumbeneyo.

Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuqinile nemetabolism engavinjelwe, ama-megalodons alahlekelwe yimikhomo enamazinyo ngokuya ngokubhukuda okusheshayo nokushintshana. IMegalodon yayisengozini kwezinye izikhundla - ayikwazanga ukuvikela ama-gill ayo, futhi futhi ngezikhathi ezithile yayiwela ekuthini i-tonic immobility (njengabashaka abaningi). Akumangazi ukuthi imikhomo ebulala abantu imvamisa idla ama-megalodons (icashe emanzini asogwini), kuthi lapho ihlangene ibulale abantu abadala. Kukholelwa ukuthi ama-megalodons asanda kudlula emhlabeni ayehlala endaweni eseningizimu ye-hemisphere.

Uyaphila Megalodon?

Amanye ama-cryptozoologists aqinisekile ukuthi i-monster shark ingasinda kuze kube namuhla. Eziphethweni zabo, bavela kumqondo owaziwayo: uhlobo lubhekwa njengoluphele uma lungatholi zimpawu zokuhlala kwalo emhlabeni iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-400. Kepha kanjani kulokhu ukuhumusha okutholakele kwe-paleontologists kanye ne-ichthyologists? Amazinyo "amasha" e-megalodons atholakala olwandle iBaltic futhi engekude neTahiti aqashelwa ukuthi "anezingane" - iminyaka yamazinyo engasenaso ngisho nesikhathi sokwakha ngokuphelele iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-11.

Okunye okumangazayo okusanda kwenzeka ngo-1954 ngamazinyo amangalisayo ayi-17 abambeke esikhunjeni somkhumbi wase-Australia uRachel Cohen futhi athola lapho amagobolondo esulwa phansi. Amazinyo ahlaziywa futhi akhipha isinqumo sokuthi angamalungu e-megalodon.

Kuyathakazelisa! Abagxeki babiza lesi sandulela esithi “Rachelle Cohen” umuzwa ongelona iqiniso. Abaphikisi babo abakhathele ukuphindaphinda ukuthi iWorld Ocean isifundwe kuze kube manje yi-5-10%, futhi akunakwenzeka ukukhipha ngokuphelele ubukhona be-megalodon ekujuleni kwayo.

Abalandeli bemibono ye-megalodon yanamuhla bazihlomisa ngezimpikiswano zensimbi ezifakazela ubumfihlo besizwe sabashaka. Ngakho-ke, umhlaba uthole kuphela ngo shark whale ngo-1828, futhi ngonyaka we-1897 kuphela okhuphuka oshaka kusuka ekujuleni kolwandle (ngokoqobo nangokomfanekiso), phambilini okwabekwa njengohlobo lokuqothuka okungenakuphikwa.

Kwakungowe-1976 kuphela lapho isintu sajwayelana khona nabakhileyo bamanzi ajulile, oshaka abakhulu, lapho omunye wabo ebambelele entanjeni yesikhonkwane eshiywe ngumkhumbi wokucwaninga eduze. I-Oahu (Hawaii). Kusukela lapho, oshaka abathola izimbotshana ezinkulu bezingabonakali amahlandla angama-30 (imvamisa ngesimo se-carrion ogwini). Ukuskena okuphelele kwezilwandle akukakenzeki, futhi akekho noyedwa owasetha umsebenzi omkhulu kangako. Futhi i-megalodon uqobo, oluvumelanise namanzi ajulile, ngeke isondele ogwini (ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu).

Kuzoba nokuthakazelisa:

Izimbangi zaphakade zo-super-shark, ama-sperm whales, azivumelanise nengcindezi enkulu yekholomu lamanzi futhi azizwa emuhle, egibela amakhilomitha ama-3 futhi ngezikhathi ezithile abhebhezela ukugwinya umoya. I-Megalodon nayo inakho (noma yenze?) Inethuba lokuphiliswa okungenakuphikwa - inezinto ezihlinzeka umoya-mpilo emzimbeni. UMegalodon akanasizathu esihle sokubona ubukhona bakhe, okusho ukuthi kunethemba lokuthi abantu basazokuzwa ngaye.