Ekupheleni kwenkathi ye-Triassic, kwakhiwa izinhlangano ezingaphansi kwamadayinaso, abizwa ngokuthi izibankwa. Ama-dinosaurs we-Lizard ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu:
- theropods (theropoda),
- sauropodomorphs (sauropodomorpha).
Sauropodomorphs - Lokhu kungabamele iqembu lama-dinosaurs e-herbivorous. Abantu baleli qembu mhlawumbe babeyizilwane ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezake zahlala eMhlabeni. Ukuvela kwalezi zidina kwakuhlukaniswa ikhanda elincane nentamo ende. Bahamba ngosizo lwezinyawo ezine.
Ama-Sauropodomorphs ahlukaniswa:
U-fig. 1 - Sauropodomorphs
Ama-Prosauropods
Iqembu lokuqala le-sauropodomorphs libizwa prosavropodami. Babengamadayinaso amade futhi anamafutha kakhulu. Kuhanjiswe, ikakhulukazi emilenzeni emine. Kwakunabantu abathile ababehamba ezinyaweni ezingemuva. Ama-prozavropods abephila ezikhathini zeLate Triassic nasekuqaleni kweJurassic. Lawa kwakungamadayinizi ayizidlakudla, wona ngokwawo ayengukudla kwezidlamlilo ezazikhona. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-prosavropods ayehlala kabanzi kuwo wonke umhlaba womhlaba. Abameli abaziwa kakhulu baleli qembu yi-ankhizaur, i-lufengosaurus, iplosaosaus, i-tecodontosaurus.
Ankhizaur yayinosayizi abacishe babe ngamamitha ayi-2. Sinesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-30. Ngosizo lwezimpondo ezibukhali ezikhula ezinyaweni zakhe, wayekwazi ukudwengula umhlaba efuna ukudla. Futhi wabavikela. Ushukunyiswe emilenzeni emine, kepha lapho edla amaqabunga wasukuma kalula emilenzeni emibili yangemuva. Mhlawumbe naye wayidla inyama.
Lufengosaurus - i-sauropodomorph enkulu. Kufinyelele kumamitha ayi-6. Wadla ukudla kwezitshalo. Wayenekhanda elincane, umzimba omkhulu nomsila omude. Wayedla izitshalo namahlamvu ezihlahleni.
I-Plateosaurus - Ummeleli omkhulu kakhulu wama-dinosaurs. Ifinyelele kusisindo samathani amane. Yayinokuhlelwa kwamehlo ezinhlangothini zekhanda, elithuthukisa ukubonakala. Le mfanelo yenza kwaba lula ukubona inyamazane ngesikhathi futhi icashe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwakunzima ngenxa yobukhulu obukhulu nokuxhamazela.
I-Thecodontosaurus - Kuhunyushwa njengesixhiba esinamazinyo ahlanganile. Igama laliyisakhiwo esikhethekile semihlathi. Amazinyo alaba abamele ama-sauropodomorphs, ngokungathi kunjalo, ayekw izidleke ezingafani nalutho. Wafunda kahle ngokwanele. Ngaphandle, wayengowokuqala. Yayincane ngosayizi ngaphakathi kwamamitha amathathu. Sinesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-50.
Ama-Sauropods
Iziqhwaga phakathi kwama-dinosaurs zazikhona ama-sauropods. Ngokusobala, lezi kwakuyizilwane ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezazihlala emhlabeni woMhlaba. Kutholwe izindulu zama-sauropods zibonisa ukuthi ayenamazinyo ambalwa. Lokhu kunikeza isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi bonke babengamakhemikhali. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ama-sauropods adla izinhlanzi ezincane. Ama-Dinosaurs aleli qembu lama-sauropodomorphs ayenemilenze enamandla. Babemakhulu futhi behamba kancane. Ukuphakama kwalezi zilwane kungafinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-40. Isisindo sasingamashumi ngamathani. Indawo yokuhlala yama-sauropods yayitholakala ogwini olunomusa, lapho kwakukhona khona ukudla okuningi. Abamele leli qembu bangabhukuda kahle. Ama-Sauropods achitha isikhathi esiningi ngaphansi kwamanzi efuna ukudla, ehla ejulile.
Ama-sauropods aze afike maphakathi neCretaceous ayengamakhosi ezindawo ezisogwini. Kamuva, ngenxa yokujula kolwandle, inani lokudla lehle. Lokhu kuholele ekunciphiseni kwabantu, futhi emuva kwalokho ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo. Phakathi kwabameli be-sauropod, i-Alamosaurus, i-Argentinosaurus, i-Abidosaurus ne-Ultrasaur ziyaziwa.
I-Alamosaurus - dinosaur enkulu kakhulu. Kufinyelelwe isisindo esingamathani angaphezu kwamashumi amathathu. Ubukhulu bungaphezu kwamamitha angama-20. Wayenentamo ende kakhulu nomsila omude ngokulinganayo.
I-Argentinosaurus ngempela isiqhwaga semidondoshiya. Ubukhulu besiqhwaga safinyelela kumamitha angama-40. Isisindo sivame ukudlula kumathani ayi-100. Kuhlalwe indawo yaseNingizimu Melika yanamuhla.
Abidosaurus - Izinhlobo ezincane ezifundwe ngama-sauropodomorphs. Izingxenye ezimbalwa zamathambo ezingalondolozekanga kuphela ezitholakele. Izingxenye ezisindile zisivumela ukuthi sahlulele ukuthi kwakuwukulinganisa okwakulungile okwakudla ukudla kwezitshalo. Kungenzeka ukuthi wayengadla izinhlanzi ezincane.
I-Ultrasaur cabanga ngezinhlobo ezikhohlisayo zama-dinosaurs. Kutholwe amathambo ambalwa kuphela kusuka emathanjeni, okunzima ukuphetha ngawo ngokubukeka. Akunakwenzeka ukusho ngqo ngosayizi nesisindo sale sauropodomorph. Umuntu angacabanga kuphela ukuthi kwakuyi-herbivore eyabelana ngezici ezivamile kuwo wonke ama-sauropods.
Umlando wokutadisha
Amazinyo e-Cardiodon
Izinyo lokuqala lesauropod lafanekiswa ngu-Edward Lewid ngo-1699, kepha ngaleso sikhathi, bebengazi ngobukhona bezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingama-prehistoric. Ama-Dinosaurs isikhathi eside ahlala engaziwa kwisayensi, lesi simo sashintsha ngemuva kwamakhulu eminyaka kamuva. URichard Owen ushicilele incazelo yokuqala yesayensi yalawa ma-dinosaurs ngonyaka we-1841, esihlokweni sakhe, lapho echaza khona i-genera entsha entsha Cetiosaurus (cetiosaurus - "dinosaur whale") no I-Cardiodon (i-cardiodon - "izinyo elisesimweni senhliziyo"). ICardiodon yaziwa kuphela isuka emazinyweni amabili angajwayelekile, ngenxa yokuthi yaqanjwa ngegama, futhi i-cetiosaur yayaziwa emathanjeni amakhulu amaningi, u-Owen akholelwa ukuthi ungowesilwane esikhulu sasolwandle esiseduze kwezingwenya zanamuhla. Ngisho nangonyaka kamuva, lapho u-Owen edala iqembu leDinosauria, akazange afake i-cetiosaur noma i-cardiodon kuyo. Ngo-1850 uGideon Mantell kuphela owabona ubunjalo bamathambo abekwe u-Owen ku-cetiosaurus, kodwa wabahlukanisa kuhlobo olusha I-Pelorosaurusngokuyihlela ndawonye ngama-dinosaurs. Olandelayo we-sauropods nawo atholakala ngephutha, ngoba izinsalela ezitholakele zazimane nje ziyi-vertebrae echazwe nguHarry Hoover Seeley ngonyaka we-1870. USeeley uthole ukuthi ama-vertebrae akhanya kakhulu futhi aqukethe izimbobo nemivimbo, njengoba sazi manje, ngokuhlanza i-pneumatization, ukulungiselela ithambo lamathambo. "I-voids" yomoya ngaleso sikhathi yayaziwa kuphela yizinyoni kanye nama-pterosaurs, futhi uSeeley wayekholelwa ukuthi i-vertebrae ingeye-pterosaur, ayibiza ngegama I-Ornithopsis noma "ngathi yinyoni."
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-Camarasaurus supremus, (John A. Ryder, 1877)
Isakhiwo samathambo ama-sauropods sacaca kuphela ngonyaka we-1877, ngemuva kwencazelo yezinhlobo zaseMelika, ama-apatosaurus, uCharles Marsh kanye ne-camarasaurus, u-Edward Cope. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesikebhe sokuqala sesuropod kwenziwa ngumdwebi uJohn Ryder, oqashwe yisazi se-paleontologist u-Edward Cope, ukuze abuyise ukubukeka ICamarasaurus, yize imisebenzi eminingi ibingalungile noma ingaphelele, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ibe nephutha. Ngo-1878, ngemuva kokuchaza idiplodocus, isazi semvelo saseMelika, uprofesa eYale University, u-Otniel Charles Marsh, udala iqembu "I-Sauropodi ”(izinyawo ezinyaweni) futhi kufaka ne-cetiosaurus nezinye izihlobo zayo. Ekupheleni konyaka we-19 nasekuqaliseni kwekhulu lama-20, kwaba nokuncintisana okuthile phakathi kososayensi abanethonya nabaqondisi beminyuziyamu ye-paleontological ngobuholi nokwamukelwa emphakathini wezesayensi, futhi lo mzabalazo wokusebenza kahle wabonakala phakathi kweMnyuziyamu waseMelika woMlando Wezemvelo uHenry Osborne kanye no-Andrew Carnegie Museum. Ngaleso sikhathi, iminyuziyamu yayihlala endaweni encane, futhi ngokuqala kwenqwaba yezinsalela zamadayinaso, kwavela isidingo esidingekayo sokwakha kabusha nokwandisa iminyuziyamu. I "Fossil Reptile Hall" entsha eMnyuziyamu waseMelika yaphakanyiswa ngonyaka we-1905 ngento yayo emaphakathi yokubukisa - ukwakhiwa kabusha kweBontosaurus (Brontosaurus), ithambo lokuqala eligcwele le-sauropod lokuhambela komphakathi okwake kwenziwa. Cishe iminyaka eyisithupha yachitha ekwakhekeni kwalesi sakhiwo kabusha kweBontosaurus yiqembu le-Adom German. U-Andrew Carnegie, obekade enweba futhi eyakha kabusha le nyuziyamu kusukela ngo-1904, wakwazi ukuqeda ukwakha kabusha kungekudala, "iDinosaur Hall" yakhe enkulu ngeke yethulwe emphakathini kuze kube ngu-1907, kanye nombukiso wayo ophakathi nendawo - idiplodocus (IDiplodocus carnegii) IDiplodocus izokwaziwa nangokuthi i-sauropod yokuqala, okutholakale kuyo ugebhezi olwagcinwa, ngokuhlukile kunesiqalo esisetshenziselwe ukuqagela, ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kabusha lapho kwakusetshenziswa khona ugebhezi lwe-camarasaur.
I-Amphicoelias altus ngaphansi kwamanzi (C. Knight, 1897)
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, izihloko ezintathu eziphambili zazibusa kakhulu izingxoxo ze-sauropods: indawo yazo, umjaho kanye nesikhundla sentamo. Ngaphandle kokuthi imifanekiso yokuqala yama-sauropod ibabonisa ngesikhundla esehlukile sentamo, akekho noyedwa owabhekana ngqo nalolu daba kuze kube muva nje, kuze kufike umsebenzi kaMartin ngo-1987. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izimpikiswano ngendawo abahlala kuyo nobusubathi zitholakala ezincwadini zikaPhillips encwadini yakhe yango-1871. Ngo-1897, uWilliam Bellow wafaka ekushicilelweni kwakhe, i-Strange izidalwa zangesikhathi esedlule: Giant Reptile Lizards, isithombe sokuqala esashicilelwa ngomfanekiso we-sauropod nguCharles Knight ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-Edward Cope. Lo mfanekiso, owabhalwa kabusha ngu-Osborne noMuck ngo-1921, waveza abantu abane Amphicoelias echibini, amabili angaphansi kwamanzi, kanti amanye amabili aphefumula, elula izandla zawo. Ngo-1897, uKnight waphinde wapenda omunye umdwebo obonisa i-brontosaurus, wenziwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaCharles Osborne kwathi kamuva wakhiqizwa nguWilliam Matthew ngo-1905. Isici sokuqala somdwebo sikaKnight kwakuyi-brontosaurus egcwele kakhulu, imilenze yaso, umsila kanye nomzimba wonke wayo ucwilisiwe emanzini, ingemuva kuphela, okubonakala ngaphezulu kwamanzi kanye nentamo ecishe ibheke phezulu. Ngasemuva, ogwini lolwandle, kwakukhonjiswa idiplodocus emimeleni. Ngokwemibono yaleyo minyaka, ama-sauropods ayenamagquma, ayenezimvubu ezinesibindi, akakwazanga ukugcina isisindo sawo futhi achitha iningi lesikhathi sawo esemzimbeni wamanzi. Yize idiplodocus yabagibeli ngokwengeziwe, u-Osborne wayekholelwa, kungenzeka ukuthi wayehamba emhlabeni ngaphandle kwezinkinga futhi aze asukume ngemilenze yakhe yangemuva ukuze afinyelele imiqhele yezihlahla. Umbono wakhe wabonakala ekwakhiweni kabusha kukaCharles Knight ngonyaka ka-1907.
IDiplodocus (Heinrich Harder, 1916)
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesibindi samadiplodocus eMnyuziyamu waseCarnegie kwavusa imicabango eminingi ngempilo yakhe engenzeka. U-Oliver Hay noGustav Tornier, ngonyaka ka-1908-09, ngokwesibonelo, bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi idiplodocus yahamba icishe yahamba esiswini sayo, njengengwenya. Le nguqulo iboniswa emfanekisweni wemibala we-1916 kaHeinrich Harder, wokushicilelwa "Izilwane Zomhlaba we-Prehistoric". Lesi simiso esingajwayelekile sizovunywa ngo-1910 nguWilliam Holland, osesihlokweni sakhe sihlanganise ukucubungula okuqinile kokuma komzimba nokubhuqa okubhubhisayo
«Kwakuyisinyathelo esinesibindi, ukuthatha isidalwa eqenjini leDinosauria futhi kusobala ukuthi siqhathanisa nesikebhe sesibuko sokuqapha noma i-chameleon, ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa ipensela, ithuluzi elinamandla elivela kwikhabethe lezemvelo, ukwakha kabusha uthambo lwamanzi, ukucwaninga okwenziwe izizukulwane ezimbili zabelaphi bezazi zaseMelika isikhathi esiningi nomsebenzi, futhihlanekezela isilwane ngendlela emcabangweni wakhe okhanyayo okhanyayo».
Ama-Brontosaurs (C. Knight, 1946)
Indlela yokuphila yasemanzini esezingeni eliphansi yasemanzini izosala iyindawo yokubukwa ephezulu ngaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu lama-20. Lokhu kungabonakala nasemifanekisweni kaZden Zk Burian, owakhombisa ngo-1941 ama-brachiosaurs ngaphansi kwamanzi, ama-brontosaurs kaCharles Knight kushicilelo lweLife Through the Ages lwango-1946, emdwebeni kaRudolf Sallinger we-Age of Reptiles ka-1947, nasemisebenzini efanayo 60 iminyaka. Zonke lezi zithombe zaphefumulelwa yimisebenzi yakudala kaCharles Knight futhi yahlala ingazanyazanyiswa kuze “kuvuselelwe kabusha kwama-dinosaurs” ngo-1970-80.
Ngo-1877, uRichard Lidecker uzokhipha igama elisha I-Titanosaurus ("I-Titan lizard", igama linikezwa ukuhlonipha ama-mythological titans of Greece Greece), eyaziwa ngama-vertebrae ambalwa aqhelelene, evela kwi-Cretaceous yaseNdiya esekupheleni. Kuze kube ngu-1987, cishe izinhlobo eziyishumi nambili ezifakwe kuleli hlobo kuzochazwa, kodwa-ke, ngokubuyekezwa kwe-sauropods uJeffrey Wilson noPaul Upcher 2003, bonke bathathwa njengabangekho emthethweni, kanti abanye babo banegama elihlukile ngokuphelele.
Isikhathi eside, bekukholelwa ukuthi i-heyday noma inkathi yama-sauropods, aziwa kahle kusukela ezinhlelweni eziningi zezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika, ingeyaseJurassic Mesozoic. Kwabonakala sengathi leli phuzu lokubuka lalisekelwa ukutholwa okuningi kusukela esikhathini esinikeziwe sokuma komhlaba, kuyilapho ukutholwa kwamaCuraceous sauropods bekuyindlala futhi kungenakubalwa. Kodwa-ke, lesi simo sashintsha ngokushesha. Ukumbiwa okuhleliwe eSouth America kwaqala ukuveza imiphumela emangazayo; ngo-1993, uJosé Boanaparte noRudolfo Coria bachaza umdondoshiya omkhulu - i-Argentinainosaurus, ukutholakala kwe-colossus enjalo kukhuphula okusanhlamvu kokuqala kokungabaza ukuthi ama-sauropods amaCretaceous ayemancane kakhulu kunenhlobo yeJurassic, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi kukhombise ukonakala nokuwohloka kwaleli qembu. Ngo-2000, uBoanaparte noKoria baqala ukwakhiwa kwengcebo I-Titanosauria, okugcwalisa ngokushesha nge-taxa entsha eminingi evela e-Argentina naseBrazil, maphakathi no-2000s, kwakubhaliswe ngaphezu kwe-30 genera yaleli qembu. Ama-Titanosaurs ayeyiqembu elihlukile lama-dinosaurs - ama-sauropods ayehlala kumaCretaceous, noma ngabe ayalingani ngomzimba, leli qembu lifaka zombili izinhlobo ezincane nezidalwa ezisinda kunazo zonke ezake zaphila Emhlabeni. Ngo-2006, ama-paleontologists ase-Argentina achaze i-colossus entsha kaPuertasaurus, kwathi ngonyaka we-2017 - pathagotitan. Lokhu kufakazela ukuthi endaweni yaseNingizimu Melika eCretaceous,
UDiego Paul noPatagotitan Thigh
Ama-titanosaurs aqhubeka echuma, ngaphezu kwalokho, azala lezi zimidondoshiya ezaziphakeme ngosayizi kumholi owedlule, i-brachiosaurus, okuthi kusukela ngeminyaka yo-1900 kubhekwe njengedayosaur enkulu kunazo zonke. Njengamanje, iqembu lama-titanosaurs likhulu kunawo wonke ama-sauropods, inani le-genera elichaziwe liphindaphindwe kabili, ubukhona be-titanosaurs butholakele cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi, lokhu kuboniswa iqiniso lokuthi ama-sauropods aguqukela futhi athuthuka ngokuqinile kuze kube sekupheleni kweCretaceous, ngaphambi kokuphela kwesikhathi "sedinosaur".
Isiqu sama-sauropods
IDiplodocus ngesigaxa (uRobert Bakker) nohlobo olufanayo lwe-giraffatitan (uBill Munns)
Ngokomlando, insimu yocwaningo lwezilwanyane ezilandelwayo ze-Mesozoic iye yalandelwa ama-hypotheses angamangaza futhi kwesinye isikhathi okukholelwa ukuthi ama-sauropods anesibumbu. Ngokungafani nama-tetrapods amaningi, ama-bony emakhaleni ama-sauropod atholakala ezingeni le-dorsal: ku-diplodocus, atholakala ngqo ngaphezulu kwamehlo endaweni leyo engabizwa ebunzini, ngenkathi kuyi-camarasaurus ne-brachiosaurus, asendaweni yokwakheka kwesikhumba. Lo mbono uyaziwa kososayensi abaningi kanye nabathandi bezemvelo futhi ushicilelwe kaningi ezincwadini ezithandwayo: UGregory Iron uveze idicreosaurus emfishane eshicilelwa nguRobert Long noSamuel Wells (Long & Welles, 1980), uRobert Becker efanekise idiplodocus ngesibumbu ku "Imibono engalungile" (Bakker, 1986) noJohn Sibbick bencwadi lapho iDinosaurs Ruled the Earth (Norman, 1985).
Ngenxa yendatshana yakhe yango-1971 ephephabhukwini i-Nature, uRobert Becker wayedume kakhulu ngokuqala indawo yasemhlabeni yama-sauropods (Bakker 1971), kepha i-athikili enemininingwane kaCoombs nayo ibaluleke kakhulu. Njengomthetho, izingxoxo zama-sauropods zaqala ngomsebenzi wezeminyaka kaWalter Coombs ngonyaka we-1975, "Izindawo zokuhlala kanye nama-sauropods." UCoombs wafunda ubufakazi obuningi futhi waphetha ngokuthi yize ama-sauropods ngezinye izikhathi angangena emanzini, kwakungewona ama-amphibians futhi ayezivumelanisa nezimo zomhlaba, yize ephawule ukuthi "Ukubuyekezwa kwama-sauropods njengeqembu elinakho konke kungadukisa. ngoba ukuhlukahluka kwe-morphology yama-sauropods mhlawumbe kubonisa ukwahlukahlukana kwezindawo zokuhlala nezintandokazi zendawo yokuhlala". UCoombs waphawula ukuthi ubukhulu, ukwakheka kanye nesikhala samakhala emakhaleni kuma-sauropods "kufane nezilwane ezincelisayo okucatshangwa ukuthi zingaba nesiqu noma okungenani nekhala elikhulu kakhulu". Uphethe ngokuthi okungenani amanye amalungu aleli qembu kungenzeka ukuthi ayene-phenoscis, yize abona ukuthi "kunokungabaza okuthile ukwamukela ama-sauropod afakwe isigobongo, ngoba asikho isidalwa esiphilayo esinokuthile okufana nekhala lendlovu noma i-tapir". UCoombs ubuye waveza ukuntuleka okujwayelekile kwezicubu zobuso ezidlekayo futhi waphawula ukuthi lokhu kungaba yinkinga kumqondo ophakeme wequunk.
Umfanekiso weDicreosaurus (uGregory Irons, 1975)
Ukucabanga kukaCoombs bekungasakazeki, kepha kwabonakala encwadini kaRobert Long noSamuel Wells ka-1980, “AmaDinosaurs Omusha Nabangane Babo,” okubonisa isithombe se-dicreosaurus (I-Dicraeosaurus) ngesibumbu esifushane. Kodwa-ke, baphawule ukuthi "kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi mhlawumbe ngeke siphinde sibe nobufakazi obuqondile bokuba khona kwesibumbu sama-sauropods, kepha lokhu kuyinkolelo ethokozisayo futhi singathanda ukuthatha leli thuba ukubona ukuthi isuropod enesiqu izobukeka kanjani!". Ukwenza isibonelo, le ncwadi yayingumdwebo kaGregory Iron, kusukela ngo-1975.
IDiplodocus Model (UJohn Martin noRichard Neave)
Kamuva, uJohn Martin wasebenza nomsunguli womzimba uRichard Nive waseNyuvesi yaseManchester ukulungiselela imodeli ye-anatomical yediplodocus enezicubu ezithambile ezenziwe kabusha. Le modeli empeleni ayinayo i- “trunk” nhlobo: esikhundleni salokho, inezindebe ezinkulu eziguqukayo, futhi izindebe zitholakala ngemuva kwezindebe, kepha azihlanganisiwe nazo (isiqu saso siwukuhlanganiswa kwemisipha yasolwandle nelebhu). Kamuva, umqaphi wezinsimbi uBill Mons waveza isithombe esifana nesomlaba esineziqu.
Iqiniso ngukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo ezineziqu noma ama-proboscis zinezizumbulu ezimincane. Ingxenye yazo yokuqala yesikhumba sangaphambi kwesikhumba ingaphandle incipha, futhi ingxenye yabo yangemuva yesikhumba, njengomthetho, icishe iphindwe kabili. Ngokunikwa ukuthi isiqu sisetshenziselwa ukondla futhi kufanele sibe mncane futhi sineshumi, kungokwemvelo ukuthi kufanele kube "ukuqhubeka" kwengxenye emincanyana yokhwakhamba. Kodwa-ke, kuma-sauropods sibona uhlobo oluhluke ngokuphelele - i-muzzle yazo ibanzi. Idiplodocus, eyayinezikhumba ezikhanyayo futhi ezincanyana kakhulu, yayinezimo ezicishe zibe zinxande, lapho umlomo wawubanzi khona, noma ubanzi, kunedlula yonke igebhezi. AmaMacronars, anjengeCamarosaurus, iBrachiosaurus neTitanosaurs, nawo abenezimbambo ezibanzi, iqiniso lokuthi azikho izingcosana ezibhekene ngqo nezitulo ezibukela phansi isithunzi se-trunk hypothesis. Enye impikiswano, okuhlala kukhulunywa ngayo, iphathelene nokuntuleka kwemisipha yobuso kuma-sauropods, kanye nakuma-dinosaurs nase reptiliyo ngokuvamile. Ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, iqembu le-izicubu elihlotshaniswa ne-lip yangaphezulu nekhala kwayihlanganiswa ukwenza isiqu. Ukungabikho ngokuphelele kwalesi izicubu zezilwane ezihuquzelayo kusho ukuthi ezihuquzelayo azinazo izindlela eziphambili ezidingekayo zokuthuthukisa isiqu. UGregory Paul ukusho lokhu ngasikhathi sinye, waveza ukuthi izakhiwo ezihlangene zogebhezi lwe-camarasaurus ne-brachiosaurus zibonakala zibuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba zingakhula izicubu ze-proboscis (Paul 1987).
Umqondo wokuthi ama-sauropods kungenzeka abe nesicucu abukeka emangalisa ngokwengeziwe, njengoba unikezwe ukuthi lezi zilwane sezivele zikhiqize esinye sezitho ezedlulele futhi ezimangalisayo zokuqoqa ukudla emlandweni, okungukuthi, izintambo ezinde. Yize kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi izintamo zazo bezihlala kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho zingenamsebenzi ngalutho ngaphandle kokuphaka zisuka emhlabathini, bebonke, intamo yesanopopu inikeze lezi zilwane uhla olungakaze lubonwe ngaphambili noluzayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjengezindlovu, obhejane namathayipu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zinentamo emfushane.
Amaqanda dinosaur
Ngo-1997, odokotela bezikhumba base-Argentina uLuis Chiappi noRodolfo Coria bathola imvuthuluka yokuqala yamaqanda ama-sauropods asePatagonia. Le ndawo esifundazweni saseNeuquen, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Auca Mahuevo, iyindawo enamakhilomitha skwele amaningana, igcwelegwagwa ngezinkulungwane zezingcezu zamaqanda. Ukuthandana kwamadwala asedakeni kukhombisa iminyaka engama-83,5 - 79,5 yezigidi edlule, ehambelana nenkathi yeCretaceous. Kuthathe iminyaka emihlanu ukutadisha le ndawo eyingqayizivele, ososayensi bathola ukuthi le ndawo yayiwuhlobo lwe- “incubator”, lapho ama-titanosaurs ayefika khona unyaka nonyaka azobekela amaqanda.
Abaphenyi bafake okungenani izingqimba ezine ze-oviposition. Ubumbulo uqobo lwawo kwakuwukucindezelwa kwenhlabathi enamaqembu ahlelekile, kusuka kumaqanda ayi-15 kuye kwangama-34, amasentimitha angama-13,5 cm, amanye awo acishe afana nse. Ukulungiswa okuthe xaxa elabhorethri kwenze ukuthi kutholakale ukutholakala okuyingqayizivele; umbungu omncane wesidina esinogebhezi olulondoloziwe ukhishwe eqandeni elilodwa. Ucwaningo lososayensi luhlinzeke ngolwazi olubanzi mayelana nokukhula kwama-embryonic, ukwakheka kanye ne-morphology yamaqanda, kanye nokuziphatha kokuzala kwama dinosaurs e-sauropod.
Ngo-2004, amaqembu ayisithupha ezinsalela ayechazwa njengezidleke, ezisukela ku-85 kuye kwangama-125 cm kanye nokujula kuka-10 kuya ku-18 cm, kepha kwahlongozwa isu “lesidleke esivulekile” lokuphumula indawo yokudlela lapho iqanda lisendaweni evulekile. Kodwa-ke, ukuphinde kuqinisekiswe kabusha kwezidleke eziphakanyisiwe ngonyaka we-2012 ukuthi izakhiwo ezi-oval zingumkhondo we-titanosaurs lapho amaqanda abekwa khona ngengozi noma lapho ehlanza ngesikhathi sezikhukhula eziningi ze-episodic. Le ncazelo ihambisana nayo yonke idatha yokwakheka komhlaba futhi iqinisekiswa ukungahambelani kwemvumelwano yesidleke ngokubumbana “kwesidleke esivulekile”. I-morphology yamaqanda ikhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi zazifakwe endaweni enomswakama ophakeme kakhulu. Ama-Titanosaurs akakwazanga ukusebenzisa isu lokumila lokuxhumana lokuhlangana, elijwayelekile lezilwane eziningi zesimanje ezifudumeza izibeleko ngemizimba yazo, ngakho-ke kuye kwadingeka ukuthi bathembele emiphumeleni yangaphandle yendawo ezungezile yokufaka amaqanda abo. Lokhu kuvumelana kahle neqiniso lokuthi ukubumbeka kwakubekwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zejogoloji, ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi bebengolohlobo oluhlukile lwama-titanosaurs. Imininingwane etholakalayo ikhombisa ukuthi ubumbano lokuqala lwalusendaweni eyomile, bese kuthi, emuva kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kube yindawo enomswakama ngokwengeziwe, kwathathelwa indawo enye indalo ehlobene nomhlobiso obonakalayo obonakalayo wohlobo lwamaqanda obekelwa indawo ezimanzana ezimanzana.
Izinguquko zesimo sezulu nezemvelo ziye zachazwa ezingxenyeni zobumba nokunye ukubekwa kweqanda kuka-Auk Mahuevo. Namuhla, imfuhlumfuhlu yamaqanda e-titanosaurus itholakele emhlabeni wonke, kepha itholakala ezindaweni ezikhethekile zokwakha izidalwa. Kulokhu, izimo zomhlabathi we-geothermal ne-hydrothermal ngokungangabazeki zazisetshenziswa ama-sauropods ukuthola umthombo wangaphandle wokushisa nomswakama.
Umnotho
- Isizinda:Sauropodomorpha
- Ubulili: ISaturnalia
- Ubulili: I-Anchisaurus
- Ubulili: I-Arcusaurus
- Ubulili: Asylosaurus
- Ubulili: I-Efraasia
- Ubulili: I-Ignavusaurus
- Ubulili: INambalia
- Ubulili: I-Panphagia
- Ubulili: I-Pampadromaeus
- Ubulili: I-Sarahsaurus
- Ubulili: I-Thecodontosaurus
- Ingqalasizinda: † Ama-Prosauropods (I-Prosauropoda)
- Umndeni: Massospondylidae
- Umndeni: I-Plateosauridae
- Umndeni: I-Riojasauridae
- Igugu: I-Anchisauria
- Ubulili: I-Aardonyx
- Ubulili: Leonerasaurus
- Ingqalasizinda: † Ama-Zauropods (I-Saauropoda)
- Umndeni:?Blikanasauridae
- Umndeni:?I-Tendaguridae
- Umndeni: Cetiosauridae
- Umndeni: IMamenchisauridae
- Umndeni: Melanorosauridae
- Umndeni: Omeisauridae
- Umndeni: I-Vulcanodontidae
- Iqembu: I-Eusauropoda
- Iqembu: I-Neosauropoda
- Igugu: Turiasauria
- Ingqalasizinda: † Ama-Prosauropods (I-Prosauropoda)
Isihlahla sePhylogenetic
Cladogram ngu I-Diego pol et al., 2011.
Sauropodomorpha |
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