Megalodon (Carcharocles megalodon) - ushaka omkhulu owayehlala cishe sisuka ezigidini ezingama-2,6 saya ezigidini ezingama-23 edlule. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izazi zibika ukutholakala kwasendulo okuhlobene nalesi silo esikhulu.
IMegalodon ibingesinye sezilwane ezesabekayo kakhulu, ezinamandla nezingahlaseli ezake zaba khona emhlabeni wethu. Lesi silwane esikhulu kangaka salima indawo enkulu yolwandle, sishiya ithuba elincane lezinto eziphilayo ezazingenanhlanhla yokuhlangana naye endleleni.
Ushaka omkhulu ongasekho kwakuwumshini wangempela wokufa. Imvelo ayikaze idale umbulali onobungani obuhle kakhulu walesi size. Akukenzeki ukuthi lo mlingisi abe ngowokuqala kumafilimu amaningi okwesabekayo ngokujula kolwandle.
Singakwazi ukwahlulela usayizi walesi silwane esivela kuphela kulwazi olutholwe kubacwaningi abafundile futhi abafunda izinsalela ze-megalodon. Sifunde futhi namanye amaqiniso amangalisayo, esisheshayo ukuwabelana nawe.
Ushaka omkhulu
Ubufakazi bamuva
Kunamanzi olwandle amahlanu amakhulu emhlabeni uMhlaba (uma sihlukanisa ulwandle lwaseningizimu ngokwehlukana), emboza amaphesenti angama-71 obuso bawo. Umthamo wamanzi kulezi zilwandle ungaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane.
Ngokubheka ubukhulu bento yamanzi, akumangazi ukuthi, ngokusho kososayensi, ngisho nangosizo lwethekhinoloji yesimanje yokuchaza, isintu sifunde ngaphansi kwamaphesenti ayishumi olwandle emhlabeni.
Asazi ngempela ukuthi yini efihliwe ngaphansi kwekholomu lamanzi, noma ngabe hhayi ekujuleni okukhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kusimangaze izinto ezimangazayo. Njengoba kwenzeka ngonyaka we-1928 nango-1933, lapho abantu abaningana bebika ukuthi babone ushaka omkhulu ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-12.
Kwenzeka ogwini lweSouth Island yaseNew Zealand, eduze naseRangiora. Ngaphambi nje kwalokho, ngo-1918, isazi semvelo sase-Australia ogama lakhe linguDavid Stead saba nengxoxo neqembu labadlali abaningi ababedoba eduzane naseBroughton Island, eNew South Wales, e-Australia.
Abadobi bamtshele ngoshaka omkhulu, osayizi whale oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ovele ngokuzumayo usuka ekujuleni, bese gxabha yonke imigibe yabo yama-lobster. Ububanzi besigaxa ngasinye babungaba imitha eyodwa.
Ngokusho kwabaphambukeli, amanzi abilayo ngokoqobo eduze koshaka wokubhukuda. Amadoda ayethukile kangangokuba enqaba ukubuyela emanzini ngalolo suku. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwalobu bufakazi bokuvela kwe-megalodon kwakamuva, kukholakala ukuthi umdubuli omkhulu wabulawa eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezi-2,6 edlule.
I-Megalodon ngokwesilinganiso isisindo ukusuka kumathani angama-50 kuye kwangama-70 ubude bomzimba wamamitha ayi-11-13. Noma kunjalo iningi abantu abakhulu babengafinyelela isisindo samathani ayikhulu futhi amamitha angama-20 ubude. Ngandlela thile, i-megalodon yayingumhlaseli onamandla kakhulu emanzini.
Ukubona la masayizi, kufanele ucabange ngesilo esikhulu esinamazinyo abukhali u-razor, usayizi walesi silwane uqhathaniswa nosayizi webhasi elikhulu labavakashi eline-decker.
Isikhulu se-plesiosaur esikhulu sabiza i- "qhele-saur "namanye ama-lyopleurodon, yize ayekhona izilwane zasolwandle ezinkulu ezidla isikhathi se-Mesozoic, yayingenakukhulu ngokwanele uma iqhathaniswa ne-megalodon. Futhi ababa nasisindo esingaphezu kwamathani angamashumi amane.
Indlela i-megalodon ezabulala ngayo izisulu zayo yayinonya, ngokungafani nezinye oshaka abahlaselayo, behlose izicubu ezithambile (njengezisu ezingezansi noma amaphini), i-megalodon ingaluma ngisho nangamathambo.
Ososayensi baye bathola izinsalela zomunyaka, ezigcinwe emathanjeni azo iminonjana yokuqothuka kokuqhuma esiswiniishiywe yi-megalodon, ngemuva kokushaya isizunguzo sayo ngezansi. Ngokusobala, ukushaya kwakuqinile kangangokuba bekufanele kuklaze umuntu ohlukumezekile, ngemuva kwalokho umhlaseli angaqhubeka nokukuqeda.
Kukhona nokutholakala kwamathambo ahlanganisiwe wezithambo zemikhomo ezinomkhondo wamazinyo woshaka wasendulo. Ososayensi bayakukholwa lokho ama-megalodons ahamba ngamaqembu. Ngakho-ke, amelela amandla amabi futhi angenakunqotshwa emanzini aleso sikhathi emlandweni weplanethi.
Igama lakhe nguBig Tooth
Igama "megalodon" uqobo lihunyushwe lisuselwa esiGrekini njengezinyo elikhulu. Leli gama lifanelwa kahle kakhulu isilwane lesi. Ubude bamazinyo akhe buqala ngamasenti ayisikhombisa kuya kwayi-18. Ngasikhathi sinye, "abazingeli bamazinyo" abalahli ithemba lokuthola izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, amazinyo angamasentimitha ayi-18 awatholakali kakhulu. Bambalwa kakhulu abatholakala. Emakethe emnyama inani lamazinyo anjalo lingafinyelela amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi. Izinyo lamasentimitha ayisishiyagalombili kashaka omkhulu omhlophe omdala lifaniswa ngosayizi nezinyo le-megalodon encane.
AmaShark avuselela amazinyo awo njalo, alahlekelwe ngamazinyo ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20 impilo yabo yonke. Imvamisa ubaphula ngemizimba yezisulu zabo. Kepha oshaka babenenhlanhla - emlonyeni wabo kukhona imigqa emihlanu yamazinyo, ngakho-ke ukulahleka okunjalo kudlula kunganakwa.
Iningi lamazinyo we-megalodon athengiswayo noma athengiswa online ayadinwa. Ngokusobala, isizathu salokho lo shark wasebenzisa iningi lempilo yakhe ukuzingela nokudla. Kubukeka sengathi lesi siqhwaga kwakuqabukela sizizwa sigcwele.
Ushaka ongapheli
Umkhosi we-Humpback Whale
Izidalwa ezinkulu kangaka ezidla izinyamazane, ezazingama-megalodons, kufanele ngabe zaba nokudla okungathí sina. Umlomo woshaka wasendulo osendaweni evulekile ungafinyelela ubukhulu obukhulu - 3.4 ngamamitha angu-2,7.
Bangakwazi ukuqothula inyamazane yanoma isiphi isayizi - ukusuka ezilwaneni ezincane (njengamahlengethwa, ezinye oshaka kanye nezimfudu zolwandle) kuya emihumeni emikhulu ye-humpback. Ngenxa yemihlathi yayo enamandla, amandla aluma angaba ukusuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyi-110 kuye kwezingama-180 iNewtonUMegalodon walimaza amanxeba amabi, echoboza amathambo ohlukunyezwayo.
Njengoba sekushiwo ngaphambili, ososayensi baye bathola izinsalela zamathambo emithambo yemikhomo enamamaki okulimala kwe-megaladon. Ngenxa yalokhu okutholakele, ososayensi bakwazile ukutadisha ukuthi izitha ezimbi kangaka zazidla kanjani izisulu zazo.
Amanye amathambo aze agcina izingcezu zezeluleko zamazinyo e-megaladon, ezaqhekeka ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa oshaka basendulo. Namuhla oshaka abakhulu abamhlophe nabo bathatha inyamazane ngemikhomokepha khetha ukuhlasela abadala noma ababuthakathaka (abalimele) abadala, okulula ukubabulala.
IMegadolon ihlalwa yonke indawo
E-heyday yokuba khona kwayo, ushaka wasendulo we-megalodon angatholakala olwandle emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kufakazelwa ukutholwa ngesimo samazinyo salo mzingeli, atholakala cishe kuyo yonke indawo.
Kusele izidumbu okungokwalawa izidalwa ezinkuluatholakala emazweni aseMelika, iYurophu, i-Afrika, iPuerto Rico, iCuba, iJamaica, iCanary Islands, i-Australia, iNew Zealand, iJapan, iMalta, iGrenadines neNdiya.
Ngamanye amagama, uma le mikhakha ibiphansi kwamanzi izigidi zeminyaka edlule futhi kunokudla kuyo, khona-ke megalodon nayo yayihlala lapho. Kukholelwa ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila koshaka wasendulo sasisukela eminyakeni engama-20 kuye kwengama-40, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi abanye abamele le nhlobo baphila isikhathi eside.
Enye inzuzo ababenayo ama-megalodons ukuthi kwakuyizilwane zamandla. Lokhu kusho ukuthi laba oshaka abakhulu bangagcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba wabo lingahlali lishintshile ngaphandle kokushisa kwendawo.
Ngakho-ke, izilwandle zomhlaba wonke zazivulekele ama-megalodons. Manje lo shark wasendulo uyindaba yokunakwa ikakhulu ama-cryptozoologists. Ngempela, alikho ithuba lokuthi siyoke sibhekane ne-megalodon ephilayo.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ungakhohlwa, ngokwesibonelo, mayelana ne-coelacanth - inhlanzi eyi-cysterae eyaphenduka inkungu ephilayo, noma mayelana ne-yeti crab - craby fluffy ehlala endaweni yama-hydrothermal vents, okwatholakala kuphela ngonyaka we-2005lapho umkhumbi ongaphansi komhlaba ushona ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-2200.
IMegalodon ithanda ukujula okujulile
Kunzima impela ukucabanga ukuthi inyamazane enkulu kangaka, eyayi-megalodon, ingahlala noma kuphi ngaphandle kwezindawo ezijulile zolwandle. Kodwa-ke, njengoba imiphumela yamuva nje ibonisa, laba shaka bakhetha ukubhukuda eduze kwezindawo ezisogwini.
Ukuhlala emanzini asogwini afudumele angavumeli ama-megalodons ukuba anikeze inzalo ngempumelelo. Abaphenyi baseYunivesithi yaseFlorida, eU.SA, bakhulume ngalokhu okutholwe izinsalela zezinsalela zeminyaka eyizigidi eziyishumi ama-megalodons amancane kakhulu ePanama.
Amazinyo angaphezu kwamakhulu amane agqunywe emanzini aqoqwe emanzini angajulile. Onke lamazinyo angawezinyane elincanyana kakhulu labasakazi basendulo. Kwatholakala izidumbu zezingane ezifanayo esifundeni esibizwa ngokuthi i-Valley of Bones eFlorida, nasezindaweni ezisogwini lweCalvert County, eMaryland, e-USA.
Futhi yize ama-megalodons asanda kuzalwa ayesevele eshaya osayizi bawo (ngokwesilinganiso, ukusuka ku-2.1 kuye kumamitha angama-4, okulingana nosayizi koshaka besimanje), baba sengozini yezilwane ezihlaselayo ezahlukahlukene (kufaka phakathi abanye oshaka). Ulwandle luyindawo eyingozi kakhulu kunoma imuphi umdlwane osanda kuzalwa, ngakho oshaka bazamile ukuhlala emanzini angajulile ukuze banikeze izingane zabo amathuba aphezulu okusinda.
IMegalodon yayishesha kakhulu
Ama-Megalodons akagcinanga ngobukhulu obukhulu - futhi ayeshesha kakhulu ngosayizi bawo. Ngo-1926, umcwaningi ogama lakhe linguLerish wenza okuxakile ngokuthola ikholomu yomugqa we-megalodon noma elondolozwe kancane.
Le nsika yayiqukethe ama-vertebrae ayi-150. Ngenxa yalokhu kutholwa, abacwaningi bakwazile ukufunda okuningi ngokuziphatha kanye nemikhuba yalesi oshaka abakhulu. Lapho sesifunde ukwakheka kwe-vertebra, ososayensi baphetha ngokuthi I-megalodon yathatha umhlatshelo ngemihlana yawo enamandla, wabe eseqala ukuhambisa ikhanda lakhe ngapha nangapha, ezama ukukhipha ucezwana lwenyama emathanjeni.
Kwakuyindlela yokuzingela lena eyenza ukuba ushaka wasendulo abe ngumzingeli oyingozi onjalo - nakanye emhlathini wakhe, ohlukunyeziwe wayengenandlela yokubalekela kukho. Futhi, ngenxa yokwakheka komzimba wakhe, i-megalodon ingafinyelela ijubane elingamakhilomitha angama-32 noma ngaphezulu ngehora.
Oshaka abamhlophe ekuhlwithweni nabo bakhula ngesivinini esikhulu, noma kunjalo, ngobukhulu be-megalodon, ijubane labo libhekwa njengento emangalisayo. Kukholelwa ukuthi esimweni esejwayelekile oshaka basendulo babehamba ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angama-18 ngehora. Kepha ngisho lelijubane lalanele ukuthi i-megalodon isheshe kunezinye izilwane eziningi olwandle.
Kodwa-ke, uma ukholelwa abanye ochwepheshe, ikakhulukazi, ososayensi abaqavile abavela kwi-Zoological Society yaseLondon, leli jubane laliphezulu. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi i-megalodon ikwazile ukuhamba emanzini ngesivinini esilingana nesivinini esiphakathi kwanoma yimuphi ushaka wanamuhla.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Isithombe: Shark Megalodon
I-Carcharocles megalodon luhlobo lwabashaka abangashisi bomndeni wakwa-Otodontidae. Kuhunyushwe kusuka esiGrekini, igama lesilo lisho "izinyo elikhulu." Ngokwalokho okutholakele, kukholakala ukuthi inyamazane yavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-28 eyedlule, yafa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-2,6 edlule.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Amazinyo esixhaphaxhapha makhulu kangangokuba isikhathi eside kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ayizinsalela zamadragons noma izinyoka ezinkulu zasolwandle.
Ngo-1667, usosayensi uNiels Stensen wahambisa phambili inkolelo yokuthi izinsalela azisiyo into edlula amazinyo koshaka omkhulu. Mid 19 yekhulu megalodon izisungule ngokwayo kwisigaba sesayensi esibizwa ngokuthi yi-Carcharodon megalodon ngenxa yokufana kwamazinyo ngamazinyo woshaka omkhulu omhlophe.
Ushaka wasendulo
IMegaldons yaphela ngenxa yendlala
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abukho ubufakazi obuqondile lokho ngqo nokuthi kungani laba shaka basendulo baqala ukufelwa, ochwepheshe abaningi basikisela ukuthi lokhu kwaqhutshwa kakhulu isifiso esikhulu salaba bantu abazingelayo.
Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-2,6 edlule, izinga lolwandle laqala ukuguquka kakhulu, okwaba nomthelela omkhulu ezinhlotsheni eziningi, okwakungumthombo ophambili wokudla koshaka abakhulu.
Ngalesi sikhathi, ngaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu yazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle kwaphela. Izinhlobo ezisindayo zamasayizi amancane, ezingaba i-megalodon yokuphangwa, kwakuvame ukuba ngumthombo wokudla kwabazingeli bolwandle abancane nabasazekayo.
Noma ngabe kunjani, umncintiswano wawunobunzima obukhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-megalodon yayisadinga inani elikhulu lokudla nsuku zonke, okwakungamvumela ukuthi alondoloze izinga lokushisa lomzimba wakhe ezingeni elifunekayo ukuze asinde.
I-heyday yesibalo se-megalodon yayicishe ilingane maphakathi nenkathi yeMiocene, eqale cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-23 eyedlule futhi yaphela cishe ngezigidi ezingama-5.3 edlule.
Ekupheleni kwenkathi ye-megalodon, kungenzeka ukuthi uthole ngasogwini lwaseYurophu, eServer America nolwandlekazi lwaseNdiya. Eduze nesikhathi sokuqothulwa kwesisindo, okungukuthi, esikhathini sePliocene (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-2,6 edlule), i-aguls yasendulo yaqala ukuthuthela ogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika, e-Asia nase-Australia.
IMegalodon ibhebhethekisa izinganekwane zabantu mayelana nezidonswa
Ngekhulu le-17, isazi semvelo saseDenmark uNicholas Steno wazama ukuthola imvelaphi yamazinyo e-megalodon awatholayo. Ngaphambi kwale nkathi isintu asikaze sixhume ukutholwa okunje noshaka abakhulukwakhiwa izigidi zeminyaka edlule. Yebo, futhi ayikwazanga ukubopha.
Ngaleyo minyaka, amazinyo e-megalodon ayebizwa ngokuthi "izilimi zamatshe" kuphela. Abantu babekholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi lokhu kwakungewona amazinyo nakancane, kodwa izilimi zamadragons noma izibankwakazi ezinkulu zenyoka, ezifanayo nezidragoni, ubukhona bazo lapho ke abambalwa babungabaza.
Kwakukholelwa kabanzi ukuthi udrako angalahlekelwa isicoco selimi lakhe empini noma ngesikhathi sokufa, okwabe sekuphenduka itshe. Amathiphu wezilimi zezinsonsane (okuwukuthi, amazinyo ama-megalodons) aqoqwa kalula ngabadayisi basemadolobheni, abakholelwa ukuthi angama-talismans avikela ukuluma nobuthi.
Futhi lapho uSteno efika esiphethweni sokuthi lezinxantathu zamatshe azona iziphetho zezilimi zamadragons, kodwa amazinyo koshaka omkhulu, izinganekwane zamadragons aqala ukubuyela kancane esikhathini esedlule. Esikhundleni salokho, kwavela ubufakazi bangempela bezinye izilo ezazikhona ngaphambili.
Ngo-2013, lapho isintu sase sesijwayele ukuthi ama-expanses olwandle aba iphephe, Isiteshi Sokutholwa sikhiphe i-pseudo-documentary ebizwa nge-Megalodon: I-Monster Shark Is Alive.
Kule filimu, ekhonjiswe esiteshini njengengxenye yalokho okubizwa nge- "Shark of the Day", okuthiwa kungamaqiniso angempela okuba khona kwe-megalodon esikhathini sethu, kufaka phakathi "izithombe zomlando weMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba", zaboniswa.
Uma ukholelwa lezi zithombe, khona-ke ubude bomsila owodwa kuphela we-shark kufanele okungenani bube amamitha ayi-19. Noma kunjalo, le movie ayimanga umxhwele muntu ngaphandle kwezakhamizi ezijwayelekile. Yebo, futhi ekugcineni bakhulume, kanye nabagxeki, kabi kakhulu nge-Discovery hoax.
Kwenzeka lokhu nje, ososayensi kanye nofakazi ababemelwe kule movie bangabalingisi abajwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, ukubuyekezwa okuthukuthele kwabalaleli akuzange kube nomthelela omkhulu ku-Discovery, ngoba isiteshi sesivele sdubula ukuqhubeka okufanayo kwefilimu nge-megalodon ngonyaka ka-2014.
Ividiyo: Megalodon Shark
Ngo-1960s, isazi semvelo saseBelgium u-E. Casier wadlulisela oshaka kuhlobo lwe-Procarcharodon, kodwa ngokushesha umcwaningi uL. Glickman wammisa njengoMegaselachus. Usosayensi wabona ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamazinyo oshaka - angenayo nangaphandle kwamanothi. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlobo zasuka kolunye uhlobo lwaya kwesinye kuze kube, ngo-1987, uchthyologist waseFrance wabela lesi sikhulu kuhlobo lwamanje.
Phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi izisulu zangaphandle nangaphandle kwendlela yokuziphatha ziyefana nabashaka abamhlophe, kepha kunezizathu zokukholelwa ukuthi, ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu kanye ne-niche ehlukile yemvelo, indlela yokuziphatha kwama-megalodons yayihluke kakhulu kwabazingeli banamuhla, futhi ukubukeka kufana kakhulu nekhophi enkulu yoshaka wesihlabathi .
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Isithombe: Great Shark Megalodon
Imininingwane eminingi ngesidalwa esingaphansi kwamanzi ivela emazinyweni akhe. Njengabanye oshaka, umthambo wesidumbu wawungenawo amathambo, kodwa owenhliziyo. Kulokhu, zimbalwa izinsalela zezilo zasolwandle ezisasele kuze kube manje.
Amazinyo woshaka omkhulu abakhulu kakhulu kunabo bonke phakathi kwezinhlanzi. Ngobude, bafinyelela amasentimitha ayi-18. Akekho umuntu ohlala ngaphansi kwamanzi ongaziqhayisa ngamanga anjalo. Ngokwesimo, ziyafana namazinyo koshaka omhlophe, kepha okuphindwe kathathu. Sonke isikhumba asizange sitholakale, kuphela i-vertebrae yaso eyodwa. Ukutholakala edume kakhulu kwenziwa ngo-1929.
Okutholakele okusele kwenza ukuba sikwazi ukwahlulela ubukhulu bezinhlanzi zizonke:
- ubude - amamitha ayi-15-18,
- isisindo - amathani angama-30- 35, aze afike ngaphezu kwamathani angama-47.
Ngokusho kwesilinganiso esilinganisiwe, i-megalodon yayisohlwini lwezakhamuzi zasemanzini ezinkulu kunazo zonke futhi ime ngakolunye namaMosasaurs, amaDeinosuchs, amaPliosaurs, amaBasilosaurus, amaGynosaurs, amaCronosaurs, amaPurusosaurs kanye nezinye izilwane, osayizi bawo amakhulu kunanoma iziphi izilwane ezidla ezinye eziphilayo.
Amazinyo esilwane abhekwa njengawo amakhulu kunabo bonke oshaka abake baphila emhlabeni. Umhlathi wawungamamitha amabili ububanzi. Kwakukhona imigqa emihlanu yamazinyo anamandla emlonyeni. Inani labo lifinyelela izingcezu ezingama-276. Ukuphakama okuthambekele kungadlula amasentimitha ayi-17.
Ama-vertebrae asindile ezinsukwini zethu ngenxa yokuxineka okukhulu kwe-calcium, okusize ukusekela isisindo somzingeli ngesikhathi semithambo yemisipha. Ikholomu edume kakhulu ye-vertebral etholakele ine-vertebrae engu-150 enobubanzi obungaba amasentimitha ayi-15. Noma ngonyaka we-2006 kwatholakala ikholomu ye-vertebral enobukhulu obukhulu kakhulu be-vertebrae - amasentimitha angama-26.
Ngabe uhlala kuphi i-megalodon shark?
Photo: Shark megalodon wasendulo
Izinsalela zezinsalela zenhlanzi enkulu zitholakala kuyo yonke indawo, kufaka phakathi iMariana Trench ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-10. Ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi kubonisa ukuzivumelanisa okuhle nomhlaseli kunoma yiziphi izimo, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezibandayo. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi laguquguquka cishe ngo-12-27 ° C.
Oshaka kanye ne-vertebrae batholakala ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene ezifundeni eziningi zomhlaba.
Ukutholakala emanzini amasha kuyaziwa eVenezuela, okwenza sikwazi ukwahlulela ukulunga ngokuba semanzini amasha, njengoshaka wenkunzi. Okwatholakala ngokuthembekile kwakudala kakhulu kwenzeka ngesikhathi seMiocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-20 ezedlule), kepha kunezindaba zezinsalela ezivela kuma-Oligocene nase-Eocene eras (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-33 no-56 edlule).
Ukwehluleka kokusungula isikhathi esicacile sobukhona bezilwane kubangelwa umngcele ongaqinisekile phakathi kwe-megalodon nomsolwa wokhokho bayo uCarcharocles chubutensis. Wakhonza ngoguquko oluhamba kancane kancane kwizimpawu zamazinyo ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo.
Isikhathi sokuqothulwa kweziqhwaga siwela emngceleni wePliocene kanye nePleistocene, eyaqala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-2,5 edlule. Abanye ososayensi babiza lesi sibalo eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.7 edlule. Ngokuncika emcabangweni weqondo lokukhula kwe-crust of amana, abacwaningi bathola iminyaka eyizinkulungwane namakhulu eminyaka eyedlule, noma kunjalo, ngenxa yamanani ahlukile wokukhula noma ukunqanyulwa kwabo, le ndlela ayithembekile.
Ngabe udlani we-megalodon shark?
Isithombe: Shark Megalodon
Ngaphambi kokuvela kwemikhomo enezinwele, abaphambili bezilwane ezinkulu babehlala phezulu kwepiramidi lokudla. Babengenakulingana ekukhishweni kokudla. Ubukhulu obukhulu, imihlathi enamandla namazinyo amakhulu kwawavumela ukuba azingele inyamazane enkulu, okungekho shark wanamuhla ongabhekana nakho.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ama-Ichthyologists akholelwa ukuthi inyamazane ibinomhlathi omfishane futhi ibingazi ukuthi ingawubamba kanjani ngokuqinile inyamazane futhi iwukhiphe, kepha iklebhula kuphela izingcezu zesikhumba nemisipha engaphezulu. Indlela yokudla ngobuningi ayisebenzi kahle, ngokwesibonelo, i-mosasaur.
Imfucumfucu isala neminonjana yokulimala koshaka inikeza ithuba lokwahlulela ukudliwa kwesiporingi:
IMegalodon idla ikakhulukazi izilwane ezisukela kubungako kuya kumamitha ayi-7. Kakhulu kwakuyimikhomo ye-baleen, egijimayo laliphansi futhi babengenakukwazi ukumelana noshaka. Kepha, ngaphandle kwalokhu, i-megalodon ibisadinga isu lokuzingela ukuze ibabambe.
Kutholakale ukulunywa kukashaka omkhulu ezimbanjeni eziningi zemikhomo, kanti kwamanye awo amathiphu amakhulu aze avele. Ngo-2008, iqembu le-ichthyologists labala amandla okulimala komphangi. Kwavela ukuthi wayenamandla amahlandla ama-9 ukubamba isisulu ngamazinyo akhe kunanoma iyiphi inhlanzi yanamuhla nezikhathi ezi-3 ezinamandla kakhulu kunengwenya eshisiwe.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Great Shark Megalodon
Ngokuyisisekelo, oshaka bahlasela isisulu ezindaweni ezisengozini. Kodwa-ke, i-megalodon yayinecebo elihluke ngokuphelele. URybin uqale wagibela inyamazane. Ngokufanayo, bephule amathambo ohlukunyezwa nezitho zangaphakathi ezilimele. Isisulu sehluleke amandla okunyakaza futhi umdlwenguli wasidlisa ngokuthula.
Ikakhulu izinhlanzi ezinkulu eziyisisulu zikhipha imisila namaphinifa ukuze zingakwazi ukubhukuda, bese zibulawa. Ngenxa yokukhuthazela kwabo obuthakathaka kanye nejubane eliphansi, ama-megalodons akakwazanga ukulandela inyamazane isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke ayihlasele kusukela kuqamekele ngaphandle kokuzibeka engcupheni yokulandela isikhathi eside.
Ngenkathi yePliocene, lapho kufika ama-cetacean amakhulu futhi athuthukile, iziqhwaga zasolwandle kwadingeka zishintshe isu lazo. Bakhokhobe isifuba ngqo ukuze kulimaze inhliziyo namaphaphu ezisulu, nengxenye ephezulu yomgogodla. Izihlakala eziluma namaphiko.
Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu ukuthi abantu abakhulu, ngenxa yokuhamba kancane kancane kwabo namandla omzimba aphansi kunezilwane ezincane, badla i-carrion eningi futhi baqhuba ukuzingela okuncane okusebenzayo. Ukulimazeka kwezinsalela ezitholakalayo bekungakwazi ukukhuluma ngamaqhinga e-monster, kodwa ngendlela yokukhipha izitho zangaphakathi esifubeni senhlanzi efile.
Ukubamba ngisho nomkhomo omncane ngokuluma ngemuva noma esifubeni kungaba nzima kakhulu. Kungaba lula futhi kunengqondo ukuhlasela inyamazane esiswini, njengoba oshaka banamuhla benza. Lokhu kufakazelwa amandla amakhulu ezinyo labashaka abadala. Amazinyo ezilwane ezincane ayebukeka njengamazinyo oshaka abamhlophe banamuhla.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Shark megalodon wasendulo
Kunombono wokuthi i-megalodon yanyamalala ngesikhathi kuvela i-Isthmus yePanama. Ngalesi sikhathi, isimo sezulu sashintsha, imisinga efudumele yashintsha izikhombisi-ndlela. Kulapha lapho kwatholakala khona umhlambi wamazinyo amazinyane amakhulu. Emanzini angajulile, oshaka bahola inzalo futhi izingane zahlala lapha okokuqala.
Kuwo wonke umlando, ayikho indawo enjalo etholakele, kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi ayikho. Ngaphambi nje kwalokhu, ukutholakala okufanayo kwatholakala eSouth Carolina, kepha ngamazinyo abantu abadala. Ukufana kwalokhu okutholakele ukuthi zombili lezi zindawo zazingaphezulu kolwandle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi oshaka babehlala emanzini angajulile, noma bahambe ngomkhumbi lapha ukuzalanisa.
Ngaphambi kwalokhu kutholakala, abacwaningi bebethi amawundlu ama-giants awadingi ukuvikelwa, ngoba lolu uhlobo olukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Okutholakele kuqinisekisa umbono wokuthi izingane zihlala emanzini angajulile ukuze zikwazi ukuzivikela, ngoba izingane ezinamamitha amabili zingaba yisisulu somunye ushaka omkhulu.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi izakhamizi ezinkulu ezingaphansi kwamanzi zazingakhiqiza umntwana oyedwa kuphela. Amawundlu lawo ayengamamitha ayi-2-3 ubude futhi ahlasela izilwane ezinkulu ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa. Bazingela imihlambi yezinkomo zasolwandle babamba umuntu wokuqala owatholakala.
Izitha zemvelo zabasiki be-megalodon
Photo: Giant Shark Megalodon
Ngaphandle kwesimo sokuxhumeka okuphezulu kwekhonkolo lokudla, isilo esidla izinyawo sasisenezitha, abanye babo kwakunguncintisana nabo bokudla.
Abaphenyi bababheka:
- thwala izilwane ezincelisayo,
- ukubulala imikhomo
- imikhomo enezinwele
- abanye oshaka abakhulu.
Umbungu whales owavela ngenxa yokuvela kwemvelo wahlukaniswa hhayi kuphela ngomzimba oqinile namazinyo anamandla, kodwa futhi nangomqondo okhule ngokwengeziwe. Bazingela emaphaketheni, yingakho amathuba e-megalodon okusinda ehle kakhulu. Ama-Orcas ngendlela yawo ejwayelekile yokuziphatha emaqenjini ahlasela abancane futhi adla abancane.
U-Orcas uhambe phambili ekuzingeleni. Ngenxa yejubane labo, badla zonke izinhlanzi ezinkulu olwandle, bengashiyi kudla kwe-megalodon. I-Orcas ngokwayo yaphunyuka emafungweni esilo esingaphansi kwamanzi ngosizo lobuhlakani bayo nobuhlakani. Ngokubambisana, bangabulala ngisho nabantu abadala.
Izilo zasemanzini ezingaphansi kwamanzi zazihlala esikhathini esihle sezinhlobo, ngoba kwakungekho mncintiswano wokudla, futhi nenani elikhulu lezinkungu zokucabanga ezisheshayo, ezingenamakha, zazihlala olwandle. Lapho isimo sezulu sishintsha futhi ulwandle luqala ukubanda, ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko kunyamalale, okuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokuqothuka kwezinhlobo.
Ukushoda kwephango elikhulu kwaholela ekutheni kulambe indlala yezinhlanzi ezinkulu. Bafuna ukudla ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngezikhathi zendlala, i-cannibalism yanda kakhulu, kwathi ngesikhathi senhlupheko yokudla ngesikhathi sePliocene, abantu bokugcina baziqothula.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: Shark Megalodon
Izicucu ezisele zinikeza ithuba lokwahlulela ubuningi bezinhlobo nokusatshalaliswa kwawo kabanzi. Kodwa-ke, izici eziningana kuqala zithinte ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu, bese ukunyamalala ngokuphelele kwe-megalodone. Kunombono wokuthi imbangela yokuqothulwa yiphutha lezinhlobo ngokwazo, ngoba izilwane azikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nanoma yini.
Ama-Paleontologists anemibono ehlukene ngezinto ezingezinhle ezaba nomthelela ekuqothulweni kwabazingeli. Ngenxa yokushintshwa kwendlela eya lapho kuqubuka khona imisinga, imifudlana efudumele iyekile ukungena e-Arctic kanye ne-hemisphere yasenyakatho yabanda kakhulu koshaka abathanda ukushisa. Abantu bokugcina bahlala endaweni eseningizimu yanyamalala waze wanyamalala ngokuphelele.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: Abanye abachwepheshe be-ichthy bakholelwa ukuthi izinhlobo zingaphila kuze kube sesikhathini sethu ngoba zithola ukuthi zineminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-24 nezinkulungwane eziyi-11. Izinsolo zokuthi yi-5% yolwandle kuphela ephenywe ibanikeza ithemba lokuthi umhlaseli angacasha kwenye indawo. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono awubeki ukugxekwa kwesayensi.
NgoNovemba 2013, kwaqoshwa i-video ngamaJapan kwi-Intanethi. Kwaqopha ushaka omkhulu, ababhali abadlula njenge nkosi yolwandle. Ividiyo yadutshulwa ekujuleni okukhulu kweMariana Trench. Kodwa-ke, imibono ihlukene phakathi futhi ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi le vidiyo yenziwe amanga.
Yimuphi umqondo wokunyamalala kwesiqhwaga esingaphansi kwamanzi uyiqiniso, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi sazi. Izanduleli ngokwazo ngeke zikwazi ukusitshela ngalokhu, futhi ososayensi bangabeka phambili izinkoleloze futhi benze imibono. Ukube isilonda esinjengalesi sasisinda kuze kube namuhla, bekungabonakala. Kodwa-ke, kuzohlala kunamaphesenti wamandla wesilo esisindile kusuka ekujuleni.
Ngabe ibukeka kanjani iMegalodon?
Ngenkathi umphakathi wesayensi uhlukaniswa ngokubukeka ngqo kwezinhlobo zabashaka esezadlula, okuwukuphela kwento bonke abavumelana nayo ukuthi yayinomzimba omkhulu, oqinile. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi iMegalodon kungenzeka ibukeke njengoshaka omkhulu omhlophe, yize imkhulu futhi inemihlathi ebanzi.
Abanye baphetha ngokuthi ushaka wasendulo ufana kakhulu nomkhomo, inhlobo yezinhlanzi eziphilayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke. Ukutholakala kwama-etins namanye ama-anatomical (ama-cinscent a-cendcent a-cudal fins, ama-dorsal amancane wesibili nama-anal fins) kungenzeka kwakufana nalokho kwemikhomo nezinye izinhlobo zohlobo loshaka ezikhona.
Ayekhulu kangakanani ama-megalodons?
Okuningi esikwaziyo ngalo shark omkhulu osekuphele isikhathi eside kuncike ekuhlaziyweni kwamazinyo awo. Isikhiphi esikhulu kunazo zonke esitholakala cishe ngamasentimitha ayi-18. Ukulinganisa okusekwe kumazinyo abuyiselwe kukhombisa ukuthi i-megalodon yayinesakhiwo esiqinile samazinyo esinamazinyo angamalunga namakhulu ayi-250 kanye nemihlathi ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-2.
Kwenziwe imizamo eminingana yokwakha kabusha imihlathi, ngokwesisekelo lapho kungenzeka khona ukulinganisa ubungako bangempela boshaka. Ngo-2002, uKenshu Simada, isazi se-paleontologist e-University of Depol, wenza imodeli ethuthukisiwe yokubikezela usayizi wesampula ngobude bamazinyo.
Esebenzisa le modeli, uShimada wabikezela ubude besampula ehlukahlukene etholakala ekwakhekeni kwePanamanian Gatun. Elikhulu kunazo zonke lalinganiselwa kumamitha ayi-17,9.
Ngo-2019, uSimada wenza izinguquko ezithile kwimodeli yakhe, lapho abeka khona ukuthi ukuhlaziya kwamazinyo angaphambili esampula kunikeza imiphumela enembile kakhudlwana. Ngalezi zinguquko, wabala ukuthi oshaka be-megalodon ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-15,3 bekuyivelakancane kakhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokusho kweMnyuziyamu Wezemvelo eLondon, isampulu enkulu kunazo zonke ingafinyelela kumamitha ayi-18.
Imihlathi eyonjiniyela kaMegalodon ikhonjiswe eBaltimore National Aquarium
Ngokwemibhalo yasendulo, amazinyo amakhulu, avame ukutholakala emadwaleni, athathwa njengezilimi ezivikelekile. Kwakungaze kube ngu-1667 lapho uNicholas Steno ekwazi ukubakhomba njengamazinyo oshaka.
Habitat
Kungenzeka ukuthi, le nhlobo yayinokusatshalaliswa kwendalo yonke, okusho ukuthi, yatholakala emhlabeni wonke ezindaweni ezifanele. Izidumbu ze-megalodon zatholakala e-Afrika, eMelika, e-Australia naseYurophu.
Ngokusekelwe endaweni okuyiyo yonke imfucumfucu etholakele, kuvela ukuthi oshaka babehlala ikakhulu ezindaweni zasolwandle ezingashonile, kufaka phakathi amanzi asogwini kanye nezichibi, kanye nasolwandle olujulile. Ama-megalodons amadala azingela futhi ahlala emanzini ajulile izimpilo zawo eziningi, kepha afudukela ezindaweni ezincane ukuvela.
Ibanga labo le-latitudinal landa laba ngama-55 degrees kuwo womabili ama-hemispheres. Njengezinye izinhlobo zoshaka, bakhetha amazinga okushisa afudumele kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-mesothermia (amandla okulawula ukushisa, ukonga amandla) ibavumele ngezinga elithile ukubhekana nezinga lokushisa elibandayo esifundeni esifudumele.
Abahlengikazi bezilwane ezisencane batholakala emanzini osogwini noma aseduze nolwandle, lapho kudla khona ukudla okuningi. IBone Valley Formation eFlorida neCalvert Formation eMaryland izibonelo nje ezimbalwa zezindawo ezinjalo.
Megalodon washona nini futhi kanjani?
Ngo-2014, abacwaningi base-University of Zurich benza ucwaningo lokuthola iminyaka yobudala bezinhlobo ze-megalodon besebenzisa indlela ebizwa nge- "Optimal Linear Test". Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi lolu hlobo loshaka lwashona eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-2,6 edlule, okungukuthi, cishe iminyaka engama-200,000 ngaphambi kokuba uHomo habilis (ukhokho wokuqala kaHomo Sapiens) aqale ukubonakala Emhlabeni.
Ngo-1873, umkhumbi wokucwaninga waseBrithani uHMS Challenger bathola amazinyo ase-megalodon agcinwe kahle. Ukuhlaziywa kwabo kukhombisa ngephutha ukuthi baneminyaka engaba ngu-10,000 kuya ku-10,000, lokhu akunakusondela ebangeni eliqaliwe. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-manganese dioxide, okunganciphisa ngempumelelo inani lokuwohloka.
Ngesikhathi sekukhona i-megalodon, kwenzeka izinguquko ezibukhali emhlabeni. Ukupholisa komhlaba wonke, okwaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-35 edlule, kwaholela ekutheni izingongolo zilinganiswe, ngenkathi emhlabeni jikelele izinga lokushisa lehla ngo-8 ° С.
Ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa komhlaba kanye nokwanda kwamaqhwa ezintanjeni kwephule indawo yokuhlala kwasolwandle, okwagcina kuholele ekulahlekelweni kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zasemanzini, kufaka phakathi i-megalodon. Lokhu kungaba nomthelela ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane.
Njengoba oshaka be-megalodon bathembele emanzini afudumele, ukwehla okungazelelwe kwamazinga okushisa cishe kunganciphisa izindawo abahlala kuzo. Ukudla kwabo kungenzeka futhi kube yindlala (kungaba ukuthi kuthuthelwe ezifundeni ezibandayo, noma kunyamalale ngokuphelele).
IGreater Shark enhle emanzini aseMexico / Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
Umbono othokozisayo obangela ukuqothulwa kwe-megalodon ukubukeka koshaka abakhulu abamhlophe. Ngokusho kocwaningo olusha olwenziwe yiqembu labaphenyi bamanye amazwe, ifossil encane kakhulu ye-megalodon isukela eminyakeni eyisigidi ezi-3.6, okungukuthi, isigidi seminyaka ngaphambili kunokuba bekucatshangwa ngaphambili.
Futhi esifundweni, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lezi zinsuku zihambisana nokubonakala kokuqala emhlabeni koshaka omkhulu omhlophe. Oshaka abakhulu abamhlophe, noma bebancane, kungenzeka ukuthi badlulile abasha kuze kube yilapho izinhlobo zonke ziqothuliwe.
Ngabe uMegalodon usaphila?
Ngezikhathi ezithile, i-megalodon ivezwa kumafilimu eziqanjiwe zesayensi, kufaka phakathi izinhlelo zethelevishini namafilimu. Ngeshwa, kwamanye amadokhumenti, kuye kwavela umbono ongelona iqiniso lokuthi izinhlobo zasendulo zoshaka kungenzeka ukuthi zisaphila.
Ngo-2013, kwifilimu ebhalwe nge-pseudo-documentary ebizwa ngokuthi iMegalodon: I-Monster Shark iyaphila, abadali bakha izingxabano zokuthi kungenzeka kusinde lezi zinhlobo. Iyaqhubeka, iMegalodon: Kukhululwe ubufakazi obusha ngonyaka olandelayo. Lezi zinsolo zidonswa ngokuyinhloko ngezinsolo, okungaqinisekwanga ngumbono.
Ukuphendula umbuzo wokuqala, cha, ama-megalodons awasasebenzi futhi asekho unomphela. Labo abasakholelwa ukuthi isilo sasendulo sicashe endaweni ethile olwandle, nazi izimpikiswano ezimbalwa ezingakusiza ufinyelele esiphethweni esihlukile.
Umbono womculi wesikhonkwane esine-megalodon edonsa imikhomo emibili ye-Eobalaenoptera
Kuze kube manje, akukaze kube nokubukelwa okuqondile kwesampula ye-megalodon. Esinakho kuyizinsolo zokuqashelwa okungaqinisekisiwe. Enye yezimpikiswano kakhulu kwakuwukulungiswa kwesithombe koshaka besikhumba kanye namaphini e-caudal (cishe amamitha angama-20) eceleni komkhumbi ongaphansi komhlaba. Kuboniswe ku-Discovery njengengxenye ye "mbhalo."
Ukuqashelwa kokubikwa koshaka abakhulu abahlanjiwe ogwini akuthembeki kakhulu, njengoba ama-megalodons kalula engenziwa iphutha labasakazi be-whale noma kungenzeka ukuthi bacekelwa phansi oshaka abamhlophe.
Ukuphikisana okudumile abantu abavame ukusho ukuthi bafuna ukuba khona kwabo ngukutholakala okungalindelekile koshaka omkhulu oshaka ngo-1976. Ama-sharkovark oshaka abakhulu abanezinwele zemvelo agweme ukutholakala iminyaka, njengoba ehamba ikakhulu emanzini ajulile. Lokhu akunakusho ukuthi oshaka be-megalodon basekhona.
Ukuze uphuthelwe into ebaluleke njenge-megalodon yemitha engu-18, bekufanele ukuthi ijule olwandle, lapho kunokudla okuncane, futhi impilo enkulu yasolwandle iyivelakancane.
Thola Umlando
Inhloko ye-Megalodon (Niels Stensen, 1667)
Ngaphambi kwencazelo esemthethweni ye-megalodon, amazinyo akhe, abizwa ngokuthi "isicwebezelisi," ayephucwa izilimi ezihlaselwe izinyoka nezidonsa. Kwachazwa incazelo efanelekile ngo-1667 ngudokotela wezemvelo waseDenmark uNiels Stensen: waqaphela amazinyo oshaka basendulo kuyo. Isithombe esenziwe nguye sekhanda loshaka ehlome ngamazinyo anjalo sathandwa. Phakathi kwamazinyo, izithombe azishicilele, kunamazinyo e-megalodon.
Ngo-1835, usosayensi wemvelo waseSwitzerland, uLewis Agassis, emsebenzini wakhe ocwaningweni kwezinhlanzi zezinsalela, wanikeza ushaka igama lokuqala lesayensi - I-Carcharodon megalodon. Igama elijwayelekile livela kumagama esiGreek karcharos - "kugxiliwe" futhi okuxakayo - "izinyo", igama elihunyushwe ngokuthi "izinyo elikhulu". Igama lesayensi lohlobo lwakhethwa nguLewis ngenxa yokufana okwedlulele namazinyo eGreater Shark, kwaqokonyiswa ngu-Andrew Smith eminyakeni emibili edlule, ngo-1833, kuhlobo olusha lweCarcharodon.
Izinsalela ze-megalodon zimelelwa embhalweni wezinsalela kuphela ezinamazinyo ne-vertebrae efuywayo. Njengabo bonke oshaka, ithambo le-megalodon lenziwa kusuka ku-cartilage, hhayi ithambo, okusho ukuthi iningi lamasampula wezinsalela zamandulo abengalondolowanga. Izinsalela ezathenjwa nge-megalodon zitholakala kusukela ekuqaleni kweMiocene kuya eLate Pliocene eminyakeni engama-28-2,5 million edlule, izinsalela zayo zatholakala kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba - eYurophu, e-Afrika, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, ePuerto Rico, eCuba, eJamaica, eCanary iziqhingi, Japan, Malta, India, Australia neNew Zealand. Izinyo likaMegalodon latholakala ngisho esifundeni saseMariana Trench, oLwandle iPacific. Amafosili ajwayelekile kakhulu we-megalodon amelelwa ngamazinyo awo futhi abonakala ngezici ezilandelayo: usayizi omkhulu kakhulu, obekiwe ngo-V, amancanyana amancane azungeze uzungezo lwezinyo. Amazinyo anesimo esingunxantathu, aqinile futhi amelana nemithwalo, afinyelela ku-18 cm kanye nobuso bayo futhi angobedlula zonke izinhlobo ezaziwayo zikashaka. Kutholakale izinyo elikhulu kakhulu le-megalodon 19 cm (7.48 inches) ePeru,
Izinyo elikhulu kakhulu le-megalodon kusuka ePeru lingama-19 cm.
endaweni yesibili izinyo elatholwa nguVito Bertucci eSouth Carolina futhi lafika ku-18.4 cm. Isibonelo esivelele kunazo zonke sokusinda kwama-vertebrae yisibonelo esabunjiwe ngo-1926, esifundeni sase-Antwerp eBelgium. Siqukethe ama-vertebrae acishe abe ngu-150 ububanzi obungu-5.5 cm - 15.5 cm (2.2 - 6.1 inches). Amanye amasampula atholakala eDenmark ngonyaka we-1983, ayene-vertebrae engama-20, enobubanzi obungu-10 cm - 23 cm (3.9-9.1 inches).
Umnotho
Ukuqhathanisa amazinyo koshaka wohlobo lwe-Carcharocles
Amazinyo Megalolamna paradoxodon
Izingxabano ngesimo se-megalodon ehlelekile bezilokhu ziqhubeka iminyaka eyikhulu. Iphuzu lokubuka kwendabuko ngukuthi i-megalodone kufanele ihlukaniswe ngaphakathi kohlobo I-Carcharodonngaphakathi komndeni Lamnidae (Ukubamba oshaka), kanye noshaka omhlophe omkhulu. Izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu phylogenesis ukufana kwezomqondo ngokufana kwamazinyo ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zokukhula kwe-megalodon kanye noshaka omkhulu omhlophe. Kodwa-ke, kunephuzu lokubukwa ukuthi wayengahlobene naye ngobudlelwane bakhe futhi, ngenxa yemikhawulo ebekwa amasayizi amakhulu, yayihluke kakhulu koshaka besimanje ngokuziphatha. Ngo-1987, isazi se-paleoichthiologist uHenry Cappetta wasungula ukufana kwamazinyo e-megalodon nabanye oshaka abangasekho, njenge I-Carcharocles auriculatus. Ngokwalo mbono, abacwaningi bakubiza ngohlobo lweCarcharocles, oluyingxenye yomndeni ongasekho I-Otodontidae. Ngo-2016, lo mbono uthole imibono emisha. Ucwaningo lukaKenshu Shimada luchaza amazinyo koshaka omusha obizwa ngokuthi Megalolamna paradoxodonatholakala eCalifornia, North Carolina, Japan kanye nePeru, ngaleyo ndlela emboza iningi lolwandle lolwandlekazi iPacific and Atlantic. Onke amasampula avela ezingxenyeni ezingasogwini zolwandle eziphakathi nendawo, ukwakheka nosayizi wamazinyo kulungele ukubamba nokusika inyamazane enkulu, ngokwesibonelo, inhlanzi ephakathi nendawo. Amazinyo ngokubuka kokuqala Megalolamna paradoxodon kubukeka njengohlobo lwamazinyo amakhulu Lamna. Kodwa-ke, la mazinyo ezinsalela anamandla kakhulu Lamna futhi ukhombise i-mosaic yezici zamazinyo ezisikhumbuza uhlobo I-Otodus. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi le nhlobo entsha yesayensi ingeyomndeni wakwa-Otodontidae futhi ayihlobene ngqo neLamna. Ngoba I-Megalodon futhi I-Megalolamna ehlobene kakhulu, uShimada nozakwabo bakholelwa ukuthi eqinisweni megalodon kufanele icatshangwe njengengxenye yohlobo I-Otodus futhi ubizwe I-Otodus megalodon.
Isilinganiso sokulinganisa
Ukwakhiwa kabusha komhlathi we-megalodon, ngonyaka we-1909
Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinsalela ezigcinwe kahle ze-megalodon, ososayensi bayaphoqelelwa ukuthi basekele ukuphinda kwakhiwe kabusha nokucatshangwa mayelana nosayizi we-megalodon, ngokusekelwe ekuqhathaniseni noshaka omkhulu omhlophe. Umzamo wokuqala wokwakha kabusha umhlathi we-megalodon ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1900s wenziwa nguBashford Dean we-American Museum of Natural History. Umhlathi owakhiwe kabusha udlula amamitha ama-3 (amamitha ayi-10); ngokwesisekelo salokhu kwakhiwa kabusha, usayizi we-megalodon wafinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-30 (amamitha ayi-100) ubude. Ngenxa yedatha engaphelele enombolweni nasendaweni yamazinyo ngesikhathi sokudalwa, lokhu kwakhiwa kubhekwa njengokwethembekile. Ngo-1973, uchthyologist, uJohn E. Randall, wahlongoza indlela yakhe yokuqhathanisa nosayizi omkhulu omhlophe ukuthola usayizi we-megalodon. Ngokusekwe izinyo elikhulu kunawo wonke ngaleso sikhathi, izinyo le-megalodon ukuphakama ngo-11.5 cm, wabala ukuthi i-megalodon ifinyelela ubude bamamitha ayi-13. Ekuqaleni kwengxenye yokuqala yeminyaka yama-1990s, izazi zesayensi yasolwandle uPatrick J. Chambry noStephen Papson basikisela ukuthi i-megalodon kungenzeka ibe ngamamitha angama-24 kuye kwangama-25 (amamitha angama-79 kuye kwangama-82) ubude. Ngo-1996, iqembu lososayensi eliholwa nguMichael D. Gottfried, ngesisekelo sezinyo elisha le-16,8 cm, elatholakala ngo-1993, laphetha ngokuthi i-megalodon ingafinyelela amamitha ayi-15.9 futhi inesisindo esingamathani angama-47. Ngo-2002, umcwaningi woshaka uClifford Jeremiah wenza izibalo ezintsha esebenzisa izinyo elinezimpande eziyi-12 cm, elikhombisa ubude be-megalodon amamitha ayi-16.5 (amamitha angama-54). Ngonyaka ofanayo, uKenshu Shimada waseDePaul University, e-Illinois, wahlongoza ubudlelwano obulinganayo phakathi kokuphakama kwamazinyo nobude obuphelele ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kwe-anatomical of specimens eziningana, okuvumela noma yiluphi usayizi wezinyo ukuthi lusetshenziswe. Usebenzisa le modeli nezinyo elingaphambili le-16.8 cm elalisetshenziswa nguGottfried nozakwabo, kwavela ukuthi i-megalodon ihambelana nobude bamamitha ayi-15 (amamitha angama-49).
Ngo-2010, uCatalina Pimento, nethimba labaphenyi, bahlaziya ngokucophelela ukuqhathanisa amazinyo e-megalodon kusukela ekwakhiweni kweMikeocene Gatun sekwephuzile, kubandakanya amazinyo ayi-18 e-megalodon aqoqwe ngo-2007 kuya ku-11 ngabasebenzi abavela e-University of Florida. Ngokusekelwe ekuphakameni komqhele wezinyo kusampula enkulu kunazo zonke ye-UF 237956 futhi kulandela umsebenzi weShimada ngo-2003, ososayensi bafika esiphethweni sokuthi ubude obukhulu be-megalodon ngamamitha ayi-16,8. Ngo-2013, uPimento nozakwabo bashicilela imiphumela yocwaningo lwesibili. Izinto ezethulwe zifaka amasampula okuqala achazwe ngonyaka we-1984 ngabasebenzi baseSouthern Methodist University of Dallas, amasampula amasha aqoqwe yiqembu evela e-University of Florida kanye namanye amasampula avela eSmithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Kulolu cwaningo, ososayensi bakwazile ukuqoqa amanye amasampula wezinyo angama-22 megalodon, ngaphandle kwalawo afakwa emsebenzini wawo wangaphambilini we-2010. Emazinyweni angama-40 ethule i-megalodon, abantu abathathu bafinyelela ubude obungamamitha ayi-17. Kusetshenziswa isampula yezinyo elikhulu kunayo yonke evela ePanama (isampula ye-UF 257579), kubalwa ubude be-megalodon obungamamitha ayi-17,9 (amamitha angama-59). Abantu abayisishiyagalombili bebesezingeni ukusuka ku-9.6 - 13.8 metres, kanti okunye kufinyelele kusuka ku-2.2 kuye ku-8.7 metres. Ngokusekelwe kosayizi abahlukahlukene kanye nokulinganiselwa kobude babo bokubonke, ubukhulu obuncane bamazinyo amaningi we-megalodon kusuka ekwakhekeni kweGatun enyakatho yePanama kubonisa ubukhulu bentsha nentsha.
Ukuluma amandla
Ngokusho kocwaningo lwakamuva, usayizi we-megalodon endala ufinyelela kumamitha ayi-10 kuye kwayi-17 ubude. Izibalo zesisindo somzimba wethoni endala ye-megalodon isukela ku-12,6 kuye kuma-33.9 metric metres, inobude obuphakathi kwamamitha ayi-10,5 kuya kwayi-14.3 (amamitha angama-34- 47), kanti nesisindo sabesifazane singafinyelela ku-27.4 kuye ku-59.4 Amametric metres ubude bomzimba wamamitha ayi-13,3-17 (44-56inyawo).
Ukuqhathanisa osayizi be-megalodon ne-white shark emhlophe
Ngo-2008, iqembu lososayensi eliholwa uStephen Uro lenza imodeli ye-computer yemihlathi kanye nokuhlafuna imisipha koshaka omhlophe, isebenzisa lezi zibalo esibonelweni se-megalodon. Ngesisindo se-megalodon esibaliwe samathani angama-48, amandla aso okuluma abalwa ku-109 kN, futhi ngesisindo samathani ayi-103 - 182 kN, okungaphezulu kakhulu kwalokho koshaka omkhulu omhlophe (12-18 kN), ingwenya yesimanje yasolwandle I-Crocodylus porosus (16.5 kN) ne-tyrannosaurus (34-57 kN). Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo yenza ukuthi sikwazi ukulinganisa amandla amakhulu we-shark emhlophe ukulunywa ngamathani ayi-1.8 (yize ushaka wawusebenzisa ukubala ubude obuyi-6.4 m futhi enesisindo esingama-3324 kg empeleni wawuncane kakhulu, kanti ukusetshenziswa kosayizi obukhulu koshaka omhlophe kwakungu-6.1 m no-1900 kg, kuzoholela ezingeni eliphansi lamathani ayi-1,2). Lolu cwaningo luphinde lunikeze ngemininingwane yokuziphatha kwemvelo kakhokho woshaka omhlophe (i-Otodus megladon), ngokwesisekelo salolu cwaningo kungaba nethonya eliluma elingafika kumathani ayi-10,8, futhi ngenxa yalokho, i-megalodon yayinenye yezilonda eziqine ezaziwa yisayensi, yize maqondana nesisindo hhayi enkulu. Udaba lokuhlola usayizi omkhulu we-megalodon emphakathini wesayensi luyaqhubeka mpikiswano, lolu daba luyimpikiswano enkulu futhi lunzima. Mhlawumbe i-megalodon yayinkulu kune-whale shark yesimanje, efinyelela kumamitha ayi-13, kepha lapho izinhlanzi ezinkulu zifika ngosayizi omkhulu, umthamo wazo ukhuphuka kakhulu kunendawo yama-gill futhi ziqala ukubhekana nezinkinga zokushintshwa kwegesi. Kulesi simo, umsebenzi wabo nokukhuthazela kuncishiswa kakhulu, ijubane lokuhamba nokudla kwama-metabolism lehliswa kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-megalodon izobukeka njengofishi bamanje kanye noshaka abakhulu - imidondoshiya emikhulu nehamba kancane, ebingazingela kuphela okuncane futhi ngasikhathi sinye izilwane ezingasebenzi, noma yaneliswe nge-carrion. Into engenzeka ekuqothulweni kwama-megalodons kwakuwukuvela kwemikhomo enobuhlakani obuningi futhi ehlakaniphile - amadlozi omkhoma banamuhla ababulala. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu nokudla okuncane, ama-megalodons awakwazanga ukubhukuda nokuqondisa kanye nalezi zilwane zasolwandle ezigugile, ezizingela ngamaqembu. I-Megalodons yinde kakhulu egcinwe eNyakatho Nenkabazwe.
I-propitive baleen whale cetoteria
Bazingela imikhomo yokuqala yakudala, enjenge-cetoteria, eyayihlala olwandle olungenamakhaza futhi olufudumele. Lapho isimo sezulu sithelela ePliocene, izintethe zeqhwa “zabopha” izindimbane zamanzi nolwandle olunamashalofu amaningi zanyamalala, imephu yemisinga yolwandle yashintsha, ulwandle lwaluqala ukubanda. Imikhomo ikwazile ukusinda icashe emanzini abandayo agcwele ipulankton, kodwa kuma-megalodons kwavele kwaba yisigwebo sentambo.
Indlela yokuphila
Oshaka bavame ukusebenzisa amasu wokuzingela ayinkimbinkimbi lapho bejaha izilwane ezinkulu. Abanye abasebenza nge-paleontologists bathi amasu okuzingela koshaka omkhulu omhlophe anganikeza umbono wokuthi i-megalodon iwazingele kanjani inyamazane yayo enkulu ngokungajwayelekile (ngokwesibonelo, imikhomo). Kodwa-ke, izinsalela zamathambo zibonisa ukuthi i-megalodon isebenzise amasu aphumelela ngokulwa nesisulu esikhulu kunoshaka omhlophe omkhulu.
Ukuhlaselwa kweMegalodon emhlambini wesikhumba somkhomo. Kuthunyelwe ngu: Kerem Beyit
Ucwaningo lwe-Paleontological lukhombisa ukuthi izindlela zokuhlasela zingahluka ngokuya ngosayizi wezinyamazane. Izinsalela zezimbali ezincane zama-cetaceans zibonisa ukuthi zinikezwe amandla amakhulu ngokugunda, ngemuva kwalokho zashabalala ngokungenakuvinjwa. Enye yezinto zokutadisha - izinsalela zomkhomo wefosili owamamitha ayi-9 wesikhathi seMiocene, kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukucubungula ngobuningi bokuhlasela kwe-megalodon. Umhlaseli uhlasele ikakhulukazi izindawo eziqinile zomzimba wesisulu (amahlombe, izihlakala, isifuba, umgogodla), okuvame ukugwemelwa oshaka abakhulu. UDkt Bretton Kent uphakamise ukuthi i-megalodon izame ukuphula amathambo noma ilimaze izitho ezibalulekile (ezinjengezinhliziyo namaphaphu) ezivaleleke esifubeni sephango. Ukuhlaselwa kwalezi zitho ezibalulekile ezifakwayo inyamazane, efile ngokushesha ngenxa yokulimala okungaphakathi kwangaphakathi. Okunye ukuvela kokubonakala kokulimala okunjalo emathanjeni ukudla i-whale ngesimo se-carrion ngokuvulwa kwesifuba ukuze kufinyelele izitho zangaphakathi. Lezi zifundo zikhombisa nokuthi kungani i-megalodon idinga amazinyo aqinile kunoshaka omhlophe omkhulu.
Ngesikhathi se-Pliocene, kwavela ama-cetaceans amakhudlwana futhi athuthukile. AbakwaMegalodons bashintshe amasu abo okuhlasela ukuze babhekane nalezi zilwane ezinkulu. Inani elikhulu lamathambo wezinsalela zamaphinifa kanye ne-caudal vertebrae yemikhomo emikhulu yesikhathi sePliocene yatholakala, eyayinokulandelwa kokulunywa, okungenzeka ishiywe yi-megalodon. Le mininingwane ye-paleontological ikhombisa ukuthi i-megalodon yaqala ukuzama ukwenza amandla ayo ingasebenzi, yabe isiluma kanzima, noma, yaba nobunzima bokukhipha isidumbu esikhulu esisha, yaneliswa kuphela yizigaba zayo ezihlukumezayo.
Ucwaningo luka-2014
Ngo-2014, uDkt Christopher Clements wase-University of Zurich noCatalina Pimiento waseYunivesithi yaseFlorida wanquma ukucacisa izingxabano ngokusinda kwe-megalodon futhi wenza ucwaningo esebenzisa enye yezindlela zezibalo ezibizwa nge-Optimal Linear Estimation (OLE). ukuthi ngaphambi kwabo le ndlela yayisetshenziswa kanye kuphela ekuqothulweni kwezinto, futhi futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyidodo nje elalishabalale ngesikhathi somlando.Lapho kukhethwa amazinyo angama-42 we-megalodon emaqoqweni ehlukene, ososayensi bakha Izinhlobo ze-Chez 10,000 zedijithali ezibikezela isikhathi sokunyamalala koshaka besking.
Sithole izilinganiso eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 zesikhathi sokuqothulwa kwesilinganiso, bese sihlola ukusatshalaliswa kwabo esikhathini esedlule. Ngalesi sisekelo, kungenzeka ukubala iphuzu ngesikhathi lapho isilwane sesivele sibhekwa njengokuphela. |
Iningi lamamodeli lakhomba ephuzwini eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-2,6 edlule. Ukufakazelwa okungaqondile kweqiniso kwalolu suku iqiniso lokuthi kusukela lapho kwaziwa isayensi ukuthi imikhomo ye-baleen ekugcineni inqume ngecebo labo lokudla kokuhlunga kwama-plankton filtrators futhi yaqala ukwanda ngokushesha ngosayizi. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi, abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi, kwakuwukuqothulwa kwekarharodons okuvumela ukwakheka kwemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokukhothama, esaziwa kakhulu nathi namuhla, kanye nezihlobo zabo eziningi.
Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlola kwezibalo eziyisithupha kwezi-10,000 kungaphezu kolwazi lwesimanje. Ngamanye amagama, amaphethini wokuqothula ayisithupha I-Carcharocles megalodon phakamisa ukuthi lolu hlobo lukhona esikhathini sethu. Ngokusho kwe-paleontologists, leli yithuba elincane kakhulu lokuthi lingathathelwa izinyathelo ezinqala.
Incazelo Megalodon
Lesi silo siloba, esasihlala emanzini olwandle ePaleogene / Neogene, sathola igama laso, yize, ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, sathumba iPleistocene, sathola ngomlomo omkhulu namazinyo abukhali. Kuhunyushwe kusuka ku-Greek megalodon kusho "izinyo elikhulu." Ochwepheshe bakholelwa nokuthi lo shaka wagcina izakhamizi zasolwandle ngesaba iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-25 ezedlule futhi wanyamalala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezimbili nengxenye edlule.
Ubukhulu beMegalodon
Njengokulindelekile, esikhathini sethu kunzima ukuthola ukuthi usayizi we-megalodon wayenasayizi onjani, ngakho-ke impikiswano ngalolu daba ayizange iqhubeke kuze kube manje. Ukuthola usayizi wangempela, ososayensi bakha izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezisuselwa kwinani lama-vertebrae noma ngosayizi wamazinyo nomzimba. Amazinyo alesi silwane sasendulo esihlala emanzini olwandle asatholakala ezansi ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zawo. Lokhu kuwubufakazi obucacile bokuthi ama-megalodons ahlala phakathi kwezilwandle.
Imininingwane ethokozisayo! UKarharodon unamazinyo afanayo ngesimo, kepha awamakhulu futhi aqinile njengesihlobo sakhe esanyamalalayo. Amazinyo kaKarharodon acishe abe kathathu futhi abe “abukhali” hhayi ngokulinganayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-megalodon ayinayo amazinyo e-lateral, athambekele ukugaya kancane kancane.
Ushaka we-monster wayehlome ngamazinyo amakhulu kunabo bonke owaziwa ososayensi banamuhla, uma uqhathanisa nabanye oshaka abaqothulayo abake bahlala kuwo wonke umlando woMhlaba. Ubukhulu be-diagonal bamazinyo bucishe bube ngama-20 cm, kanti amanye amafishi aphansi afinyelela ukuphakama okungabi ngaphezu kwama-10 cm. Izinyo likashaka omhlophe wanamuhla alidluli ku-6 cm, ngakho-ke akukho okungalinganiswa.
Njengomphumela wokucwaninga nokuhlanganiswa kwezinsalela ezahlukahlukene ze-megalodon, ezisuselwa kuma-vertebrae namazinyo amaningi, ososayensi bafika esiphethweni sokuthi abantu abadala bakhula baba ngamamitha ayisigamu nengxenye ubude futhi bangaba nesisindo esingamathani angama-50. Ubukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele budinga mpikiswano enkulu nengxoxo.
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
Njengomthetho, lapho kukhula inhlanzi enkulu, yehlisa ijubane lokuhamba kwayo, edinga amandla anele kanye nezinga eliphakeme lokudla okunamandla. Kwakuyinhlanzi enjalo ukuthi i-megalodon ingeyayo. Njengoba imetabolism yabo ingashesha kangako, ukunyakaza kwabo akunamandla. Ngokwezinkomba ezinjalo, i-megalodon ingcono ngokuqhathaniswa noshaka whale, kodwa hhayi ngombala omhlophe. Kunenye futhi into ethinta kabi izinkomba ezithile zikashaka - lokhu ukwethenjwa okuncane kwe-cartilage, kuqhathaniswa nethambo, noma ngabe izinga eliphakeme lokubalwa.
Ngakho-ke, i-megalodon ayinawo amandla aphezulu nokushukumiseka, ngoba cishe zonke izicubu zomzimba zazingaxhunyiwe hhayi ngamathambo, kodwa ngenhliziyo. Kulokhu, umhlaseli wakhetha ukuhlala lapho aqamekele, efuna inyamazane efanelekile. Isisindo somzimba esibaluleke kangako asikwazanga ukukhokhela ukuphishekela okungenzeka kube khona. IMegalodon yayingeyona ijubane noma amandla. Ushaka wabulala izisulu zakhe ngezindlela ezi-2 ezaziwa namuhla, futhi indlela yayixhomeke kulokho isisulu esilandelayo sasinaso.
Kubalulekile ukwazi! Ukuzingela ama-cetaceans amancane, i-megalodon yahamba inqama, yathumela okukhulu ezindaweni ezinamathambo alukhuni. Lapho amathambo ephuka, alimaza izitho zangaphakathi.
Lapho isisulu sathola ukushayeka okukhulu, khona-ke ukulahleka kwaso masinyane nekhono lokugwema ukuhlaselwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, washona ngenxa yokulimala kanzima kwangaphakathi. Kwakunendlela yesibili esetshenziswa yi-megalodon kuma-cetaceans amakhulu. Lokhu kwaqala ukwenzeka ePliocene. Ochwepheshe bathola izingcezwana eziningi ze-caudal vertebrae namathambo emihlanjeni okwakungomkhomo omkhulu wePliocene. Babephawulwa ukulunywa yi-megalodons. Njengomphumela wenhlolovo, kwatholakala ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi inyamazane idle umhlonyane wayo ngokuziluma noma ngomsele, ngemuva kwalokho ikwazile ukubhekana nakho.
1. IMegalodon ingakhula ize ibe ngu-18 m ubude
Ngenxa yenani elanele lamathambo e-megalodon atholakele, ubukhulu bawo obuqondile buhlala buyindaba yokuxoxisana isikhathi eside. Ngokusekelwe kusayizi wamazinyo nokufana koshaka abamhlophe banamuhla, eminyakeni eyedlule ubude bokulinganiselwa komzimba we-megalodon buyehluka kusuka ku-12 kuye ku-30 m, kodwa ngokusho kokuqagela kwakamuva, izazi ze-paleontologists zivumelane ngokuthi abantu abadala babecishe babe ngu-16-16 m ubude futhi babe nesisindo esingu-50-75. t
2. UMegalodon wayethanda ukudla imikhomo
Ukudla kukaMegalodon kwakuhambelana nedumela lakhe njengomphangi omkhulu. Kuzo zonke izikhathi ze-Pliocene neMiocene, imenyu yalaba oshaka abakhulu yayihlanganisa imikhomo yokuqala, amahlengethwa, ama-squid, izinhlanzi kanye nezimfudu ezinkulu (amagobolondo ayo aqinile awakwazanga ukumelana nokulunywa ngamathani ayishumi). Mhlawumbe i-megalodon yahlangana ngisho nomnenga omkhulu we-prehistoric, uLeviyathan Melville, owayengekho ngaphansi ngosayizi.
3. IMegalodon yayiluma okuqine kakhulu emlandweni woMhlaba
Ngo-2008, iqembu elihlanganayo labacwaningi abavela e-Australia naseMelika lasebenzisa imodeli yekhompyutha ukubala amandla we-megalodon bite. Imiphumela ingachazwa kuphela njengeyisimangaliso: ngenkathi ushaka omhlophe wanamuhla ebeka imihlathi yawo ngamandla amathani ayi-1.8, izisulu ze-megalodon zihlolwe imihlathi ngesilinganiso samathani ayi-10.8-18.2 (okwanele ukuchoboza ugebenga lomkhomo wangaphambi kwalolu hlobo ukukhanya njengamagilebhisi, futhi kunamandla kakhulu kunokulunywa yiTyrannosaurus Rex edumile).
4. Amazinyo e-megalodon ayenobude obuthambekele ku-19 cm
Akumangalisi ukuthi i-megalodon ehunyushwe isuka kwisiLatini isho "izinyo elikhulu". Lezi oshaka prehistoric umane wayenamazinyo amangalisayo afinyelela ku-19 cm ubude be-diagonal (uma kuqhathaniswa, amazinyo woshaka omkhulu omhlophe anobude obucishe bube ngu-5 cm).
5. IMegalodon inqume imali yayo ngaphambi kokubulala isisulu
Okungenani ukulingisa eyodwa kwekhompyutha kuqinisekisile ukuthi isitayela sokuzingela se-megalodon sasihlukile koshaka abamhlophe banamuhla. Ngenkathi ushaka omhlophe uhlasela izicubu ezithambile zezinyamazane zawo (ngokwesibonelo, imilenze yangaphansi noma yemilenze), amazinyo e-megalodon alungele ukuluma i-cartilage kanzima. Kunobufakazi futhi bokuthi, ngaphambi kokubulala isisulu saso, baqale basika izicucu zabo, okwenza bangakwazi ukubhukuda.
6. Isizukulwane sesimanje se-megalodon ushaka omhlophe
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-megalodone kubangela izingxoxo eziningi namaphuzu ahlukahlukene wokubuka. Abanye ososayensi bathi isihlobo esisondele kakhulu sendoda enkulu yasendulo ngoshaka omhlophe, onesakhiwo somzimba esifanayo nemikhuba ethile. Kodwa-ke, akubona bonke abaphathi be-paleontologists abavumelana nalokhu kuhlukaniswa, abathi i-megalodon kanye no-shark omhlophe bathola ukufana okufana nokwenqubo yokuguqulwa kokuguqula (ukuthambekela kwezinto eziphilayo ezingafani neze lapho kuthatha ukwakheka okufanayo komzimba nokuziphatha lapho kuthuthukiswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo. Isibonelo esihle sokuguqulwa kokuguqula isimo kufana nokufana kwama-dinosaurs asendulo zauropodov ngemindlulamithi yesimanje).
7. IMegalodon yayinkulu kakhulu kunezilwane zasolwandle ezinkulu kunazo zonke
Imvelo yasemanzini ivumela izilwane ezizingelayo eziphakemeyo ukuba zikhule zibe usayizi omkhulu, kodwa akukho neyodwa eyayinkulu kakhulu kune-megalodon. Ezinye izidalwa ezinkulu zasolwandle zasendulo zeminyaka ye-Mesozoic, ezinjenge-lyopleurodon neCronosaurus, ezisisindo cishe ngamathani angama-30 kuya kwengama-40, kanti inani eliphakeme kakhulu loshaka omhlophe wamanje zingamathani amathathu.Ukuphela kwesilwane sasolwandle esidlula amathani angama-50-75 we-megalodon whale oluhlaza okotshani oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isisindo esingakwazi finyelela kumathani angama-200 amangalisayo
8. Amazinyo kaMegalodon asetshenziselwa ukubhekwa njengamatshe
Izinkulungwane zamazinyo oshaka zihlala zivela kukho konke ukuphila kwazo, zinika amathuba amasha. Njengoba kunikezwe ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba wonke kwe-megalodon (bheka isigaba esilandelayo), amazinyo ayo atholakala emhlabeni wonke emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Kodwa, kuphela ngekhulu le-17, udokotela waseYurophu okuthiwa uNicholas Steno wakhomba amatshe angajwayelekile, njengamazinyo oshaka. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ezinye izazi-mlando zithi uSten isihloko sesiqu sokuqala se-paleontologist emhlabeni!
9. I-Megalodon isatshalaliswe emhlabeni jikelele
Ngokungafani nabanye oshaka nezilwanyane zasolwandle eziseMesozoic naseCenozoic eras, okuyindawo yazo ebekelwa umkhawulo ngasogwini noma imifula yangaphakathi namachibi kwamanye amazwekazi, i-megalodon yayisatshalaliswa umhlaba wonke impela, ngokwesabisa imikhomo emanzini afudumele olwandle emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokusobala, okuwukuphela kwento eyayivimba abantu abadala be-megalodon ukuthi bangasondeli ogwini lolwandle kwakuyisilinganiso sabo esikhulu, ebenza bangasizakali emanzini angajulile njengegalari yaseSpain yekhulu le-16.
10. Akekho owazi imbangela yokufa kwe-megalodon
IMegalodon yayiyisidlakela esikhulu kunazo zonke, esingenaziphikiso esikhulu kunazo zonke kuma-Pliocene naseMiocene. Kukhona okungahambanga kahle? Mhlawumbe laba oshaka abakhulu balahlekelwe ngenxa yokuphola komhlaba ngenxa yeminyaka yokugcina yeqhwa, noma ukuqothuka kancane kancane kwemikhomo emikhulu, eyakha inqwaba yokudla kwabo. Ngale ndlela, abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi i-megalodon isacashe ekujuleni kolwandle, kepha abukho ubufakazi obunamandla bokuxhasa lo mbono.