Amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka edlule, ama-dinosaurs ayengabalawuli bomhlaba. Amanye ama-vertebrates awazange abe nethuba elincane lokuncintisana nezinsikazi ezinkulu - lezo ezinamawele, amazinyo nokukhula okuqinile kuthathe isikhundla esiphambili ku-niche yemvelo. Kepha kungani amadina abulawa? Yini ebhubhise lezi zidalwa ezivelele?

Amagobolondo omhlaba agcina ezingxenyeni zawo ubufakazi obuningi bezinhlekelele zomhlaba. Ososayensi bathola ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile bekukhona ukuqothulwa kwezidalwa eziphilayo ngezinga elikhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokuqothulwa kwe-Permian, cishe i-70% yezidalwa ezakha iplanethi yabhujiswa. Abahlali be-Perm abahlangene nalutho - ama-paleontologists wona ngezinqubo olwandle olusezingeni eliphakeme, ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo nokuwa kwe-asteroid. Nokho, laba basolwa babhekene necala lokufa kwama-dinosaurs. Umhlangano wento yesikhala enobuso bomhlaba endaweni ye-Yucatan yesimanje awuholelanga emgodini omkhulu nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nobusika benuzi. Amathani othuli aphonswa emkhathini, izintaba-mlilo zaqala ukusebenza ngokuphelele, imililo yehlathi yaqala. Izinga lokushisa elisemhlabeni lihle kakhulu, futhi hhayi zonke izidalwa ezikwazi ukusinda kulo. Kodwa-ke, ama-dinosaurs akhona buthule ezindaweni ezisenyakatho zoMhlaba - lokhu kufakazelwa yizinsalela ezitholakala eChukotka. Imiphumela emibi yokuwa kwe-asteroid nayo ayizange ibe nomthelela kuyo yonke iplanethi - kwakusekhona amagumbi ahlukile anesimo sezulu esivumayo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ifilimu ethi "Jurassic Park" ayizange ibe yinto engokoqobo. Kunomqondo wokuthi i-asteroid imane nje yafaka isikhonkwane sokugcina kusembozo sebhokisi lama-dinosaurs ...

I-hypothesis yokushintshwa okubukhali kwezimo lokushisa kusadingidwa. Isimo sezulu soMhlaba phakathi nesikhathi seCretaceous sasingakwazi nje ukujabula: emanzini afudumele asensimini yezingwenya zanamuhla ze-Arkhangelsk azizwe ekhululekile. Eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-70 edlule yaqala ukubanda. Izidalwa eziphilayo zaguquka kancane kancane zaya eikhweyishini: ngaphambi kwalokho, izindawo ezishisayo zazifana neSigodi Sokufa. AmaDinosaurs azivumelanisa nezimo zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kancane kancane ngaphandle kwezinkinga, nempumelelo elinganayo eqhweni nasehlane. Kepha lapho ngenxa yomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo isimo sezulu siqala ukukhathazeka, imidondoshiya yayeka ukuba nesikhathi sokujwayela. Kodwa-ke, izilwane ziyekela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu zahlala emhlabeni - izimfudu kanye izingwenya. Futhi ama-dinosaurs asendulo ayengezona izidalwa ezinamahloni futhi ezimnandi. Ngakho-ke umbono wokushintshwa okubukhali kwesimo sezulu awuchazi ngokuphelele kungani ama-dinosaurs aphela.

Lwela ukusinda

Ukuqothulwa kohlobo olulodwa kuchazwa kalula ukuthi olunye uhlobo lwasinda - oluguqulwa ngokwengeziwe. Kunzima ukucabanga oncintisana ne-tyrannosaurus noma idiplodocus, kepha ama-pterodactyls aphanga igazi eliningi ... izinyoni ezijwayelekile. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ama-dinosaurs ezindizayo ngokwawo aqonda ukuthi agcina kanjani ezindaweni ezigudle ugu. Ukuphola kwavuselela izinyoni ukuba zifune izinhlobo ezintsha zokudla. Izinyoni ezindaweni ezingezona ezishisayo zisheshe zifunde ukungena emanzini ngisho nokuntywila. Ama-Pterodactyls ayekwazi ukukhuphuka isikhathi eside ngaphezu kobuso - leli khono elibalulekile belinganele ukuba liphile. Ngenxa yezinyoni ezazivulekile izikhala zolwandle, ama-plesiosaurs nawo afa: ngenkathi amadina angaphansi kwamanzi ebuka inyamazane futhi edonsa intamo ende ebhekise kuyo, izinyoni ezibukhali sezivele zondla amantshontsho abanjwe nezinhlanzi. Kodwa yini imbangela yokufa okungazelelwe kweziqhwaga zomhlaba? Ukufa kwezinsana bekulokhu kuyisishayo sama-dinosaurs - amawundlu awo aqhekeka amancane futhi angakwazi ukuzivikela. Ngisho novalo oluningi kunalo lonke lwezilokotho alikwazanga ukunakekela ukondla inzalo: ubuningi bazo babenele ukuvikela ukubekwa kwamaqanda. Ngaphandle kobisi, ama-dinosaurs akhula isikhathi eside futhi aqala ukwesabisa izakhamizi ezizungezile kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi nambili. Ukubonakala kotshani kwaba uhlobo lwesiphithiphithi: esikhathini seCretaceous, indawo embozwe amafeni kanye ne-moss yabonakala kahle kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Lapho nje uMhlaba usuthola ukhaphethi oluhlaza, ama-hedgehogs asendulo nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zisebenzisa leli thuba: kule ndawo kwakulula ukudonsa iqanda futhi kubambe nedayinaso ebukekayo.

Umbuzo wembangela yokuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs usavulekile. Ama-Paleontologists akakaze aveze inguqulo engeke ibangele impikiswano nokungabaza. Kodwa lokhu kunikeza umbuzo ongenamkhawulo wabalingisi bezimanga. Kunombono wokuthi ukuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs kuwumsebenzi wezandla zomfokazi. Ithi, indize phakathi, ihlolwe futhi indize ibaleke, futhi emva kwayo ngisho notshani abukhuli. Abanye abantu bayaqiniseka ukuthi abantu bakudala babhubhisa ama-dinosaurs - adla izoso. Ngaphezu kwamanoveli mayelana nokufika kukaSherlock Holmes, u-Arthur Conan Doyle wabhala "Umhlaba Olahlekile", lapho kwavela khona inkolelo-mbono yokuthi ama-dinosaurs amakhulu awazange afe ngokuphelele futhi aqhubeke nokugijima endaweni ethile emakhoneni akude omhlaba. Emaphephandabeni aphuzi, imibiko ivela ngezikhathi ezithile ngamathrekhi e-dinosaur atholakala ehlane elithile - lesi silo esikhulu saseLoch Ness naso sithathwa njengesizukulwane esisindayo sedayinaso esabekayo.

I-ETHNOMIR, Isifunda saseKaluga, isiFunda iBorovsky, iSigodi sePetrovo

Ensimini enkulu yamahektha amathathu, kutholakala izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zehlathi ezinobude bamamitha angama-870, kanye nokubuka, ukubuka neziza eziningana ezisebenzayo. Ihlathi eliminyene ligcwele ukuhayiza kwama-cicadas, i-birdong, izindunduma ezingaqondakali. ukubhonga kwama-dinosaurs asebusweni bokuphila. Ama-dinosaurs amakhulu ayi-16, ama-dinosaurs amakhulu afinyelela kumamitha ayi-6 ukuphakama namamitha ayi-14 ubude! Ama-Dinosaurs empeleni aphila nje. Ngenxa yokuphindwa kabusha kwezidalwa zezilokazana ezidume kakhulu - kusuka ku-pterodactyl kuya ku-tyrannosaurus - ukuhamba ngezitolo kudlulela ezithombeni zezinto ezijabulisayo.

Futhi lapho kuqala ubumnyama, ipaki iqala ukukhazimula ngamalambu okukhanya kusihlwa. Qiniseka ukubheka, muhle kakhulu!

Eminyakeni emingaki eyedlule kwafa izibankwakazi?

AmaDinosaurs anyamalala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-66 edlule, emngceleni ophakathi kokuphela kweCretaceous nokuqala kwenkathi yePaleogene (inkathi yeCenozoic). Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, ukuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65,5 edlule.

Ngaphezu kwama-dinosaurs, ama-ammonite, ama-belemnites, ingxenye yama-diatoms nama-dinophytes, isiponji esinezimpawu eziyisithupha sanyamalala. Ezinye zezinhlanzi kanye nezilwanyane zasolwandle (kufaka phakathi ama-plesiosaurs, ama-mosasaurs), izitshalo nezinambuzane zafa.

Usinde ngemuva kokuqothulwa kweCretaceous-Paleogenon:

• ama-sauropsids womhlaba (ingxenye yezinyoka, izibankwa, izimfudu, izingwenya, kufaka phakathi izingwenya zesimanje),
• ingxenye yezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo,
• amakhorali nautiluses.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukubuyiselwa okuthe xaxa kwezitshalo nezilwane emhlabeni kwathatha iminyaka eyizigidi eziyishumi, ukuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs kunikeze umfutho ekuqhubekeni kwemvelo zezilwane ezincelisayo, kwasheshisa ukubukeka komuntu.

Izinhlobo ezisengozini zaqala ukuvela, zahlala ezimnweni zemvelo zamadayinaso aqothulayo.

Ukuqothulwa kwedinosaur yangaphandle

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezimbangela zangaphandle zokuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs. Okuvame kakhulu yilezi:

• I-hypothesis ka-Alvarez iphakamisa ukuthi ukuqothulwa kwesisindo samadayinaso kwaqala ngokuwa kwe-asteroid eMhlabeni,
• I-hypothesis ethi "ukuwa okuningi", lokhu kungenye yokuhlukahluka kwe-Alvers's hypothesis futhi ithi ama-asteroid ambalwa noma ama-meteorites athinta umhlaba ngokulandelana,
• ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngenxa yokuqhuma kwe-supernova noma ukuqhuma kwe-gamma-ray (ukukhipha amandla amakhulu we-cosmic),
• uhlobo lokushayisana koMhlaba nge-comet kanye nomphumela womkhathi wento emnyama (udaba olungayikhiphi imisebe ye-elekthronikhi futhi olungahambisani nalo). Le mbono yokuqothulwa kwe-dinosaur ishiwo ochungechungeni i-Dinosaur Walks.

Ama-hypotheses anethonya (ukushayisana nge-meteorite, asteroid, comet) kubhekwa njengezethembiso ezethembekile zokunyamalala kwama-dinosaurs, ngoba ukuwa komzimba omkhulu wezulu kungaholela enhlekeleleni yomhlaba wonke.

Kufakazelwe ukuthi ukushayisana koMhlaba ngomzimba osezulwini ≥30 km ububanzi kungabhubhisa impucuko, kuvuse ukubukeka kwe:

• ukushaqeka, njengokuqhuma kwenuzi,
• tsunami,
• ukuzamazama komhlaba
• ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu.

Ukuphahlazeka kwe-Asteroid

Umbono womcabango ka-Alvarez uwukuhlangana kwesikhathi sokuqothulwa kwama-Cretaceous-Paleo native kanye nokwakheka kwe-Chiksulub crater (indawo yakudala enobubanzi obuyi-180 km, eyakhiwe ngenxa yokuwa kwe-asteroid).

Ukutholwa kokucabanga kwalesosikhathi senani elikhulu lomusi kungabonisa ukuthi ukuwa kwe-asteroid kubangele ukuqhuma kwesigubhu esingaphansi komhlaba samafutha noma igesi.

Ngokomcabango ka-Alvarez, ukuwa kwe-asteroid kuvuse ukwakheka kwefu elimnyama lomusi, umlotha nothuli. Lokhu isikhathi eside kunciphise inani lokukhanya kwelanga kufinyelela emhlabeni, kunciphisa ngokunamandla ikhono lezitshalo ku-photosynthesis. Ngenxa yalokhu, izitshalo eziningi zaphela futhi inani le-oksijini esemkhathini lehle.

Ingxenye yezimbali nezilwane zafa ngqo ngesikhathi sokuwa komzimba wezulu, futhi izinhlobo eziningi zahlushwa ama-tsunami kanye nomlilo owalandela. Kepha ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni (izinga lokushisa komhlaba lehle ngamazinga angama-28, nolwandle - ngo-11) nokugxila komoya-mpilo kwaholela ekuqothulweni okuphelele kwama-dinosaurs.

Abanye ososayensi bathambekele enguqulweni yokuthi "ukuwa okuningi", ngokusho kwalapho, i-asteroid eyakha i-Chiksulub crater yayiyingxenye yomzimba omkhulu wezulu. Ucezu lwesibili lwalesi asteroid lwawela oLwandlekazi i-Indian, lwenza isigodi saseShiva, okuvusa ukubonakala kwama-tsunami amaningi.

Ukuqhuma kweSupernova

Ukuqothulwa kwesisindo kungaqhamuka ekukhishweni kwamandla e-cosmic ngenxa yokuqhuma kwe-supernova. Ukukhishwa kungaguqula izigxobo zikagesi zomhlaba, futhi kuholele ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni.

Kodwa-ke, lo mbono unezinkinga ezimbili.

1. Izibonakude zesimanjemanje bezizothola iminonjana eyisele yeflashi enamandla kangaka.
2. Azikho izinsalela ze-supernova ezitholakele Emhlabeni.

Izinhlobo zokuqothula ezihlobene nezinqubo Emhlabeni

Ngaphezu komthelela wemibono, imiqondo eminingi yasemhlabeni yokuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs iveziwe.

Imibono eminingi yasemhlabeni ixhumekile.

Ukwanda komsebenzi wentaba-mlilo kungadala:

• Izinguquko ekugxilweni kwe-oksijini emoyeni,
• ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu (vusa ukufudumala komhlaba),
• kuholele ekuqothulweni kwezitshalo ngobuningi (okubuye kwandise ukwehla kwesibalo se-oxygen emoyeni).

Ukushisa komhlaba ngokweqile, nakho kungaholela ekunciphiseni kwezinga lolwandle kanye noshintsho kwizigxobo zikagesi zomhlaba.

Ososayensi abaningi bathambekele kunguqulo ehlanganisiwe, ngokusho ukuthi ukuqothulwa kwesisindo kuvuse inhlanganisela yezinto ezi-2 (ngokwesibonelo, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngokuhambisana nokwehla kwesilinganiso se-oxygen).

Umsebenzi wentabamlilo

Iningi lezazi zokuma komhlaba lithambekele kumcabango wokuthi phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-68 - 60 ubudala kwaba nokuqhuma okukhulu kwezintaba-mlilo endaweni yeHindustan peninsula. Ukukhishwa komlotha wentaba-mlilo, i-carbon dioxide kanye nesibabule kuye kwabangela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni.

Amafu othuli ayekwazi ukukhawulela ukuhamba kwelanga isikhathi eside, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise inani lezitshalo.

Kwenzeka nini ukuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs?

Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi ukuqothuka bekungekhona ngasikhathi sinye, njengoba amanye amafilimu nezinhlelo zethelevishini zivame ukuba khona kithina. Noma ngabe siqhubeka emcabangweni wokushayisana koMhlaba ne-asteroid, khona-ke emva kwalokho wonke ama-dinosaurs awazange afe ngokushesha, kepha inqubo sase isiqalile ...

Ukuqothulwa kwaqala ekugcineni kwalokho okuthiwa "Isikhathi sokukhathazeka" (cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-250 edlule) futhi yahlala iminyaka engaba yizigidi ezi-5 (!). Ngalesi sikhathi, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo zanyamalala.

Kodwa-ke, ama-dinosaurs kade ayizilwane ezivelele eMhlabeni - cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-160. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinhlobo ezintsha zanyamalala futhi zavela, ama-dinosaurs aguqukela, azivumelanisa nezinguquko zesimo sezulu futhi akwazi ukusinda ekuqothulweni kwabantu abaningi kuze kube kwenzeka okuthile okuholele ekufeni kwabo kancane nokugcina.

Ukuze ubheke: "AmaHomo sapiens" ahlala eMhlabeni iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 kuphela.

Ukukhetha kwemvelo, okuthambekele ekuthuthukiseni amagatsha ama-mamalia

Izilwane ezincelisayo kungenzeka zibe nomthelela ekuqothulweni kwesisindo sama-dinosaurs. Bazivumelanisa ngokushesha nezinguquko zemvelo, banda futhi bakhula ngokushesha, futhi ngenxa yobukhulu babo obuncane, kwaba lula ngabo ukuthola ukudla.

Izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu zingadla amaqanda edayinaso, zinciphise inani lazo.

Ukuqothulwa kwempilo yasolwandle kuhlanganiswa ngokwengxenye nokubonakala koshaka. Kodwa-ke, iningi labaphenyi liyayiphikisa le mbono, ngoba oshaka bavele kwabakwaDevonia futhi bahlala isikhathi eside behlangana nama-plesiosaurs nama-mosasaurs.

Obani abasinda ekuqothulweni?

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu eMhlabeni esikhathini seCretaceous kunciphise ukwahlukahlukana kwempilo, kepha inzalo yezinhlobo eziningi zezinto ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi namuhla ziyasijabulisa ngobukhona bazo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izingwenya, izimfudu, izinyoka nezinyoka.

Izilwane ezincelisayo nazo azizange zihlupheke kakhulu futhi ngemuva kokunyamalala ngokuphelele kwama-dinosaurs akwazi ukuthatha isikhundla esiphambili emhlabeni.

Kungabonakala ukuthi ukufa kwezidalwa eziphilayo eMhlabeni bekukhetha, nokuthi yizo impela lezo zimo ukuthi ama-dinosaurs awakwazanga ukusinda ngazo. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlobo ezisele, yize zithinteke kakhulu, zingaqhubeka nokuba khona. Le micabango ijabulisa kakhulu izingqondo zabathandi bemibono ehlukahlukene yokwakha uzungu.

Ngendlela, igama elithi "dinosaur" elivela olimini lwesiGreki ngokwezwi nezwi lihumusha ngokuthi "painolin esabekayo."

Ukunciphisa oksijini kwe-Atmospheric

I-hypothesis edumile yokuqothula ukushintshwa kwenani le-oksijini esemkhathini.

Ukwehla kwamazinga we-oxygen kuhlobene ne:

• ukushisa kakhulu komhlaba
• ukwehla kwenani le-algae nezitshalo ezikwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis,
• ukuwa koMhlaba nge-asteroid noma i-meteorite,
• kukhuphuka umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo kanye nemililo evamile.

Okubi ngalo mbono iqiniso lokuthi i-anoxia eMhlabeni yayingeyona eyemhlabeni wonke, ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zolwandle kanye nomoya, izingxenye ezinamazinga we-oksijini owamukelekayo zasala.

Le hypothesis ivame ukulekelelwa ngumqondo wobuthi be-hydrogen sulfide, ngokusho ukuthi, ukushoda kwe-oksijini sekuthuthukile ngenxa yomsebenzi owedlulele wamagciwane anciphisa i-sulfate. Ukwanda kokuhlushwa kwe-hydrogen sulfide enobuthi kuholele ekutheni ubuthi buqondiswe ngqo kuma-dinosaurs.

Futhi, izinga eliphakeme le-hydrogen sulfide livuse ukukhuphuka kwephesenti le-methane ku-troposphere, ukubhujiswa kwengqimba ye-ozone kanye noshintsho ezimweni zezulu.

I-Asteroid

EMexico, kuneChicxulub Crater. Kukholelwa ukuthi yadalwa ngokuqondile ngemuva kokuwa kwaleyo asteroid enobudlova eyacaphukisa ukuqothulwa kwesisindo sama-dinosaurs.

Ngabe ukushayisana komhlaba ne-asteroid kwakubukeka kanjani?

I-asteroid ngokwayo ibangele ukulimala okukhulu endaweni yokuwa kwayo. Cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo zacekelwa phansi kule ndawo. Kepha umhlaba wonke ehlushwa ukuwa kwalo mzimba we-cosmic. Kwadlula isivunguvungu esinamandla emhlabeni wonke, kwavuka amafu esibhakabhakeni, kwavuka izintaba-mlilo, kwagcwala amafu aminyene emhlabeni, okuyinto engazange ivumele ukukhanya kwelanga. Ngakho-ke, inani lezimila okwakungumthombo wokudla kwama-dinosaurs we-herbivorous lancishiswa kaningana, bona-ke, bavumela izibankwakazi ezidliwayo ukuba zisinde.

Ngendlela, kunombono wokuthi ngaleso sikhathi izidumbu ezimbili zasezulwini zawa emhlabeni wethu. Phansi koLwandlekazi i-Indian, kwatholakala isicwebezelayo esivele savela ngasikhathi sinye.

Abathandi bokuphikisa konke baphonsa ukungabaza kule nkulumo.Ngokombono wabo, i-asteroid yayingeyinkulu kangako ukuba iqalise uchungechunge lwama-cataclysms. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphambi kwalo mcimbi, nangemva kwalokho - ezinye izidumbu ezifanayo ze-cosmic zashayisana nomhlaba, kepha azange zivuse ukuqothulwa kwezixuku.

Uhlobo lokuthi le asteroid elethe ama-microorganisms kwiplanethi ethelela ama-dinosaurs nawo luyenzeka, yize kungenzeki kangako.

Imisebe ye-cosmic

Ukuqhubeka nendikimba yokuthi kwakuyizulu yonke eyabulala wonke ama-dinosaurs, kufanelekile ukucabanga ngomqondo wokuthi lokhu kuholele ukuqhuma kwe-gamma ray bude buduze nohlelo lwelanga. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokushayisana kwezinkanyezi noma ukuqhuma kwe-supernova. Ukuhamba kwemisebe ye-gamma kulimaze ungqimba lwe-ozone yeplanethi yethu, okwaholela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu nasekuguqulweni kwezulu.

Ukwehla okukhulu kwezinga lolwandle

Le hypothesis ihlotshaniswa ne "Maastricht regression." Ekupheleni kweMahachi, ulwandle lwawa, futhi amanzi alo ancipha kusukela ogwini. Ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa kolwandle eMaastricht, umthamo womhlaba ukhuphuke ngamakhilomitha skwele angama-29-30, okuholela ku-:

• ukunyamalala kwezindawo ezivulekile zasogwini,
• ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo yezinhlobo eziningi,
• ukubonakala kwamabhuloho omhlaba,
• ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa komhlaba.

Ukuguqulwa kwezigxobo zikazibuthe

Enye yezinguqulo ezisebenziseka kalula ibhekwa njengokushintsha okusheshayo kwezigxobo zomhlaba, okwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65 edlule. Emcabangweni, ukuguquka kwesigxobo kungenza buthaka amandla kazibuthe omhlaba.

Lokhu kuholele ekwenyukeni kwemisebe ye-cosmic, eyayinomthelela olimazayo kwezimbali nasezwaneni.

Okubi ngale hypothesis ukuthi ayisichazi isizathu sokuqothulwa kwezakhamuzi zasemanzini ezivikelwe emisebeni yikholamu. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi ngaphezu kwamandla kazibuthe oMhlaba, umkhathi ubambezela imisebe, ngakho-ke ukwanda kwemisebe ye-cosmic akukwazanga ukufinyelela esikalini esibucayi futhi kubangele ukuqothulwa kwesisindo.

Umqedazwe

Lapho befunda izinambuzane ezifriziwe e-amber kusukela ngesikhathi seCretaceous, ososayensi bathola ukuthi izifo eziningi zaqala ukubonakala ngqo ngesikhathi sokuqothulwa kweCretaceous-Paleogene.

Ngokusho kwe-hypothesis ye-bhubhane, ukungavikeleki kwama-dinosaurs akakwazanga ukubhekana nomthwalo ongatheleleki, okuholele ekunyamalaleni kwawo. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi ukungavikeleki kwama-dinosaurs kube buthaka ngomehluko wesimo sezulu kanye noshintsho ezindlini zabo ezijwayelekile.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu

Ukushisa komhlaba noma ukupholisa komhlaba kuhlale kuhlotshaniswa nokuqothuka okuyingxenye kwezitshalo nezilwane.

Mhlawumbe ekugcineni kweCretaceous, izinguquko ezibalulekile kwesimo sezulu sedinosaurs zenzekile, okwenza indawo ababeyijwayele ayifanele impilo.

Bambalwa Abesifazane

Ngo-2004, iqembu labaphenyi lase-University of Leeds laphakamisa ukuthi ama-dinosaurs, njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo zesimanje, akhombisa ukuncika kobulili bezingane ekushiseni lapho iqanda laligcinwe khona.

Ngokwalo mbono, ngisho nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuncane (ama-degree ama-1-2), kungaholela ekubukekeni kwabesilisa kuphela. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuzala okuthe xaxa sekuye kwaba okungenakwenzeka.

Kepha kuthiwani uma ama-dinosaurs engazange afe? Bukela le vidiyo

Ukuwa kwezulu?

Isichasiselo esidala kakhulu futhi esivame kakhulu siphathelene nokuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs ngokuwa kwe-asteroid. Kuqala, okuqukethwe okwandayo kwezinto ezazingewona umkhuba womhlaba wokudalwa komhlaba wasendulo weminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-65 kwaholela kulomcabango wabacwaningi - kulapho lapho kukholakala ukuthi izibankwakazi zashona phansi. Kamuva, inhlekelele yaqala ukukhonjwa ngomcimbi othize othize - ukwakheka kwesikhuhla seChicxulub eNhlonhlo Yucatan (iMexico yanamuhla).

Izinhlayiya zeSoot ezitholakala ezincekelweni zeminyaka engama-65 million edlule zingakhombisa ukuthi ukuwa kwe-asteroid kubangele ukuhwamuka nokuqhuma kwesichibi esisezingeni lomhlaba esingaphansi komhlaba (ubuciko. UDonald E. Davis)

Amandla omzimba wamakhilomitha ayishumi ukulimaza kabi esikalini seplanethi kwavusa ukungabaza okufanele. Kepha le mibuzo yanyamalala ngokuphepha ngemuva kokutholakala kwesikejana esikhulu ngaphansi koLwandlekazi i-Indian, okwakheke ngokuthi kwakhiwe i-asteroid amakhilomitha angama-40 ngaphesheya. I-asteroid, njengekhreyithi, yabizwa ngokuthi iShiva. Ngemuva kwalokho kwatholakala eminye imikhovu eminingana, eyayishiywe incane kuneChiksubub yizicucu zeShiva.

Inhlekelele eyenzekile ngalesosikhathi kulula ukuyichaza kunokuyicabanga. Ukubhoboza ukuqothuka okwambozwa yifilimu yolwandle, kwaqhuma iShiva, yangqongqoza umngcwabo ongamakhilomitha angama-80 ukujula. Zama ukukubona ngeso lengqondo ikholomu lamanzi elingamakhilomitha amathathu endiza ngasequbu lamanzi eceleni kwemithambeka yecrater ukuhlangana netshe elibilayo bese liphenduka umusi. Izilwandle ziqhekeka ogwini ngamamitha amakhulu amathathu okuphakama izigidi zamakhilomitha omhlaba angenalutho. Isibhakabhaka siphansi, simnyama, asinakufinyeleleka, sakhiwe, kubonakala sengathi, kuphela ngomlotha nomusi. Umonakalo omkhulu wabangelwa ukuqhuma okubangelwa ukunyakazisa kwamathumbu omhlaba, nemvula ene-acid enobuthi enhlabathini. Ngemuva kokuwa kweShiva, uMhlaba awukwazanga ukwehlisa umoya iminyaka eyisigidi!

Ngemuva kokuwa kweShiva, i-lava egeleza kusuka emiqhekeni yakha izicupho ze-Deccan eNdiya - amasimu e-basalt amakhilomitha amabili awugqinsi nendawo yaseFrance (Zina Deretsky)

I-cataclysm engabhubhisa yonke impilo, ekuqaleni, ichaza ngokucophelela ukuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs. Kepha i-hypothesis, okwamanje, inobuthakathaka obubili ngasikhathi sinye. Okokuqala, akuqondakali ngokuphelele ukuthi ukwethuka okungenhla kungasebenza kanjani. AmaDinosaurs aqala ukufa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuwa kweShiva, futhi nangemva kwayo baqhubeka nokulwela impilo iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa.

Okwesibili, noma ngabe sicabanga ukuthi ukuwa kwe-asteroid kwanda ngokushesha ngokufa kwama-dinosaurs amakhulu, akucaci ukuthi kungani ama-dinosaurs kuphela ayephakathi kwezisulu, kuyilapho uShiva engazange enze okubi kakhulu kumfudu, izingwenya, izinyoka, izinyoni kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo.

Isizinda Sokuqothula

Kanye nama-dinosaurs angadliwe wezindiza, ama-zavropsids asolwandle aqhubekayo, kufaka phakathi ama-mosasaurs nama-plesiosaurs, ama-dinosaurs ezindizayo (ama-pterosaurs), ama-mollusks amaningi, kufaka phakathi ama-ammonites nama-belemnites, futhi ama-algae amaningi amancane aqothuka. Sebeyi-16% imindeni yezilwane zasolwandle (ezingama-47% zohlobo lwezilwane zasolwandle) kanye ne-18% yemindeni yezilwane zasemakhaya, kufaka phakathi cishe zonke ezinkulu nezincane. Yonke imvelo eyayikhona ku-Mesozoic yacekelwa phansi ngokuphelele, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho yabhebhethekisa ukuziphendukela kwamaqembu ezilwane ezinjengezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, okwanikeza izinhlobo ezinkulu zezindlela ekuqaleni kwePaleogene ngenxa yenkululeko yemilingo eminingi yemvelo.

Kodwa-ke, amaqembu amaningi we-taxonomic wezitshalo nezilwane ngamazinga kusuka ku-oda nangaphezulu asinda kule nkathi. Ngakho-ke, ama-sauropsid amancane omhlaba, anjengezinyoka, izimfudu, izibankwa nezinyoni, kanye neengwenya, kubandakanya izingwenya ezisindile kuze kube namuhla. Izihlobo ezisondele kakhulu zama-ammonite zasinda - i-nautilus, izilwane ezincelisayo, amakhorali nezitshalo zomhlaba.

Kunombono wokuthi amanye ama-dinosaurs (ama-hadrosaurs, ama-theodods, njll.) Abekhona eNtshonalanga Melika naseNdiya iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa ekuqaleni kwePaleogene ngemuva kokuqothulwa kwezinye izindawo (ama-Paleocene dinosaurs [en]). Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbono awuhambelani kahle nanoma yiziphi izimo zokuqothulwa komthelela.

Izimbangela zokuqothuka

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, ibingakatholakali iphuzu elilodwa lokubheka imbangela kanye nohlobo lokuqothuka.

Maphakathi no-2010s, ezinye izifundo ezazidingidwa ngalolu daba zaholela ekubukeni okukhona emphakathini wesayensi wokuthi imbangela ebalulekile yokuqothulwa kweCretaceous-Paleogene ukuwa komzimba wezulu, okwadala ukuvela kwesikhuhlu seChiksubub eNhlonhlo Yucatan, amanye amaphuzu wokubukwa athathwa njengalawa ebekelwe eceleni. Njengamanje, leli phuzu lokubuka alizange liphikiswe, kepha ezinye izinto eziningi, ezihlukile noma ezihlanganisiwe ziye zaphakanyiswa ezingabamba iqhaza ekuqothulweni kwabantu abaningi.

Izinkinga zokudla

Kunokukhethwa okubili: kungaba ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ama-dinosaurs awakwazanga ukuzitholela ukudla okwanele, noma kuvela izitshalo ezibulele ama-dinosaurs. Kukholelwa ukuthi usakaze emhlabeni izimbali eziqhakazayoaqukethe ama-alkaloid, anoshevu ama-dinosaurs.

Ama-Hypotheses we-extraterrestrial

1. Umthelela wethonya. Ukuwa kwe-asteroid kungenye yezinguqulo ezivame kakhulu (ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Alvarez hypothesis", ethola umngcele weCretaceous-Paleogene). Kususelwa ikakhulu ekucabangeni kokuqagela kwesikhathi sokuqalwa kwe-Chicxulub crater (okuwumphumela wokuwa kwe-meteorite cishe ngamakhilomitha ayi-10 ngosayizi cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65 ezedlule) eNhlonhlo Yucatan eMexico kanye nesikhathi sokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zemvelo ezingapheli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubalwa kwezulu okusetshenziswayo (okusekelwe ekubukweni kwama-asteroids akhona) kukhombisa ukuthi ama-meteorites amakhulu kakhulu kunokushayisana okungamakhilomitha ayi-10 noMhlaba ngokwesilinganiso cishe njalo eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100, okuthi ngokulandelana kobukhulu buqondane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekuthandaneni kwabadwebi abaziwayo, ishiywe ngama-meteorites anjalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izikhathi zokuphakathi kwezikhathi zokuqothula kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuPhanerozoic. Umbono uqinisekiswa ngokuqukethwe okwandayo kwe-iridium namanye ama-platinoids ungqimba oluncane emngceleni wokufakwa kwe-limestone yeCretaceous nePaleogene, okuphawulwe ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Lezi zinto zivame ukugxila engubeni nasebusweni boMhlaba futhi kuyaqabukela kungqimba olungaphezulu komhlaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ama-asteroid nama-comets kukhombisa ngokunembile isimo sokuqala sohlelo lonozungezilanga, lapho iridium ithatha isikhundla esibaluleke ngokwengeziwe. Besebenzisa okwenziwa ngamakhompiyutha, ososayensi bakhombisa ukuthi cishe amathani ayi-15 trillion womlotha nensipho baphonswa emoyeni, nokuthi kumnyama eMhlabeni njengobusuku benyanga. Njengomphumela wokuntuleka kokukhanya, izitshalo zehlise ijubane noma i-photosynthesis yavinjelwa iminyaka engu-1-2, okungaholela ekunciphiseni kokugcwala komoya-mpilo osemkhathini (isikhathi lapho uMhlaba uvaliwe kusuka ekukhanyiseni kwelanga). Amazinga okushisa ezwekazini awele ngo-28 ° C, olwandle - ngo-11 ° C. Ukunyamalala kwe-phytoplankton, into ebalulekile kochungechunge lokudla olwandle, kuholele ekuqothulweni kwe-zooplankton nezinye izilwane zasolwandle. Ngokuya ngesikhathi esisetshenziswe ku-stratosphere of a sosolate aerosols, izinga lokushisa lomoya womhlaba lonyaka lehle ngo-26 ° C, kuze kube iminyaka eyi-16 izinga lokushisa lalingaphansi kuka-+3 ° C. Ilele phakathi kobukhulu be-suevite noma umthelela we-breccia kanye ne-Paleocene pelagic limestone engaphezulu, isendlalelo esiguqukayo sesentimitha engama-76 ku-Chicxulub crater, kubandakanya nengxenye engenhla yokuthambeka nokumba (en: Trace fossil), kwakheka ngaphansi kweminyaka eyi-6 ngemuva kokuwa kwe-asteroid. I-hypothesis echaza ukuqothulwa ngokuwa komzimba wesibhakabhaka isekelwa ukwanda kwangezikhathi zamazinga asezingeni le-acidity engaphezulu kolwandle olwandle ku-Cretaceous - umngcele wePaleogene (ukuncipha kwe-pH kwakungu-0,0.3.3), okwambulwa ngokufunda ukukhethwa kwe-isotopic emgobolondweni wezinsalela ze-foraminifera. Kuze kube manje, izinga le-acidity belizinzile eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu edlule yeCretaceous. Ukwanda okubukhali kwe-acidity kwalandelwa isikhathi sokukhula kancane kancane kwe-alkalinity (ukukhuphuka kwe-pH ngo-0.5), okwagcina kuze kube yiminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 ukusuka emngceleni weCretaceous-Paleogene. Ukubuya kwe-acidity esezingeni layo lasekuqaleni kwathatha eminye iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-80. Izimo ezinjengalezi zingachazwa ngokuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwe-alkali ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwe-plankton ye-calcining ngenxa yokumiswa okusheshayo kwamanzi angaphezulu ngemvula ye-SO₂ NO_xekhishwe emkhathini ngenxa yomthelela wemoto enkulu.
2. Uhlobo lwe- "umthelela omningi" (eng. Umcimbi wokuphazamiseka okuningi), obandakanya ukushaya okuningi okulandelanayo. Kuyasetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi, ukuchaza ukuthi ukuqothuka akuzange kwenzeke ngasikhathi sinye (bheka isigaba Hypothesis Deficiencies). Ngokuqondile emthokozelayo iqiniso lokuthi i-meteorite edale indawo yeChiksulub crater ingenye yezingcezwana zomzimba omkhulu wezulu. Ezinye izazi zokuma komhlaba zikholelwa ukuthi umgodi weShiva ongaphansi koLwandlekazi i-Indian, kusukela cishe ngasikhathi sinye, ungumphumela wokuwa kwesibalo esikhulu sesibili se-meteorite, esikhudlwana, kepha leli phuzu libukwa. Kukhona ukuvumelana phakathi kwama-hypotheses wethonya le-meteorites eyodwa noma ngaphezulu - ukushayisana nohlelo oluphindwe kabili lwe-meteorites. Amapharamitha weChiksubub crater alungele umthelela onjalo uma womabili ama-meteorites ayencane, kodwa ngokuhlangene ayenebukhulu nobukhulu obufanayo ne-meteorite hypothesis yengozi eyodwa.
3. Ukuqhuma kwe-supernova noma ukuqhuma kwe-gamma-ray eseduze.
4. Ukushayisana koMhlaba nge-comet. Le nketho ibhekwa ochungechungeni "Ukuhamba namaDinosaurs." Isazi sempi esidumile saseMelika uLisa Randall sixhuma isizindalwazi se-comet esiwela eMhlabeni ngethonya lezinto ezimnyama.

I-cosmic cataclysm?

Enye imbangela yokuqothulwa kungaba ukuqhuma kwe-supernova eseduze, ngenxa yokuthi leyo misinga yemisebe ebulalayo yehlela umhlaba. Kodwa-ke, le hypothesis inamaphutha afanayo nalawo angaphambilini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulandelwa kwe-flash ekwazi ukubhubhisa yonke impilo ngaphakathi kwesilinganiso seminyaka engama-30 ukukhanya, izibonakude zesimanje ezivela kubude obuncane (ngamazinga wokufunda izinkanyezi) ibanga kungenzeka ukuthi zatholakala ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-65. Kepha endaweni eseduze noMhlaba, azikho izinsalela ze-supernova ezitholakele.

Kodwa-ke, umthombo wemisebe wawungeke ube yinkanyezi eyanquma ukuqeda impilo yakhe ngemiphumela ekhethekile nomonakalo omkhulu kwabanye. Umphumela ofanayo ungaba, ngokwesibonelo, "ukuvala" okwesikhashana kwamandla kazibuthe weplanethi, okuvikela umkhathi kusukela ekusakazeni kwezinhlayiya zomhlaba. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa, amandla kazibuthe omhlaba ngezikhathi ezithile enza buthaka futhi aguqule ubumbano, anyamalale ngesikhathi "sokushintshwa" kwezigxobo. Kepha kuphela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-5 ezedlule, ukubuyiswa kabusha kwe-polarity kwenzeka izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili ngaphandle kwemiphumela kubahlali bomhlaba.

Izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, i-hypothesis emnandi impela ibizwakala ukuthi abafokazi babhubhisa ngamabomu ama-dinosaurs ngenhloso yokusula indlela yezilwane ezincelisayo nokusondeza ukubukeka komuntu eduze. Uma kunjalo, khona-ke abamele izimpucuko eziphezulu abaziqondi i-biology. Kuyiqiniso, akekho idayinaso elilodwa elima endleleni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukusuka endaweni engavikelekile iye kumuntu onengqondo - okungukuthi, ukusuka esihlahleni kuya emhlabeni, iqoqa amatshe nezinduku.

I-Terrestrial abiotic

1. Ukwanda komsebenzi wentaba-mlilo, ohambisana nemiphumela eminingana engathinta i-biosphere: ushintsho ekwakhekeni kwegesi yasemkhathini, umphumela wokubamba ukushisa okubangelwa ukuphuma kwekhabhoni dayoksi ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, ushintsho ekukhanyisweni komhlaba ngenxa yokuphuma komlotha wentaba-mlilo (ubusika bezintaba-mlilo). Lo mqondo usekelwa wubufakazi bendawo bokuchithwa okukhulu kwama-amma phakathi kwezigidi ezingama-68 kuya kweziyi-60 ezedlule ezweni laseHindustan, ngenxa yalokho kwakheka izicupho ze-Deccan.
2. Ukwehla okukhulu kwezinga lolwandle okwenzeka esigabeni sokugcina (Maastrichtian) sesikhathi seCretaceous ("Maastricht regression").
3. Shintsha emazingeni okushisa wonyaka nonyaka. Lokhu kuzoba ikakhulukazi uma umcabango wokuqothuka okungabazisayo kwama-dinosaurs amakhulu, ongadinga isimo sezulu esifudumele, usemthethweni. Ukuqothuka, nokho, akuhambelani ngesikhathi ngokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu esibucayi, futhi, ngocwaningo lwesimanje, izibankwakazi zaziyizilwane ezinegazi elifudumele ngokuphelele (bheka i-physiology of dinosaurs).
4. Ukugxuma okubukhali kumandla kazibuthe omhlaba.
5. Ukudlula komoya-mpilo kumkhathi woMhlaba.
6. Ukupholisa obukhali kolwandle.
7. Shintsha ekwakhekeni kwamanzi olwandle.

Umhlaba biotic

1. I-Epizooty ingubhubhane enkulu.
2. AmaDinosaurs awakwazanga ukujikisa ekushintsheni kohlobo lwezimila futhi anobuthi yi-alkaloids equkethwe ezitshalweni eziqhakazayo eziqhamukayo (ngazo, kodwa-ke, zahlangana amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka, futhi kwaba ngokufana ngokuvela kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo ukuthi impumelelo yokuvela kwamaqembu athile ama-dinosaurs angama-herbivorous aqondane ne-biomeurs entsha enotshani yayihlanganiswa )
3. Isibalo sama-dinosaurs sathonywa kakhulu yizilwane ezincelisayo zokuqala, zachitha imichilo yamaqanda namawundlu.
4. Ukwehluka kwinguqulo yangaphambilini yokufuduswa kwezidudla ezingezona zezinyoni ngezilwane ezincelisayo. Okwamanje, zonke izilwane ezincelisayo ezingamaCretaceous zincane kakhulu, izilwane eziningi ezingavikeleki. Ngokungafani nama-zavropsids, athi, sibonga amakhono amaningi athuthukayo, kufaka phakathi ukubukeka kwesikali nezimpaphe, amaqanda egobolondweni eliminyene nokuzalwa bukhoma, akwazi ukwenza kahle imvelo entsha ngasikhathi sinye - izindawo ezomile ezima kude nezindawo zokugcina, izilwane ezincelisayo zazingenazo izinzuzo eziyisisekelo zokuziqhathanisa uma kuqhathaniswa ezihuquzelayo zesimanje. I-metabolism okungenani yama-dinosaurs yayinkulu njengaleyo yezilwane ezincelisayo, njengoba kuboniswa yi-isotopic, idatha yokuqhathanisa ye-morphological, yomlando kanye neyendawo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukwahlukanisa ama-maniraptors aqhelelene kakhulu nezinyoni zakudala, la maqembu abe nokuhluka ngokwezinga lemindeni nemiyalo, esikhundleni samakilasi, ngokwezembatho kubhekwa njenge-oda elihlukile lesigaba esifanayo sama-sauropsids.
5. Kwesinye isikhathi kuye kufike imidwebo yokuthi ezinye zezilwane ezifuywayo ezinkulu zasolwandle azikwazanga ukumelana nomncintiswano nohlobo lwanamuhla lukashaka obekhona ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ngisho naseDevonia, oshaka bazibonakalise bengaphatheki kahle maqondana nezilwane ezithuthuke kakhulu, lapho izinhlanzi ezinjengezimbali eziningi zangena ngemuva. Oshaka, abakhulu kakhulu futhi abaqubekela phambili ngemuva kwesizinda sabazenzele, bavela esikhathini sokugcina seCretaceous ngemuva kokuncipha kwama-plesiosaurs, kodwa basheshe bathathelwa indawo omashiqela abaqala ukubamba ongezansi.

"Biosphere" version

Ku-paleontology yaseRussia, inguqulo ye-biosphere "yokuqothulwa okukhulu", kufaka phakathi ukuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs angewona awezilwane. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi iningi lezazi ze-paleontologists ezithuthukise ezikhethekile ekutadisheni hhayi ama-dinosaurs, kepha ezinye izilwane: izilwane ezincelisayo, izinambuzane njalonjalo. Ngokusho kwakhe, izici eziyinhloko zokunquma ukuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs angewona awezilwane kanye nezinye izirhubuluzi ezinkulu yile:

1. Ukubonakala kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo.
2. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kancane kancane okubangelwa ukuhamba kwezwekazi.

Ukulandelana kwemicimbi eholela ekuqothulweni kuvezwe kanjena:

• Izimbali eziqhakazayo, ezinesistimu yezimpande ethuthukile futhi zisebenzisa kangcono ukuzala kwenhlabathi, zisheshe zanele yonke indawo zaluthatha ezinye izinhlobo zezimila. Ngaso leso sikhathi, kwavela izinambuzane ezikhethekile ekudleni okwenziwe izimbali, futhi izinambuzane “ezinamathele” ezinhlotsheni zezitshalo ezazivele zikhona zaqala ukuphela.
• Izimbali eziqhakazayo zakha i-turf, eyi-suppressor enhle kakhulu yemvelo yokuguguleka. Ngenxa yokwanda kwawo, ukuguguleka komhlaba futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukungena kwezakhi olwandle kwehla. “Ukudangala” kolwandle ngokudla kwaholela ekufeni kwengxenye ebalulekile yomlwelwe, owayengumkhiqizi oyinhloko we-biomass olwandle. Ngokuhambisana neketanga, lokhu kwaholela ekuphazanyisweni ngokuphelele kwendalo yasolwandle futhi kwabangela ukunyamalala okukhulu olwandle. Ukuqothulwa okufanayo kube nomthelela kuma-dinosaurs amakhulu ezindizayo, athi ngokwemibono ekhona, ahlotshaniswa nolwandle ngokuthula.
• Emhlabeni, izilwane zijwayela ukuzibandakanya ekudleni okuluhlaza (ngendlela, namadayinis e-herbivorous nawo). Esigabeni sobukhulu obuncane, kwavela ama-phytophages amancane ama-mamy (njengamagundane anamuhla). Ukuvela kwazo kwaholela ekubonakala kwezilwane ezihambisanayo ezihambisanayo, ezibuye zibe yizilwane ezincelisayo. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezinobukhulu obukhulu zazingeyona ingozi kuma-dinosaurs amadala, kepha zazidla amaqanda awo namawundlu, okwenza kube nobunzima obengeziwe ekukhiqizeni ama-dinosaurs. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukuvikela inzalo kuma-dinosaurs amakhulu akunakwenzeka ngoba umehluko omkhulu kakhulu ngosayizi wabantu abadala namawundlu.

Kulula ukuthola ukuvikeleka kokwenza ubumbano (ezinye izibankwakazi ezisekupheleni kweCretaceous zisebenza ngempela lezi zinhlobo zokuziphatha), nokho, lapho ikubalo selilingana nonogwaja, futhi nabazali besayizi bendlovu, lizochotshozwa ngokushesha kunokuba livikeleke ekuhlaselweni.

• Ngenxa yemikhawulo eqinile ebuswini beqanda obuphezulu (ngenxa yobukhulu obuvunyelwe begobolondo) ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu zedinosaur, amawundlu azalwa alula kakhulu kunabantu abadala (ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu kakhulu, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabantu abadala namawundlu wawuphindwe kayizinkulungwane). Lokhu kusho ukuthi wonke ama-dinosaurs amakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhula kwakumelwe aguqule kaningi ukudla kwawo, futhi esigabeni sokuqala sentuthuko kwakumelwe ancintisane nezinhlobo ezazibaluleke kakhulu kumakilasi athile kasayizi. Ukuntuleka kokudluliselwa kwesipiliyoni phakathi kwezizukulwane kukhulisa le nkinga.
• Njengomphumela wokwehla kwezwekazi ekugcineni kweCretaceous, uhlelo lwemimoya nomoya wolwandle lwashintsha, okwaholela ekupholiseni kwengxenye enkulu yomhlaba kanye nokwanda kwesibalo sokushisa sonyaka, esathinta kakhulu i-biosphere. Ama-Dinosaurs, njengeqembu elikhethekile, ayengozini enkulu kulezi zinguquko. Ama-Dinosaurs kwakungeyona izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele, futhi kanye nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kungaba yinto ebalulekile ekuqothulweni kwabo.

Ngenxa yazo zonke lezi zizathu, kwahlelwa izimo ezingezinhle zama-dinosaurs angadli wezilwandle, okwaholela ekunqanyulweni kokubonakala kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane. Izinhlobo "ezindala" zama-dinosaurs zaba khona isikhashana, kepha kancane kancane zaphela ngokuphelele. Ngokusobala, kwakungekho mncintiswano oqondile oqondile phakathi kwama-dinosaurs nezilwane ezincelisayo; zazithatha izigaba zobukhulu obuhlukile, ezazikhona ngokufana. Kungemva kokunyamalala kwama-dinosaurs kuphela lapho izilwane ezincelisayo ezithwebula i-niche yezemvelo engekho, futhi ngisho nangaleso sikhathi.

Ngokumangazayo, ukukhula kwezinkanyezi zokuqala eTrassassic kuhambisane nokuqothulwa kancane kancane kwama-Therapids amaningi, amafomu aphakeme lawo ayeyizilwane ezincelisayo zasendulo eziqala.

I-Mainland Drift kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu

Le hypothesis isho ukuthi ama-dinosaurs ngasizathu simbe awakwazanga ukusinda ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu okwakubangelwa ukuhamba kwezwekazi. Konke kwenzeka ngokungenamkhawulo: izinga lokushisa liyaxhuma, ukushona kwezitshalo, ukomiswa kwemifula kanye namachibi. Ngokusobala, ukuhamba kwamapuleti e-tectonic bekuhambisana nomsebenzi owandayo wentaba-mlilo. Ama-dinosaurs ampofu amane nje awakwazi ukusebenzisa amandla okuzivumelanisa nezimo.

Indawo yezwekazi ekugcineni kweCretaceous

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kungathinta ukwakheka kwama-dinosaurs eqandeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-cubs abobulili obufanayo kuphela ayakwazi ukudonsa. Kwenzeka into efanayo nasezingosini zesimanje.

Umbono Ovikelekile Wokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokushesha ukuthi le mbono idume ngokujikeleza uzungu. Laba bantu bakholelwa ukuthi eminye ingqondo isebenzisa umhlaba wethu njengeplatifomu yokuhlola. Mhlamunye lo “mqondo”, usebenzisa isibonelo sama-dinosaurs, wafunda izici zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kepha sesifikile isikhathi sokuhlanza isayithi lokuhlola ukuze uqale ucwaningo olufanayo, kepha ngezilwane ezincelisayo eziholweni eziholayo.

Ngakho-ke, ingqondo yangaphandle ihlanza uMhlaba wama-dinosaurs ngasikhathi sinye futhi iqala isigaba esisha sokulinga, into eyinhloko thina esingabantu! I-REN-TV iqondile. Kepha kufanelekile ukuvuma ukuthi izethembiso zokwethula uzungu ziveza ngekhono yonke into futhi ziyiphikise eminye imibono.

AmaDinosaurs vs Izilwane ezincelisayo

Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane zingazibhubhisa kahle iziqhwaga ze-toothy. Ososayensi abayikhiphi imincintiswano evuthayo phakathi kwabo. Izilwane ezincelisayo zikhombise ukuthi zathuthuka kakhulu maqondana nokusindabakuthola kulula ukuthola ukudla futhi bazivumelanise nemvelo.

Ngemuva kwama-dinosaurs kwafika isikhathi sezilwane ezincelisayo

Inzuzo enkulu yezilwane ezincelisayo bekungumehluko ezindleleni zabo zokuzala zivela endleleni yokuzalwa kabusha kwama-dinosaurs. Amaqanda wokugcina abeka amaqanda, okwakungeke kwenzeke ngaso sonke isikhathi ukusindisa ezilwaneni ezincane ezifanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idinosaur encane idinga inani elikhulu lokudla ukuze ikhule ikhule ngosayizi ofanele, futhi kuya ngokuya kuba nzima ukuthola ukudla. Izilwane ezincelisayo zahlatshwa esibelethweni, zondliwa ubisi lukamama, futhi kamuva azange zikudinge ukudla okuningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kwempumulo kwakuhlala amaqanda edayinaso, ayengathuthukiswa.

Kuhlanganisiwe

Ama-hypotheses angenhla angahambisana, okusetshenziswa abanye abacwaningi ukubeka phambili izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-hypotheses ahlanganisiwe. Isibonelo, umthelela we-meteorite enkulu ungavusa ukwanda komsebenzi wentaba-mlilo kanye nokukhululwa kwesibalo esikhulu sothuli nomlotha, okungahlangana ndawonye kuholele ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, futhi lokhu, kungashintsha uhlobo lwezimila namaketanga okudla, njll., Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi kungadalwa ukwehla kwezilwandle. Izintabamlilo zentaba-mlilo zaqala ukuqhuma ngisho nangaphambi kokuba i-meteorite yehle, kepha ngandlela thile, ukuqhuma okuvamile nokuncane (amamitha angama-cubic ayinkulungwane ngonyaka) kwaba indlela ezingandile nezikhulu (amamitha ayi-900 cubic ngonyaka). Ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi ushintsho kuhlobo lokuqhuma kungenzeka lube ngaphansi kwethonya le-meteorite eliwe ngasikhathi sinye (ngephutha leminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-50).

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kwezinye izinto ezihuquzelayo kukhona umkhuba wokuncika kobulili benzalo ekushiseni kweqanda lokushisa. Ngo-2004, iqembu labaphenyi abavela eBritish University of Leeds, liholwa nguDavid Milleangle. UDavid Miller), uphakamise ukuthi uma into efanayo futhi ibonakaliswa ngama-dinosaurs, khona-ke ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngamadigri ambalwa nje kungavusa ukuzalwa kwabantu bobulili obuthile (ngokwesibonelo, owesilisa), futhi lokhu, kwenza ukuthi okunye ukuzala kungenzeki.

Ukulandelana kwezici

Ososayensi abaningi bathambekele kokukholelwa ukuthi umuntu akufanele aboshwe ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa, ngoba ama-dinosaurs ayenesandla esikhulu futhi ezigidini eziningi zeminyaka amelana nezimanga eziningi zemvelo. Okungenzeka kakhulu imbangela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, izinkinga zokudla, kanye nomncintiswano wezilwane ezincelisayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi i-asteroid yaba uhlobo lokudutshulwa kokulawula. Konke lokhu ngokuhlangana kwakhiwa ngqo kwalezi zimo lapho ama-dinosaurs engenakuphila khona.

Ingabe ukuqothuka kusongela abantu?

Ama-Dinosaurs aphile eMhlabeni izigidi zeminyaka, abantu - amashumi ambalwa ezinkulungwane. Ngalesi sikhathi esifushane, sikwazile ukwakha umphakathi ohlakaniphile. Kepha ekuqothulweni, lokhu akusivikeli neze.

Kukhona inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobo zokunyamalala kwesintu, ezisukela ezinhlekeleleni zomhlaba wonke kanye nezifo eziwumshayabhuqe kusongo olufanayo lwe-cosmic ngesimo se-asteroids nokuqhuma kwezinkanyezi. Kodwa-ke, abantu namuhla bangayeka kalula ukubakhona - kunezikhali zenuzi ezingaphezu kwenele eMhlabeni ngalezi zinhloso ... Kuliqiniso, abanye abantu basengasindiswa uma sikwazi ukuphatha ikoloni iMars noma omunye iplanethi efanelekile kulezi zinhloso.

Amaphutha we-Hypothesis

Akukho neyodwa yalawa ma-hypotheses angachaza ngokuphelele yonke inkimbinkimbi yezimo ezihambisana nokuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs angadli wezilwandle nezinye izinhlobo ekugcineni kweCretaceous.

Izinkinga ezinkulu zezinguqulo ezifakiwe yilezi ezilandelayo:

• Ama-Hypotheses agxila ngqo ukuqothuka, okuthi, ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, bahambe ngesivinini esifanayo njengasesikhathini esedlule, kepha ngasikhathi sinye izinhlobo ezintsha zayeka ukwakha njengengxenye yamaqembu aqothulayo.
• Onke ama-hypotheses ahlaba umxhwele (ama-hypotheses anomthelela), kufaka phakathi lawo asezinkanyezi, awahambisani nesikhathi okulindelekile sesikhathi sawo (amaqembu amaningi ezilwane aqala ukushona isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuphela kweCretaceous, futhi kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi kukhona ama-dinours ama-Paleogene, ama-mosasaurs nezinye izilwane. Ukushintshwa kwama-ammonite afanayo kuhlobo lwe-heteromorphic kukhombisa nohlobo oluthile lokungazinzi. Kungenzeka ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zezilwane sezivele zingancishisiwe izinqubo ezithile zesikhathi eside futhi zime endleleni yokuqothuka, futhi inhlekelele imane yasheshisa inqubo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi isikhathi sesikhathi sokuqothula asinakubalwa ngokunembile ngenxa yomthelela we-Signor - Lipps ohambisana nedatha ye-paleontological engaphelele (isikhathi sokungcwaba ifosili lokugcina lokugcina lingase lingahambelani nesikhathi sokunyamalala kwetekisi).

• Amanye ama-hypotheses anobufakazi obanele. Ngakho-ke, abukho ubufakazi obutholakele bokuthi ukuphonswa kwamandla kazibuthe womhlaba kuthinta i-biology, abukho ubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda bokuthi ukuhlehliswa kweMaastricht kwezinga leLwandle Lomhlaba kungadala ukuqothuka okukhulu ngezinga elinje, abukho ubufakazi bokweqa okuthe xaxa kwezinga lokushisa olwandle ngokuqondile ngalesi sikhathi, futhi akukaze kufakazelwe. ukuthi intaba-mlilo eyinhlekelele eholele ekudalekeni kwezingibe ze-Deccan yayisakazeke kabanzi, noma ukuthi ubukhulu bayo babenele ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu nasemhlabeni.

Isiphetho

Phendula umbuzo: "Kungani amadayinifa aphela?" namuhla akunakwenzeka ngokuqiniseka. Zonke izinhlobo, ngenxa yokuntuleka kobufakazi obukhulu, zenzeka kuphela ezingeni lokucatshangwa. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi izibankwakazi kungenzeka ukuthi zaziqala ngqa ezigidini zeminyaka ukuthi zithonywe yilezi zinto eziningi, futhi ekugcineni zavumela izilwane ezincelisayo.

Okubi kwinguqulo ye-biosphere

• Amafayela Wikimedia Commons Media

• "Dinosaurs" Portal

Ngefomu elingenhla, le nguqulo isebenzisa imibono emiqondo eyingqayizivele mayelana nokuphila kanye nokuziphatha kwama-dinosaurs, ngenkathi ingaqhathanisi zonke izinguquko zesimo sezulu nemisinga eyenzeka eMesozoic, ekugcineni kweCretaceous, futhi ngenxa yalokho ayikuchazi ukuqothulwa okufanayo kwamadayinas emazwenikazi ahlukane.

Obani abathathwa njengama-dinosaurs?

Ngaphansi kwegama "ama-dinosaurs" amaqembu amabili wezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinegazi elifudumele ahlanganisile - izinkukhu kanye ne-lizardotazovye. Ama-dinosaurs angajwayelekile njenge-duckbill iguanodon, ama-trizeratops anezimpondo, ahlome ngohlobo lwe-morgenstern ne-solgosaurus ene-solar, kanye ne-ankylosaurus enezixhobo, yizinto ezi-pitetasis. Zonke izitshalo zezinkukhu zazinkulu (kusuka kumathani ayi-10 kuye kwayi-10) ama-herbivores. Isici esivelele kulokhu kushunqulwa kwakuwulomo olwesabekayo.

Ama-dinosaurs we-Lizard ahlukaniswe izifunda ezimbili: ama -roprop nama-sauropods. Lezi zokugcina zazihlanganisa izibankwakazi ezinkulu ezingama-herbivorous ngentamo ende - idiplodocus, ama-brontosaurs nabanye. Izindlela zokwelapha (“ezinyaweni ezinyaweni”) ziyizidlakela ezinobukhulu obuhluke kakhulu. Ezinye izinto eziphindaphindwayo zalesi sigatshana zazingaphezu kwezintokazi, kodwa futhi kufaka ne-tyrannosaurus ne-spinosaurus. Kuvela kulokhu, igatsha elithuthuka kakhulu lama-dinosaurs, "ukusungulwa" okwakungokembozo lwensipho namathambo angenalutho, lapho kuvela khona izinyoni.

Isibonakaliso esijwayelekile sawo wonke ama-dinosaurs yimilenze, "ebanjiwe" ngaphansi komzimba. Kwezinye izirhubuluzi, izitho zomzimba zitholakala ezinhlangothini zomzimba.

I-Ice Age?

Uma ubheka izimbangela zokuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs eMhlabeni, khona-ke inketho ebonakalayo kakhulu ibonakala njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Futhi isimo sezulu kwiplanethi ngaleso sikhathi sasishintsha. Cishe yonke iCretaceous, yayifudumele ngokumangazayo. Zazingekho izimbobo zamakhaza, futhi enyakatho yezimo zanamuhla zaseSiberia zazifana nendawo yokuzijabulisa yaseMedithera. Izikhukhula ngaleso sikhathi zazinemifula eyayihlala eArkhangelsk. AmaDinosaurs nezilwane ezincelisayo atholakala kuzo kanye izigxobo.

Izilwane ezincelisayo ezaziphila ngesikhathi sama-dinosaurs uqobo lwazo zazingahlukile kakhulu kwezirhubuluzayo. Izinga lokushisa lomzimba le-echidna lisukela kuma-28 liye kwangama-30 degrees. Isilwane asikwazi ukubekezelela iqhwa

Kube kubanda kakhulu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-70 edlule. Kepha, okokuqala, inqubo yahamba kancane. Ekuqaleni kwePaleogene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-66 ezedlule) amahlathi aqobayo asakhula enyakatho yeGreenland. Okwesibili, ukubonakala kwamakhompiyutha eqhwa kuguqula kuphela indawo enokubekelwa kukhwetha. Izingwenya ezithanda ukushisa zimane zathuthela eningizimu, zaya ezindaweni ezingakaze zakhiwe. Ngempela, ngesikhathi seCretaceous, izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba, ezishisayo nezindawo ezilinganayo zaziwugwadule, zazifudumele njengeSigodi Sokufa futhi somile njenge-Atacama.

Kunoma ikuphi, ukupholisa akuzange kunikeze izinzuzo zezilwane ezincelisayo zasendulo. Kepha ubusuku be-polar abuzange busabise ama-dinosaurs. Ama-theodods amancane adla ngokufihla ubhaqa ebusika futhi efihliwe. Ama-diplodocus ambozwe yiqhwa ayemane aphele amandla, asindise ukushisa. Amanye ama-pangolins afunde nokusebenzisa ukushisa kweziphethu ezishisayo ukufudumeza imfuhlumfuhlu yamaqanda.

I-Megazostrodon - "squirrel-toothed squirrel", ebiphila eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-200 eyedlule

Kuyiqiniso, bekungenakwenzeka ukubiza ngama-dinosaurs anegazi efudumele ngokuphelele, lapho isigamu nesigamu sigcine izinga lokushisa lomzimba lifinyelela kuma-25 degrees. Kepha kwakunjalo nangezilwane zasekhaya zokuqala.

Ushintsho lwasemkhathini?

Kunzima ukwabela umthwalo wokuqothuka kanye noshintsho ekwakhiweni komkhathi, okwaqhubeka phakathi nenkathi yeCretaceous. Ukuhlushwa kwe-oksijini emoyeni, ekuqaleni kufinyelela ku-40-45%, kwehle kancane kancane ukuya ezingeni lamanje. Ekupheleni kwenkathi (lokhu kwakuyisizathu sokuphola), ukugcwala kwekhabhoni diokhethi kwaqala ukuwa, ngenkathi yezikhala zezinkomo eziphindwe kayishumi kunamanje. Kepha ushintsho emkhathini lwaluhamba kancane. Futhi akucaci ukuthi zingathinta kanjani izintshisekelo zama-dinosaurs.

Ama-tannannosaurs asemancane, okungafani nabadala "abakhulu abahamba phambili", ahamba ngejubane elingu-7 km / h, okwazile ukugijima nokuzingela, sekuyisikhathi eside kubhekwe njengezinhlobo ezihlukile zama -ropropod

Noma kunjalo, kwakukhona izisulu. Maphakathi namaCretaceous, ama-ichthyosaurs aqothuka. Ngomfutho ophakeme we-oksijini, ukuphefumula kwe-pulmonary kunikeze izidalwa ezinegazi elibandayo ithuba elingenakuqhathaniswa uma kuqhathaniswa noshaka abaphefumula. Kepha lapho umoya-mpilo wehla, kwaba nombuzo wokuthi abazingeli bezinhlanzi bayadingeka yini ngokwemvelo, uma izinhlanzi ezijwayelekile zingaphansi kwabo.

I-oksijini yaqongelela phakathi nenkathi yeJurassic, imangalisa kakhulu futhi inenqwaba kuneCretaceous. Lapho-ke igesi ethe xaxa yangcwatshwa ngesimo sokufakwa kwe-calcium carbonate (okunikeze igama isikhathi sokuma komhlaba kweCretaceous). Kepha i-carbon ethe xaxa eningi kangaka yavelaphi emkhathini?

Ukuchithwa kwe-methane?

Ngokwenye inguqulo, isizathu sokuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs e-herbivore kungaba yizinto eziyingozi ezivikela izitshalo eziqhakaza izitha. Ngempela, esiswini sedinosaur enkulu eyikhulu yokudla ibingabekwa

Okwesithathu kwemidwebo ethi "iplanethi" ichaza ngokufa kwezinsikazi ngesigemegeme se-methane. Inani elikhulu lama-hydrocarbons atholakala eMhlabeni ngesimo sama-hydrate - amakristalu afana neqhwa, okuyizinto ezingagxiliwe zegesi yemvelo namanzi. Ama-Hydrate agcinwa aqine ngenxa yengcindezi kanye nokushisa okuphansi - amadiphozi awo ahlanganiswe ngaphansi kwe-permafrost kanye nolwandle olungezansi kolwandle. Ngokwe-hypothesis ye- "methane hydrate", ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa olwandle kungadala inqubo efana ne-avalanche efana nokuvela kwe-methane. Ngokungezelela ekwandiseni ukusebenza kwegreenhouse, inhlekelele igcwele uchungechunge lweziqhumane, amandla ayo okuzodingeka abhekwe njengama-gigatons. Ngemuva kwakho konke, umbani uzodonsa ingxube yegesi yomoya.

Kucatshangwa ukuthi umcimbi onjalo ungayiqeda ngokuphelele inkathi yama-dinosaurs. Kodwa-ke, le hypothesis ine -backback enkulu: ama-hydration amana ku-Cretaceous awatholakali. Ngempela, ngesikhathi seCretaceous, uMhlaba waphola, kepha awuzange ufudumale, umphumela wokugcina ukushisa wehlile, izingxenye ezincane ze-permafrost zazisezintabeni zase-Antarctica kuphela, futhi izinga lokushisa lamanzi aphansi phansi olwandle lafika kuma-20 degrees.

Kodwa-ke, ngomqondo othile, inhlekelele ye-methane yenzeka ngempela ngaleso sikhathi. Isibhamu siqhume. Izakhiwo zasendulo ze-methane, kanye nezingxenye ezintsha zegesi ezikhishwe ngenkathi kwakhiwa kakhulu “nokukhishwa” kwamadiphozi amalahle amadala, zakhululwa emoyeni. Kepha lolu gesi lwahlinzekwa futhi lwasebenza kancane kancane, ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-80.

Zonke "izinhlekelele" ze-hypotheses zine-drawback eyodwa. Abachazi ukuthi kungani izingxenye zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezichazwe ngokuqinile zaphela. Isixazululo sokuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs kufanele sifihlwe ezicini ze-biology yabo. Futhi akukho ukushoda kwama-hypotheses achaza ukuqothulwa kusuka kuleli phuzu lokubuka.

Amaqanda asengozini?

Kuqashelwe, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi amaqanda wengwenya abekwe ezimweni ezibucayi kakhulu abonakala ngobukhulu obukhulu begobolondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokushisa lesihlabathi lapho okwenziwa khona ukwenziwa komzimba kunomthelela phansi phansi kombungu. Lapho lehla izinga lokushisa, abesilisa abaningi bazobopha. Ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe ukupholisa kuholele ekutheni abantu besifazane bayeke ukukhipha amaqanda ama-dinosaur? Noma ingabe konke ukubumba kwafa ngasikhathi sinye, ngoba izibankwa ezincane azikwazanga ukuqhekeza igobolondo laqina emakhazeni?

Ukuba sengozini kwama-hypotheses anjalo kulele ekutheni yakhelwe phezu kwesisekelo sokubonwa kwezingwenya. Kepha izingwenya zasinda, okusho ukuthi izindawo ezishiwo amaqanda azo azinakubamba iqhaza elibulalayo emngceleni weCretaceous nePaleogene. Futhi ingabe kukhona ukufana okuningi phakathi kwezingwenya kanye nama-plesiosaurs athwala bukhoma noma ama-pterodactyl athwala amaqanda?

Ama-Dinosaurs adinga umthambo okhanyayo ukuze usebenzise “ukusungulwa” kwabo okubaluleke kakhulu - okusebenzayo. Ngaphambi kokuthi izibankwakazi ezazifaka engcupheni zidilize izimbotshana zazo phansi, izilwane zasendle zahamba isinyathelo kuphela

Ukuncintisana nezinye izinhlobo?

Indlela elula yokuchaza ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezitshalo ukuthi yathathelwa indawo yinhlobo eguqukayo. Kodwa ama-dinosaurs, ekuqaleni kokuqala, awangehlulwa kulo mncintiswano, ngoba babengenazimbangi ngokwemvelo. Izilwane ezincelisayo zazingakakulungeli ukwenza njengezilwane ezidla izifuyo nemithi emikhulu. Eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyishumi ngemuva kokuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs, ubuhle obumnandi kakhulu bendalo noma ngabe yikuphi kwakuhlala izidalwa ezinwabuzelayo nezinyoni ezindizayo, noma zimane nje zazingenalutho.

Ukuncintisana kungachaza kuphela ukuqothulwa kwama-pterodactyls. Kakade maphakathi neCretaceous, izinyoni bezixosha zisuka yonke indawo, futhi ama-pterodactyl ayegcwele ndawonye ezindaweni ezigudle ugu. Kepha kulokhu, umngcele wokugcina, ama-dinosaurs ezindizayo asukufa, njengoba sekudlule iminyaka engama-40 ezigidi.

Izinyoni zikaToothy zaba izilwane zokuqala ezinegazi ezifudumele (esithombeni - i-Late Cretaceous "penguin" hesperornis)

Ihora lafika lapho ihloka ebandayo lixosha ama-pterosaurs "anegazi" emaphethelweni aluhlaza. Kepha kugqugquzela izinyoni kuphela ukuthi zithole imithombo yokudla entsha. Izinhlobo zezilwane ezazikwazi inqubo yokufika nokuphuma emanzini zavela ngokushesha futhi, njengamaphinifa zanamuhla, zashintshana nekhono lokundiza ngamakhono okuntywila kwe-scuba. AbakwaPterodactyls, abakwazile ukundiza amahora amaningi bachitha, bangasebenzisi amandla, kepha, sebebambe inyamazane yabo, baphoqeleka ukuba babhukule ogwini, babengenalo ithuba.

Ukuze ama-dinosaurs aqothule, kwakufanele abe nobuthakathaka obujwayelekile. Bona, ngokusobala, kwakuyizici zokuzala.

Ngabe ama-dinosaurs abulewe yizilwane ezincelisayo?

Ama-Dinosaurs, vele, ayedla izilwane ezincelisayo ngezikhathi ezithile. Kepha akubazondanga ngokuhlelekile. Ngemuva kwakho konke, izilwane, zincike embonweni wazo wephunga nokuzwa, zahamba zahamba ebusuku. Futhi izidalwa ezihlaselayo, njengezinyoni, azizange zibonwe ebumnyameni.

Njengoba igobolondo kufanele livumele umoya ukuba udabule, iqanda ngokwalo alikwazi ukuba likhulu kakhulu. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, amawundlu amadayinashungeni aqanjwe amancane kakhulu uma eqhathaniswa nabantu abadala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nosawoti omkhulu kakhulu wezibankwa futhi waqala ukunakekela inzalo, evikela ama-clutch kanye nentsha, babengenalutho lokuphakela inzalo yabo. Idayinaso, ebingakutholi ukudla okugxilile ngesimo sobisi futhi kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuba khona kwayo, ithole ukudla kwayo, yakhula kancane. Ukufinyelela ekuvuthweni, isibankwa esikhulu sathatha amashumi eminyaka.

Ngisho naphakathi kwezidalwa ezithuthukile kakhulu, "ukufa kwezinsana" kwahlala kungumbala. Futhi izilwane ezincelisayo zikwazile ukusebenzisa leli thuba. Namanje azinankinga izibankwakazi ezindala, ezingavikeleli nokho ukuncintisana nezinsana ezisencane, eziphoqelelwa ukondla izimbungulu kanye nezikhonkwane.

Abefundisi, ababebheka inhlanzi evela phezulu, kusukela ekuphakameni kwentamo yabo, babamba inyamazane (kubandakanya ne-pterodactyls yokubhukuda) yona kanye le ndawo, nayo ayikwazanga ukumelana nomncintiswano wezinyoni (ubuciko. Dmitry Bogdanov)

Indlela eyayibangela inhlekelele, kwakuwukubonakala kotshani. Kwakuwukungabikho kwesembozo sotshani esahlukanisa izindawo ezingama-Cretaceous, ezihlotshisiwe, ngaphezu kwezihlahla, kuphela ngamabhishi e-fern kanye namabala e-moss, kusukela kwamuva. Ikhaphethi eluhlaza edala i-turf futhi igcine inhlabathi kusuka ekunikezeleni ngesimo sezulu nasekusikeni, uMhlaba wazuza eminyakeni engama-70 edlule.

Ngaphansi kwesembozo sotshani obabuvumela ukuba bazingele izibungu phakathi nosuku, futhi babeke nemingcele ukubonakala kwabo (okwanciphisa indima yombono ekuzingeleni), ama-hedgehogs asendulo aqala ukuhlasela okunqumayo. Isikali sakhothamela izilwane.

Owokuqala - ngisho nezigidi ezimbalwa zeminyaka ngaphambi kokuphela kwamaCretaceous - ama -ropropods amancane adla ubhedu awa. Kubandakanya ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kakhulu - ama-velociraptors anegazi elifudumele (ngokusobala). Amabutho onogwaja basendulo abavela ekuhlukaniseni izakhi ezinhlobonhlobo bagijimela kwigebe elingumphumela.

Isisindo sekhilogremu ezingama-20 kuphela, i-velociraptor esheshayo, enobuqili futhi ebulalayo yayizingela ama-herbivores amancane. Kepha le niche kuCretaceous yayihlalwa kuphela yintsha yabadayisi abakhulu

Ngenqubo efanayo, ukunciphisa izinsiza ezitholakala kuma-dinosaurs asemasha, idiplodocus ebabazekayo emncintiswaneni yanqoba izilwane ezincane, ezingafani nhlobo nokuqonda noma ubuhlakani. Kepha bonke utshani bekungekho lula ukwedlula, futhi ukubulawa kwabantu emameleni, okungapheli e-Jurassic, kwaqhubeka ePaleogene.

Abokugcina ukushona bekungamaTriceratops, okwazile ukujwayela ukondliwa kotshani, kanye nabadumile bezikhala - abashokobezi.