Cishe, ngamunye wethu wake wazibuza lo mbuzo okungenani, futhi efuna impendulo weza nezinguqulo eziningi ezingqubuzanayo. Abanye bathi amathe anqwabelana emgodini wekamela, abanye bakhuluma ngezinqolobane zamanzi ezinkulu, ngoba kungenye indlela yokuchaza ikhono labo lokuphila ogwadule olushisayo? Ngeshwa kwabaningi, zombili izinhlobo azilungile. Kepha uma kunjalo, amakamela afihlelani engxenyeni evelele yomzimba wabo?

Kungani ikamela likhala?

Kuyemukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi ama-camel humps ayiziqukathi ezikhethekile zamanzi lapho "umkhumbi wasogwadule" ugcina khona umswakama lapho kwenzeka inguquko ende. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ngaphandle kwamanzi, ikamela lingaba khona ngokuthula amasonto ambalwa esimweni sezulu esishisayo sase-Afrika noma eMiddle East. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona iqiniso kulokhu, kodwa eqinisweni leliqiniso alilona iqiniso ngokuphelele.

Ukwakheka kwesihlakala sekamela

Eqinisweni, amakamela ama-humps awagcini amanzi, kepha izitolo zamafutha, okungukuthi, izinqolobane zokudla uma kwenzeka zivela izimo ezingalindelekile futhi ziphuthumayo.

Amakamela azalwa ngaphandle kwezinqubo zomgogodla, ngoba ungqimba lwamafutha luvela ngemuva kokudlula kwezingane ezisuka ebisini lukamama ziye ekudleni okuqinile. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwekamela yisigaxa segama elifanayo, esingadli ezinye izilwane.

Izici zesakhiwo somzimba wekamela

Isici esisobala nesivelele kakhulu sokwakheka kwekamela ngumswakama waso. Ngokuya ngohlobo, kungahle kube nokukodwa noma okubili.

Kubalulekile! Isici somzimba wekamela yikhono laso ukubekezelela kalula ukushisa namazinga okushisa aphansi. Ngempela, ogwadule nasezitebhisini kunomehluko omkhulu kakhulu wokushisa.

Ijazi lamakamela likhulu kakhulu futhi ligobekile, kungathi lifaniswa nezimo ezinzima zasehlane, i-steppe ne-semi-steppe. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamakamela - iBactrian ne-dromedary. IBactrian inejazi eliminyene kakhulu kune-dromedary. Ubude nobukhulu bejazi ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomzimba kuhlukile.

Ngokwesilinganiso, ubude bawo bubalelwa ku-9 cm, kepha bumba ukumiswa isikhathi eside kusuka phansi kwentamo. Ijazi elinamandla libuye likhule phezulu kwesiqalo, ekhanda, lapho lifana khona ne-crest phezulu nezintshebe ezansi, kanye nakulesihloko sentamo.

Ochwepheshe bathi lokhu kungukuthi ngale ndlela isilwane sivikela izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zomzimba kusuka ekushiseni. Izinwele zingasho lutho ngaphakathi, okubenza basebenzise umshini wokushisa omuhle kakhulu. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngokuhlala ezindaweni lapho kunomehluko omkhulu kakhulu wokushisa kwansuku zonke.

Amakhala kanye namehlo wesilwane avikelwe esihlabathini. Ukusindisa umswakama emzimbeni, amakamela acishe awafungi. Imilenze yekamela ibuye ivumelaniswe impilo yonke ehlane. Azisheleli ematsheni futhi zibekezelela kahle isihlabathi esishisayo.

I-humps eyodwa noma ezimbili

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamakamela - ene-humps eyodwa noma amabili. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamakamela e-bactrian, kanti ngaphezu kosayizi nenani lama-humps, amakamela awahlukile kakhulu. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zivumelaniswa ngokuphelele impilo ezimweni ezinzima. Ikamela elinomunyu owodwa ekuqaleni lalihlala ezwenikazi lase-Afrika kuphela.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Amakamela asendle endabuko yawo yaseMongolia abizwa ngokuthi amaHaptagai, kuthi okufuywayo esikwaziyo kuthiwe ngamaBactrian. Izinhlobo zasendle zekamela elinezinhlungu ezimbili zibhalwe kuNcwadi Ebomvu.

Kuze kube manje, kusasele abantu abangamakhulu ambalwa. Lezi yizilwane ezinkulu kakhulu, ukukhula komuntu wesilisa okudala kufinyelela kumamitha ama-3, nesisindo kufika ku-1000 kg. Kodwa-ke, ubukhulu obunjalo abujwayelekile, ukuphakama okujwayelekile okungaba ngu-2 - 2,5 m, nesisindo esingu-700-800 kg. Abesifazane bancane kakhulu, ukukhula kwabo akudluli ku-2,5 m, futhi isisindo sisukela ku-500 kuye ku-700 kg.

Ama-camomedaries ekamela anomunye muncane kakhulu kunabalingani babo abanezinhlavu ezimbili. Isisindo sazo asidluli kumakhilogremu angama-700, futhi ukuphakama kwawo kungama-2.3 m. Ngokuqondene nalabo nabanye, isimo sabo singahlulelwa yi-humps. Uma emi, khona-ke isilwane sigcwele futhi siphilile. Uma ama-humps elenga phansi, khona-ke lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi isilwane besilambe isikhathi eside. Ngemuva kokuthi ikamela lifinyelele emthonjeni wokudla namanzi, ukwakheka kwama-humps kuyabuyiselwa.

Indlela yokuphila yekamela

Amakamela ayizilwane zomhlambi. Imvamisa zibanjwa ngamaqembu ezinhloso ezingama-20 kuye kwangama-50. Kuqabukela kakhulu ukuthola ikamela elilodwa, ekugcineni libethelwe emhlambini. Maphakathi komhlambi kukhona izinsikazi namawundlu. Emaphethelweni kukhona abesilisa abaqinile nabancane kunabo bonke. Ngakho-ke, bavikela umhlambi kubantu bangaphandle. Benza izinguquko ezinde ukusuka endaweni kuya endaweni ukuya ku-100 km beyofuna amanzi nokudla.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Amakamela ahlala ikakhulukazi ogwadule, ama-semi-desert kanye nama-steppes. Njengokudla, basebenzisa i-rye yasendle, umhlonyane, ameva bekamela kanye ne-saxaul.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amakamela angaphila izinsuku ezingama-15 noma ngaphezulu ngaphandle kwamanzi, asawadinga. Ngenkathi yemvula, amaqembu amakhulu amakamela ayahlangana osebeni lwemifula noma ezansi kwezintaba lapho kuhlangana khona isikhashana.

Ebusika, amakamela angaqeda ukoma neqhwa. Lezi zilwane zithanda amanzi amasha, kepha imizimba yazo yakhelwe kangangokuba ingaphuza nosawoti. Lapho befika emanzini, bangaphuza amalitha angaphezu kwe-100 ngemizuzu eyi-10. Imvamisa kuyizilwane ezolile, kepha entwasahlobo zingaba nolaka olukhulu kakhulu, kube nezikhathi lapho abesilisa abadala bexosha izimoto futhi bahlasela nabantu.

Kungani ikamela lidinga i-hump

Isikhathi eside, bekukholelwa ukuthi amakamela adinga ama-humps njengezitolo zamanzi. Le nguqulo ibithandwa kakhulu futhi iyakholiseka ukuthi bayiphikisile muva nje. Ngemuva kochungechunge lwezifundo, ososayensi bakwazile ukufakazela ukuthi ama-humps awasizi ngalutho nokugcinwa komswakama onikeza impilo emzimbeni. I-hump engemuva kwekamela luhlobo lwesqolobane sezakhamzimba.

Ngamanye amagama, lezi yizikhwama ezinkulu zamafutha angenamikhono ikamela “elisebenzisa” ezikhathini ezilambile. Lezi humps zingumthombo obalulekile wamafutha okudla kubantu emazweni nasezifundeni lapho i-camelina isetshenziswa ngenkuthalo njengomkhiqizo wokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-humps enza isilawuli sokushisa, ngenxa yokuthi ikamela aligugi ngokweqile.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ngamakamela angadingi ukudla, ama-humps emi aqonde phezulu, ngokuziqhenya akhuphuka ngenhla komhlane womnini wawo. Ezilwaneni ezilambile, ziyaxhuma. Ama-camels ezinkamela angenza u-10-15% wesisindo sesilwane, okungama-130-150 kg.

Kungani ikamela lidonsa futhi okungaphakathi?

Eqinisweni, amanoni anqwabelana emgodini wekamela, amafutha afanayo enginawo, nawe, nabanye abantu abaningi nezilwane. Imvamisa, izilwane ezincelisayo ziqongelela izicubu ze-adipose emisipheni noma ngaphansi kwesikhumba, kepha amakamela ayizilwane ezikhethekile, aqongelela amanoni ku-hump, azondla ngesikhathi sohambo olude. Umhlanga wekamela ungaba nesisindo esingama-35 kg, ngakho-ke ayakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokudla aze afike kumaviki ama-2. Uma ikamela lichitha isikhathi eside lingadli, i-hump iqala ukuncipha kakhulu ngosayizi bese iwela ohlangothini olulodwa. Ukuze ikwenze ukuhleleka, ikamela lidinga ukuphumula futhi lithuthukise umsoco wezinsuku eziningana.
Ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, amanoni emgodini wekamela asebenza kuphela njengendawo yokudla futhi akakwazi ukufaka amanzi.

Amakamela awathola kuphi amanzi futhi uwagcina kuphi

Uma i-hump yamakamela empeleni ingabambi iqhaza ekugcinweni nasekukhiqizweni kwamanzi, kuphakama umbuzo onengqondo: “Amakamela athatha kuphi amanzi futhi agcinwa kuphi?” Lo mbuzo ungaphendulwa kalula - amakamela aphuza nje futhi aphuza kakhulu, ngesikhathi isilwane siphuze amalitha amanzi angama-75. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, amakamela aphuza kuphela ukuze aqede ukoma kwawo futhi abuyisele amazinga ajwayelekile amanzi emzimbeni, ngenkathi abakwazi ukugcina amanzi ngekusasa.

Ikhamera ene-Hump

Amakamela enza kanjani ngaphandle kwamanzi

Imfihlo yamakamela ilele emzimbeni wayo oyingqayizivele.
Okokuqala, amakamela anganciphisa ukulahleka kokuswakama okuvela emzimbeni, akuvamisile ukuthi zihlukane, futhi ukungcola kwabo komile kakhulu, nomchamo ugcwele kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphefumula kwekamela kuklanyelwe ngendlela yokuthi umswakama ungashiyi mzimba nomoya ophelile, kepha unokuma ezindongeni ze-nascha concha bese ubuyela emuva. Isici esibaluleke ngokulinganayo somzimba walezi izilwane ezincelisayo yikhono lokubekezelela ushintsho olukhulu ekushiseni komzimba. Emini, izinga lokushisa lomzimba wekamela lingahluka kusuka ku-32.2 ° C liye ku-40.6 ° C, futhi kuphela lapho lifinyelela izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lapho ikamela liqala ukujuluka. Ukuqhathanisa, izinga lokushisa lomzimba lomuntu elijwayelekile lingama-36.6 ° C futhi uma ulikhuphuka ngo-1 ° C kuphela, kungahle kusho ukuthi uyagula.
Okwesibili, amakamela amelana nokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni: ngokujwayelekile angakubekezelela ukulahleka kwama-30-40 wamanzi omzimba. Ukuqhathanisa, ukulahleka kwama-20% wamanzi kumuntu kuyabulala, kuyilapho, ngokulahleka kwe-10%, ukuqala kobuhlungu obuqala.

Kungani ikamela lidumzela emhlane wayo?

Ngemuva kokufunda le ndatshana, bambalwa abantu abanalo mbuzo, ngoba sesivele sabona ukuthi i-hump isebenza njengomthombo wokudla wamakamela. Kepha uma ucabanga ngakho, izilwane eziningi zinamafutha, zisatshalaliswa emzimbeni wonke, futhi ngamakamela kuphela azigcina ku-hump. Ngani? Njengoba wazi, imvelo ayenzi lutho ngeze, kanti i-camel hump inezinye izakhiwo eziwusizo ngokwengeziwe. Njengoba ilanga likhanya ikakhulukazi livela phezulu, i-hump yekamela isebenza njengesihlangu kuye, ivikela lesi silwanyana emisebeni yelanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba amafutha abheja ukushisa kubi kakhulu kunamanzi, i-hump ivimba umzimba ukufudumeza ukukhanya kwelanga. Igazi livikelekile futhi ekushiseni: ngenxa yokuthi amaseli wamafutha awadingi i-oksijini, imithambo yegazi idlula ngaphansi kwe-hump, endaweni yokuphola okuhlobene. Phakathi kokunye, ezinye izinhlobo zamakamela zinejazi elikhudlwana ngemuva, kuyilapho kuzo zonke ezinye izingxenye zomzimba ijazi lincipha kakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo somzimba sisiza ukuxosha ukushisa kusuka elangeni eliqondile kusuka phezulu futhi kuphole ikamela kusuka ngaphansi.

Ungathola ukuthi zingaki izinsuku amakamela ezingaphila ngaphandle kwamanzi, kanye namanye amaqiniso ahehayo ngalezi zilwane, kusukela esihlokweni sethu engxenyeni ethandekayo yamaqiniso.

Ukuvela kwamakamela

Njengoba wazi, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamakamela: eyodwa-i-humped kanye ne-2 humts. Imvamisa babizwa ngeDrumedary neBactrian, ngokulandelana. Izilwane zabantu abadala zinesisindo, ngokwesilinganiso, ukusuka ku-500 kuye ku-800 kg, futhi ukukhula kwabantu abadala kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-2.1.

Amakamela we-humped eyodwa ne-humped amabili ahlukile hhayi ngenani lama-humps, kodwa futhi ngombala wejazi. Ezokuqala zinezingubo ezibomvu-grey, kanti ezokugcina zinsundu. Amakamela anentamo ende, ebunjiwe, izindlebe zincanyana futhi ziyindilinga.

Ukwakheka kwezinyawo zabo kuvumela amakamela ukuba ahambe eduze kwesihlabathi ngaphandle kokuwela. Iminwe yamakamela ixhumekile futhi yakha into eyodwa evamile. Izinyawo ezibanzi ezinezinyawo ezimbili - ukunyakaza esihlabathini esikhululekile noma amatshe amancane.

Habitat

Ukumbiwa kwezinto zakudala kuye kwavumela ososayensi ukuba baphethe ngokuthi amakamela asendle ayehlala ezindaweni ezinkulu zengxenye enkulu yeCentral Asia. Izilwane zazidlangile eGobi nakwezinye izindawo eziwugwadule zaseMongolia nase China. Empumalanga, indawo ababehlala kuyo ifinyelela emaphethelweni amakhulu oMfula iYellow, nasentshonalanga - kuya emkhakheni weKazakhstan neCentral Asia esenkabeni yanamuhla.

Amakamela asendle abizwa nge- haptagai. Zigcinwe ezingxenyeni ezi-4 ezingayodwa zezindawo zaseMongolia (izintaba zaseZaaltai Gobi kanye naphansi kwezigaba ze-Edren ne-Shivet-Ulan, ukuya emngceleni neChina) neChina (endaweni yeLake Lobnor). Namuhla awekho amakamela asendle, isibalo sawo asidluli abantu abaningana futhi sithambekele ukwehla. Lokhu kungenxa yentuthuko ebonakalayo yezinkundla.

Indlela Yokuphila Nempilo

Amakamela ayizilwane zomhlambi. Zibamba ngamaqembu ezinhloko ezinhlanu kuya kweziyi-20 (kwesinye isikhathi zize zibe ngama-30), lapho izinsikazi eziningana ezinezalo zineduna elilodwa elihola umhlambi. Imvamisa izinsizwa nazo zingena emhlambini, kepha ngesikhathi sokuzalela zishiya iqembu.

Amakamela asendle ngokwemvelo azulazula esuka endaweni ethile kuya kwenye. Imvamisa bahlala ezindaweni ezinamadwala, ezingadoti, ethafeni nasezintabeni, ezinemifino engandile futhi enzima nemithombo yamanzi engandile. Amakamela ayizinto zokugcoba. Bondla nge-hodgepodge, umhlonyane, ameva bekamela kanye ne-saxaul.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amakamela angenza ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi esingamasonto amabili, kubalulekile kubona. Amaqembu amakhulu amakamela aqokamalela emva kwezimvula osebeni lwemifula noma ngaphansi kwezintaba, lapho kutholakala khona isikhashana. Ebusika, amakamela angakwazi ukomisa ukoma neqhwa lawo, futhi lapho kungekho khona amanzi amasha angaphuza nosawoti.

Kungani ikamela lingahamba ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside?

Ikamela ligcwalisa kanjani amanzi futhi ligcwalise kanjani isidingo salo sansuku zonke somswakama? Mhlawumbe laba abanamahloni amabili bangakwenza ngaphandle kokuphuza nakancane ... Kuvela ukuthi ikamela liyindawo esebenza futhi esebenza ngokwanele. Isilwane sithola amanzi ngokucubungula amanqwabelana aqokiwe ku-hump yi-oxidation. Njengomphumela wokuphendula, amakhilogremu amanzi ayi-107 akhululwa kumagremu ayi-100 amafutha angaphakathi.

Kubukeka sengathi kungahle kube lula - kukhulise amafutha aqukethe emzimbeni, uzidlele amanzi, ngaphandle kokuya emthonjeni. Kungani-ke, ezinye izilwane zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nempilo yasehlane? Ukuze oxidation wamafutha omzimba adingekayo, kutholakala inani elikhulu le-oksijini, okudingeka ngalo ukuthi isilwane sidonsa umoya ngamandla. Ngokuphefumula okukhulu okunjalo, umoya owomile futhi oshisayo uzongena emzimbeni womuntu ojwayelekile wezilwane, futhi ugcwale umswakama uzoshiya.

Ikamela lalinenhlanhla kulokhu. Lapho esephefumula, umswakama othunyelwa emakhaleni ugcinwa yisibaya esikhethekile bese uqoqwa lapho, emva kwalokho ubuyela emlonyeni, usuka lapho usakazekela ngokwemvelo emzimbeni wonke. Ngakho-ke, ukulahleka kwamaconsi ayigugu ewuketshezi kuvinjelwe.

Kepha ikamela alideleli amanzi. Uma kungenzeka, uyakwazi ukudla kuze kufike kumalitha angama-200 endaweni eyodwa, futhi uphuza ngokushesha okukhulu - emizuzwini eyi-10 kufike kumalitha ayi-100. Futhi ekukhetheni kwamanzi, okokuncibilikisa kabili akukuqaphile. Izokufanela womabili amanzi amasha nosawoti. Futhi lesi ngesinye isici esiyingqayizivele 'somkhumbi wasogwadule'. Amandla akhe okunciphisa ukulahleka komswakama abe ubuncane nakho kusiza ukusinda ezimeni ezivuthayo.

Abanye ososayensi banesiqiniseko sokuthi umswakama ongene enyameni yamakamela usatshalaliswa ngokulingene kuzo zonke izicubu, futhi awuziqongeleli kuphela emanyungwini. Uma lokhu bekuyiqiniso, khona-ke uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane, ukugcotshwa kukasawoti emakameleni bekuzoba umyalo wokuphakama okuphansi. Namuhla sekuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi lokhu akunjalo.

Ikamela isilwane esinegazi elifudumele, kepha sinesici esisodwa esihlukile. Uma iningi labamele izinyamazane zigcina izinga lokushisa elifanayo usuku lonke, khona-ke amakamela angalungisa izinga lokushisa lawo ngokuya ngesikhathi sosuku kanye namazinga okushisa asondele. Ikamela liyahlukahluka ngamadigri aphakathi kwama-35-45 degrees Celsius. Ngale ndlela, lesi silwane siyakwazi ukunciphisa ukulahleka komswakama ngokujuluka ngamakhala ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa lasemini ogwadule.

Futhi namanje, amakamela awalokothi ahlaselwe ukuphuma komzimba, ngokungafani nezilwane eziningi, ezingafa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamanzi emzimbeni uma ukulahleka kwamanzi kungama-20% esisindo somzimba. Ikamela, njengoba selilahlekelwe ngisho nangamaphesenti angama-40 enhlanganisela yalo yamanzi, lizoqhubeka nokuthwala hhayi kuphela umzimba walo, kodwa nomthwalo onikezwe lona kuma-oasis aseduze ngaphandle kwemiphumela ekhethekile.

Kungani ikamela lidumala?

Manje kuba sobala ukuthi kungani abanye abantu benomuntu oyedwa noma bobabili abaqhanyelwe begxunyekwe ezinhlangothini zabo. Ikamela limane lehlise isisindo: konke ukuqoqwa kwamafutha okwenze i-hump kwaya kophuza. Lapho nje ikamela likwazi ukwelulama, lithole isisindo esijwayelekile, okungukuthi, liphuze futhi lidle, i-hump “ewile” izobuyela esimweni sayo sokuqala.