Noma imuphi umsebenzi ubandakanya ukukhiqizwa kwendle. Izinto eziningi eziphilayo emhlabeni, kukhiqizwa imfucuza ethe xaxa. Izinto ezingcolile zemvelo yezilwane nezitshalo zomhlaba ziyimikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo ezibumbeka kalula. Umuntu ungumeleli ohlelwe kahle weplanethi yemvelo yomhlaba. Akuyona yonke imfucuza ekhiqizwe yiyo ebolile. Ngokuthuthukiswa komkhakha kanye nokwanda kwesibalo sabantu emhlabeni, ukuqoqwa okusheshayo kwezinhlobonhlobo zemfucuza, kokubola kanye nokungaboli, kwaqala. Inkinga ekhulayo ukuphoqa ososayensi ukuba bathuthukise ngokushesha izindlela zokuphatha imfucuza.
Cabanga ngokwenziwa emkhakheni wokuphinda usebenzise kabusha namuhla.
Imithetho yokulahlwa kukadoti yasendlini
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 lapho baqala ukukhuluma ngenkinga yokulahlwa kukadoti emhlabeni. Amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu, ayengenazo izindawo ezinkulu zokulahlwa kwezibi, ayengawokuqala. Indaba yokuthumela ngaphandle imali yalokho okulahlwa yizakhamizi emazweni athuthukile, lapho kunezindawo zokubeka khona ukuthathwa komhlaba, yacatshangelwa. Ezinye izifundazwe zivivinye lokhu futhi zikuthole kungaphumeleli, ngoba emhlabeni wonke ngale ndlela inkinga ixazululwa. Ngakho-ke abantu baseYurophu baphokophele ekufuneni izindlela zokuphinda bavule udoti. E-Russia, le nkinga yaphakanyiswa lapho kuba sobala ukuthi indlela yabathengi engenangqondo yokusebenzisa izinsiza zeplanethi kwaholela ekuwohlokeni okukhulu kwekhwalithi yendawo yayo yokuphila.
Okubalulekile: Ngo-2020, inkinga yokulahlwa kukadoti eRussia ixazululwa kancane kancane kunokulahlwa komhlaba okugunyaziwe nokungagunyaziwe.
Ukulungisa isimo eRussian Federation, udinga ngokushesha ukuthatha imithetho yokulahlwa kukadoti komakhelwane baseYurophu njengeJalimane neSweden. Kamuva, ama-99% abo bonke abakhishwe ngabantu kanye namabhizinisi wezimboni okwamanje ayacutshungulwa.
Ubukhulu benkinga
Nsuku zonke emhlabeni iba ngamathani ama-5 kadoti ngaphezulu. Ngonyaka inani lawo lenyuka ngo-3%. Ukulahlwa kwenhlabathi okukhona akwemukeli konke ukusaphaza. Kwenzeka ukuthi imfucuza ekhiqizwa amaMuscovites iqale ukuthunyelwa esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk esihlanzekile. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi imfucumfucu yesikhungo saseRussia iyaqhekeka lapho seams.
Ukuqonda ubukhulu benkinga yokuqongelwa kwemfucuza yasendlini, cabanga isikhathi sokubola kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zodoti:
- izihlungi zikagwayi - iminyaka eyi-100,
- amathini wamathini - iminyaka engama-90,
- iphepha 2-10 ubudala,
- ingilazi - iminyaka eyinkulungwane
- izikhwama zepulasitiki - iminyaka engama-200.
Izinhlobo eziningi zodoti "ziphila" isikhathi eside kunabantu. Futhi lokhu akuyona inkinga enkulu. Okubi kakhulu ukuthi isikhafu asigcini nje ngokuthola izindawo ezinkulu, kodwa futhi singcolisa imvelo. Ezinye zezinhlobo zawo zingadala ukulimala okungenakulungiswa.
Ngabe udoti uhlukaniswa kanjani?
Kunezimpawu eziningi lapho isigaqa sihlukaniswa:
- ngemvelaphi
- ngesimo sokuhlanganiswa
- ekwakhiweni.
Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwakhiwa kufaka ukwahlukaniswa kwemfucumfucu kube yokwebhayoloji nokungeyona eyemvelo.
Imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo ithambo, isikhumba, ukhuni nezinsalela zokudla. Akuyona ingozi, ngoba zibola ngokushesha emvelweni. Okuyinkinga kakhulu okusalayo ukudla. Zikhanga ama-microorganisms we-pathogenic, abathwali bokutheleleka bathuthela kubo: amaqhude, amagundane, izimpukane, njll. Lapho kubola, imfucuza yokudla inuka kabi, yakha amanzi ne-carbon dioxide.
Isikhafu esingeyona yezinto eziphilayo yilokho okwenziwe kusuka:
Iningi lalokhu okungenhla libonakaliswa isikhathi eside sokubola. Ngenqubo yokubola, ezinye izinhlobo zezinto ezinobuthi ezivuthiwe zikhipha ubuthi nezinye izinto eziyingozi emvelweni.
Ngokuya ngemvelaphi yabo udoti, kunezinhlobo ezinjalo:
- I-MSW (imfucuza eqinile kamasipala) - yakha isigaba sokuhlala nezindawo zokwelapha, izikhungo zemfundo nezamasiko, amabhizinisi okuhweba.
- Imfucumfucu enomsakazo ingumphumela wezindawo zokwelapha, izitshalo zenuzi kanye nangaphansi komhlaba.
- Izinkinga Zezempilo - Zingafaka imfucumfucu enobuthi, enobuthi, kanye negciwane.
- Isiphithiphithi sokwakha siyikho konke okusele ngesikhathi kulungiswa imigwaqo nezakhiwo, imisebenzi yokwakha neyokufaka, ukubhidliza izakhiwo.
- Izimboni - yini elahliwe emkhakheni wezokukhiqiza.
Eziningi zalezi ezingenhla zinobukhulu obukhulu. Ngokuya ngokwakhiwa nobungozi bezemvelo, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulahla noma zokuphinda usebenzise kabusha.
Isimo esidonse udoti singaba ngokulandelayo:
I-MSW ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene zokuhlanganiswa yiqembu eliningi futhi elihlukahlukene kakhulu.
Ngabe kusetshenzwa kanjani imfucuza? Izigaba zokulahlwa
Izindlela zanamuhla zokusebenzisa imfucuza eqinile zingasindisa imvelo engozini ebangelwa udoti. Inqubo iqukethe izigaba eziningana:
- Ukuqoqa nokuhlunga.
- Ezokuhamba.
- Ukubekwa kwezindawo zokulahla umhlaba noma ezitolo zokugcina impahla.
- Ukungathathi hlangothi.
- Isitoreji.
- Indawo yokungcwaba.
- Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha.
- Ukwenza kabusha izinto ezintsha.
Izigaba ezahlukahlukene zimpawu yezinhlobo ezahlukene zikadoti, zingahamba zilandelane noma zikhishwe. Ngakho-ke, umngcwabo ungaphansi kwalokho okungenakucutshungulwa futhi kusetshenziswe kabusha.
Okubalulekile: Indlela ekhethwayo ukulahla nokusebenzisa kabusha imfucuza. Okwesibili, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukucutshungulwa kwemfundo ephakeme kungaba iphepha, ipulasitiki, insimbi, ingilazi, izindwangu, njll.
Isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu kuhlelo lokuphinda kusetshenziswwe kabusha ukuhlunga. Inkambo yenqubo yokucubungula kanye nekhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezihlanganisiwe zesibili kuncike kuzo. Ngenqubo yokuhlunga, hhayi izinkampani ezikhethekile zokuvuselela kabusha kuphela okufanele zibambe iqhaza, kodwa sonke isibalo sabantu baseRussia.
Indawo yokungcwaba
Le ndlela ihambelana nokuhlala isikhathi eside, okungabizi futhi okungasebenzi kahle. Umongo waso ukuthi imfucumfucu enkudlwana ingcwatshwa ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zenhlabathi.
Ukuze benze umngcwabo olandelayo, bathola insimu lapho kufakwa khona inhlabathi. Izidingo ezilandelayo zisebenza endaweni yalolu hlobo lokulahlwa:
- ibanga ukusuka ezindaweni zamahlathi alikho ngaphansi kwengxenye yekhilomitha,
- ibanga ukusuka ezindaweni zokuhlala zabantu ezingekho ngaphansi kwama-200 m,
- amathuba wokwenza umsebenzi wobunjiniyela esakhiweni,
- ukuntuleka kwemiklamo
- indawo evulekile eshaywe kahle,
- amathuba okuhlela indawo evikela inhlanzeko ngemisebe engu-300 m ezizungeze ukuchitheka komhlaba,
- ukutholakala komgwaqo omkhulu oseduze
Isikhathi esikhulu sokuyeka le ndlela futhi ungene esikhundleni sayo ngezindlela eziphephile. Ukungcola okungcwatshwe ngaphansi komhlaba kubola futhi kukhiphe izinto ezinobuthi enhlabathini, ezingena emanzini aphansi komhlaba bese zibuyela kubantu ngendlela yokudla neziphuzo.
Okubalulekile: Isithunzi esinjalo sokungcwaba njengoba eshibhile sinqoba i-drawback eyodwa ebalulekile - imali eningi izodingeka ukuqeda imiphumela yokungcwatshwa kwendle kunaleyo ebizodingeka ekwakhiweni kwesizinda sokulungisa.
Ukushiswa okulula
Le ndlela isetshenziswe isikhathi eside. Emklamo wanamuhla, inguqulo ethuthukisiwe yokushiswa kwemfucuza yendabuko. Ngale ndlela basusa inani elikhulu lokuqhekeka. Ngenqubo yokushiswa, imfucumfucu ikhipha ukushisa, okunikeza izinkampani amandla okusebenzisa. Njengomphumela wokushiswa, kutholakala umlotha ongewona onobuthi futhi ongaboli. Akadingi ukubheka izindawo angcwatshwa kuzo.
Indlela ine-minus ebalulekile - intuthu, igcwele izinto ezinobuthi futhi inoshevu emvelweni. Indlela ibeka engcupheni ubuqotho bengqimba ye-ozone.
Indlela yokucubungula ye-Plasma
Le ndlela iyindlela ephumelela kunazo zonke futhi enengqondo kunazo zonke yezemvelo ebizwa ngokuthi i-pyrolysis. Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 ze-pyrolysis:
- lokushisa eliphansi - okushisa okucutshungulwa kugcinwa kububanzi ukusuka ku-+ 400 ° C kuye ku- + 900 ° C,
- lokushisa eliphakeme - ukucubungula kwenziwa emazingeni okushisa adlula + 900 ° C.
Umphumela we-pyrolysis ungumkhiqizo obukhazikhazi wemvelo ofanele ukusetshenziswa njengendaba yokuphinde usebenzise.
Indlela Yokwenza Umquba
Le ndlela isebenza ekudakeni okuphathelene nezinto eziphilayo futhi isuselwa emandleni ayo okubola. Amagciwane asetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa, lapho kudoti khona kudingekile impilo. Lezi zidalwa zifaka izinhlobo ezi-2 zezidalwa:
- I-Anaerobic - ukuba khona kwayo, okuphakathi okukhona nokuncane komoya-mpilo noma ukungabikho kwayo ngokuphelele kuyadingeka.
- I-Aerobic - ukufezekiswa kokuphila kudinga ukufinyelela mahhala kwe-oxygen.
Izinga lezinto zokusetshenziswa ezitholakele lincike ekutheni izimo zenzelwa ukwakhiwa kwamagciwane zenziwe ntofontofo kangakanani.
Ukugcoba
Le ndlela yakamuva yokuphinda usebenzise kabusha, okuyisigaba esibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kukadoti, okubandakanya izinyathelo ezi-2:
Ngenqubo yokufaka, ukucindezela kuyenziwa, okuvumela izikhathi eziningana ukunciphisa inani likadoti futhi kulilungiselele ukulayisha nokuhamba.
Imfucumfucu egcotshwe lugcinwa ezindaweni zokulahlwa komhlaba, lapho kutholakala khona kuze kube isigaba esilandelayo sokulahla - ukulahla noma ukwenza kabusha. Izinzuzo eziphambili zendlela yilezi:
- ukuncishiswa kwezingozi zomlilo,
- lula ukuphathwa kwemfucuza.
Indlela ibuye ibe nedonsa emuva - hhayi zonke izinto zokwakha ezingaphindwa zicindezelwe.
Inkinga yokuphinda usebenzise kabusha imfucuza yezimboni
Noma yikuphi ukukhiqizwa kanye nokwenziwa kwezimpahla kukhiqiza inani elikhulu likadoti. Kuyi-35% kuphela esetshenziswayo kusuka kulo bese iguqulwa ibe izinto zokwakha kabusha. Iningi elixakile lamabhizinisi aseRussia asebenza ngendlela yakudala futhi aphatha imfucuza kanjena:
- thatha ekuphakanyisweni komhlaba (okungagunyaziwe njalo),
- ilahla ngendlela yamanzi angcolile.
Unyaka nonyaka, izinhlawulo zokulimala kwemvelo ziyaqiniswa, kepha lokhu akushintshi kakhulu. Kuyinzuzo enkulu ukukhokha inhlawulo kunokwethula imigomo emisha yokulahlwa kukadoti ekukhiqizeni.
Ukulahlwa kwezindawo zokwelashwa
Indawo ekhethekile ukulahlwa kwemfucuza yezokwelapha. Izinkampani ezinamalayisense kuphela ezingabhekana nakho. Imfucumfucu yezokwelapha ayikwazi nje ukuthi ibe yingozi noma i-radioactive kuphela, kepha futhi ingatheleleka.
Imfucuza yezokwelapha ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine eziyingozi:
- Ukusongelwa okungameleli,
- B - okungaba yingozi, kudinga ukubulala amagciwane ngaphambi kokulahlwa,
- B - okuyingozi
- G - okunobuthi.
Ukulahlwa kwe-medutil kungenzeka kuphela ngemuva kwenqubo yokuhlonza amagciwane.
Ukulahlwa kanye nokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha eRussian Federation
Mayelana nokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha imfucuza, iRussia ibonakala ingaphansi kwamazwe ase-Europe. Kuyadabukisa ukwamukela lokhu, namuhla “siphila ezikweletini”, okungukuthi, silimaza imvelo ngaphezu kokuphiliswa yodwa.
Kunezizathu eziningana zokuthi kungani singazisebenzisi izindlela ezifanele zokulahla:
- Ukungazi kwabantu
- amandla okonakala
- uhlaka lomthetho olubuthakathaka,
- akukho ngqalasizinda edingekayo yokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha imfucuza,
- ekhanda kuzo zonke izinqubo zokukhiqiza kungumjaho wenzuzo.
Okubalulekile: Ukuba sengozini yokuwohloka kwemvelo, amaRussia enza okuncane kakhulu ukumisa inqubo yokubhubhisa umhlaba.
Yini ukulahlwa kukadoti?
Ukuphinda usebenzise izinto kabusha ngukubhujiswa kwezinto nezinto ezingasasebenzi, ngendlela ephephile. Ngenqubo, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha imfucuza njengezinto ezingavuthiwe zamandla noma izinto zokwakha kungenzeka. Izindlela zokulahla yizenzo okuhloswe ngazo ukulahla udoti ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezidingo zemvelo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- ukuqoqa, ukuhlela kabusha, kanye nokuhambisa endaweni kusuka endaweni yokuhlala noma izindawo zomsebenzi,
- ukugcinwa ezindaweni ezigunyazwe yiziphathimandla zasekhaya, ezokuhamba zokungcwaba ezindaweni zemisebenzi yasendaweni yezimayini ezivela ekusebenzeni kwezimayini,
- ukulahlwa ngokomzimba usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje,
- ukucubungula ukusetshenziselwa kabusha kwezinto zokutholwa ezitholakele, izinto zokwakha noma amandla emnothweni wezwe.
Izindlela ezisetshenziswa njalo zokungathathi hlangothi noma ukubhujiswa ziwukushiswa kwezimo ezihlukile zokushisa kanye nokubola kwamakhemikhali we-organic noma ongabonakali ngezindlela ezishisayo lapho kungekho oksijini (i-pyrolysis). Le yindlela ephumelelayo yokuthi kaningi yehlise inani lemfucumfucu. Isilungiselelo esisebenzayo kule nqubo isithando sokulahla imfucuza. Kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni lapho kungekho zindawo eziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile izikhungo zokugcina noma zokwakha lapho zingaqhutshwa khona. Inzuzo yokufakelwa kwemfucumfucu indawo yokulawula imfucumfucu ese site.
Okokufaka imishini
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zempahla yokungcola:
- izitshalo zokusebenzisa - zokulahla imfucuza ezivela kumabhizinisi amakhulu ezimboni,
- izicishisi zikagesi - ezisetshenziswa ezikhungweni zezokwelapha ukucekela phansi isirinji,
- imishini yokushisa imfucumfucu - isetshenziselwa ukucekela phansi imfucuza eqinile.
Ngokwesiko, abashisi bemfucumfucu baseRussia basebenzisa impahla eyenziwe ekhaya, engabizi kakhulu futhi engaqhathaniswa nekhwalithi ngabalingani babo baseNtshonalanga.
Izinsiza ezidingekayo ekugcwalisweni komhlaba
Imishini ekhethekile esetshenziselwa ukulahla indle imi kanje:
- ama-bulldozers - ukukala imfucuza bese uyimboza ngomhlaba,
- ama-compactors - udoti ohlangene.
Le ndlela, njengoba sekuphawuliwe, ikhulula isikhala, kepha ayivikele imvelo emiphumeleni emibi yokungcola. Njengoba eRussia isikhafu asikahlukaniswa, izinqwaba ezongcwatshwa ngaphansi komhlaba kunezinto eziningi eziyingozi ezinoshevu enhlabathini, emoyeni nasemanzini. Kungekudala lokho okungcwatshwa kuzobuyela kubantu ngendlela yokudla.
Inkinga yokuphinda usebenzise kabusha
Kubukeka sengathi iRussia yayingalindele ukuthi udoti uzoba yinkinga ngosuku olulodwa. Lolu suku selufikile, kepha abaningi bayaqhubeka nokuphila esikhathini esedlule, benganakile ukuthi bame emaphethelweni kwalasha.
Inqubo yokulahla imfucumfucu eRussia inezinkinga eziningi ezidinga ukulungiswa ngokushesha:
- Ukuhleleka. Isifunda ngasinye sezwe silwa nale nkinga ngezindlela zaso ezingeni lendawo. Alikho uhlelo olujwayelekile lokusebenza.
- Ukuqwashisa umphakathi. AmaRussia amaningi asebumnyameni, enganakile ukuthi ukuwa kwemvelo sekusondele.
- Izimali. Ngokulahla udoti, lezo zimali kuphela ezabelwe izakhamizi zikhokhela izinto zokuqoqa imfucuza. Lokhu akunandaba.
- Izinkinga zokukhangisa. Abathengi abaningi baseRussia abafuni ukusebenzisa izinto ezenziwe ngezinto ezenziwe kabusha.
- Ukwakha. E-Russian Federation ayikho insizakalo ekhethekile ebizobhekana ngqo nezinkinga zokulahlwa kukadoti.
- Ukuntuleka kokuhlelwa kokulawulwa kukadoti isikhathi eside.
Isiphetho
Inkinga enkulu yokwenziwa kabusha kwezinto izingcezu zabantu. Amazwe awasebenzisani njengoba isimo sifunana. Ngenkathi ngakolunye uhlangothi besuka eRussia, eYurophu, kukhona ukuguquka okusebenzayo kwendlela entsha yokuphila kwemvelo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, eChina, bahlala namuhla. Izwe lingcolile kangangoba ngenxa yemikhuba elimazayo ayisabonakali endaweni. Ngenxa yokuntula izinsizakusebenza zabo, amaShayina agibela esifundeni saseRussia futhi ahlose ukuqothula iLake Baikal.
Yini ingozi emhlabeni wokungcola?
Ngenxa yokwanda kwesibalo sabantu, inani labantu lisebenzisa izinsiza zoMhlaba ngokungafanele. Baphenduka imfucuza. Kukhona ukuvaleka kwemvelo ezungezile.
Ukungcoliswa kwendalo kuholele ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngokusho kososayensi, nsuku zonke umhlaba uthola amathani amahlanu nodoti.Futhi minyaka yonke leli nani liyanda. Kukhona ukungcola kwezidumbu zamanzi, inhlabathi kanye nomoya. Futhi uma umuntu engazihluphi ngenkinga yokulahlwa kukadoti, impilo esemhlabeni emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ingaphela.
Imfucumfucu yezimboni nezolimo inamakhemikhali anobuthi nezinto ezinobuthi. Lapho sezisemhlabathini, lezi zinto zingafaka ubuthi noma zibulale izinto eziphilayo nezitshalo. Ukutshala izilimo zokudla sekuyingozi futhi akunakwenzeka. Umoya ongcolile uthinta kabi impilo nomsebenzi wabamele bezilwane nezitshalo.
Kunzima ukugwema imiphumela enjalo, ngoba ngamaphesenti angamashumi amathathu kuphela ezinto ezinobuthi ezibhujiswa ngesikhathi sokuqothulwa. Amashumi ayisikhombisa asele ebusweni bomhlaba angena emanzini nasenhlabathini. Ngenxa yalokhu, abantu nezilwane baba nezifo ezinzima.
Ayikho imikhiqizo eyingozi kakhulu evela ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zepulasitiki. Isikhathi sokubola kwabo singafinyelela noma sidlule iminyaka engama-300. Ukungasebenzi kokuxazulula le nkinga kungaholela ekwakhekeni kukadoti ongasibekela ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba.
Ukungcola kwasendlini kusongela kakhulu imvelo kunokungcola kwamakhemikhali. Ingozi yayo ilele ngamanani asabekayo. Ukubhujiswa kuphela okuzoqamba ukwakhiwa kokuqothuka okusha kanye nokuvalwa kwemvelo engaphezulu kokulawulwa.
Noma imiphi imfucumfucu yenkunkuma enkulu iyisisitofu sokuvela kwamagciwane ayingozi abangela izifo ezinkulu. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, amagundane nezinambuzane ezidlulisela izifo ziyaqalwa futhi zande ngenkuthalo.
Ubani onelungelo lokulahla imfucuza?
Ukwenza imisebenzi yokuphatha imfucuza, izinkampani kanye namafemu kumele bathole amalayisense nezitifiketi ezidingekayo. Le mibhalo iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqoqa, ukunikela ngokungenangozi, inqubo, ukukhipha nokulahla imfucuza. Ukungcola kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-4 isigaba sengozi kufakiwe kubhekene nokubhujiswa noma ukufakwa ezindaweni ezikhethiwe.
Ungathola amadokhumenti afanele ku-Federal Service for Environmental Supervision emkhakheni wokuvikela abathengi.
Ngemuva kokuphothula yonke imibhalo, inkampani ingahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo futhi iphethe izivumelwano zokulahla imfucuza namabhizinisi.
Imithetho Yokulahlwa Kwezimpahla
Ukuphathwa kwemfucuza kulawulwa ngezenzo zomthetho.
Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- amakhodi, imithetho kahulumeni nemithetho yenhlangano. Le mibhalo ichaza imigomo nezinhloso zenqubomgomo yombuso emkhakheni wokulawulwa kwemfucuza,
- izinkambiso nemithetho yeSanPiN. Ukulawulwa kokuqaliswa kwezidingo zokuhlanzeka kokuqongelela, ukususwa, ukubulala amagciwane, ukubulala amagciwane, ukucekelwa phansi kwemfucuza yasendlini neyimboni.
Ngaphezu kwemibhalo ebhalwe phansi, ukusetshenziswa kulawulwa ngamakhodi wokwakha, imininingwane yobuchwepheshe, izindinganiso kanye nemithetho yokusingathwa kwezinto eziyingozi. Isiqinisekiso sokulahlwa kukadoti isitifiketi sokulahlwa. Kubikwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezinga lokulahlwa kanye nokufakwa amakhodi kwama-KOSGU kunikezwe insizakalo yokuvikela imvelo.
Isipiliyoni ekuphatheni imfucuza phesheya
Umbuso ngamunye uthola izindlela zawo zokuxazulula inkinga yokulahlwa kukadoti nokuphinda usebenzise kabusha. Amazwe amaningi eYurophu alwa nale nkinga ngokusemthethweni. Kudalwa izinhlelo ezikhethekile ezilawula futhi zihambise inqubo yokubhujiswa. Isipiliyoni sokulahlwa kukadoti phesheya sikufanele ukunakwa.
- Amafekthri nezitshalo zokulahla nokuphinda usebenzise imfucuza.
Ukwakhiwa kwalezo zikhungo kwenziwa emadolobheni amakhulu namancane. Bayazuza iplanethi ekuxazululeni inkinga yokuvalwa. - Iminikelo yokuzithandela nemijovo yezezimali.
Indlela ethandwayo emazweni ase-Europe. Njengesikhuthazo, abantu banikezwa ukwenyuka kwemali ekhokhelwa umsebenzi. - Uhlelo lwezinhlawulo.
Iziphathimandla zamazwe zihlawulise abantu nezinhlangano ngokuhambisa udoti ezindaweni ezingavunyelwe. - Indlela ephumelelayo ekulweni nodoti ukuhleleka kwamaphoyinti wokuthola iziqukathi.
Izindleko zokufakwa zifakwa entweni yezimpahla. Lokhu kugqugquzela abantu ukuthi balethe iziqukathi ezisetshenzisiwe ukuqoqa amaphuzu futhi babuyise izindleko zokuphepha zalokhu.
Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha eRussia
Ukwelashwa nokulahlwa kwendle eRussia, ngaphakathi kohlaka lomthetho futhi kusungulwe namazinga kazwelonke waseRussia (OKPD), kuseyinkinga engalungiswa. Ukwephulwa komthetho okuningi, ukungahambisani nemikhawulo nezidingo kuvimbela inqubo. Abantu abakhombisi umthwalo wemfanelo ofanele ekuxazululeni le nkinga.
Ngisho nemithetho eyisisekelo yokuhlanza udoti ungene ezitsheni ezikhethekile nokuhlukaniswa ngezigaba zezindawo zokufaka udoti ezifakwe kwezinye izakhiwo zezindlu akuhlonishwa. Kepha kunezimo lapho lezi zidingo zephulwa yizinsiza zomphakathi. Balayisha okungaphezulu kweziqukathi emshinini owodwa. Ngakho-ke, izinsizakalo zomphakathi zishaye indiva imizamo yezakhamizi zezindlu ezingomakhelwane, zigcina ukuhleleka endaweni.
Inkinga yokuhlanza imfucuza eRussia
Ngokusho kwemininingwane enikezwe izibalo ezisemthethweni ezinhlanganweni ngokuya nge-OKVED, amathani ezigidigidi ezine ogwayi aqhamuka eRussia Federation njalo ngonyaka. Ingxenye yaleli nani imfucuza yokukhiqiza. Osekunye kungumphumela wemisebenzi yamabhizinisi okunyusa izinyoni nemfuyo, imfucuza eqinile yasendlini kanye nokuchitha imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo ezivela emkhakheni wezokwelapha.
Udoti ongagcinwanga onamakhodi ahlukene endaweni yombuso waseRussia ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu. Okungenani isigidigidi esisodwa nesigamu imfucuza equkethe ubuthi obunobungozi.
Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamahektha omhlaba anikezwa izindawo zokulahla inkunkuma nezindawo zokulahla imfucuza. Kepha ezweni kunezinxephezelo eziningi zomhlaba ezingabhalisiwe kwirejista yezindawo zokulahla udoti.
Izikhungo zokuvuselelwa kwendle azihambelani nesimo esibucayi ezweni.
Inkinga yokuchitheka kukadoti kade yasongela ukuphepha kweplanethi nabantu. Zonke izinsuku isimo siyanda. Udoti uhlala unqwabelana. Ukuba khona koMhlaba nazo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila ezihlala kuwo kuncike ezicini eziningana. Ithuba lokusinda lizovela uma isintu sithola indlela yokubhubhisa imikhiqizo yomsebenzi wayo wokuphila ngokugcwele futhi sinake zonke izidingo zokulawula.
Isikali senkinga
Ukwanda okusheshayo kwesibalo kanye nezinga lokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo, ijubane lesimanje lokukhiqizwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuholela ekusingatheni kwemvelo okungenangqondo. Ngalesi simo sengqondo, ingxenye enkulu yezinsizakusebenza ezithathwe endalweni ibuyiselwa kuyo ngesimo semfucumfucu eyingozi futhi engafanele ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe.
Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi amathani ama-5 kadoti akhiqizwa nsuku zonke emhlabeni, kanti inani lawo lenyuka minyaka yonke ngamaphesenti ama-3. Ukuqongelelwa kokungcola kwasendlini kulimaza imvelo, kungcolise amanzi, inhlabathi kanye nomoya futhi kubeka engcupheni yokuba khona kwakho konke okuphilayo emhlabeni jikelele. Ngakho-ke, enye yezinkinga ezibalulekile emhlabeni jikelele ukulahlwa kukadoti wasendlini.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwenkunkuma
Ukungcola kwasendlini kungahlukaniswa ngokuya ngemibandela eminingana.
Ngakho-ke, ngokwendlela yokwakheka, imfucuza yasendlini ihlukaniswe ngokwemibandela ngezinsalela zemvelo kanye nemfucuza engeyona eyemvelo (udoti).
Izinsalela zemvelo - ukudla, izinkuni, isikhumba kanye nethambo. Lezi zinhlobo zemfucuza ngokushesha futhi zibola ngokuphelele futhi azibeki ingozi enkulu. Umqondo omkhulu walezi udoti wokudla. Lapho zibola, kukhiqizwa isikhutha kanye namanzi, kepha inani elikhulu lezinto ezinobungozi, izidakamizwa kanye nezithwali zezifo ezithathelwanayo nazo ziyaqoqwa:
Ukungcola okungekhona okwakhe okubandakanya:
- iphepha
- upulasitiki
- insimbi
- indwangu
- ingilazi
- irabha.
Inqubo yokwenziwa kwalokhu kungcola ingahlala iminyaka engaba ngu-2-3 kanti ezimeni eziningi ihambisana nokukhishwa kwezinto ezinobuthi ezilimaza imvelo nabantu.
Ngokwesimo sokuhlanganiswa, imfucuza ihlukaniswe:
Umsuka wemfucuza uhlukaniswe:
- Izimboni - uhlobo lokungcola kwasekhaya okuvela ekukhiqizweni.
- Ezokwakha - zakhiwa ngesikhathi somsebenzi wokwakha nowokufaka, ukulungisa imigwaqo, izakhiwo, kanye nalapho zidilizwa.
- Ezokwelapha.
- Udoti omsakazo.
- Ukungcola kwendlu okuqinile (i-MSW) - kukhiqizwa emkhakheni wokuhlala, amabhizinisi okuhweba, izikhungo zemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo nenhlala-kahle yomphakathi.
Lezi yizimpahla ezilahlekelwe yindawo yazo yabathengi ngemuva kwesikhashana bese iba udoti, futhi kufaka phakathi imfucuza eningi, umgwaqo nodoti egcekeni njengodoti oqinile.
Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yemfucuza yasekhaya eyi-MSW ngokunembile. Uhlobo ngalunye lodoti, kunezindlela ezikhethekile zokulahla imfucuza.
Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha imfucuza
Inqubo yokulahla imfucuza eqinile yenzeka ngezigaba eziningana:
- iqoqo
- izinto zokuhamba,
- indawo yokuhlala
- ukulahlwa
- umngcwabo
- isitoreji,
- ukucubungula
- ukulahlwa.
Okokuqala, inqubo yokulahla udoti ifaka ukuhlelwa kwayo ngokucophelela. Umsebenzi wokuhlunga imfucumfucu nokulahlwa kwayo usizwa kalula ngokuqoqwa kukadoti ohlukile, ogqugquzelwa emazweni amaningi aseYurophu.
Izindlela zokulahlwa kukadoti
Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuphinda usebenzise kabusha udoti kanye nezinketho zokubhujiswa kwalo. Ngakho-ke, indlela enkulu yokulahla imfucuza eqinile kungcwatshwa ezindaweni ezikhethekile (ukuthathwa kwenhlabathi).
Ekushayweni komhlaba, ukucekelwa phansi kwemfucuza engenakulungiswa kwenzeka - ukucutshungulwa kwendle, ngenxa yalokho abacishe bayeke ngokuphelele ukuba khona njengodoti. Indlela yokulahla ayilungele zonke izinhlobo zemfucuza eqinile, kepha yenzelwe kuphela imfucuza engonakalisi noma izinto ezikhipha izinto ezinobuthi ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa.
Inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi ayidingi izindleko ezinkulu zezezimali nokutholakala kwamapheshana amakhulu omhlaba. Kepha kunezithiyo ekusetshenzisweni kwale ndlela - lokhu ukuqongelelwa kwegesi ngesikhathi sokujikeleza kwendle komhlaba kungaphansi.
Ukuphanga kuyindlela entsha yokulahla imfucuza eqinile engasasetshenziswa kabanzi lapho kwenziwa. Kubandakanya ukuhlungwa kwasekuqaleni nokupakishwa kukadoti ongahluziwe emigqonyeni ehlukene, bese ukugcinwa kwawo ezindaweni ezikhethwe ngokukhethekile (izinhlayiya).
Udoti ohlanganiswe ngale ndlela uyacindezelwa, osiza kakhulu ukuthutha kwawo ngenxa yokwehliswa okukhulu kwevolumu.
Udoti obilisiwe wenzelwe ukuthi kuqhutshekwe kusetshenzwe futhi kusetshenziswe izinhloso zezimboni. Kanye nendlela efana nokucutshungulwa kwemfucuza eqinile kamasipala, lapho kugcotshwa izidumbu, angathuthwa ukuze alahlwe noma alahlwe ngohlobo lokushisa.
Eqinisweni, le ndlela iyafana nendlela yokungcwaba, kodwa ngokuziqhelanisa inezinzuzo eziningana phezu kwayo. Okubi kwendlela ukuthi i-heterogeneity yemfucumfucu eyenziwe futhi nokungcola okuqinile okuqokiwe emgqonyeni kadoti kanye noshintsho kwezinye izingxenye zemfucumfucu kudala ubunzima obukhulu bokugcwala.
Futhi ukuzwela okukhulu kwezakhi ezinjengetshe, isihlabathi nengilazi kuphazamisa inqubo yokucindezela.
Njengoba lezi zindlela zokusebenzisa imfucuza zinezinkinga eziningi, yize zishibhile, inketho engcono kakhulu kungaba ukulahla udoti lapho usufaka izinto zokwakha zakwamanye amandla nophethiloli, nasekusebenziseni kabusha amandla akho.
Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha okushisayo
Ukucutshungulwa kwe-Thermal kubhekisele ezindleleni eziningi:
- ukuvutha,
- izinga lokushisa eliphansi,
- ukwelashwa kwe-plasma (ukushisa okuphezulu kwe-pyrolysis).
Indlela elula yokufaka imfucuza iyindlela evamile kakhulu futhi engenye yezindlela ezingabizi kakhulu zokulawulwa kwemfucuza. Ngesikhathi sokushiswa kusetshenziswa inqwaba yemfucumfucu, bese kuthi umlotha owakhiwe uthathe indawo encane, ungabi nenqubo yokubola futhi ungakhiphi amagesi ayingozi emoyeni. Ayinobuthi futhi ayidingi izindawo zokungcwaba ezilungiselelwe ngokukhethekile.
Into esemqoka kule ndlela ukuthi uma kushiswa udoti kukhululwa inani elikhulu lamandla afudumisayo, elisanda kufundwa ukulisebenzisela ukuzimela kwamabhizinisi ahilelekile ekushisweni kukadoti. Futhi okungaphezulu kwayo kuqondiselwe eziteshini zedolobha, okuvumela ukuhlinzeka izindawo zonke ngogesi nokushisa.
Ububi bale ndlela ngukuthi lapho kuvutha, ngaphezu kwezakhi eziphephile, kwakheka intuthu, okudala iketanga eliminyene ngaphezulu kobuso bomhlaba futhi kuholele ekwephulweni okukhulu kongqimba lomkhathi we-ozone, okunomthelela ekunciphiseni kwawo nasekwakheni izimbobo ze-ozone.
Ukushisa okuphezulu kanye ne-pyrolysis ephansi yokushisa
Ukusebenza kwe-Plasma yinqubo yezobuchwepheshe yokufakwa kwegesi kumfucumfucu okwenzeka kumazinga okushisa ancibilikisiwe aphezulu kunesitshalo esivamile sokulungisa (ngenhla kuka-900 ° C).
Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakhiwa umkhiqizo okhanyisiwe kokukhishwa, okungenangozi ngokuphelele futhi ongadingi izindleko zokungcwaba. Uhlelo lwale nqubo likuvumela ukuthi uthole igesi ezingxenyeni zezinto eziphilayo zesikhafu, ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ugesi nomusi.
Inzuzo enkulu yale ndlela ukuthi ikuvumela ukuthi uxazulule ngempumelelo inkinga yokulahla udoti okunemvelo ngaphandle kwezindleko ezingadingekile zokulungiselela kokuqala, ukuhlunga, ukomisa.
Izinzuzo ze-pyrolysis eziphansi kakhulu (okushisa kusuka ku-450 kuye ku-900 ° C) yile:
- sebenzisa ukucubungula cishe zonke izinhlobo zokungcola kwasendlini, ezikhethwe ngaphambilini ngokucophelela,
- Ukuthola uwoyela we-pyrolysis osetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwamapulasitiki,
- ukuvela kwegesi ye-pyrolysis efanelekile ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho kunendlela enjalo yokulahla imfucuza njengokugaya umquba. Njengoba imfucumfucu eminingi yakhiwe ngezinsalela ezahlukahlukene eziphilayo, zinganqotshwa ukubola okusheshayo endaweni yemvelo.
Indlela yokubumba isuselwa kule mpahla yezinto eziphilayo. Ngenqubo yokwenza umquba, akukho nje kuphela kokulahlwa kwengxenye enkulu yedoti engcolisa imvelo, kodwa futhi kule nqubo ikhiqiza izinto eziwusizo kwezolimo - umanyolo.
Izindlela ezethulwe zokulahlwa kukadoti zivumela ukuphinda zisebenze kabusha zibe nomthelela omubi omncane emvelweni.
Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha - Kungani Uyakudinga?
Umuntu wenza konke okusemandleni ukwandisa isimo sezemvelo emhlabeni. Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha inqubo ebaluleke kakhulu esezingeni lezinyathelo ezihlose ukulondolozwa kwemithombo yezemvelo. Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha imfucuza eRussia kuyasebenza ngokomnotho; kuyibhizinisi elinenzuzo. Ukuvulwa kwezitshalo zokulungisa imfucuza kuxazulula inkinga yokugcwala izindawo nokungcoliswa komhlaba, amanzi nomoya ngenxa yokuwohloka kwendle.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ngaphezu kwe-60% yemfucuza yasendlini ingasetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezinto ezibuye zenziwa kabusha.
Izindlela Zokusebenzisa kabusha
Kunezindlela eziningi zokuphinda usebenzise kabusha imfucuza yedoti ibe kabusha okusebenzayo.
Imfucumfucu ichotshozwa noma isikwe okokusebenza okhethekile.
Okuphindayo ukuvutha komlilo. Indlela ayithinti kabi imvelo. Ngenqubo le, udoti uyagqekeza ube yizinto ezilula, kuyilapho ukhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu okungaguqulwa kugesi.
Ukuvutha ukukhiqiza amandla afudumele. Ukusebenza kwale ndlela kuyimpikiswano, ngoba izinto eziyingozi zikhishwa emoyeni ngesikhathi sokuhlangana.
Icubungula ngama-reagents akhethekile, okuvumela ukuthi uthole ngokushesha kabusha okulungiselelwe okwenziwe kabusha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphinde usebenzise kabusha kungenziwa ngendlela ye-plasma - ngenxa yalokho, amathayili e-ceramic nezinye izinto zokwakha atholakala kumfucumfucu ongacoliswanga. Ngokulahlwa kwe-MSW yemvelo evela kumvelo, ubuchwepheshe obususelwa ku-biodegradation bufanelekile. Ukwenza umquba kubandakanya ukuhlangana kwezinto zokwakha, amagciwane nomoya-mpilo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukungcola kukhipha amanzi, ukushisa ne-carbon dioxide, kuphenduka kumanyolo wemvelo obalulekile.
Ngenxa yenani elanele lokulahlwa komhlaba ngokulahlwa kukadoti kanye nokushoda kwenhlekelele kwezitshalo ekuqhubekweni kwayo okuphephile kwesibili, amadiphozi abhujiswa ngendlela yakudala - ngomngcwabo. Lokhu kubeka ingozi enkulu, ngoba imfucumfucu ehlukahlukene icwila ngaphansi komhlaba, okungavumeli ukubikezela ukuvela kokuphilayo kanye nokuphathelene nokudla okuzokwenzeka phakathi kwezinto zokwakha. Ukungcwatshwa kunesizathu sezinto kuphela ezingakulungele ukuguqulwa zibe kabusha.
Okubhaliwe! E-Russia, yi-25-30% kuphela yevolumu kadoti engaphinda isebenze kabusha. Okusekusetshenzelwa kokudonswa komhlaba. Ngeshwa, izwe liye lathuthukisa ukulawulwa kombuso kokulahlwa kukadoti okuqinile kanye nezinye izinhlobo zemfucumfucu eyakhiwe ngenkathi kwenziwa imisebenzi yasendlini nasezimboni.
Izinto Ezisetshenziswayo
Ubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa kabusha abusebenzi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zodoti. Izinto ezingemuva zokwakhiwa kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene zimbiwa ngokuvuselela kabusha izinto ezilandelayo:
- iphepha lokungcola
- izinkuni
- insimbi eshaye insimbi
- izimbaza
- irabha
- upulasitiki
- imikhiqizo kaphethiloli
- ingilazi.
Inani lodoti likhula ngokushesha, ngakho abaphathi bedolobha babhekene nomsebenzi wokuthola izindlela ezisebenzayo zokuyiguqula ibe kabusha. Inqubo kufanele ibe nezigaba eziningana: ukuhlunga, ukucubungula kanye nokwenza imikhiqizo emisha. Ubuchwepheshe obuzosetshenzisw a kabusha bususelwa kuhlobo lwezinto zokungcola.
Iphepha nengilazi
Imfucumfucu enamaphepha kanye nengilazi, ilungele ukusetshenziswa futhi. Lo mkhuba uvame hhayi eRussia kuphela, kepha emazweni amaningi amakhulu omhlaba. Ukuphinda usebenzise ingilazi nephepha kuyizinqubo ezingabizi.
Ukuphuka ingilazi kuvame ukusikwa noma kuncibilikiswe. Ibizwa ihlukile ngoba ikhwalithi yayo ayihlupheki nhlobo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi isetshenziswe kanjani kabusha. Ukusuka engilazini encibilikisiwe, izitsha nezitsha kwenziwa futhi. I-crumb isetshenziswa njenge-filler ukudala udaka olunamandla aphezulu.
Kubalulekile! Ubuwazi ukuthi ukwenziwa kwamaphepha ayisisekelo kuyingozi emvelweni, futhi iphepha lesibili liphephe ngokuphelele?
Kukhiqizwa imicu yeCellulose ephepheni lodoti - cishe i-80% yenani eliphelele lephepha elisetshenzisiwe. Zengezwa ezintweni zokugcina eziyisisekelo zokwenziwa kwamabatch amasha emikhiqizo yamaphepha kanye namakhadibhodi. Ukusuka kwekhwalithi ephakeme esetshenziswa ngezinto ezingokwenziwe ngamaphepha:
- iphepha lasendlini yangasese
- ukupakisha
- izinto zokwakha.
Ngenqubo yokucutshungulwa, imicu ihlukaniswa, ihlanza ukungcola nokufakwa emthanjeni, ekuhlanzeni kwe-thermomechanical, discoloration.
Izinto ze-Polymer
Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha ngeplastiki - umcimbi ubiza kakhulu futhi uyinkimbinkimbi. Izitsha zepulasitiki ezi-1.5, 2, 5 no-6-litre zikulungele ukusetshenziswa futhi, lapho ungathola khona izinto eziphephile empilweni yabantu: iziqukathi zokudla, amakhaphethi, ukufaka, ukufakwa, amaphaneli omnyango, nezinye izinto eziwusizo. I-PVC yePulasitiki isetshenziswa kuphela ekwenzeni izinto zokuqedela ezahlukahlukene.
Inkinga enkulu izitshalo zokupulasitela ezivame ukuhlangana nazo ukushoda kwemfucumfuculu eyanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho kunenkinga ephuthumayo yokuhambisana namazinga nemigomo yokulahlwa - hhayi wonke amabhizinisi ahambisana nawo, okuholela ekungcoleni komoya ngezinto ezinobuthi kanye namagesi angaphephile.
Amabhethri namabhethri
Kunakwa kakhulu ukulahlwa kukadoti obolayo sekuphele amakhulu eminyaka. Ngezicelo zokuthi bangaphonsi amabhethri asetshenzisiwe ezitsheni ezivamile, kodwa bawanikeze ezindaweni zokuqoqa ezenziwe ngokukhethekile, izazi zezemvelo zivame ukuphendukela kubathengi abavela ezikrinini zethelevishini. Inqubo yokuvuselela ibhethri yile:
- Ukususwa kwe-oxidation eshisayo yezinto ezinamandla ngendlela yegesi,
- ukusika umzimba wensimbi nama-plugs,
- izinto ezingashisi zensimbi,
- ancibilikisa insimbi futhi ehlukanise omunye komunye.
Izinto ezingavuthiwe ezisetshenzisiwe zithengwa amabhizinisi amisebenzi yawo ahlobene nokusebenza ngensimbi.
Qaphela! Inani elisetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa kabusha kungobuchwepheshe obudala. Inezingxenye ezinamasimbi ayigugu - igolide, isiliva, iplatinamu.
Imfucumfucu yokwakha nezinsimbi
Imfucumfucu yokwakha emaphesheni angama-90% iyaphinda iphinde yenzeke. Kucutshungulwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene:
- ukushaya ngesando,
- ukugaya okushisayo
- Ukuqothuka kokuqhuma.
Insimbi yesikhafu encibilikisiwe ihlukaniswa yisihlukanisi sikazibuthe esikhethekile, ihlukanisa insimbi engasuki kunsimbi ebolayo. Izinsalela zensimbi ezivela ekukhiqizeni, kuma-radiator, kubhavu ezenziwe ngensimbi eyenziwe nge-iron cast, izitsha ezi-cast-iron ezahlukahlukene zithunyelwa ezingubeni ezincibilikayo. Izinto ezisetshenzisiwe kabusha zithengwa ngamabhizinisi anensimbi.
Ukungcola kwendwangu
Kulokhu, kuqala kunqunywa kusuka kulokho okuqukethwe umkhiqizo okwenziwe. Izindwangu zemvelo zihlelwe, zihlanganiswe zibe yimicu, zichotshozwe. Ngemuva kokuba imicu ihlanziwe, ihlanganiswa kabusha futhi isontekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenziwa umsebenzi wokulungiselela, okuvumela ngokuzayo ukuthi kuphinde kusetshenziswe kabusha. Ama-Synthetics athunyelwa ukuzoncibilika kabusha.
Izinkuni
Kwenziwa imfucuza eningi lapho kuvuna ama-array. Ngemuva kokucubungula isiqu, kunezingxenye zesihlahla ezidinga ukuvuselelwa:
Kudingeka izicucu ezinkulu ekwenzeni iphepha elihle, izinto zokwakha namakhemikhali. I-Sawdust ijwayele ukusetshenziswa njengamafilaya wezindlu zangasese, umanyolo wezinto eziphilayo, kwezolimo. Izinsalela ezingezona zezimboni ziyashiswa ukukhiqiza amandla.
Isimo kabusha eRussia
Ezweni lethu iminyaka eminingi kwakuyinsimbi yensimbi kuphela, iphepha lokungcola nezingilazi ezazithathwa njengezinto zokuphinda zithandwe. Ukwamukela lezi zinto zokwakha, kwavulwa amaphuzu ngamunye. Ngokulethwa kwenani elithile lephepha noma lwamabhodlela ungathola umvuzo. Imfucumfucu esele ibithuthelwa ekulahleni komhlaba ukuze ilahlwe.
Ukuguqulwa komphakathi kushintshe indlela eya kwinqubo yokuqoqa udoti. Emadolobheni amaningi, abahlali manje baphoqelekile ukuthi bahlunge imfucuza kamasipala. Kufakwa iziqukathi eziningana kumasayithi esitsha lapho izinsalela zemikhiqizo, ipulasitiki kanye nephepha lokudoti zigcinwa ngokwahlukana. Iziphathimandla ziqapha ngokucophelela ukususwa kwemfucuza yokwakha - izinhlawulo zinikezwa ngokukhishwa okungagunyaziwe kwezinto zokwakha.
Ubuchwepheshe nezindlela zokusebenza
Kulezi zinsuku, kunezindlela eziningi zokuphinda usebenzise kabusha udoti ube kabusha okusebenzisekayo. Ezinye zazo zibangela ukulimala okukhulu kwemvelo, kanti ezinye, kunalokho, zinomusa futhi zisebenza ngempumelelo. Noma kunjalo, kukhona ubuchwepheshe obuthathu obukhulu bokucubungula imfucuza:
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- ukushiswa kwezindawo zokulahlwa komhlaba - ukusetshenziswa kwale ndlela yokulahlwa kukadoti kukuvumela ukuthi ukhulule indawo ebalulekile yomhlaba, kepha kulimaza imvelo. Kepha uma ibhizinisi lifakelwe imishini ephezulu yobuchwepheshe engasusa kuqala zonke izinto eziyingozi: izinsimbi, ipulasitiki, amabhethri, bese iqala inqubo, bese le ndlela yokusebenza nodoti ifanelwe ukuba khona,
- ukucubungula kwe-plasma - kuvumela ukulahlwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe ezingasebenzi, ngenxa yalokho, kutholwa imikhiqizo yesibili, engasetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezinto zokwakha, amathayela we-ceramic neminye imikhiqizo,
- i-pyrolysis emazingeni okushisa aphansi kungenye yezindlela ezisebenzayo nezisebenzayo zokuphinda usebenzise kabusha, ngoba empeleni ayithinti kabi imvelo futhi ikhipha inani elikhulu lokushisa elingaguqulwa libe ngugesi.
Ungasebenzisa izindlela zokugcwalisa inhlabathi nezomquba ukuvuselela udoti kabusha. Esokuqala sihilela ukucwilisa imfucuza engaphansi komhlaba, emva kwalokho ibolile futhi idedele i-methane. Indlela yokugcwalisa ukuthathwa kwenhlabathi isebenza kahle kwezomnotho, ngoba igesi liguqulwa libe ngumthombo wemvelo ojwayelekile. Ukwenza umquba kufaka ukwakheka kukamanyolo wemvelo, ngakho-ke kungadalwa kuphela imfucumfucu ephilayo.
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Izinhlobo zokulungisa imfucuza
Ukuze ungaguquki umhlaba wethu ube yinqwaba enkulu kadoti, kubalulekile ukulahla imfucumfucu usebenzisa izindlela eziphephile neziphephile. Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zokucubungula ziyatholakala:
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- ukugcwaliswa kobumba - udoti ulele, bese ubola ngaphansi komhlaba,
- Ukwenza umquba kuyindlela ephephile yokulahla imfucuza nokutholela umanyolo inhlabathi, kepha lokhu kudinga kuphela izakhi zomzimba,
- Ukushisa kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokulahlwa kukadoti ebangela ukulimala okukhulu emvelweni,
- i-pyrolysis enamazinga aphansi okushisa - ihlukanisa imfucumfucu ngempumelelo, inciphise inani layo kuze kube izikhathi eziyi-10, ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kukadoti inani elincane lezinto eziyingozi liyakhishwa bese kutholakala namafutha e-pyrolysis, asetshenziswa ekwenzeni ipulasitiki,
- i-pyrolysis ephezulu yokushisa noma ukucubungula kwe-plasma - ukugcwaliswa kukadoti. Ukuze wenze inqubo, akudingekile ukuhlunga imfucuza, izinto ezinobungozi zingangeni kumkhathi, ngoba zibola ngokushisa kwama-degree angu-900, uwoyela we-pyrolysis othole awudingi ukuhlanzwa.
Indlela ngayinye yokuphatha imfucuza inezinzuzo zayo nokubi kuyo. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokulahla imfucuza kuxhomeke emandleni nasezimalini zombuso.
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Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha imfucuza
Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha kusho izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulahla imfucuza enhlobonhlobo ngenhloso yokusebenzisa futhi ukubuyisa izinto ezisebenzayo zodoti ukuze zisatshalaliswe. Kunezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezinto zokwenziwa ezingakenziwa kabusha ezenziwe imikhiqizo futhi wenze inzuzo enhle. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: iphepha nekhadibhodi, ingilazi, irabha, iziqhumisi, imikhiqizo kaphethiloli, i-elekthronikhi, izinsimbi, izinkuni, imfucuza yesibili nemfucuza yokwakha. Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha kuyindawo ebalulekile yomsebenzi webhizinisi.
Ingozi ebantwini
Ukuqoqwa nokulahlwa kukadoti kuyindlela edingekayo ukuze kuvikelwe imvelo nobuntu ekubhujisweni. Ukuze ucubungule usebenzise iphepha, ipulasitiki, amakhadibhodi, ingilazi, izindwangu, insimbi. Udoti unomphumela omubi empilweni. Kuyacasula amaphuzu alandelayo:
- izinguquko zofuzo
- ukusabalala kwezifo
- izifo zokuphefumula
- shintsha ekwenzeni umsebenzi wokuzala,
- i-oncology.
Emvelweni, kukhona ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukwehla kokujikeleza kwezinto, nokuphazamiseka kwendlela yokuphila emazingeni omhlaba, ezifunda nasendaweni.
Inhloso yokuphinda usebenzise kabusha nokulahla imfucumfucu ukuthola amandla, izinto ezisetshenzisiwe kabusha, nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemvelo.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwendle
Izintambo zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko: izindlu, ezezimboni, zokwakha. Ngaphambi kokubhujiswa noma ukucutshungulwa, ahlelwa futhi asatshalaliswa ngokuya nge-hazard class.
Kuya kuye ukuthi ungaphinde usebenzise kanjani noma uphathe imfucuza.
Sekukonke, kunamakilasi anobungozi amahlanu eRussia:
- Kuyingozi enkulu kakhulu. Kungadala ukulimala okungalingani emvelweni.
- Kuyingozi enkulu. Ukubuyiselwa kwemiphumela kuthatha okungenani iminyaka engama-30.
- Kuyingozi ngokulingana. Umthelela ongemuhle kwezemvelo uhlala iminyaka eyi-10.
- Ingozi ephansi. Ngemuva kokuqeda umthombo wokungcola, ukuvuselela kuzothatha iminyaka emithathu.
- Akuyona ingozi. Bacishe babe nomphumela ohlelweni lwezinto eziphilayo.
Indlela yokulahla incike encazelweni yesigaba semfucumfucu: abanye bayashiswa, abanye bangcwatshwa lapho sekugcwaliswa khona, kanti abanye bayaphindwaphindwa futhi, futhi kwabanye kungenzeka kabusha.
Izinketho Zokuphathwa Kwekudoti
Inani elikhulu likadoti livela ngenxa yempilo yomuntu, izinqubo zokukhiqiza. Imithombo yokwenziwa kwemfucuza: izakhiwo zokuhlala, izibhedlela, izikhungo zemfundo, izinkampani zokuphakela umphakathi, amajele, izitolo, izinsiza, amanzi, amabhizinisi ezimboni.
Ukulahlwa kukadoti kwenziwa ngezindlela eziningi:
Uhlobo luni lokulahla imfucuza olusebenza kahle kakhulu olungakacaciswa.
Ukushisa
Enye yezindlela ezijwayelekile nezithembekile. Kusetshenziselwa izinto ezisendaweni ewuketshezi, eqinile futhi enogesi. Phakathi kwezinzuzo kukhona ukutholwa kwamandla okushisayo, ukuncishiswa kwenani lemfucumfucu okungenani izikhathi eziyi-10, kanye nokwehliswa kwengozi yokungcoliswa kwamanzi nomhlaba.
Okubi: ubungozi bokungcoliswa komoya ngomquba wempukane, izinsimbi ezisindayo, isibabule nesikhutha. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, sebenzisa imishini ekhethekile. Ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla omlilo futhi kuvule amathuba amasha wokukhiqiza.
I-Pyrolysis
Inqubo ukubumbeka kokungcola okuqinile ngaphandle komoya. Udoti uyavutha bese ugqekeza izinto ezinesisindo esisezingeni eliphansi lezinto. I-Pyrolysis inezinzuzo eziningi kunokushiswa: imvelo ayingcolile, izinsimbi ezisindayo ziphenduka umlotha, kanti imfucumfucu inezinto ezinobuthi.
Wonke amagama asiza ukuqonda inqubo yokusebenzisa kabusha.
Imfucumfucu ngemuva kokubhujiswa inyamalala ngokuphelele, ngemuva kokulahlwa kwayo ingaphindiselwa kwenye into noma egcinwe emhlabathini. Imiqondo enjalo kufanele ihlukaniswe.
E-Russia, zazizinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela ezisetshenziswa kabanzi: ukusha, ukungcwaba.
Ukuqhutshwa kwesibili
Ukusetshenziswa kokungcola kwezimboni kusho ukubhujiswa noma ukwenziwa kwabo kabusha. Benza izinto ezizuzisayo. Lolu hlobo lodoti luhlukile kunasendlini, ngakho-ke ukulahlwa okufanele kubalulekile.
Imfucuza yezezimboni ivuselelwa ngezindlela eziningi:
- okwenziwa ngomshini (ukwahlukanisa nokugaya),
- ezishisayo (ukuguqula udoti uphethiloli),
- hydrodynamic (iqukethe izindlela eziningana),
- amakhemikhali (eshintsha izakhiwo zento),
- i-biochemical (sebenzisa njengezindwangu zokwenziwa zesibili).
Lezi zinqubo zenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola imikhiqizo emisha kusuka ezintweni ezibuye zasebenza kabusha ezilusizo empilweni yomuntu.
Ukulahlwa kukadoti kuhloswe ngakho ukugcina imithombo yemvelo engavuseleleki, impilo yabantu, kanye nokwenza ngcono imvelo.