I-Sandhill Crane (I-Grus canadensis) uhlobo olukhulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwamakhreyidi. Inani lazo lilinganiselwa kwizinyoni ezingama-500,000-600,000. Uhlobo lolu luvame kakhulu eNyakatho Melika, e-Eastern Siberia, kunesibalo sabantu abangathatheki eCuba. Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezi-6 zekhrane ziyabonakala, ziyahlukahluka ngosayizi, ubukhulu bembala nezinye izici.
Ukubukeka
Le crane ifinyelela ukuphakama okungamasentimitha angama-80 kuya kwangama-150, isisindo esingama-3-6,5 kg kanye nephiko elinamasentimitha angama-150-180. Ipendiwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene engwevu. Ezindaweni eziningi, entwasahlobo nasehlobo, ama-cranes asimboza ngamabomu imizimba yawo ngezicucu ze-silt ezicebile ku-iron oxides, ngenxa yokuthi amapulamu abo athola umbala obomvu. Azikho izimpaphe emqhele nasebunzini lomqhele, isikhumba kule ndawo sibukeka njengesigqoko esibomvu esikhanyayo. Ikhanda lonke nengxenye engenhla yentamo imhlophe qwa noma ibe mpunga, ezikhumbeni zezinyoni ezindala kuphakama izihlathi. I-dimorphism yezocansi emigodleni yaseCanada ayikhulunywa, yize ngasesidlekeni esidlekayo okweduna, njengomthetho, kubukeka kukhudlwana. Ezinyoni ezincane, i-plumage ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila iguquka kancane kancane isuka elinsundu ibe mpunga.
Umsoco
ISandhill Crane inyoni emnandi kakhulu. Ehlobo, kwiNhlonhlo YaseChukchi, ifolishi layo eliyinhloko lakhiwa ngamajikijolo we-shiksha, ama-sunberry nama-lingonberry. Ukudla izinambuzane kanye namagundane egundane nakho kwaphawulwa. E-Alaska naseCanadian North, ngaphezu kwama-shiksha namafu, imifula idla izinhlanzi ezincane, izinduku ezinjengegundane, izinambuzane ezindizayo, kanye nama-mollusks. Ebusika, isisekelo sokondleka yimbewu yezinhlamvu ezitshaliwe (ikakhulukazi ukolweni, ibhali kanye nommbila), eziqoqwa yizinyoni emasimini evuniwe. Njengokuphakelwa okwengeziwe, kubhaliswa uhlu olubanzi lwezitshalo zasendle nezilinyiwe, kanye nezilwane ezincane, kufaka phakathi amagundane anjengemouse, inhlanzi, izirhubuluzi, amasele, izinambuzane, imollusks.
Indlela Yokuphila Nice
Ukuzivumelanisa okuhle nezimo ezahlukahlukene zezulu kufaka isandla ekusatshalalisweni okusatshalaliswa kojantshi baseCanada. Indawo yokuhlala yalezi zinyoni amaxhaphozi anamanzi amasha futhi abonakala kahle. Zitholakala ezimgodini ezigwedlayo, ezigodini ezingangeneki kanye nasezigodini ezinkulu zemifula namachibi, emadlelweni nakwindawo yezolimo, ezigodini zokhuni ezihlanzekile. Njengomthetho, ama-cranes akhetha indawo eyomile yokuhlelwa kwesidleke, mhlawumbe ngoba lezi zindawo zingokuqala ukuncibilika eqhweni. Imvamisa lezi zivame ukuba yizindawo eziphansi, ezingaphezulu noma ezingaphansi ngisho nezembozo ezingezimbozi nokubonakala okuhle, ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele zome. Ngisho nakumaxhaphozi ashubile e-moss-sedge tundras, ama-cranes ahlala ehlela izidleke ngamabhampasi amancane noma ama-tubercles amancane.
Izici ezijwayelekile nezimpawu zensimu
Isigaxa esincane (esihle kakhulu kunimpunga) esinamaphiko angaba ngu-1,750-1,950, esikhuphuka ngo-900- 000. 000. Owesilisa mkhulu ngokwedlula owesimame. Umbala ungwevu, ulula esiswini. Ngesikhathi sokunakekelwa kwezimpaphe, izinyoni "ziboshwe" ngama-iron oxides aqukethwe emanzini, kuthi emuva kwe crane ehlobo kubonakale kubomvu. Ebunzini nomqhele kubonakala "hat" obomvu obonakalayo. Indiza, njengamanye amakhilogremu, iqonde, ayineme, kepha ishesha kakhulu, ngokushaywa kwamaphiko okujulile. Ikhuphuka emhlabathini ngegijima elincane. Umhlambi wojantshi uvame ukuhlangana emshadweni. Uhamba emhlabeni ngezinyathelo ezibanzi ezolile. Ukubhukuda kahle. Esikhathini sokudlekwa, zigcinwa ngababili, bakha iziqu ngesikhathi sokufuduka nasebusika. Ngokucophelela kakhulu kunamanye amakhreyithi, kuvumela umuntu ukuba asondele ngisho kude nesidleke.
Izwi libhoboza futhi likhukhumala kakhulu kunaleya yomqhele ompunga, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokudilana ndawonye. Ngasikhathi sinye, buthakathaka ngandlela thile futhi kwezwakala kuze kube manje. Emhlambini wemikhondo yaseCanada, "imidanso" nayo ijwayelekile, ayihlukile kakhulu kumidanso yeminye imijiko.
ICanada yaseCanada ihlukile kuma-cranes ampunga namnyama ngombala wokukhanya okumpunga we-monophonic, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo inomhlane obomvu ovuthiwe. Ensimini yezwe lethu ngokwemvelo, ingahlangana kuphela ne-Siberiaan Crane, okungenakwenzeka ukuba kudideke nayo.
Incazelo
Umbala. Owesilisa nowesifazane ngengubo yabantu abadala. Ibunzi nomqhele kuhlalwa yingxenye yesikhumba esingenalutho esinama-sparse and setae amafushane aswele. Isilevu nomphimbo zimhlophe, lonke iplamu lingumpunga ompunga, mnyama mnyama ohlangothini olungaphezulu lomzimba. Ama-flyworms oyisisekelo, isembozo sawo kanye namaphiko awo, amnyama, ampunga. Ezimpaphe ezakhelwe ohlangothini olungaphezulu lomzimba, kubonakala sengathi kuyabonakala insundu. Njengoba kushiwo, i-plumage ye-crane imvamisa enemibala ebomvu ngama-iron oxide, ikakhulukazi ohlangothini olungaphezulu lomzimba nekhanda. Ayikho i-dimorphism yezinkathi ezithile nezocansi ngombala.
I-Downy chick. Ingaphezulu lekhanda, emuva kwentamo, emuva namaphiko kunsundu ansundu. Izinhlangothi zomzimba, esifubeni nangaphambi kwentamo kukhanya kalula, ngombala ongaqondakali. Isisu nomphimbo zingwevu ezingcolile noma zimhlophe grey. Ingubo yesibili iyafana neyokuqala, kodwa iyunifomu ethe xaxa, umahluko omncane. Izingubo zokugqoka ezingabonakali kahle: ikhanda nentamo kubomvu, uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba lube mpunga, phansi kungwephuzi ngmpunga. Ingubo yokuqala yasekwindla-ebusika ibukeka njengesidleke, kepha intamo nekhanda kuphenduka impunga. Ikhanda limbozwe ngokuphelele izimpaphe. Isambatho sokuqala sentwasahlobo: isigaba sesikhumba esingenalutho ebunzini nomqhele siqala ukudalulwa, i-plumage, njengasezingubo zabantu abadala, kodwa engxenyeni engenhla yomzimba kukhona izimpaphe ezibomvu ezisabalale ezingutsheni zangaphambili. Isambatho sesibili sekwindla nobusika: esifana nesokuqala, kepha izimpaphe ezibomvu ezisala ezingubeni zigqokwa kuphela, indawo yesikhumba esingenalutho ebunzini nomqhele yakhiwe ngokuphelele, izimpaphe eziyinhloko zisala ezingubeni.
Ukwakheka nobukhulu
I-flywheel eyi-11 yokuqala, ifomula yamaphiko 3> 2 = 4> 1> 5> 6, helmsman 12. Ubukhulu: G. s. ama-canadensis avela endaweni ye-USSR - ubude bephiko labesilisa (n = 3) 520-55 (550), iTarsus (n = 8) 188-228 (200), umlomo (bobabili ubulili) 95-105. Izimbotshana zezinyoni ezivela e-Alaska naseCanada: ubude bamaphiko amaduna (n = 8) 442-498 (474), izinsikazi (n = 13) 425-475 (447), umlomo wabesilisa (n = 8) 90-11 (96.4), izintokazi (n = 13) 82-93 (90.4). Isisindo sabesilisa (n = 492) 2 950-5 730 (4 376), izintokazi (n = 592) 2 810-55 (3 853) (Cramp and Simmons, 1980).
Uthingo lwezinyoni ezindala i-carmine, i-orange noma i-tan, uqhwaku uluphuzi lomnqumo, lupinki kancane esisekelweni, imilenze imnyama engcolile, isikhumba esingenalutho ekhanda sipinki noma sibomvu. Ezinyoni ezincane, i-iris ngimpunga ngokubomvu onsundu, inomlomo kanye nemilenze, njengakwabadala (Walkinshaw, 1973).
I-Molting
Ukulandelana kokushintshwa kwezingubo zokugqoka zeminyaka kuyafana nalokho okwenziwa kwamanye amakhilogremu: owokuqala wokuqala - owesibili wokuqala - osondlayo - osezingeni eliphakathi nendawo (ubusika bokwindla-ubusika, intwasahlobo yokuqala, isekwindla nobusika sekwesibili) Ukuhlanza kungabambezeleka futhi kuyehlukahluka ngakunye. Isambatho sokuqala sokwehla sithathelwa indawo kwesesibili sinesonto elilodwa, kuyilapho izingubo zengubo yokuqala ziphezu kwamaqhubu okugqoka kwesibili. Izimpaphe zokuqala ze-hemp zibonakala emahlombe nasehlombe lapho zinamaviki amabili eminyaka ubudala. I-fluff ende kunazo zonke igcinwa ekhanda, entanyeni nasiswini. Ukuthuthuka okugcwele kwezingubo zokungenisa isidleke kwenzeka maphakathi no-Agasti. Akukho datha eqondile ekuhambeni kwezixhumanisi zangemva kwentsha.
Ukulungiswa okugcwele kokuzala ngemuva kwezinyoni ezindala kwenzeka ezindaweni ezidlekayo, ngokushesha ngemuva kokudlekwa. Ngandlela thile ngaphambili, izinyoni ezingazalanisi noma ezicijile ziqala ukuncibilika. Izimpaphe zezimpaphe ziwa cishe ngasikhathi sinye, kungakapheli izinsuku ezi-2 kuya kwezingu-2, futhi izinyoni zilahlekelwe amandla okundiza. Ukuguqulwa kwama-flywheels akwenzeki, ngokusobala, njalo ngonyaka. Izimpaphe ezintsha ezindizayo zikhula emuva cishe inyanga. Ukuthululwa kweplamu le-contour, ukumbozwa kwamaphiko kanye nama-helmsmen kuqala ngasikhathi sinye nokushintsha kwephiko.
Indlela Yokuphila Nokuzala
Ukuzivumelanisa okuhle nezimo ezahlukahlukene zezulu kufaka isandla ekusatshalalisweni okusatshalaliswa kojantshi baseCanada. Indawo yokuhlala yalezi zinyoni amaxhaphozi anamanzi amasha futhi abonakala kahle. Zitholakala ezimgodini ezigwedlayo, ezigodini ezingangeneki kanye nasezigodini ezinkulu zemifula namachibi, emadlelweni nakwindawo yezolimo, ezigodini zokhuni ezihlanzekile.
Ubhangqa ohlanganisiwe waseCanada ugubha ukuxhumana kwabo nokuhlabelela okuhlangene, okuvame ukwenziwa ngenhloko ekhotheme futhi kuchungechunge lwemisindo ekhangayo ekhishwa. Owesifazane uqala ukumemeza kuqala futhi aphendule ngokumemeza okubili kumemeza ngamunye wesilisa. Kulokhu, insikazi ibamba uqhwaku nge-degrees ezingama-45, kuthi owesilisa aze phezulu. Ukuqomisana kuhambisana nemidanso yomlingiswa we-crane, engahlanganisa ukushaya, ukudonsa, amaphiko okushayela, ukuphonsa izixha zotshani nokushona. Yize ukudansa kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nenkathi yokuzalela, ama-ornithologists akholelwa ukuthi kuwukubonakaliswa okuvamile kokuziphatha kwe-crane futhi angadlala indima yokwehlisa ulaka, ukukhululeka kwengcindezi, noma ukukhulisa ukuxhumana ngomshado.
Isidleke yindunduma encane yotshani noma amagatsha enkungu emide noma umngcwabo ophakathi kweziminyaminya noma nje ukucindezelwa okuncane moss. Imvamisa isidleke sitholakala ezweni eliphansi, phakathi kwamawa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi, ikakhulukazi eCuba, singatholakala nasegqumeni. Owesifazane uvame ukubeka amaqanda amabili. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile beqanda yi-9.42 × 6.05 cm. Isikhathi sokufakwa kwesinye isikhathi sithatha izinsuku ezingama-29- 32. Imikhono iba phiko ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-67-75.
Ukufuduka
Ama-cranes aqhamuka engxenyeni yase-Asia ebusika eNyakatho Melika, ezifundeni zaseCalifornia, New Mexico, futhi, mhlawumbe, eNevada (USA). Ezinye izinyoni nazo zingandiza eMexico. Isikhala sihamba ngasogwini lwePacific ngasentshonalanga kwe-Rocky Mountain. Ngesikhathi sokuphakama kwentwasahlobo, ojantshi beqa iBering Strait besuka eSeward Peninsula (eduzane neCape Prince of Wales), bhabha ngaseningizimu yeRatman Island baye ezwekazini lase-Asia eningizimu nehholo. Lawrence, bese unqamula iMechigmen Bay kanye neMechigmen Lowland.
Bafinyelela iBering Strait endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-2-2,5 ngejubane lokundiza elingaba ngu-60-65 km / h. Baqala ukwehla ngenhla kweMechigmen Bay. Ububanzi bendiza engaphezulu kolwandle icishe ibe ngu-10-16 km, futhi uma usondela ogwini - lufika ku-30 ukuya ku-40-40 km. Beyond the low Mechigmen lowland, cranes goes to the ogwini lwe Anadyr Gulf bese bema kulwundra phakathi kwemifula ye-Erguey neNunyamuyev phakathi kwemifula, bakha amaqembu amakhulu ahlala izinsuku ezingama-5-7. Ngemuva kwalokho bandizela ezindaweni ezidlekayo, linamathela ezigodini ezinkulu eziphakathi nendawo. Enye yalezi zindlela iya enyakatho-ntshonalanga edabula iVankarem lowland neChaun Bay. Lapha, amakhreyithi ajwayele ukuhlanganiswa namarhanisi amhlophe andizayo, futhi, ngokusobala, afike e-Wrangel Island nawo. Enye indlela ihamba ngezinyawo eziseningizimu yeChukchi Range futhi enqamula engxenyeni eseningizimu yeChaun Bay ifinyelela e-Ayon Island naseKolyma engezansi. Ukuhamba kwesithathu kwabafudukayo kudabula i-Anadyr lowland neParapol Dol kusuka ePenzhinsky Bay. Ingxenye yemikhumbi enqamula ku-Anadyr Gulf iwela eKoryak Highlands.
Ekwindla, imikhova evela eKolyma engezansi, evela eChaun naseVankaremsk, ezindaweni ezisogwini lweKolyuchinskaya Bay ilandela umngcele wolwandle iwele iBering Strait isuka endaweni yaseCape Dezhnev. Izinyoni ezivela eKoryak Upland nasegodini lePenzhina ngokusebenzisa i-Anadyr Lowland ziya ogwini lwe-Anadyr Gulf bese ziyama ukuze ziphumule esifundeni sase-Uelkal. Ukusuka lapha, ezinye zezinyoni ngokushesha zilibangisa eMechigmen Bay ziwele iBering Strait zibheke eSenard peninsula. Enye ingxenye yemigwaqo enqamula iGulf of Cross neVankarem Lowland ifinyelela ogwini loLwandle lwaseChukchi, lapho ihlangana khona nezinyoni ezindiza ngendlela yasogwini.
Isikhathi sokufuduka kwentwasahlobo kuya ngesimo sentwasahlobo futhi siyahlukahluka kakhulu. Eminyakeni kusuka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ama-cranes avela ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, eminyakeni ebandayo, kusukela eshumini lesibili likaMeyi. Isikhala esilinganayo sithatha izinsuku ezingama-3-4. Ama-cranes andiza emihlambini yezinkukhu engu-1-2 ukuya kumakhulu amaningi ezinyoni. Lapho indiza ibheke ezindaweni ezidlekayo, imihlambi iba yincane. Ukusuka ezindaweni ezizaliswayo kuqala ngasekupheleni kukaJuni. Ukuhamba kwe-Autumn kugcinwa phakathi kuka-Agasti 29 no-Septhemba 20. Ama-Flocks mancane kakhulu ekwindla (Kishchinsky et al., 1982a).
Habitat
Engxenyeni yase-Asia yobubanzi, iSandhill Crane ithatha izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ezinamathafa nama-tundras anamagquma. Empumalanga yeChukotka, ezingxenyeni ezisogwini nasezindaweni ezisempumalanga yePeninsula, kuhlala izindawo eziphakemeyo ezinamachibi aluhlaza, iziqongo ezimbozwe yi-hummocky ene-bushy, kanye ne-tundra esezintabeni egudla imithambeka nokuwohloka kwamagquma aphansi. Okuthandwa ngokukhethekile kunikezwa i-moss-sedge shrubby boggy tubund tundra, kuhlala izinqwaba zamagquma, izikebhe zezigodi zezintaba, izingxenye zezifunda zemifula emikhulu, izindawo eziphansi ezizungezwe amagquma. Esigabeni esiphakathi nomfula. I-Anadyr eseChaun Bay ibuye idle osebeni lomsele nabadala abanezicucu zomngcwabo wewoward ongatheni nobude obude, eduze nasezindaweni ezinotshani.
Engxenyeni esenyakatho yebanga, indawo yokuhlala ebonakala kakhulu yi-tundra enamagquma anamahloni amile asezintabeni. Ezindaweni eziphakemeyo zomfula. Imigwaqo yaseKanchalan ihlala esidlekeni sendawo yernik-lichen-Voronichny yezindawo zemifudlana yomfula phakathi kwesigcwagcwa esichichimayo. Esigodini esibanzi sendawo ephansi yamaKanchalan, bona, ngaphezu koshuskland olungasogwini, baqhubeka eziqhingini, bethatha izingxenye zabo eziphakeme kakhulu zimbozwe yi-moss-yernik tundra. Ama-cranes ahlala ezimweni ezifanayo ezindaweni ezingezansi zeTanyurer ne-Main imifula. Esiqongweni saseKoryak nasogwini lomfula. Ama-Penzhins ama-biotopes amakhulu esidleke yi-hypoarctic moss-sedge-yernik hummocky enama-willow aphansi, i-funnel, i-rosemary, i-blueberry kanye nezihlahla ezihamba ngazinye ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula zemifula yemifula, ngasemifudlaneni ephansi nasemithambekeni yamagquma nezintaba.
Imigwaqo yaseCanada ayiveli cishe kuphela ekuphakanyisweni kwentaba ngaphezu kwama-400-500 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. m. noma ukugoqa kwethambeka okungaphezu kuka-25-30 °, izikhukhula zemifula nezikhukhula ezazikhukhula ngenkathi yezikhukhula zentwasahlobo, izikebhe ezigcwele izikhukhula zomoya onamandla, izindawo ezinamahlathi nezigodi zemifula ezigcwele ngokugcwala umfula u-willow kanye ne-alder. Sekukonke, izindawo ezifanele izidleke zakha cishe isigamu sebanga lomqhele waseCanada e-Asia futhi zinendawo ephelele engama-55 000 km2 (Vorobyov, 1963, Portenko, 1972, Kishchinsky, 1980, Krechmar et al., 1978, Kishchinsky et al., 1982a, Kondratiev , Kretschmar, 1982).
Umsebenzi wansuku zonke, yokuziphatha
Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, lapho ilanga lingashoni ukuheha usuku lonke, ama-Canadian cranes ayasebenza ubusuku nemini. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi omkhulu kunabo bonke ubonwa emahoreni asemini afudumele, futhi ebusuku, emazingeni okushisa abanda kakhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamabili, ama-cranes, njengezinye izinyoni ze-tundra, ane-break break yamahora ayi-2-3. Ngalesi sikhathi, uvame ukubona imijikelezo emi imvamisa emlenzeni owodwa, ikhanda liphumula phezulu ngaphansi kwephiko. Kodwa-ke, kaningi ngasikhathi sinye, eminye imifula idla noma ihlanze amapayipi ayo.
Ezindaweni zobusika, ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokukhanyisa, ama-cranes aseCanada ashintshela emsebenzini wasemini. Esikhathini sokudlekwa, inyoni engenziwanga ekufukweni ichitha ubusuku, njengomthetho, hhayi kude nesidleke. Ebusika, imihlambi yemikhumbi iqoqana ubusuku, imvamisa ezigodini ezinkulu ezinodaka noma ezinesihlabathi, imvamisa eziqhingini ezintofontofo, lapho isuka khona lapho kuqala indiza iyodla emasimini nasezindongeni ezinde.
"Imidanso" yemijikelezo yaseCanada ibonwa ehlobo, phakathi kwezindawo ezizaliswayo, nasebusika ezindaweni ezisebusika. Esikhathini sokudlekwa, imvamisa "ngababili abesilisa nabesifazane" bahlanganyela "ekudanseni"; ngesikhathi sokufuduka nasebusika, izinyoni ezihlala zodwa, imibhangqwana namaqembu wonke ayahlanganyela. “Imidanso” ngokusobala yenziwa ezimweni ezifanayo futhi ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo ezifana nojantshi abampunga, yize kunjalo, ayinasiko futhi ampofu kakhulu ezintweni zabo ezimele. Isisekelo "semidanso" siphezulu, sifinyelela ku-3-4 m sigxuma ngemilenze elengayo, ngamaphiko asakazekile, okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi izinyoni ezizisekela ngayo emoyeni.Imvamisa phakathi kokugxuma okunjalo, izinyoni zizungeza i-180 ° emoyeni, ziphinda ukujikeleza kaningana. Iqembu lesibili lezinto “zomdanso” ziyiminsalo nama-pirouette phansi, ngokuvamile ahambisana nokujikijela emoyeni izihlahla zotshani, izingcezu ze-moss kanye ne-lichens, amahlumela amancane. Izinto ezisele ezinophawu "lomdanso" we-crane grey azivamile kakhulu eCanada noma azikho nhlobo.
Uhlelo lwe-alamu yomsindo lwakhiwa ngokuyisisekelo ngendlela efanayo ne-grey crane, kepha luyahluka ngezwi nomsindo wezwi. Izwi le-crane likhukhumeza ngokwengeziwe, "icilongo" elincane, lomculo omncane. Phakathi kwezimpawu ezahlukahlukene zemisindo, kuyezwakala ukukhala okucacile (okucacisiwe), okushintshaniswa phakathi kwamalungu abantu abathandanayo noma abantu abangaziwa, ukukhala ngaphambi kokuhamba noma indiza, ukukhala kwesixwayiso, ukukhala kwe-alamu, isiginali yokuphuma. Isici ikakhulukazi, esifana neminye eminye imishini, yi-unison duet, eyenziwa ngawo womabili la maqembu wokukhwelana. Kulokhu, izinyoni zimi, njengomthetho, zifana komunye nomunye kubude obuyi-2-3 m, owesilisa, eqala iduni elifanayo, uvame ngandlela thile ngaphambili.
Umdwebo 53. Kuvela Izindlela Ezinhlobonhlobo ZaseCrane
A iyinyoni ezindizayo, u-B uyindawo yokufika ebambekayo, u-B uyindawo yokuhlangana ngobunye, u-G uyinkathazo ebuthakathaka, u-D uyindawo ekhathazayo, u-E - Z kungenzeka ukuthi uthule, Futhi inyoni eyethusayo esidlekeni, u-K uyinja yaseCanada.
Izimpiko zesilisa zicindezelwe noma ziphakanyiswe kancane emajoyintini we-elbow, kepha azifakwanga, amapayipi omzimba namaphiko aphezulu asuka phezulu awaphakanyisiwe, intamo iyelulwa futhi igogeke emuva kancane, ukuze kwakheke i-arc ebuthakathaka, ikhanda liphonswe emuva, ubuhlalu buqondiswe phezulu bube emuva kancane. Ngesikhathi se-duison yobumbano, insikazi ihlala igcizelela amaphiko ayo emzimbeni wayo, yelula intamo yakhe ibheke phezulu, uqhwaku lwayo lukhule phezulu. Uqhubeka nokukhala kwakhe kuze kube yilapho owesilisa ethule. Njengamanye ama-cranes, i-dison ye-unison ayisebenzi kahle futhi yenziwa eziteshini ezahlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwendawo yokudlela nasezindaweni zobusika, kepha inhloso yayo enkulu isibonakaliso sendawo (Walkinshaw, 1973, Johnson, Stewart, 1974, Boise, 1977).
Izitha, izici ezingezinhle
Izitha eziphambili zemvelo kwi-tundra yeChukotka ziyizimpungushe ezingama-arctic namaqhubu amakhulu, ama-skuas, nasegodini lomfula. I-Anadyr iyimpungushe. Yize endaweni ethule lokhu kudla kakhulu okungeyona ingozi, njengoba izinyoni ezindala zibaxosha ngokuphumelelayo esidlekeni noma ngaphansi kwamachwane, ngokwanda kwesizathu sokukhathazeka, isimo sishintsha kakhulu futhi inzalo yamakhreyizi iba izinyamazane kalula. Amacala okufa kwamantshontsho e-hypothermia ayaziwa. Ukuzingela kungumonakalo obonakalayo wabantu baseCanada crane, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwentwasahlobo nokwindla, lapho ukuzingela i-waterfowl kugcwele yonke indawo (Kishchinsky et al., 1982a, Kondratiev, Krechmar, 1982).
ENyakatho Melika, umqhele waseCanada ungenye yezinyoni ezidla inyama futhi ukudubula kwawo kwenziwa ngokusemthethweni e-Alaska nasezifundazweni ezisenyakatho zeCanada, lapho imizila yokufuduka yabantu abahlala eSoviet Union ilala khona impela. Ukukhiqizwa okuphelele kwezikhuhla zaseCanada kungabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-20, ngakho-ke, umonakalo odalwe izinyoni endaweni yase-USSR awunakuphikwa.
23.11.2015
ISandhill Crane (lat. Grus canadensis) yizinhlobo eziningi kakhulu ezivela emndenini wama-cranes (Gruidae). Ngokwezibalo ezahlukahlukene, inani lazo lifinyelela kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-600-650.
Njalo ngonyaka ngoNovemba, abathanda i-ornithology bahlangana eBosque del Apache National Reserve, etholakala kumakhilomitha angama-150 eningizimu yedolobha laseMelika i-Albuquerque (New Mexico), ukuzobuka umcimbi omuhle wokufika kwemikhuba ebusika. Kumhlambi owodwa ezindizayo kungabakhona izinyoni ezingaba yishumi.
Umbukwane onjalo uhlala imizuzu embalwa, ngakho-ke cishe akunakwenzeka ukubikezela indawo nesikhathi sakho. Kubavakashi, kuye kwakhiwa imibhoshongo yokubuka endaweni ebekiwe, lapho kufaneleka khona ukubona imigwaqo esimweni semvelo. Ekuseni nakusihlwa ungabona izinyoni zindizela ukondla noma ubusuku.
Ukuziphatha
Abamele lolu hlobo lwama-omnivores. Ukudla kwabo kwansuku zonke kufaka amajikijolo, amaqabunga amancane ezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, izimpande, okusanhlamvu, izinambuzane, ama-mollusks, izibungu, amagundane, amasele nezinyoka ezincane. Uhambo oluhlanganisiwe lwama-cranes emasimini ommbila nakukolweni luyinkinga enkulu kubalimi baseMelika.
Ukundiza emoyeni, izinyoni ezinkulu kufanele zenze umgudu omncane. Zindiza ngentambo eqondile, zenza amaphiko anamandla okushaya.
Isikhathi sokufuduka kwesizini sincike ngokuphelele ezimweni zezulu. Indiza ende kunazo zonke yenziwa inani lezinyoni zasempumalanga. Indlela yabo idlula izinkulungwane ezingama-8 km futhi ingaphezulu koLwandlekazi iPacific ngasentshonalanga kweziNtaba zeRocky. Izinyoni zindiza endaweni ephakeme ukusuka ku-2000 kuya ku-2400 m futhi zinesivinini esingamakhilomitha angama-60 kuye kwayi-65 km / h ukusuka kuma-30-40 km ukusuka ogwini. Ngesikhathi sendiza ende kangako, bayama izinsuku eziningana ezigodini ukuze baphumule futhi bathole amandla. Kusukela ebusika, babuyela ngoMeyi noma ekuqaleni kukaJuni.
Lapho kusondela imigwaqo esondela ezindaweni ezihlalwa kuyo izidleke, imihlambi iba mncane kakhulu. Izinyoni zindiza ngezindiza ezahlukene zifuna izindawo ezingcono kakhulu zokuzalela.
Ukuzala
Imigwaqo yaseCanada izinyoni ezinyantisa igazi. Eminyakeni engu-3-4 yobudala, bakha imibhangqwana eshadile engahlala iminyaka eminingi ilandelana. Isidleke sitholakala endaweni enomswakama enotshani obuningi botshani eduze nezidumbu zamanzi. Indawo yesidleke ngokwayo isendaweni eyomile. Lapho kunezikhukhula, ihlala itholakala egqumeni.
Isidleke singathatha izinhlobo ezihlukile ngokuya ngemvelo. Amahlumela wewillow noma amfushane birch, moss notshani obomile aya ekwakhiweni kwawo. Kwesinye isikhathi kungaba kukhulu uma umbhangqwana oshadile usebenzisa amagatsha aminyene ezihlahla nezihlahla njengezinto zokwakha. Izinyoni ezidla izindwani ezindaweni ezihlala amakhosi nasemijondolo zivame ukwenza ngaphandle kwawo, zibeke phansi. Njalo ngonyaka kwakhiwa isidleke esisha.
Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-oval amabili, kuyaqabukela. Umbala wegobolondo ungaba luhlaza okotshani, onsundu noma umnqumo onamabala abomvu amajamo ahlukahlukene. Bobabili abashadikazi basebenzise ubumbano ngokuhlukile. Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kuhlala izinsuku ezingama-29-30. Amakati aqala ukubonwa, embozwe ngombala onsundu okhanyayo futhi akhiwe ngokuphelele. Kakade ngosuku lokuqala lokuphila kwabo, bangashiya isidleke bese baqala ukuhlola indawo ezungezile.
Amaviki okuqala, abazali bondla izingane zabo kakhulu, khona-ke iminikelo iya ngokuya incipha. Phakathi kokhokho kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala, ukuncintisana kokudla kuyaqala. Ngenxa yalokhu, okuphakelayo okuningi kuya kuzingane ezikhohlisayo futhi eziphikelelayo. Ukunakekelwa kwabazali kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-9 ukuya kwezingu-10, emva kwalokho amachwane akha amaqembu entsha ahlala kuwo kuze kube yilapho kudalwa imibhangqwana eshadile.
Izitha ZaseSandhill Crane
Isitha esingokwemvelo semikhumbi yaseCanada i-fox ebomvu, i-arctic fox ne-sku, kepha lezi zilwane azidli izinyoni ezindala, kodwa amachwane, futhi zidla namaqanda. Ukukhula okuncane kuvame ukubulawa yi-hypothermia.
Ama-cranes ayizinyoni ezinhle, kepha ayazingelwa.
Abazingeli babuye baqothule lezi zinyoni, ngoba ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo nasekwindla sokufuduka kojantshi baseCanada, isikhathi se-waterfowl sivulekile.
Kodwa, ngaphandle kwezici ezinjalo ezimbi, usayizi wabantu uhlala uzinzile. Kuthenjwa ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi inani labantu baseCanada crane ngeke linciphe, kodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lizoba likhudlwana.
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