• Isikhathi Sokuhlala: ukuqala kwenkathi yeJurassic, cishe ngonyaka wezigidi eziyi-199.3 - 190.8 edlule
• Iqembu: izinkukhu
• Umsoco: herbivorous
• Ubude: kufika ku-100 amasentimitha
• Ukuphakama: kufika kumasentimitha angama-40
• Isisindo: kuze kufike ku-3.45 kg (ngokusho kweminye imithombo kufika ku-10 kg)
• Kutholakele: ILesotho (South Africa), 1978
• Igama: UGalton, 1978

Ukuxilongwa kweLesothosaurus (Lesothosaurus diagnosticus) - "isililo esivela eLesotho" - sasihlala emhlabeni wethu ekuqaleni kwenkathi yeJurassic cishe ngonyaka wezigidi eziyi-199.3- 190.8 edlule futhi kwakungomunye wabadayisi bokuqala bezinkukhu.

Ngo-1978, kwafunyanwa isigaxa esingapheleli kanye nezicucu zamathambo ehlathini i-henna lapho kwakhiwa khona i-Upper Elliot (Lesotho). Inani elikhulu lamazinyo awile latholakala nxazonke, yize kusekwe amazinyo agcwele ezingxoweni ze-tosaurus yehlathi.
Ngeshwa, i-tosaurus yehlathi ifundwe kabi; namuhla, isifundo sayo siyaqhubeka.

Isikhumba esifushane nesicaba se-tosaurus yehlathi sasinezinyawo ezinkulu. Izisekelo ezibanzi ze-tosaurus yehlathi zazisebenza njengesivinini semisipha ethuthukisiwe, engakhombisa umbono omuhle.
Uhlobo loqhwaku oluncane olucwebezelayo, okuhloselwe ukukha izitshalo, selivele lenziwa ngamathambo wangaphambi nangaphambi kwesikhathi.
Kwakunamazinyo amise okwamahlamvu emhlathini we-tosaurus yehlathi, kanti amazinyo ayi-12 afana nezihloko zemicibisholo ayephambi komhlathi ongenhla. Kulokhu zifana namazinyo ama-pachycephalosaurs.
Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka okunjalo kwamazinyo akulungele neze ukugaya ukudla okulukhuni, kepha kufanelekile kuphela ukusika iziqu ezithambile noma amaqabunga.

ILesotosaurus yathutha imilenze emibili yezandla, nangejubane elikhulu.
Izibalo zangaphambili ze-tosaurus yehlathi, lapho ahlela futhi aphatha khona izitshalo ezidliwayo, zazinezici ezinhlanu futhi zimfushane, ngaphandle komunwe wesihlanu, zikhule kahle.
Amaphesenti wezingalo zangaphambili nezangemuva zehlathi tosaurus 40:60.

ILesotosaurus yayincane, futhi umzimba wayo ulula, ngenxa yamathambo ayo angenalutho, waphakama.
Umsila wawumude futhi umncane.
I-Lesotosaurus kwakuyisidina esinamandla kakhulu, esathi ngengozi encane, sabaleka masinyane izitha zaso - amadina adla izambane likapondo.

Ama-tosaurus asehlathini adla izitshalo ze-herbaceous ezimnandi - ama-cycads nama-ferns.
Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi i-tosaurus yasehlathini yayimangalisa, okungukuthi, yayondla izitshalo nezinambuzane.

Imithombo yolwazi:
1. I-Dixon, uCox "I-Macmillan efanekisela incwadi yama-dinosaurs nezilwane ezisekuqaleni"
2. "I-Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs"
3. Isiza seWikipedia
4. UMartin “Ukwethulwa Kocwaningo Lamadina”
5. UMalamam, uWoodward "Dinosaur Atlas"
6. UScotland "Ama-dinosaurs Ayingozi"
7. Kut "Dinosaurs and planethi Earth"
8. "The Great Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs"

Ikhadi lebhizinisi

Isikhathi nendawo

Kwakukhona ama-tosaurus asehlathini ekuqaleni kwenkathi yeJurassic, cishe ngonyaka we-199.3 - 190.8 eminyakeni eyedlule (isigaba seSinemiurian). Basatshalaliswa emkhakheni weLesotho wanamuhla kanye neRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu Afrika.

Okuhlukile kwe-dinosaur yasehlathini enemibala ecebile. Kungenzeka ukuthi ama-dinosaurs amaningi amancane apendwe ngokugqamile, ngendlela yezikhala zamanje noma izinyoka.

Izinhlobo nomlando wokutholwa

Manje ukuphela kwezinhlobo zamukeleka ezweni lonke - Lesothosaurus diagnosticusngokufanayo isampula. Yatholakala ku-Upper Elliot Fform, etholakala endaweni yeLesotho kanye neRiphabhlikhi yaseNingizimu Afrika.

Le ncazelo yanikezwa ihlathi-tosaurus yisazi saseBrithani i-paleontologist ngo-1978. Isibonelo se-holotype BMNH RU (UCL) B17 isheyili engaphelele. Ekuqaleni kwendatshana, sichaze igama le-tosaurus yehlathi, igama lezinhlobo zokuxilonga ihunyushwe lisuka esiLatineni ngokuthi "diagnostic".

Ukwakheka komzimba

Ubude bomzimba we-tosaurus yehlathi bufinyelele kumitha eyi-1. Ukuphakama kufinyelela amasentimitha angama-40. Ubunzima obungamakhilogremu angama-3.45.

Ama-tosaurus asehlathini ahamba ngemilenze emibili emide, emvumela ukuba akhule ngesivinini esikhulu. Iminwe emide nemilenze ephansi ihlukaniswa ngokukhethekile, lapho kwezinye izincwadi kudonswa okufanayo ngamazibuko amancanyana anemilenze.

Izandulelo ezinesiphandla ezinhlanu ze-tosaurus yehlathi, noma zincinci, zazikhuliswe kahle. Kusukela ngaphandle, zingabonakala njengokufana okuncane kwezandla zabantu. Ngokuqhathanisa nomunwe wethu omncane, umunwe wesihlanu awakhiwe kahle. Ngalezi "zandla" ezifanayo wayethinta futhi aphathe izitshalo ezidliwayo.

Ugebhezi olusicaba lwe-bushotosaurus, ngokungafani nama-ornithopods amafushane, anemigwaqo emikhulu. Amathambo wangaphambi kwama-premaxillary ne-preental asevele akha uhlobo lomlomo osabekayo (osencane) izitshalo ezidwetshulwe kuwo dinosaur.

Amazinyo amise okwedayimane, noma mhlawumbe anamaqabunga, akleliswe emihlathini yehlathi-tsaurus. Ngaphambili komhlathi ongenhla kwakunamazinyo ayi-12, afana nemicibisholo. Kulokhu zifana namazinyo ama-pachycephalosaurs. Isakhiwo esinjalo sokukhanya kwamazinyo asilungele kakhulu ukugaya ukudla okulukhuni, kepha kufanelekile ukusika iziqu noma amaqabunga athambile. Izisekelo ezibanzi ze-tosaurus yehlathi zazisebenza njengendawo yokuqinisa imisipha ethuthukisiwe, engakhombisa umbono omuhle. Eqinisweni, impilo ye-fabrosaurids yayixhomeke ezinzwa.

Isiqu se-tosaurus yehlathi sasiphakeme futhi sikhanya, sikhumbuza abanye babalingani bokhokho be-archosaur, ababemi ngemilenze emibili. Yayinomsila omude omfishane, ebaluleke kakhulu ukunyakaza okusheshayo. Ngokuvamile, ngenxa yesigaxa esifushane nomzimba ophakeme, i-tosaurus yehlathi iyikhumbuza ngandlela-thile isibankwa esinezinyawo ezimbili, sanquma ukusukuma saya emilenzeni emibili sagijima.

I-Lesotosaurus yayingesinye sezidalwa zokuqala ze-herbivorous, futhi bekulokhu kuthiwa yi-ornithopods yokuqala. Muva nje, nokho, imibono (ikakhulukazi, i-paleontologists uRichard Butler noDavid Norman) mayelana nokumcula ngaphandle kwalezi zisekelo ngesisekelo sezinto ezithile zakudala seziqale ukuzwakala kaningi.

Asiboni isizathu esanele sokuhlukaniswa okunjalo, ngoba i-tosaurus yehlathi ihlangabezana nezindlela eziyisisekelo zama-ornithopods.

Futhi ama-Fabrosaurids, kanye ne-heterodontosaurids, nama-dinosaurs akuqala e-herbivorous, sabelwe ngokuqinile i-ornithopods. Ngokwedlule, zingahlukaniswa ngesakhiwo se-proornithopods, ngokufaniswa nesizinda sangaphambi kwama-prosauropods - ama-sauropods akuqala.

I-sand iyandiza isuka ngaphansi kwezinyawo ze-tosaurus egijima ngokushesha. Ukudweba ngumdwebi wase-Italy uLoana Riboli.

Ukuxhumeka okuqondile nge-vitrosaur ne-isikhulumi

Muva nje, ngo-2005, izinsalela ze-ornithopod zokuqala ezingamamitha amabili ezitholwe ekwakhekeni okufanayo kwe-Upper Elliot zichaziwe. Wathola igama lokukhubeka. I-dinosaur yayikhona cishe ngasikhathi esifanayo ne-tosaurus yehlathi, futhi lokhu ngokwako kusikisela ukusondela kohlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngonyaka we-2010 kwashicilelwa i-athikili "Ukushintshwa kwe-Ontogenetic nosayizi womzimba wabantu abadala wokuxilongwa kweLesothosaurus diagnosticus wokuqala we-ornithischian", lapho kufaniswa khona ngqo ngqo phakathi kwabo futhi kuphakanyiswa ukuthi i-tosaurus yehlathi imane nje iyisibonelo esincane sokukhubeka. Ngeshwa, ukungabikhona kogwayi lwakamuva kuhlanganisa umsebenzi wokuhlonza, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi kuphezulu.

Uhlobo lwesibili, okungenzeka ukuthi luyi-tosaurus efanayo yehlathi, yi-machrosaur, echazwe ngaphambi kokutholakala kwe-tosaurus yehlathi, ngonyaka we-1964. Yatholakala ezweni elifanayo, futhi izikhathi ziyahlangana. Kodwa-ke, lapha ngokukhomba isimo sibi kakhulu, ngoba i-knrosaur yaziwa kuphela ngengxenyana yomhlathi enamazinyo amaningana.

Sizolinda ukutholwa okwengeziwe kanye nezifundo ezizobeka yonke into endaweni yayo.

Isigaxa se-tosaurus yehlathi

Lesi sibalo sikhombisa ukwakhiwa kabusha kwehlobo lweLesothosaurus diagnosticus (David Norman, 2004).

Ngezansi isithombe sgebhezi kusukela ekuchazelweni kweRoyal Belgian Museum of Natural Science (Brussels).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwengcaca kwengxenye ephezulu yekhanda kusuka emsebenzini kaPaul Sereno (1991)

Umsoco nendlela yokuphila

Ukwakheka kwe-Elliot yaseNingizimu Afrika, lapho kwakuhlala khona ihlathi lasehlathini, ngaleyo minyaka kwakuyindawo eshisa kakhulu kunamanje. Kodwa-ke, umswakama nawo wawuphawuleka, okungaphezu kokuhlinzeka ngama-dinosaurs amancane ngezitshalo ze-herbaceous ezinamafutha. Amazinyo abo obucayi ayenzelwe izimpande ezihlafunwayo, kodwa amahlamvu abo nokubonakala kwembewu kwakubonakala ngathi. Ama-fern amancane nama-cycas ngaleso sikhathi ayeyizindlela ezivamile kakhulu zezitshalo.

ILesotosaurus yayiyisilwane esisheshayo futhi esinamandla futhi, ngesibonakaliso esiyingozi esincane, yayihlanganisa nemilenze yaso. Ingabe wayenazo izitha? Yebo, lokhu kwakhiwa kwakhiwa izinyamazane ezincane ezinamazipho - i-coelophysis. Ngokusobala, ayengama-theropods ayindawo yonke: ngamaqembu angakwazi ukuhlasela ama-massospondyl amakhulu, futhi akwazi ukubhekana nama-ornithopods awodwa. I-celophysis ende enomlenze yayingahambisana ne-tosaurus yehlathi.

Lezi zokugcina bezingenazo izindlela zokuzivikela: azinakuba nezimpi ezingathi sína, akukho zikhali, noma amafangqa e-heterodontosaurids. Ukuphepha komuntu ngamunye kwakuxhomekeke kuphela ezinzwa nasemilenzeni.

Ukwakheka okuhle kwe-3D kuka-Albert Gruswitz: iqembu lama-tosaurus asehlathini babuthanela isidlo sasemini e-oasis eluhlaza.

Ukuhlangana okulinganiselwe nge-fabrosaur ne-strombergia

Ngo-2005, kutholwa isigaxa ngaphandle kwesikhumba se-ornithopod esingamamitha amabili. Usosayensi othole le dinosaur wayibiza ngokuthi yi-strombergia. Amathambo atholakala ezindaweni ezifanayo futhi ekujuleni okufanayo nesithambo se-tosaurus yehlathi, ephakamisa ubudlelwano babo. Ngo-2010, abanye ososayensi baphakamise ukuthi i-tosaurus esehlathini ingumfanekiso nje omncane we-strombergia. Isinqumo sokugcina asikenziwa ngenxa yokushoda kakhanda kwe-strombergia. Kubuye kwahlongozwa ukuthi ama-tosaurus asehlathini nedayinaso atholakala ngo-1964 I-Fabrosaurus dinosaur efanayo. Noma kunjalo, lo mbono awunakuqinisekiswa ngesizathu sokuthi izinsalela I-Fabrosaurus kutholakele kuphela umhlathi onamazinyo ambalwa.

Ukuvela kwe-tosaurus yehlathi

Ubude be-tosaurus yehlathi abudluli imitha eyi-1, ngenkathi ihamba emilenzeni emibili emide yasemuva, okuthe, ngokuvamile, yakhuphuka ngo-20 cm.

I-Lesothosaurus (Lesothosaurus)

Imilenze yangaphambili yedayinaso yayimfushane imfushane emihlanu, ingakhuli kahle futhi yayihloselwe ukubamba ngaphezu kokuhamba.

UPeter Galton wakuchaza lokho ngo-1978.

Igama lakhe lisho ukuthi "i-lizard evela eLesotho." Uhlobo luhlanganisa uhlobo olulodwa - i-Lesothosaurus diagnosticus.

Ngobukhulu, wayengekho omkhulu kunenja enkulu. Isisindo - mayelana ne-10 kg. Wayenekhanda elikhulu kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nomzimba, ngokunokwenzeka ngezihlathi ezincane ezinenyama nomqhomo omubi emhlathini ophansi.

Lesi silwane sasinomzimba olintekenteke kunalokho.

Lesi silwane sasinomzimba owuthakathaka kunalokho - intamo emincane, amathambo angenalutho, imilenze emide nezidladla zangaphambili ezifushane ezineminwe emihlanu. Ukuphakama komzimba we-bush-tosaurus cishe kwakungamamitha ayi-1. Umsila omude wawunamamiseli we-ossified futhi unikeze amandla okulwa nawo wonke umzimba.

Isakhiwo se-tosaurus yehlathi

Ngaphezu kwalokho, emathanjeni akhe, abacwaningi bakwazile ukuthola inani elikhulu lemininingwane eliqinisekisa umsuka wama-dinosaurs we-herbivorous kusuka kokhokho abathandayo.

Futhi yize isizathu sokuvela kwama-dinosaurs anjalo ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo asikaqondakali ngokuphelele, ososayensi namuhla sebevele becabanga ukuthi lokhu kwenzekile ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwezinye izibankwakazi ukutshala ukudla. Lokhu-ke, kwalinyusa kakhulu ivolumu lamathumbu, futhi wayesele echithile futhi ecindezela ithambo le-pubic emthanjeni wamadayinaso emuva, ngaleyo ndlela enza isakhiwo sohlobo lwezinkukhu.

Ukwakheka kwe-tosaurus yehlathi kwamvumela ukuba akhululeke kakhulu

Umzimba omfushane, obukhulu, umsila omude nentamo eqinile - konke lokhu kwenza ihlathi le-tosaurus lahamba kakhulu.

Amathambo angenalutho wesikelethi futhi angeza ukukhanya okulula ngesikhathi sokunyakaza.

Idatha enjalo ibimane ibalulekile kule nhlobo encane yama-dinosaurs, ngoba ukuhamba nje okusheshayo nokugijima kungasindisa kubaphikisi abathandayo bangaleso sikhathi.

Ngokunokwenzeka, i-tosaurus yasehlathini yayingumgijimi omuhle kakhulu.

Indlela yokuphila yeLesothosaurus

Ngokuqondene nendlela yokuphila yehlathi-tsaurus, liqhathaniswa nokuziphatha kwensikazi yesimanje - iningi lempilo yayo le dinosaur yachitha emadlelo lapho idla khona imifino futhi ngasikhathi sinye yabuka ukuze kungabikho songo kusuka kwabazingeli abahle. Ngokushesha nje lapho lokhu kuvela, umhlambi we-tosaurus wasehlathini wavele wasuka, wabaleka.

Isigaxa se-tosaurus yehlathi

Isakhiwo esithandekayo samazinyo ale dinosaur ashukumisela abacwaningi emcabangweni wokuthi yena, mhlawumbe, wayengahlukani nobisi kuphela, kodwa wazivumela ukuthi ajabulele izinambuzane ezincane ngezikhathi ezithile. Into yokuthi amazinyo akhe afana nesakhiwo samazinyo e-iguana yesimanje, edla imifino, kepha engxenyeni yayo yangaphambili akhonjwa kakhulu, okubonisa ukuthi i-tosaurus yehlathi yayimangalisa.

I-Lesotosaurus - kwakuyi-omnivore

I-Lesothosaurus (Lesothosaurus)

• Ubude - 1 imitha
• Ukuphakama - 45 cm
• Isisindo - 2 kg
• Umsuka - izigidi eziyi-197-183 eminyakeni edlule
• Isikhathi - iJurassic ephansi (Upper Triassic)
• Umsoco - Imifino Ephansi
• Habitat - i-Afrika (iLesotho, iNingizimu Afrika), iNingizimu Melika (iVenezuela)