I-aphid - Abalimi nabalimi bavame ukuhlangana nayo - ilimaza izitshalo, ibangele ukwehla kwezithelo, ngakho-ke imvamisa ilwa umzabalazo ongavunyelwe. Kodwa-ke, kufanele ukuthi ubhekisise lesi sinambuzane futhi uthole ukuthi sinezici ezihehayo, ukuthi siphila kanjani ngaso sonke isikhathi - ikakhulukazi ngoba kuzosiza nasekulweni.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Ama-aphid - okungokweqophelo eliphezulu lesigaba sezinambuzane. Awembulwa ngokwethembekile ukuthi izinambuzane zavelaphi futhi zivela kuphi - alukho uhlu olwanele lwezinsalela zalezo zikhathi lokukuveza lokhu. Kukhona ama-hypotheses athembeke kakhulu futhi asabalele, kepha angaphikiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambili bekukholelwa ukuthi baqhamuka emigidini, kodwa manje iphuzu lokubheka ukuthi basondele kakhulu kuma-crustaceans futhi abavela kunokhokho abajwayelekile noma ngokuqondile abavela kuma-crustaceans lisabalele kakhulu.

Ama-crustaceans amadala kakhulu atholakala emideni yasekuqaleni kwaseCambrian engaphezu kweminyaka engama-510 ubudala, izinambuzane - kuphela ezingxenyeni ezakhiwe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyikhulu kamuva. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi umsuka wezinambuzane kusuka kuma-crustaceans kungenzeka kakhulu kunokhokho ojwayelekile, yize kungenakucaciswa ukuthi izinsalela zawo zakudala azitholakalanga noma azigcinwanga nhlobo.

Ividiyo: Ama-aphid

Ama-phylogenetic reconstructions nawo ayahambisana nale nguqulo. Kubhekwe kakhulu ukuthi izinambuzane zavela ngesikhathi sekwephuzile kwe-Silurian. Kepha ngqo lapho kwenzeka ama-aphid akwaziwa. Iqiniso ukuthi izinsalela zalo zigcinwa zilondolozwe kakhulu, cishe okuwukuphela kwendlela - uma ngabe zise-amber. Kepha le ndlela inemikhawulo, ngoba i-amber yakudala kakhulu ineminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-120. Ekugcineni, okutholakele kuncane kakhulu ukuthi kungafinyelelwa esiphethweni, kepha okungenani kusivumela ukuthi sisungule isikhathi lapho ama-aphid asevele akha umhlaba wethu ngokunembile - ukuqala kwenkathi yePaleogene.

Kungenzeka ukuthi baba enye yezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eyavela ngemuva kokuqothulwa kweCretaceous - Paleogene, nokuthi bavela ngaphambili kakhulu. Ukuhlaziywa kwemininingwane etholakalayo kanye ne-morphology yama-aphid ngokwayo akuvumeli umuntu ukuba ancike komunye walezi zinketho: izinambuzane ziqhubeka nokukhiqiza izinhlobo ezintsha, zombili ezithuthukisiwe futhi zibonakala zingezesikhathi eside.

Isibonelo, ama-dragonflies kanye ne-maphela avela ngisho nangesikhathi seCarboniferous, hymenoptera ku-Triassic, butterflies in the Cretaceous, dipterans eziphakeme kuphela kwi-Neogene, kanye nezintwala ePleistocene, okungukuthi, muva nje ngezindinganiso zePaleoanthology. Ama-aphid ayakwazi ukushintsha ngokushesha futhi azivumelanise lapho kuvela izitshalo ezintsha - lokhu kuthokozelwa uhlelo lwawo lokuzalela ngokuhlukahluka okuhambisana ngokushesha kwezizukulwane. Njengomphumela, bakha isimo esibanzi ngokwedlulele, kubandakanya imindeni eyishumi nezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Ukuchazwa kwakhe kwesayensi kwenziwa nguP. Latrey ngonyaka we-1802, igama ngesiLatini elithi Aphidoidea. Kepha kufanele kunakwe ukuthi kunezinye izinketho zokuhlukanisa: ngesinye isikhathi ngaphezu kwaleyo ekhonjisiwe, enye i-phylloxeroidea e-superfamily ihlukaniswa, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ezimbili - i-Adelgoidea iba eyokugcina. Kukhona futhi nenketho lapho i-Aphidoidea iba ngumndeni onamamaki, okubandakanya imindeni eminingi emnandi kakhulu. Abaphenyi abafikanga endaweni eyodwa.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-aphid?

Ngokwesimo, umzimba we-aphid useduze nxazonke, ngobude bezinhlobo eziningi ezingekho ngaphezu kwe-3 mm, yize zikhona futhi ezinkulu kakhulu, zifinyelela osayizi abafinyelela ku-8 mm. Ubujamo bekhanda buyi-trapezoidal, i-frontal facet eyes kanye ne-antennae emi ngaphandle, esebenza njengesitho sokuthinta. Umbono muhle kakhulu, kepha umbala we-aphid uhlukaniswa kabi, imvamisa kuphela izithunzi ezimbalwa. Zingaba nombala ohlukile - imvamisa kakhulu iluhlaza, ukuze kungaveli obala ukuthi isitshalo sondla kuso, kepha ingahluka: grey noma grey grey, umbala wamagatsha, omhlophe, obomvu. I-aphid ine-proboscis emincane, ngosizo lwayo idonsa amajusi ezitshalweni: ibukhali futhi iyakwazi ukubhoboza iqabunga noma isiqu ukuze ikwazi ukufinyelela ujusi.

Isidumbu se-aphid simbozwa kuphela yigobolondo elithambile nelicishe libe sobala - ngokungafani nezinambuzane ezivikelwe yisembozo se-chitinous, cishe sivikelekile lapho sihlaselwa umhlaseli. Izimbobo zokuphefumula zitholakala ezingxenyeni ezingaphambili. Yize i-aphid inemilenze emide, imvamisa ihamba nobunzima futhi kancane kancane. Abamele ezinye izinhlobo bayakhasa ezitshalweni, abanye bangagxuma, bacindezele ngemilenze yabo yangaphambili, kodwa indlela elula ilabo abanamaphiko. Abantu abanjalo bangandiza amabanga amakhulu kunawo, ukuze inzalo yabo isabalale ngokushesha. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abesifazane kuphela abangaba nezimpiko. Ama-aphid angenamaphiko ahlala endaweni encane, futhi kulapho abalimi nabalimi kufanele balwe.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ama-aphid wezinhlobo ze-Stomaphis anamarekhodi aphezulu kakhulu we-proboscis. Yeqa usayizi wesinambuzane ngokwaso: i-aphid endala yalolu hlobo ifinyelela ku-5-6 mm, kanti i-proboscis ingadlula ngo-10 mm.

Ihlala kuphi i-aphid?

Photo: Ama-aphid eRussia

Iyakwazi ukuhlala cishe yonke indawo lapho kukhona khona izitshalo. Izimo zesimo sezulu ezikhetheke kakhulu ziba khona endaweni eshisayo - isinambuzane asithandi ukubanda kakhulu, kepha futhi akubekezeleli ukushisa kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ezinye izinhlobo zivumelaniswa kahle nokuphila ezindaweni ezishisayo. Esifundeni sezulu esingaphansi kwesifunda, ukwehluka okukhulu kunakho konke kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuyabonakala nakancane. I-Aphid ithanda izindawo ezinomswakama ophakathi, ongathandwa ngokulinganayo yizo zombili izindawo ezinomswakama futhi omile kakhulu - kodwa kuyenzeka kuzo, kaningi kakhulu.

Lezi zinambuzane ziyakwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezihluke kakhulu - emaqeleni, emahlathini, emasimini, emahlathini, emapaki, ekugcineni, ezivandeni. Uma ihlobo libanda futhi lina, ama-aphid ambalwa kakhulu, kepha izimo ezivumayo azifiki lapho ziphindaphindeka ngokushesha. Amaqanda akhe afa emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwama-25-30 degrees, kepha enyakatho enamakhaza ashubisa umnkantsha, ama-aphid akwazi ukuqhubeka nokuphila ngaphansi kophahla lweqhwa, ezindlini zokugcina izithambeka noma kwenye indawo yokuhlala, lapho kufudumele kakhulu kunangaphandle.

Imvamisa kakhulu ibonakala eduzane nezinganekwane - kuthuthukisa ubudlelwano obungokomfanekiso nezakhamuzi zawo. I-aphic niche ye-aphid ibanzi kakhulu, ungahlangabezana nayo zombili ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi - igibela izitshalo futhi ingene ujusi kubo, nasemoyeni nasemhlabathini - ezinye izinhlobo zincela amajusi asuka ezimpandeni.

I-aphid idlani?

Photo: Isinambuzane Aphid

Udla izijusi zezitshalo, kanti okuhlukile kakhulu. Ezinye izinhlobo zinokuthandwa okukhethekile, kepha ama-aphid amaningi angaphuza ujusi kusuka kwizitshalo ezahlukahlukene, futhi lokhu kusebenza kuzo zombili utshani, izihlahlana nezihlahla. Cishe noma yisiphi isivande noma ingadi yezitshalo ingahlaselwa ngama-aphid; ngakho-ke, akusizi ngalutho ukuthi ungafaki uhlu lwazo zonke, kodwa, kunalokho, kusuka kuhlu lwezinhlobo angazithandi - ngisho nomakhelwane bazo bangamesabisa. Ezitshalweni ezitholakala kakhulu kubalimi, kufaka phakathi ugalikhi, u-anyanisi kanye neDalmatia chamomile. Kukhona enye indlela yokulwa ne-aphid - ukwaba indawo esizeni ngokukhethekile kubo nokutshala lezo zitshalo ezibaheha ukwedlula ezinye.

Ngenxa yalokhu, lezi zitshalo zinikezwa ama-aphid, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi izinambuzane ngeke ziphazanyiswe abanye. Kepha ngenxa yalokhu badinga ukutshalwa kude, ngakho kudingeka indawo eningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani le-aphid kufanele lilawulwe futhi lingavunyelwe ukwanda kakhulu - kungenzeka kusetshenziswe amakhemikhali anobuthi. Ngakho-ke, kusetshenziswa indlela efanayo, kodwa ehlukile kancane - izitshalo eziheha ama-aphid zitshalwe endandeni ezungeze lezo okufanele zikuvikele, kuthi lapho izimbali zivezwa, zigawula lezi zitshalo futhi zichithe lonke ikholomu lazo.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: I-aphid ephuzi

Ama-aphid asuthisa iningi lezimpilo zawo. Ukusuka ekuseni kuze kube sebusuku, angancela ama-juices asuka esititshalweni, ngezikhathi ezithile angena kwiqabunga elilandelayo, ngoba ekuqaleni laliphelelwe. Uqhakaza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi uhlala ezala, futhi lokhu kudinga izakhamzimba eziningi. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-aphid angena ebudlelwaneni obulinganisa nezintuthwane, esebenzisa uthando lwawo lwamaswidi. Ama-aphid akhiqiza ama-secretion amnandi, kanti izintuthwane ziyazinakekela ngenxa yalokhu: zizidlulisela kwezinye izitshalo uma kunesidingo, zivikele, zinakekele amaqanda azo futhi zakha nezindawo zokuzivikela ezibavikela kwisimo sezulu.

Lapho ehlasela ama-aphid wezilwane ezidla ezinye, izintuthwane zivikela okokugcina futhi zivame nokufa lapho zinethemba lokulinda izihlobo ukuba zisondele. Ukwenza lokhu kuvame kakhulu, ama-aphid angafakwa ngisho nasethombeni, lapho kulula kakhulu ukuphepha kwawo, kepha kufanele ondliwe. Inqubo yokuthola ubisi olumnandi ibizwa ngokuthi i-milking, ngoba yangaphandle ifana kakhulu nokusenga inkomo - izintuthwane zigobisa isisu se-aphid, nokuthi lokho kufihla ingxenye ethile yemisipha ebonakalayo, emva kwalokho izintuthwane zizidle masinyane.

Usuku kusuka ku-aphid eyodwa ukuze uthole inani elikhulu lomswakama, kwesinye isikhathi liqhathaniswa nesisindo salo. Ama-aphid ahlala isikhathi esifushane kakhulu afa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa, abanye bangaphila amasonto ambalwa. Esimweni sezulu esipholile, isikhathi sokuphila sinwetshwa izinyanga ezimbili.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ukucubungula izitshalo ezinobuthi noma izixazululo zamagciwane ngokumelene ne-aphid kufanelekile ukukwenza elangeni elikhanyayo. Uma isimo sezulu sinamafu, khona-ke amaqabunga aqhekeka, futhi ngaphakathi kuzo ezinye izinambuzane zingasinda, futhi ngisho nenani elincane lizokwanela ukugcwalisa lonke icebo futhi ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukucubungula zonke izindawo lapho i-aphid ixazulule khona, futhi kungcono ukuvumelana kusengaphambili nomakhelwane, uma benakho.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: I-phid ngamaqabunga

Ama-aphid ahlala emikhondlwini emikhulu, kuyilapho kungavela kumuntu oyedwa futhi ngendlela ephindaphindeka ngokumangazayo. Kwenzeka kanjena: owesilisa ovundisiwe ubekela amaqanda, isikhathi esiningi ekhetha izindawo ezingafakwanga futhi eziphephe kahle kulokhu. Ukwenziwa komhlaba kungenzeka kube duzane nezimpande zezitshalo noma emagatsheni ezihlahla, ezintuthwaneni. Amaqanda achitha ubusika lapho, kuthi lapho kufika ukushisa, kuqhamuke abantu abasha kubo. Lezi zinsikazi ezingenazintambo, ezikwazi ukuzala nge-parthenogeneis, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwabesilisa. Lapho sezisendaweni enhle, zikwenza ngokushesha okukhulu. Ezizukulwaneni ezilandelayo zezinhlobo ezithile zama-aphid, izinsikazi zivele zizalwe nemibele ngaphakathi, futhi ngokushesha nazo ngokwazo zizala inzalo.

Lokhu futhi kusheshisa inqubo futhi ama-aphid aqala ukwanda ngokubonakalayo. Owesifazane angazikhiqiza amashumi amaningana ezimpisi njalo ngesonto, futhi akhula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi aqale ukuzala izinsuku ezingama-2-3 emva kokuzalwa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezihlala isikhathi esifushane, noma amasonto angama-1-2 isikhathi eside. Sonke lesi sikhathi izintokazi ezingenazintambo ziyavela. Kepha uma i-aphid colony ikhula ngokweqile, futhi iqala ukungabi nondawo endaweni, izinsikazi ezinamaphiko ziqala ukuzalwa. Zindiza zisuka koloni futhi zithole ezintsha, zisaphindaphindwa nge-parthenogeneis. Owesifazane onjalo uyakwazi ukundiza amakhilomitha angama-20-30.

Ezinye izinhlobo zinhlobonhlobo: ngaphambi kokuvela kwezinsikazi ezinamaphiko, zihlala kwezinye izitshalo, emva kwalokho ziyeke ukuzalanisa kuzo, zifudukele kwezinye. Ekugcineni, ekwindla babuyela endaweni yabo yasekuqaleni. Ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo kanye nehlobo, izizukulwane eziyi-10 - 20 ze-aphid zinesikhathi sokushintsha, futhi uma ungalwa nazo, isikhathi ngasinye lapho iba ngumyalo wokukhulu. Ekugcineni, lapho isimo sezulu siba sibi ngokuqala kwekwindla, kuvela abesilisa nabesifazane abakwaziyo ukuzala ngocansi. Kulokhu, ukwenziwa komanyolo, kanti izibungu ngeke zivele njengokukhanya, njengakuqala, kepha kuzokwenziwa umbandela ongasinda kumakhaza. Kunokumbalwa kakhulu kwabo - konke okudingekayo ukukhiqiza ngale ndlela abasunguli besifazane, abazoqala ukuzala ngohlobo oluthile ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, futhi inqubo yonke izoqala kabusha.

Izitha zemvelo ze-aphid

Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-aphid?

Ama-aphid adla izinambuzane nezinyoni. Kulezi zinambuzane, yilezi:

Kukho konke okungenhla, okungenabungozi kakhulu engadini, futhi ngasikhathi sinye okuphumelela kakhulu ekulweni ne-aphid, amehlo anamahele kanye nama-ladybugs. Kulabo nabanye, kungaba ngumthombo ophambili wokudla okunempilo, futhi amaqanda alezi zinambuzane angathengwa ezitolo ezikhethekile. Ngemuva kokuthi inani labantu lithathwe kubo, ama-aphid angakhohlwa. Izitshalo eziheha lezi zinambuzane ziyasiza futhi: isambulela, ubhontshisi nesipayisi. Isibonelo, i-dill ejwayelekile, i-clover noma i-mint iyobaholela engadini. Futhi lapho uthenga amaqanda wokuzalela, akufanele ukhohlwe ngalezi zitshalo, uma kungenjalo izingane zingvele zindize, kepha i-aphid izosala. Ibhungane lomhlabathi lingakhangwa yi-solanaceae, izimpukane zesifazane zindiza kuma-daisies, futhi ngamatshe endlebe ungafaka izimbiza zezimbali engadini bese ubeka izixhaxha zazo. Izinyoni ezincane nazo zilwa ne-aphid, kepha azisebenzi kangako, futhi zingazilimaza nazo izingadi ngokwazo.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ama-parasitic wasps athande ukubeka amaqanda awo ezinambuzaneni eziluhlaza, kanti ama-ladybugs avame ukuzingela abomvu. I-Aphid ivumelanisa nabo - uma kukhona iminyovu yokuhlakaza esondelene nayo, bese kuthiwe ibomvu izalwe, futhi uma ama-ladybugs eluhlaza.

Manje uyazi ukuthi ungasusa kanjani aphid esizeni. Ake sibheke ukuthi izinhlobo zezinambuzane.

Isimo sabantu nenhlobo yezinhlobo

Kukhona inani elikhulu lama-aphid ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene; inani labo eliphelele alinakubalwa. Bahlala cishe yonke indawo lapho abantu bangahlala khona, futhi bahlakulele izitshalo, kufaka phakathi ezitshaliwe. Ngakho-ke, isimo sabo yisidleke esingachithwa ngokukhululeka sisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zalokhu, uma kungenzeka kungasisongezi ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Futhi yize i-aphid iyisinambuzane esibuthakathaka kakhulu futhi esisengozini, ngakho-ke kulula ukusibhubhisa, kepha inkinga ekubhekaneni nayo ukuvela kwayo ngokushesha. Inkinga yesibili izintuthwane. Noma ngabe kubonakala sengathi zonke izimbangi ezikulesi siza zichithwe, kungahle kutholakale ukuthi abanye abantu bakhoselisiwe izintuthwane, khona-ke zizophindaphindwa futhi uma sekudlule izinsuku.

Kunezindlela eziningi zokubhekana nalesi sinambuzane:

• ubuthi - basebenza ngokushesha nangempumelelo, abanye futhi benza ngokungahambisani nezintuthwane. Okubi ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza izimbali, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kubhubhisa izinyosi, kuneminye imikhawulo ethile encike ekutheni isetshenziswa muphi umuthi - kumele ibhekwe ukuze ubuthi bungangeni ezitshalweni ezisetshenziswa ekudleni,
• amagciwane athela i-aphid. Ukuhlanganiswa okuyinhloko ukuphepha okuphelele, ngoba amagciwane anjalo ahloselwe ngqo ama-aphid futhi alimaza wona kuphela. Kepha isenzo sabo asihlali isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke ukucutshungulwa kuzodingeka kwenziwe kaningi,
• ezinye izindlela, njengokusondela kwe-aphid yezitshalo ezingaphendukiyo, ukuphathwa kokutshala ngensipho, umhlonyane, ama-anyanisi husks, kanye nezinaliti, kungasebenza kakhulu noma kungasebenzi kancane, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lwama-aphid ahlasele ukutshala.

I-aphid - isinambuzane esisengozini enenqwaba yezitha, kepha konke lokhu kunxephezelwa ukukhiqizwa kabusha okusheshayo, ngenxa yalokho, abasha abayishumi nambili beza endaweni yomuntu ngamunye ofile. Kepha ungakhohlwa ukuthi ama-aphid awagcini nje ngokuba yisinambuzane kuphela, futhi inendima ewusizo: inenga ushukela owedlulele kusuka ezitshalweni, onomphumela onenzuzo ku-photosynthesis, futhi ukuqhuma kwawo okumnandi kwenza inhlabathi ivunde kakhudlwana.

Isimilo

I-Aphid imele i-superfamily of izinambuzane futhi ingeyo-oda lephiko eliqinile. Esikhathini esithile ngaphambili, wabelwa e-Equine. Sekukonke kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine zalesi sinambuzane kanti eziyinkulungwane zazo zihlala eYurophu. Izinhlobo eziningi ziyahlakazeka ezitshalweni ezitshaliwe futhi ziyakwazi ukusabalalisa izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ezibangela ukuthuthukiswa kokungalingani, ikakhulukazi ukwakheka okufana nenyongo.

Izici zesakhiwo

Manje ake sibheke ukuthi ama-aphid abukeka kanjani. Lesi sinambuzane esincane esimude ubude bomzimba waso singamamilimitha ambalwa.Ngokuya ngohlobo, umzimba uzopenda ngombala othile. Emasimini asekhaya, ama-aphid aluhlaza, omhlophe, obomvu namnyama atholakala kakhulu. Isinambuzane singaba namaphiko futhi singenantambo. Abantu abanamaphiko basakazeka masinyane kuyo yonke indawo futhi banesandla ekushintsheni kwesitshalo esingumnikazi, esingenazintambo - ikakhulukazi ngohlobo lokuzalela.

Amathuluzi omlomo we-aphid amelelwa yi-proboscis ebukhali, ngosizo lawo ihlabe ingaphezulu kwamaqabunga kanye namahlumela bese imunca ujusi ezitshalweni. Ukudla okunjalo kucebile kuma-carbohydrate nama-amino acid, futhi yilezi zinto ezinomthelela ekusebenzeni kwama-parasites kanye ne-fecundity yazo ephezulu kakhulu.

Okubhaliwe! Ngokusekelwe kulokho ama-aphid adla ngakho, kulula ukukucabanga ukuthi ungawubangela umonakalo ongakanani emhlabeni wezolimo!

Izici nesimo sendawo yama-aphid

Ama-aphid ayizinambuzane ezincane, azidluli imitha ezimbalwa ubude. Umzimba we-aphid unesimo esiseqanda, umbozwe ngegobolondo elithambile le-influcent. Ngosizo lwemilenze emide eyanele, lezi zinambuzane ezinambitheka ziyakwazi ukukhasa zisuka kwesinye isitshalo ziye kwesinye ziye ngisho nokugxuma.

Kuleloloni ngalinye le-aphid, kunabantu bobabili abangenamaphiko futhi abanamaphiko, ngamunye abamba iqhaza elithile kulaba bantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwamaphiko akunqunywa ngokobulili - bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bangaba namaphiko.

Engxenyeni engaphambili yekhanda lomuntu omdala, kutholakala izinyamazane ezikhethekile, ezibhekele ukuthinta nokuzwa. Amehlo anesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sezinto eziningi; kubantu abangenazintambo, kunamehlo amathathu alula.

Umbala wamehlo a-aphid ayinkimbinkimbi ungahluka kusuka kokubomvu kuye kokumnyama. Ngokumangazayo, ukubona okubonakalayo kwama-aphid kungukuhleleka okuhle kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, kwizinyosi. Ama-aphid angahlukanisa ngisho nemibala ethile.

Isitho somlomo we-aphid sifanekiselwa yi-proboscis encane, enezingxenye ezi-4. Ngalesi sifo, i-aphid ibhoboza izinhlamvu zesitshalo futhi ikhiphe ujusi wezakhi. Emhlabeni kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-4000 zama-aphid. Lezi zinambuzane zithanda isimo sezulu esifudumele esinomswakama omkhulu. Ama-aphid azizwa emangalisa ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo.

Izici nendawo yokuhlala

Lezi zinambuzane zinamakhono amahle kakhulu wokufihlakala. Izithunzi zazo zithola umbala wezitshalo ezihlakulela kuzo. Ama-aphid aluhlaza kuma-apula, amagilebhisi, izimila zasendlini, ama-aphid amnyama ayabukwa kuma-cherries nama-cherries, ama-aphid abomvu adla ama-currants nama-gooseberry, i-insect yellow in a green hue parasitates likhukhamba kanye amakhabe.

Ezimweni eziningi, i-aphid inokwakheka okusaqanda. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zinambuzane zitholakala ngesimo sokwehla, ibhola, iqanda noma i-ellipse. Usayizi we-aphid mncane, kepha ngeso elinqunu usengabhekwa. Ubude bawo bufika ku-0,7 mm. Ezimweni ezingavamile, imidondoshiya ingatholakala phakathi kwabo, ngosayizi ongaba ngu-7 mm.

Lesi sinambuzane singenye yalezo ezidla ukudla kwezitshalo. Zine-phenoscis ekhethekile, zibhoboza izicubu zezitshalo futhi zidwebe wonke amajusi kuwo. Zikwazi ukuzala kabusha ngokumangazayo, lesi ngesinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu sama-aphid. Izinambuzane ziza noma zingenamakhanda.

Umjikelezo othokozisayo wenzeka emvelweni, ongenakunakwa. Ama-aphid anejusi yezitshalo athola izingxube zamaprotheni nama-amino acid ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekuphileni. Ukumiswa kokungaguquki kokuvumelana okuqinile, okuyindlela ethandwayo yezimpukane nezintuthwane, kuyakhululwa ngenkathi kulungiswa lezi zinto eziwusizo.

Ososayensi baqaphele amaqiniso ayinqayizivele wokubambisana phakathi kwama-aphid nezintuthwane, abazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuvikela umhlengikazi wabo ezinkingeni ezingaba khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintuthwane zithwala ama-aphid zisuka kwesinye isitshalo ziye kwesinye, futhi ezinsikazi zazo zifihlwe emizini yazo kubanda nobandayo busika. Ngemuva kokuqashelwa okunjalo, umuntu akufanele alwe ne-aphid kuphela, kodwa futhi “nabagcini” babo.

Umzimba we-aphid awuvikelwe yigobolondo, njengezinambuzane eziningi, uthambile futhi udalulwe ngaphandle - ungachotshozwa kalula ngama-aphid. Isinambuzane sinemilenze emide, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi i-aphid ingahamba ngokushesha. Uyenza kancane.

Izinambuzane ezingenazindiza zihlukile ngokubona ezinambuzaneni ezinamaphiko. I-proboscis yokuqala yinde futhi ibe mnene. I-aphid enamaphiko inamabili amaphiko, ngosizo layo ihamba kalula emkhathini.

Ezintanjeni ezinamaphiko, isigqi sokuphila sihluke ngandlela-thile kusuka kokungenamaphiko. Ekwindla, ukubekwa kwamaqanda kowesifazane ovundisiwe enamaphiko kwenzeka. Amaqanda awafakwa kwezinye izindawo.

Izinambuzane zithanda ukuvela ku-radish yasendle, i-colza, iklabishi ngeziqu. Ngalo lonke ubusika, amaqanda atholakala kulezi zitshalo. Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, ziphenduka izibungu ezikhula futhi ziphile ngenxa yoshukela weselula wezikhala eziluhlaza.

Ngemuva kwalokho ukuncibilika kwabo kwenzeka, ngemuva kokuzalela kwe-aphid. Ngendlela, bakwenza ngaphandle kokwehluka kobulili. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani elikhulu lezibungu zezinambuzane lizalwa. Ososayensi abayibone le nqubo bashaqeka. Kungakapheli inyanga eyodwa, insikazi eyodwa ingakhiqiza izinambuzane ezingaba ngu-10,000.

I-aphid engenazintambo ihola impilo ecishe ifane nokuhlala phansi. Kusukela ekuzalweni kuze kufike ezinsukwini zabo zokugcina basendaweni eyodwa. Ngosizo lwe-proboscis yayo, i-aphid idla ubisi lwezitshalo, ithola zonke izinto ezibalulekile empilweni, futhi ikhula kahle.

Uma ungalwa nayo futhi ungazami ukuyibhubhisa, izoqhubeka nokuhlakazeka, iphindaphindeke futhi ilimaze umhlaba wezitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwabesilisa akudingekile neze.

Maphakathi nehlobo, abamele abangamaphiko ngezikhathi ezithile bavela esixukwini sezintokazi ezingenaphiko. Bona, ngaphandle kwezinkinga, bathuthela kuzikhala ezintsha eziluhlaza futhi bathokozela injabulo enkulu lapho.

Ama-aphid anamaphiko adlala indima ebalulekile ekuqhubekeni kwalo lonke uhlobo lwawo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ama-aphid ahluleka ukuhamba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi angaphelelwa ukudla futhi ayife. Ukufuduka kwama-aphid ngokushesha endaweni entsha kube nje amakoloni amakhulu ezinto ezifanayo.

Ukuphela kwehlobo kubalulekile kulezi zinambuzane ngoba phakathi kwazo ekugcineni kunezidalwa ezingafani zodwa phakathi kokuvela kokuzala. Kusukela ekufikeni kwamaqhwa asebusika, izinambuzane ziyafa, zishiya amaqanda, okuthi lapho kufika intwasahlobo zidlule kumjikelezo wokuphila ofanayo futhi zife ebusika.

Unganquma kanjani ukubukeka kwama-aphid esitshalweni? Uma izikhala eziluhlaza kancane kancane ziqala ukulahlekelwa ukubukeka kwazo okuhle, kuyadingeka ukuthi uzihlole.

Ngokuvamile ama-aphid angenantambo atholakala ngaphansi kwamaqabunga ezitshalo. Amakoloni akhulisiwe vele ngaphandle kokucindezela futhi asaba ukumboza ngokuphelele zonke izikhala eziluhlaza. Ngemuva kokuxhumana amafishane nalezi zinambuzane, amaqabunga ayoma, bese kuthi ngemuva kokusonteka afe.

Zonke izihlahla zezithelo ziveza okuncane kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi izithelo zabo ziyabuna ngaphambi kokuvuthwa kwabo. Amahlumela neziqu zezihlahla zezitshalo zigobile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izitshalo ezonakele zimbozwe amakha amnandi we-aphid, abalimi ababiza ngawo amazolo oju.

Ukungadli amazolo oju lwezintuthwane kuholela kulesi sitshalo ukungenwa yisikhunta soot. Kuyalandela kulokhu ukuthi ukubonakala kwenqwaba yezintuthwane ezimweni ezivame kakhulu kukhombisa ukuthi ama-aphid ahlangana endaweni ethile eduzane, yize izithelo zezenzo zayo zingakabonakali.

Isimo sezulu esifanele kakhulu kulezi zinambuzane sinomswakama futhi sifudumele. Kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo lapho i-aphid mass kabusha kungenzeka. Ingatholakala ezindaweni eziningi, ukusuka eYurophu kuye eSiberia.

Imvelo nendlela yokuphila yama-aphid

Ama-aphid ahlala ezikoloni ezinkulu, ezithinta, okokuqala, amahlumela amasha namaqabunga. Lesi sitshalo siba buthaka, siba amahlamvu bese ngokushesha sishabalala. Imikhondo evame ukuhlangana i-aphid ihlala ndawonye nama-anthill.

Ama-aphid enqubweni yempilo akhipha uketshezi olunambitheka nge-tishish, elithathwa izintuthwane njengokulapha. Izintuthwane zidla ama-aphid, zidla emphethweni futhi zixosha izinambuzane eziyingozi, eziyizitha zemvelo zama-aphid (ama-ladybugs, amabhungane, njll.)

Izinhlobo zama-aphid

Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zama-aphid, izinhlobo ngazinye ziyahlukahluka kwesinye ngesimo somzimba - zingaba yindilinga, zibambe, zinqenqemeni. Amasayizi angahluka kusuka ku-0.5 mm kuya ku-8 mm.

Umbala wesinambuzane esidala kwezinye izikhathi kuncike kumbala wesitshalo lapho i-aphid ihlangana khona. I-aphid emhlophe inegobolondo eligobekayo futhi yaziwa kahle ngabathandi bezimbali zasendlini. Ngaphezu kokugcina, le nhlobo ithinta izithombo zezitshalo zemifino.

Ama-aphid we-pea apendwe ngamathoni aluhlaza okhanyayo, uncamela ukwenza amakholoni ukutshala izimbali, ikakhulukazi peas. Ama-aphid amnyama ahlala kuma-cherries, ama-cherries kanye nezinye izihlahla zezithelo. Vele, i-aphid ayikwazi ukuqothula isihlahla ngokuphelele, kodwa ingahle inciphise ukukhula kwayo futhi iphazamise ukuqhela kwesihlahla esivamile.

Bomvu i-aphid yisidleke ama-currants, ama-gooseberries, ama-sunflower nezinye izitshalo ezitshaliwe. Ngenxa yombala obomvu onsundu, kulula ukuwuthola futhi ngesikhathi sokuqala impi yokulwa nalesi sifo. Okufanele ukwenze uma kuvela i-aphid emaqabungeni isitshalo esithandayo? Ukulwa ne-aphid kwenziwa ngezindlela eziningana: amakhambi emvelo, amakhemikhali, abantu.

I-aphid emnyama

Indlela yemvelo ifaka ukuheha esakhiweni somuntu siqu ukulawula ama-aphid ezinambuzaneabahlaseli. Izitha zemvelo ze-aphid zithandaza izigqoko, o-ladybugs, amabhungane, izindwangu zezintambo, izindlebe zezindlebe nabanye abaningi.

Ngale njongo, izitshalo zitshalwa eduze kwesiko eliyinkinga, ukuheha izitha ze-aphid. Futhi, ukubhubhisa inani le-aphid, kutshalwa izitshalo ezi-repeller (ugarliki, dill, ugwayi, i-lemon balm, ama-marigolds. Izinyoni nazo zingadala ukulimala kwe-aphid ukulimaza okukhulu, kodwa-ke, kulokhu, isivuno sezilimo eziyizigaxa zingathinteka futhi.

Yilwa ne ama-aphid, izinambuzane zezinambuzane, ebonakala nge-voracity enkulu, nayo yenziwa ngama-pesticides. Le ndlela yinhle uma kukhulunywa ngomhlaba omkhulu wezolimo. Ungakhohlwa ngobungozi bale ndlela - amakhemikhali athambekele ukuqwabelana esitshalweni futhi ekugcineni afike etafuleni lethu.

Izindlela zabantu ukulwa ne-aphid bamele ukufafaza isitshalo esithintekile ngama-infusions ahlukahlukene kumakhambi, isixazululo sensipho yokuwasha ngomlotha. Kuhle kakhulu ama-aphid yiCocaa Cola ejwayelekile. Ngemuva kokunisela kwamaqabunga, lesi siphuzo esidumile se-aphid, njengomthetho, siyanyamalala.

Ukondla i-aphid

Ama-aphid - Insect cishe omnivorous, kuthinta noma iziphi izimila. futhi kuphela ngabameli abathile balesi sigatshana abathanda izinhlobo ezithile zotshani, izihlahlana noma izihlahla. Ingena ezicutshini ezithambile zesitshalo ngokusebenzisa i-proboscis, i-aphid idla ama-amino acid aqukethe ujusi.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwama-aphid

Ekwindla, i-aphid yesifazane ibeka amaqanda esihlahleni somgcini. Lapho kuqala inkathi efudumele, izibungu ziyaqhuma kubo, ezikhula kubantu abadala abazalanisa ngaphandle komanyolo (parthenogeneis). Umphumela walokhu kuzalanisa uzoba ama-aphid abesifazane angenazintambo.

Owesifazane oyedwa ngenyanga angakhiqiza amakhulu ezinkulungwane zohlobo lwakhe. Lapho leli koloni seligcwele kakhulu, izinhlwathi ezinamaphiko ziqala ukubonakala enzalweni engandizela kwesinye isitshalo bese zihlala kuso.

Cishe ukuwa, abesilisa bavela phakathi kwama-aphid anamaphiko nokuzala futhi kube kokuphindwe kabili. Ngale ndlela yokukhiqiza kabusha, inani lamaqanda liba yi-oda lokuphakama okuphansi, kepha kuphela abangasinda ebusika obunzima. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ama-aphid ubusika hhayi amaqanda kuphela, kodwa futhi nezibungu.

Isikhathi sokuphila kuma-aphid sincike kuzinhlobo zezulu kanye nesimo sezulu. Ngokwesilinganiso, lisukela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuya enyangeni. Endaweni ebanda kakhulu (8-10 ° C), ama-aphid abesifazane angaphila izinsuku ezingama-60.

Ungasusa kanjani aphid

Ama-aphid anomthelela olimazayo ezitshalweni, hhayi ukumunca kuphela ama-juices abalulekile, kodwa futhi ukuwadlulisela nokuwangena ngegciwane kanye nesikhunta. Kepha izimuncagazi ezinjalo azitholakali kuphela kubamele bezimbali, ziningi zazo emzimbeni womuntu. Ake sibheke amakhambi ambalwa abantu abulala ngempumelelo ama-aphid.

1. I-Dandelion - lokhu kuyindlela enhle yokulwa ne-aphid colonies, hhayi kuphela, kodwa nangama-tick and tinkers. Ama-300 g amaqabunga kanye nama-rhizomes aqoshiwe athelwa ngamanzi (amalitha ayi-10) futhi afakwa amahora amathathu. Ngemuva kokumnika, udinga ubunzima futhi ngokushesha uphathe izitshalo ezithintekile.

2. I-Celandine. Cola kahle (izihlahla ezi-3-4 eziphakathi nendawo) bese uthela amanzi afudumele (1 ibhakede), engeza u-20 g wesipho oncibilikisiwe noma okokuhlanza, isibonelo, uFairy. Lesi sixazululo kumele sifakwe futhi sihlungwe ngemuva kwamahora amathathu. Ukufafaza izindawo ezinegciwane ngesidakamizwa esenziwe ngomumo, ukuze singene kwizinambuzane, okungukuthi, kusuka phansi kuya phezulu. Ungangena ngokuqondile amahlumela athintekile kwisisombululo.

3. Iziqongo zamatamatisi. 500 g oqoshiwe futhi wagcwaliswa ngebhakede elilodwa lamanzi, konke lokhu kubilisiwe isigamu sehora. Ikhambi eliqediwe lihlanjululwe 1 litre lamanzi. Ungafafaza noma iziphi izitshalo. Izihloko zamatamatisi zingathathelwa indawo namazambane. 1.5 kg wezinti zamazambane asikiwe athululelwa ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi afudumele bese egcizelelwa amahora ama-3, bese ehlungwa. Lapho-ke ungafafaza.

4. Makhorka. I-100 g kagwayi kufanele ibiliswe 1 litre wamanzi ihora, bese kuba uhlobo. Ngaphambi kokuwusebenzisa, umhluzi ophumayo kufanele uhlanjululwe ngamanzi: 300-400 g womhluzi ngebhakede eli-1.

5. Isixazululo seSoda. 1 tbsp. l isoda kufanele lichithwe ilitha linye lamanzi bese ufaka izitsha zokuwasha - ikota yesiqeshana.

6. I-pepper ebunjiwe. Kwelitha elilodwa lamanzi udinga ukubilisa ama-pods amaningana pepper. Ngemuva kwalokho umhluzi ufakwa izinsuku ezimbili. Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, isixazululo kumele sihlanjululwe ngamanzi: 1 inkomishi yokufakwa kwebhakede elilodwa lamanzi.

7. Ukufakwa kwamlotha. Kubhekwa njengesixazululo esisebenzayo kunazo zonke ekulweni namakholoni e-aphid. I-200-300 g yomlotha ithululelwa ngamanzi abilayo, isixazululo esikhona sele sihlungiwe bese kufakwa insipho nesicu sokuhlanza izitsha.

Ukuze umuthi ulethe izinzuzo ezibonakalayo, umuthi kumele ungene kulokho kuthambekele. Futhi nokho, wonke ama-aphid awazithandi i-potassium ngokweqile. Ngakho-ke, ukugqoka okuphezulu kwezitshalo ngomlotha nokunisela okuningi kuyokonakalisa ukunambitheka kwezintandokazi zama-aphid. I-potassium iyadingeka empilweni yezitshalo, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo okunekhono kuzoletha izinzuzo kuphela.

Kepha ongavuseleli ukuzethemba ngezindlela zabantu zokulwa nama-aphid ngaphandle kwamakhemikhali, ngingaluleka izidakamizwa eziningana ezithengiswa ezitolo zethu. I-Actofit - yezinyosi, ayinabungozi, kepha ibulala ama-aphid.

Izithelo, ngemuva kokufafaza ngalo muthi, zingadliwa ngemuva kwamahora angama-48. Lesi sidakamizwa singashintshwa nesinambuzane se-bitoxibacillin. Amandla amakhulu okubhubhisa aphethwe i- "ACTAR 25WG".

Futhi izincomo zokugcina: izitshalo ezixosha izitshalo esizeni, ezinjengemint, ilayisi, i-thyme nezinye. Futhi udinga ukuqeda izintuthwane ezizalela ama-aphid bese zizondla ngobisi lwazo, uma kungenjalo ukulwa nama-aphid kuzoba kungaphumeleli.

Indlela yokuphila yokuphila enhle

Isinambuzane se-aphid Ithanda ukuhlala emikhondlwini emikhulu. Izindawo zakhe azithandayo zingamaqabunga aluhlaza amahlumela amancane. Abalingani kukho konke ukuphila kwabo baba yizintuthwane. Isimo esinjalo sizuzisa sobabili. I-aphid ivikelwe yintuthwane, yona edla kumazolo ayo oju.

Kuyajabulisa ukubona ukuxhumana kwabo. Intuthwane isondela ku-aphid bese kuthi ngemuva kokukhotha obumnene ithole ingxenye yoluketshezi olumnandi. Lesi sidonsa sidluliselwa ngochungechunge siye endlini yezintuthwane, lapho sivame ukuthola isiphephelo se-aphid ebusika. Ama-aphid anezitha, lapho intuthane izama ukukuvikela ngokucophelela. Ama-Ladybugs nama-lacewings angabhubhisa amakoloni we-aphid.

Yini okufanele uyenze uma kuvela i-aphid emaqabungeni?

Kubathandi abaningi balimi kanye nabalimi abasebenza ngalezi zinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu. Lokhu kusuka ekuqaleni nje, nakubantu abangazange babhekane nale nkinga, kungabonakala sengathi lokhu akuyona into eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngokuyisisekelo, isixazululo esivamile sensipho siyalimaza izinambuzane ze-aphid.Inkinga ivela ngoba ngenani elikhulu lama-aphid lesi sitshalo sishintsha ukubukeka kwaso.

Lesi sinambuzane sikhipha lonke ujusi kuwo, yingakho amaqabunga awo ehlanganiswa abe yishubhu. Lapha emaceleni asontekile futhi uthola indawo yokuzungeza ama-aphid. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukubhekana nakho ngaphambi kokuba amaqabunga aqhakaze ezihlahleni.

Kungcono ukubaphatha entwasahlobo, lapho nje ukuvuvukala kwezinso kubonakala. Lapho umemezela impi ngama-aphid, umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ngezintuthwane futhi asebenzise nezidakamizwa kuzo.

Akunzima ukuqeda izintuthwane. Lokhu kwenziwa ngosizo lwewashi lebusika elenziwe lapho kuhlanganiswa khona isiqu sesihlahla. I-Sintepon kufanele iphathwe kuqala ngokulungiswa kwamakhemikhali ngokumelene nezintuthwane. Njengamanje, kunenketho enkulu yamathuluzi anjalo. Imvamisa esetshenziswa ibhekwa njenge- "Anteater."

Abanye abalimi bazama ukuqeda ama-aphid ngomshini. Bayisusa ngosizo lwezandla, indiza yamanzi ngaphansi kwengcindezi enamandla. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho ungasusa khona izinambuzane ezisezitshalweni ezikhululekile.

Ungaqiniseka ukuthi labo abangakwazi ukubhekana nayo kalula bavela esizeni esinenombolo enkulu yama-aphid. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-ladybugs, ezinye izinhlobo zeminyovu, izimpukane zabesifazane, nezintambo. Ezinyoni eziningi, i-aphid isebenza njengendlela yokwelapha. Zingakhangwa izindlu zokugcina izinyoni nabondli abakhethekile bezinyoni.

Ama-aphid asabela kahle kumakha wezinye izitshalo. Ungahlwanyela iminti ezizungeze isiza, ama-marigolds kanye ne-aphid kuzoqala kancane ukuphuma kule ndima. Lesi sinambuzane asithandi iphunga likagalikhi, i-cilantro, fennel, basil.

Kunamakhemikhali amaningi anenzuzo yokulawula ama-aphid. Kulokhu, singakwazi ukwahlukanisa okunjalo ama-aphid njengoFitoverm, Aktofit, Jaguar. Ngayinye yale mishanguzo inesibuko sayo sokusebenza nemiyalo esetshenzisiwe.

Ukuvimbela I-Aphid

Yilwa ne-aphid - akulula. Kungcono ukukuqala masisha ngemuva kokuba izimpawu zokuqala zokubonakala kwalezi zinambuzane ziqaphelekile.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ekwindla ukuhlanza ingadi, ingadi yazo zonke izinsalela zezitshalo ezingeqile. Zonke zingcono ukushisa. Lokhu kuzovikela ukubekwa kwama-aphid kanye nokuvela kwezinambuzane ezinambuzane lapho kufika intwasahlobo.

Qiniseka ukuthi ufafaza zonke izitshalo ezihlaselwe ama-aphid ngokulungiselela kawoyela wamaminerali. Isikhathi esincane kakhulu sabelwe lo mcimbi.

Lokhu kumele kwenziwe ngezinsuku ezingekho ngaphezulu kwezingu-3. Awungeke unikeze ithuba lokuthi izibungu zezinambuzane zizalwe futhi uthathe ukubhujiswa kwezitshalo ngokuncela izijusi zazo.

Ukucutshungulwa kufanele kuphindwe ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-14-21. Isizini yonke yokukhula kufanele ihambisane nokuhlolwa kwezitshalo. Ama-aphid atholakele adinga ukwelashwa ngokushesha ngamayeza okubulala izinambuzane.

Isixazululo esivela kusipho, umlotha nosawoti-alkaline sibhekana kahle nama-aphid. Kubalulekile ukuthi ungabhekani nalezi zinambuzane ngesikhathi sokuqothuka kwezitshalo. Onke amakhemikhali angangena esithelweni.

Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, zonke kunezinhlobo zezinkulungwane zama-aphid. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ubacabangele bonke, ngakho-ke sizokunaka lezo ezivame kakhulu.

• I-Bean aphid, noma i-beetroot - ifaka izigaxa kubhungathi, dill, ubhontshisi kanye nopelepele. Kungahle kube kumakhukhamba, kepha ngemuva kokuyidla namajusi ngokushesha iyafa. Njengomphumela we-parasitization ezitshalweni, izinqubo ze-metabolic ziyaphazamiseka futhi umkhiqizo wazo uyancipha. I-Beet aphid igcwala yonke ingxenye yesiko, yakha ikoloni eliminyene. Lesi sinambuzane sinombala oluhlaza okotshani, omnyama noma onsundu, imilenze ayinayo imibala, amehlo amnyama, i-proboscis yinde enesihloko esimnyama.
• I-Acacia, noma i-alfalfa aphid ilimaza izingxenye ezingenhla ze-alfalfa, kanye nama-buds namahlumela amancane. Kuthwala izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane nezinye izifo zalesi sitshalo. Ungahlangana naye engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo, nangesikhathi esomile kakhulu. Le phid ibhebhetheka ngendlela yamaqanda ku-alfalfa, okuvela kuyo izibungu entwasahlobo bese ifudukela e-acacia nakukotini.
• Ama-aphid we-pea - parasitize on peas, clover, lens, melilot, nakwezinye izitshalo ezi-leguminous. Izinambuzane zalolu hlobo ziyahlukahluka kwabanye ngobude bemizimba yazo: izinsikazi ezingenamaphiko zingafinyelela ku-4,5 mm, nezinamaphiko - 5 mm. Umzimba upendiwe luhlaza okotshani, amehlo ansundu, imilenze ilula ngemilenze emnyama.
• I-Elm-sedge aphid - entwasahlobo isakazekela emaqabunga ama-elm, emva kwalokho ifudukela ohlelweni lwezimpande lwe-sedges. Njengomphumela wokutheleleka ngalesi sinambuzane, ukukhula kwemigqa yokuhlobisa kuvinjelwe.
• I-Rosaceous aphid - ukuhlaselwa kwama-rose amaqhuqhuva, lapho kuhlala khona ngamakholoni amaningi kakhulu. Ifaka engxenyeni engezansi yepuleti leqabunga, izihlahlana, izithungu kanye neziqu ezincane.
• I-aphid emhlophe - inomzimba oguqukayo futhi ngamehlo anqunu kungahle kube yiphutha ukwehla kwamazolo. Ubukhulu bayo abubalulekile - akukho ngaphezu kuka-1 mm. Kuvame kakhulu ukuhlakulela izitshalo zasendlini.
• I-aphid emnyama akuwona umndeni ohlukile, kepha izinhlobo eziningana abantu abazihlanganisile eqenjini elilodwa, kusukela kumbala. Lezi zinambuzane zihlala ikakhulukazi iklabishi, utamatisi, ukhukhamba kanye namakhekhe.
• Ama-aphid ama-Cherry - esinye sezilokazane eziphambili zezithelo zamatshe ezithelo. Parasitize ikakhulukazi kuma-cherries nama-cherries. Kusatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izifunda lapho kukhula izihlahla zezithelo.
• Ama-aphid we-cereal - imayitha ebhubhisayo, utshani, amasimu lapho kutshalwa khona izilimo zokusanhlamvu. I-bird cherry aphid ingeyalolu hlobo - ithinta ibhali yasentwasahlobo nobusika, ukolweni, ummbila, i-oats ne-rye. Lesi sinambuzane singokwenzelwa ezinhlobonhlobo futhi sikwazi ukuqeda ngokushesha isivuno emasimini amakhulu.

Habitat

Ama-aphid athande indawo yokuhlala enesimo sezulu esifudumele nesinomswakama - ezimeni ezinjalo uyakwazi ukuba khona ngokujwayelekile nangokukhuthala ukukhiqizwa. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwale parasite inkulu kakhulu futhi ihlanganisa indawo esuka eSiberia iye eNtshonalanga Yurophu, futhi ayihlali nje ezingadini, emapaki nasemasimini, kodwa futhi nasezitebhisini nasehlathini.

Kuyini ubungozi?

Ukulimala kusuka kuma-aphid kungaba kukhulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma ungaboni lesi sinambuzane ngesikhathi bese uqala ukulwa naso.

Isidlanzana esincane sikhipha izitshalo, ezigcina ziba buthaka bese zilahlekelwa amandla azo okuqhakaza futhi athele izithelo. Ikakhulu ezisengozini izitshalo zasendlini kanye amahlumela abasha. Njengoba zingavikelekile, izitshalo ezinjalo ziqala ukubuna, amaqabunga awo anciphise, isiqu siba mnciphe.

Izici ezijwayelekile nokubukeka

Ama-aphid izinambuzane ezivela ku-Hemoptera. Baziwa kwisayensi kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, kunezinhlobo zezinkulungwane ezingaba ngu-4, cishe inkulungwane zihlala eYurophu. Usayizi we-aphid awudluli ngamamilimitha ambalwa, noma kukhona izilinganiso ezithile ezinobukhulu obuyi-5-7 mm.

Zonke izinhlobo ze-aphid zinezingcingo (ezibhekele ukuzala) nezinamaphiko (ezibhekele ukwabiwa nokushintshwa kwezitshalo) amafomu.

Ukuvela kwama-aphid kungokuhlukahluka kakhulu (okumnyama, okuluhlaza okotshani, obomvu, futhi okusobala). Ekhanda kunamehlo amnyama ne-antennae. Ama-aphid anamaphiko anezimbili ezimbili zamaphiko avela obala, i-pair of the back ihlala imfishane kuneye engaphandle. Ama-aphid ane-proboscis ekhethekile, ehlaba amaqabunga kanye namahlumela amasha.

Ezinye zazo zivezwe esithombeni.

Umjikelezo wempilo nezici zokuthuthuka

Entwasahlobo, izibungu zibamba iqanda. Iqanda libekwa ama-aphid esithelweni semvelo ekwindla (ezimpandeni zezihlahla, emifantwini esegangeni, njll.). Izibungu zobusika zikhona, ngokwesibonelo, ku-phylloxera (aphid yamagilebhisi). Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, izibungu zidla ngojusi bamahlumela amancane wesitshalo sasekhaya futhi, ngemuva kokuncibilika, siqala ukuzala kabusha kwe-parthenogenetic, kukhiqiza izinsikazi ezingenamaphiko kuphela.

Kwenyanga (Ephreli noma Meyi, kuye ngesifunda), kungavela owesimame oyedwa ongenazintambo kuze kube izizukulwane ezintathu zezinambuzane ezinenombolo yabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa .

Ngemuva kokukhula amahlumela amancane, kuqala ukuzalwa izintokazi ezinamaphiko eziqala ukufuduka ezitshalweni ezingomakhelwane zohlobo oluthile, ezisakazeka engadini nasezingadini. Ehlobo, izizukulwane ezingaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi zezinsikazi ezingenazimpiko nezinamaphiko ziyavela. Ngenxa yalokho, inani eliphelele lezinambuzane ezisanda kuvela lilingana nezigidigidi zabantu.

Ekwindla, imvelo ibone ukuzalwa kwe abesilisa abanamaphiko endiza esihlwini sokusingathwa, lapho izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda azo ebusika.

Ama-aphid abeka amaqanda, nezinhlobo ezithile ze-aphid Ukuzalwa bukhoma kuyindalo . Isizukulwane sama-aphid ezinamaphiko sizalwa sihlukahlukene, futhi njengoba zinesibopho sokufuduka, hamba amabanga amade futhi wakhe amakoloni ezindaweni ezintsha.

Ngokusho kwezifundo ezintsha, ukuzalwa kwama-aphid ezinamaphiko kungadalwa nezinto ezikhethekile ezinephunga ezikhishwa ngama-aphid uma zihlaselwa izitha, ezinjenge-ladybugs. Lezi zinto zokuvikela ukubangela ukukhathazeka koloni, okuholela ekukhiqizeni ngokushesha ama-aphid ezinamaphiko. Le ndlela umthetho wokulondolozwa kwemvelo usebenza kanjani.

Amaqiniso Ahehayo

Futhi ekugcineni, siphakamisa ukuthi uzijwayeze namanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngama-aphid:

• Ama-aphid ayisinambuzane esihle esingenakuzivikela, kepha sinabalingisi abakhulu. Lezi yizintuthwane ezithanda ukujabulela isidlididi esimnandi esidonswa yi-aphid, ngakho-ke zize zifake amaqanda aso e-anthill yazo ukuze zikwazi ukusinda ebusika,
• izinambuzane ezindaweni ezifudumele, lezi zinambuzane zikwazi ukukhiqiza izizukulwane ezintsha ezingama-30 ngonyaka owodwa,
• Ososayensi baseMelika babala isisindo se-aphid parasitizing kumahektha ama-2 okutshala isithombo sebhitrudi - isisindo sawo sasingama-25 kg,
• Ama-aphid nawo angaba yinzuzo - kumajusi wezitshalo ezithile kunesilinganiso esikhulu sikashukela, okuholela ekuphazamisweni kwenqubo ye-photosynthesis. Lezi zinambuzane zincela ujusi, zinciphisa inani likashukela, ne-pad, eyehlela emhlabathini, igcwalise nge-nitrogen.

Ukubhebhetheka

Avelaphi ama-aphid esakhiweni segadi? Ekuqaleni, babevela endaweni yemvelo lapho kunezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kamuva, sebexazulule insimu yengadi, baqala ukuhlala kuyo njalo ngokuqhubekayo ngenxa yezimo ezinhle.

Imvamisa, ama-aphid awela ezindaweni ezitshaliwe ezinezitshalo ezintsha ezingakaze zivivinyelwe ukutheleleka. Ungahlalisa futhi uhlanze izindawo ezingomakhelwane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintuthwane zisiza ama-aphid ukuthi zixazulule - isimilo Symbiosis of aphid ngezintuthwane . Izintuthwane “zidla” ama-aphid bese zithola ubumnandi obumnandi kuzo - isigaxa (amasende aqukethe ushukela) ngokubuyiselwa. Izintuthwane zisiza ukugcina futhi zivikele ama-aphid ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye nasezinambuzaneni. Bangakwazi nokuzidlulisela kwezinye izitshalo, futhi ebusika bazihlelele bona e-anthill.

Izici zobungozi

Umonakalo odalwe ama-aphid mkhulu ngokwanele. Imibala isendaweni engezansi yamaqabunga, futhi angeke aqashelwe ngokushesha. In inqubo yomsebenzi obalulekile we-aphid ubuthi lokho kuholela ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezitho zesitshalo. Lokhu kuyabonakala ikakhulukazi emaqabungeni amancane nakumahlumela.

- Amaqabunga asontekile, ama-buds ayabhoboka, ngaphambi kokuba avule, izithelo aziboshwe.

- Amabala noma i-pigment mesh ingavela emaqabungeni.

- Ukuqhabalaza nokuqhakaza emaqabunga kungabhekwa - lokhu kwakhiwa kwama-galls, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iba yizilonda.

- Kungaba khona ukugoqa okumpunga emaqabungeni, le yimiphumela yokutheleleka ngefungus.

- Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu, amaqabunga aba anamathela futhi anamathela ngenxa yesigaxa esikhishwe.

Ngokutheleleka okukhulu kwama-aphid, ukukhula kwesitshalo kungamiswa ngokuphelele. Izitshalo ezibuthakathaka ezinezifo, noma izingxenye zezitshalo, azikwazi ukumelana nobusika futhi kufa .

Kuko konke okungenhla, ezinye izinhlobo zama-aphid zithwele amagciwane angalapheki ezithinta izitshalo. Kulokhu, akunakwenzeka nje ukuthi ungagcina isihlahla se-apula noma isihlahla esine-currant; udinga ukusikimba ngempande usilahle.

Isikhundla esihlelekile

• Isigaba - Izinambuzane
• Isikwele - iDiptera
• Isizinda - Aphidina (Aphidinae)

Abamele isizinda se-aphid:

• Cherry Aphid
• I-Elm ne-aphid ephakathi
• Helichrysum aphid
• Ama-aphid we-pear nezanhlamvu
• I-brown pearl nesambulela i-aphid
• I-aphid eluhlaza isambulela
• I-peach aphid eluhlaza (greenhouse, ugwayi)
• I-Apple aphid eluhlaza
• I-aphid ebomvu ye-aphid
• I-aphid ebomvu
• I-aphid
• I-Gooseberry aphid
• Iplamu ye-aphid engcolile
• I-hop aphid
• Thistle aphid
• I-Apple ne-aphid yotshani
• I-Apple nePlantain Aphid
• Iqabunga leqabunga eliphakathi kwethanga
• I-Phyloxera (amagilebhisi we-Aphid)

Kubandakanya:

• superfamily - Hermes (Adelgoidea) kuhlanganisa imindeni:
  • I-Phylloxeridae (Phylloxeridae)
  • I-Hermes (Adelgidae)
• ama-superfamily Aphids (Aphidoidea) afaka imindeni:
  • I-Real Aphids (Aphididae)
  • Izindlala ezakha ama-aphid (Pemphigidae).

Intuthuko (umjikelezo wempilo)

Ama-aphid angenye yesifunda esikhulu kunazo zonke esitholakala e-Equine Wing Detachment, ukwanda kwawo, ubukhulu bezindawo zokuhlala, kanye nokuchuma kwezemvelo kubangelwa ikhono lokuzala ngokuzalwa okuphathelene nezizukulwane ezizalwa ngocansi kanye ne-asexual. Izici zomjikelezo wempilo zincike ezinhlotsheni zama-aphid - ezingahambeki (ezingenamusa (ezinobuhlakani), ezifudukayo (ezi-monoecious), ezingapheleli, njll. Uma ziqhathaniswa nabanye abamele umyalo, ama-aphid ahlukaniswa yiphimbo elibizwa ngokuthi i-polymorphism yocansi nelisigaba).

Umjikelezo wempilo wama-aphid angafuduki

Umjikelezo wokuphila we-aphid ongafuduki ukhawulelwe kulezi zigaba ezilandelayo:

Esigabeni amaqanda ubusika bezinambuzane; ubusika buhlala benzeka ezitshalweni ezingapheli noma ezingandile. Entwasahlobo, okuthiwa abasunguli: izintokazi. Azinamaphiko ngakho-ke ziyaqhubeka nokuphila esihlahleni esifanayo savela kuso, zizondla ngamajusi awo. Phezu kwempilo yomuntu ngamunye wabo, ngendlela ye-parthenogenetic, ikhipha cishe izibungu ezingamashumi amahlanu ezikhula ngemuva kwesikhashana.

Lezi okuthiwa izintombi ezingenazintambo. Umsebenzi wabo ukukhiqiza izizukulwane eziningana zabantu abafanayo. Phakathi kwezizukulwane zasehlobo ezivele ezintombini ezingenamaphiko, izinambuzane zokuqala ezinamaphiko, ezibizwa ngokuthi izintombi ezinamaphiko, noma abafokazi. Banikeza ukuhamba nokuhlala kabusha koloni.

Njengoba izinhlobo ze-aphid ezingafuduki zemukela umthombo owodwa kuphela wezondlayo, abafuduki bndiza kwesinye isitshalo esiseduze sohlobo olufanayo noma ohlotsheni oluhlobene nalo. Lapho ngokuzalwa bukhoma bakha futhi bakhulise amakoloni amasha. Futhi kuphela ngokuqala kwekwindla phakathi kwama-larvae abo abamele abamele abagcwele bobabili ubulili: izinsikazi ezijwayelekile futhi abesilisa abajwayelekile. Ukutshala kwenzeka, futhi insikazi ngayinye izalela amaqanda amaningi ebusika.

Ngenxa yalomshini, ama-aphid asheshe athelele izitshalo ezingomakhelwane, okunomthelela ekuvinjelweni kwawo nokusakazeka kabanzi kwalezinambuzane.

Ama-aphid we-Monoecious anomjikelezo wokuthuthuka ofaka i-Kabid aphid, i-aphid eluhlaza apula, i-aphid ye-Cereal nabanye. (Isithombe)

Umjikelezo wokuphila kwama-aphid afudukayo

Uma umelela ngokweqile umjikelezo wempilo we-aphid heterophthous, kuzobukeka kanjena:

iqanda → umsunguli → ntombi engenazintambo → wezifiki ezinamaphiko (abafuduki abanamaphiko) → intombi eyizifiki → umucu → insikazi ejwayelekile (i-ovipositing) nowesilisa ojwayelekile → iqanda.

Lezi zinambuzane zihlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwesitshalo esingaphezu kwesisodwa sefishi, esidala ukuthi kube nezinguquko ezihambisanayo ekukhuleni kwazo, okuyinto ethize eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu uma siqhathanisa nokwakhiwa kwezinhlobo ezingahambeli ndawo.

Umjikelezo wempilo futhi uqala ngokufakwa kumanyolo bese ubambezeleka ekwindla. amaqandaubusika kusihlwa. Entwasahlobo, kubonakala kungenantambo umsunguliisizukulwane esisodwa noma ezimbili ongenantamboizintombi. Kokugcina kwabo kuvela izintombi ezinamaphiko, nomaabafudukayo abanamaphiko (abafudukayo)ishiya isitshalo esiyisisekelo sokudla bese ufudukela kumgcini wesibili. Lapho, azala ngokwawo i-asexally (parthenogeneis), bese kuvela izizukulwane eziningana zasehlobo izintombi ezifika kwamanye amazwe (izivivinyos.umfokazi). Ngokuqala kwekwindla, izinsikazi ezinamaphiko ziyavela phakathi kwazo.imichilo. Babuyela esitshalweni esiyinhloko, lapho ngokwengxenye bangezelela futhi babelethe abesilisa abajwayelekile nabesifazane abajwayelekile. Umjikelezo uphela ngendlela efanayo nasendabeni eyedlule: ukuzalanisa bobabili ubulili ngokubekwa kweqanda.

Izinhlobo ezifudukayo zifaka, ngokwesibonelo: Ama-aphid ama-bird cherry, lapho izigaba zokuqala zomjikelezo ziqala esihlahleni se-bird bird, bese kuvela izizukulwane zasehlobo emantweni okusanhlamvu. Ama-aphid weBeetroot akhula ngendlela efanayo: abasunguli bazalwa esihlahleni se-viburnum nesiqaqa, futhi izizukulwane zezintombi zasehlobo zichitha impilo yazo yonke kuma-beet noma ubhontshisi wamahhashi, ama-aphid e-cherry adluliswa asuka ku-cherry ayiswa ebhedeni. (Isithombe)

I-Phenology yokwakhiwa kwama-aphid egazi

1 - Umsunguli, 2 - izintombi ezingenamaphiko, 3 - izintombi ezinamaphiko,

4 - polonoska, 5 - owesilisa, 6 - owesimame obeka amaqanda, 7 - izibungu zobusika, 8 - iqanda.

Imicibisholo empunga ikhombisa ukukhula kwezinhlobo ezweni (njengokufuduka), imicibisholo yewolintshi ikhombisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane lapho kungekho mgcini oyinhloko (njenge-analogocyclic).

Umjikelezo wokuphila wama-aphid angenawo ama-cyclic (acyclic)

Leli qembu limelelwa ama-aphid afudukayo, angenawo amandla okuthuthuka kwisitshalo sokuqala. Ngokushesha bawela kumgcini wesibili, lapho baphinda bazala khona kuphela i-asexally.

Umdwebo womjikelezo wempilo:

Isibonelo esivelele kunazo zonke se-analogocyclism iGold Aphid engeniswa ivela eMelika. Umnikazi wayo oyinhloko yi-American elm - isitshalo esingenazo "izihlobo" ezweni lethu. Ngakho-ke, eRussia, ama-aphid egazi ahlala kuphela ezihlahleni zama-apula (isitshalo sokudla sesibili), kanti abasunguli abavela emaqanda abakwazi ukuhlala lapho, badinga i-elm ukuze bondle. Bafa ngokushesha, futhi inzalo yabo iyaqhubeka nokukhiqiza izizukulwane zezintombi ezingakwazi ukubeka amaqanda. Amakoloni okwakhiwa ayafa ekwindla. (Isithombe)

Ugwayi (peach) ama-aphid anezici ezifanayo, lapho peach ingumnikazi oyinhloko, futhi ugwayi neminye amakhambi kungokwesibili. Emgqeni ophakathi nendawo ukuya enyakatho, lapho kungekho peach, ahlala kuphela ezitshalweni ezine-herbaceous.

I-Malware

Abamele abaningi be-suborder yizinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu zezitshalo. Umthelela wabo ongemuhle ungendlela elandelayo.

1. Ama-aphid alimaza izitshalo zokudla ngokuphuza ujusi wawo, ahlala ezingxenyeni zasemoyeni noma ezimpandeni. Lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni kwabo, ukwehla kwenani lesisindo esiluhlaza, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezithelo, ukuwa kwamaqabunga ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukwakheka kwezindlala (ezinye ukwakheka), ezinye izinhlobo zomonakalo kanye nokudilika kwezingxenye; kwezinye izimo, ukungondleki kwe-aphid kugcina ekufeni kwezitshalo okwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Iphinda imijikelezo emisha yomjikelezo wayo wokuphila, ama-aphid akwazi ukuhlala cishe ngokungapheli emthanjeni ofanayo, awenze womile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukondleka kwesikhathi eside kwalezi zinambuzane ezinamajusi wezitshalo aqukethe amaprotheni amancane akubavimbeli ekwakheni ngempumelelo nasekuphindaphindeni: azidingi izinto zamaprotheni, ngoba, sibonga i-typiosis ngamagciwane alungisa i-nitrogen, ayakwazi ukudonsa i-nitrogen ngqo emoyeni.
2. In the process of life, aphid sec secrement excrement - amazolo oju, akhangwa izintuthwane. Ngakho-ke, “ebusweni” bezintuthwane, zikhanga kwezinye iziza ezitshaliwe nakwezinye izinambuzane zezitshalo. Lezi zinambuzane zinezindlela zokunakekelwa komunye nomunye. Ama-aphid anikeza izintuthwane ukudla, kuthi ngokubuyelana azivikele kwizinyamazane, azidlulisele emahlumela amnandi futhi zithwale nezintokazi ziye ezimpondweni zazo zobusika. Ukwahlulela okutholakele kwasendulo - izingcezu ze-amber, lapho izintuthwane zitholakala khona kanye nama-aphid - ukuba khona kwazo okuzuzisayo komlando kunomlando omude kakhulu, ngakho-ke kungaba nzima ukuhlukana nalokhu kuxhuma nokuxosha izinambuzane, yebo kusetshenziswa izindlela zanamuhla zokuvikela izitshalo. (Isithombe)
3. Ama-aphid athwala amagciwane we-phytopathogenic, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezifanayo zezinambuzane zingasabalalisa kuze kube ngamagciwane angama-100 ezifo eziyingozi zezitshalo - njenge-Peach (ugwayi) ama-aphid.

Ukuzala Nokuhlakazeka Kwe-Aphid

Ukulimala kwabamele le suborder kuhlanganiswa neqiniso lokuthi bafaniswa nekhono eliphezulu kakhulu lokuzala. Ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo, i-aphid (umsunguli) eyodwa yokuguqula ngokuphelele umjikelezo wempilo inganikeza inhloso yezizukulwane eziholela ekuqubukeni kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zezinambuzane. Maphakathi noma ekugcineni kwesizini, inani lezinambuzane esitshalweni esisodwa lingakhula kakhulu kangangokuba bacishe bazimboze ngokuphelele izingxenye zalo ezilungele ukuzondla. (Isithombe) Futhi lokhu akuwona umkhawulo: ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwendawo, lapho kunezinsuku ezifudumele ezingama-300 ngonyaka, inani lezizukulwane ze-aphid eyodwa izinambuzane eziyi-10 13.

Phezu kokusuka kwesinye isitshalo kwesinye uye kwesinye, okuyi-aphid yaso enamaphiko evame ukuba "nesibopho", ukuhlala phansi nakho kuyenzeka nje, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukulimala kwalezi zinto. Ngakho-ke, izinambuzane ezihlala ezimpandeni zezitshalo ezisatshalaliswa ngokuwasha ngamanzi nokudlula ezinhlelweni zokunisela, kanti nezinhlobo ezingaphezulu komhlaba, kufaka phakathi ezingenantambo, ngenxa yesisindo sazo, zingakhuphuka ngemisinga yomoya bese zanda ezingxenyeni eziphakeme zomkhathi.

Incazelo yezinhlobo nezici zayo

Ama-Aphid - kubhekwa njengesinye sezilokazane ezivamile ezonakalisa izitshalo ezinhlobonhlobo nengadi yezangaphakathi. Imvamisa, izinambuzane zitholakala kumakamelo ehlobo, ikakhulukazi amaqabunga e-currant kanye ne-raspberry ayathinteka.

• Ukutholwa - i-Equine-winged,
• isigaba - izinambuzane,
• uhlobo - ama-arthropods,
• superfamily - aphid,
• thayipha - okungafuduki, ukufuduka, akuphelele.

Ukubaluleka kwama-aphid ku-biogeocenosis kanye nemvelo

I-Aphid ingukuthwala kwamagciwane wezitshalo kanye ne-parasite. Ibuye ilawule nenqubo ye-photosynthesis - ngenkathi incela ujusi ezitshalweni ezincane, ama-aphid asusa ushukela owedlulele, othululiwe ngesimo samaconsi amnandi bese engena emhlabathini, ewugcwalisa nge-nitrogen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-aphid ayasebenziseka izintuthwane eziqoqa amaconsi amnandi futhi zondle isibeletho, inzalo. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okuzuzisayo kwamazolo, izintuthwane zingavikela ama-aphid ekuhlaselweni kwezinambuzane eziyingozi, ezinjengezinambuzane.

Kungani i-aphid ingeyasoptera? Isinambuzane sine-proboscis, esidlala indima yempahla yomlomo. Naphezu kokungabikho kwamaphiko, i-aphid inezigaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuthuthuka, lapho ukwakheka okungenantambo kwesinambuzane kuthola khona amaphiko anobukhulu obulinganayo nobukhulu.

Ukubukeka - isithombe esiseduze

Ukubukeka kwesinambuzane nokwakheka komzimba kuhlukile ngokubukeka. Umzimba ungaba nesici se-ovoid, oblong, noma se-ellipse. Isayizi isukela ku-0.3 mm iye ku-0.8 mm. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-aphid zingaphezu kwamamilimitha ngosayizi, kepha lokhu kuyatholakala kubasunguli bamakholoni. I-integument ivame ukuvela sobala, futhi umbala unqunywa ukwakheka kwe-hemolymph, ukuqina kwesikhumba kanye nokuba khona kwenhlanganisela ye-waxy.

Umbala wesisu ungahluka kakhulu - luhlaza, grey, omnyama, obomvu, onsundu, beige. Ngokuyisisekelo, umbala uyafana nesitshalo esidliwa yisinambuzane. Kukhona amashubhu nama-fluffs ebusweni bomzimba; kwezinye izinhlobo, ama-fluffs angafinyelela ku-4 mm ubude.

Isinambuzane sinemilenze eyisithupha, emithathu ngasohlangothini ngalunye. Izibungu ziyindlela encishisiwe yomuntu okhulile, i-proboscis imvamisa kakhulu maqondana nomzimba. Umsila awukhiqizwa ngokuphelele. Abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa.

Habitat

Izinambuzane zithanda isimo sezulu esifudumele nesinomswakama, esikhuthaza ukuzala nokukhula. Indawo le ihlanganisa i-Western Europe kanye neSiberia. Amaqanda awabekezeleli amazinga okushisa abandayo angaphezu kwama-degrees angama-25. Ukuzala kuvinjelwa ukushintshwa kwezinga lokushisa, imvula noma isomiso. Ama-aphid atholakala ezingxenyeni zasemoyeni zezitshalo noma ngaphansi komhlaba, uma lesi sinambuzane sinamathela ezimpandeni. Ingatholakala ezindlini zokugcina izithombo notshani.

KUBALULEKILE: Kufanelekile ukuhlola izitshalo ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze uqaphele inkathazo ngesikhathi.

Ngubani odla ama-aphid - izitha

Izitha zemvelo izinambuzane nezinyoni. Ama-aphid ikakhulukazi anama -bubugs, angasetshenziswa ukulawula izinambuzane. Izitha nazo zifaka iminyovu.

Kungcono ukulwa ne-aphid nezintuthwane ngasikhathi sinye, ngoba izintuthwane zivame ukuvikela isitshalo lapho kuhlala khona ama-aphid.

Ama-aphid adla ku:

QAPHELA: Amaqanda we-ladybug angathengwa ezitolo zezingadi.

Izambane

Uhlobo lwabantu abangenamaphiko ngomzimba omise okweqanda, imvamisa umzimba unombala obomvu noma luhlaza. Abantu abafinyelela ku-4 mm ubude, banezimpondo nomsila. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le nhlobo ivumelana nezinga lokushisa lomoya eliphansi. Idla ngezilimo zemifino: amazambane, utamatisi, amabhungane kanye neklabishi. Ebusika kuqhubekela kwizindlu zasendlini.

Ikhukhamba noma gourd

Ngokubukeka, lesi sinambuzane siyefana naleso esedlule, sinamazinyo nezinqubo. Umbala womzimba uluhlaza okotshani. Idla amakhabe, amakhabe, amathanga, ukhukhamba, ithinta imbewu yesesame, amantongomane kanye nama-beet. Lolu hlobo lwesinambuzane lithanda ukushisa, ngakho-ke lungatholakala kumagumbi okugcina izithombo.

Iqabunga lenyongo

Lolu hlobo lubizwa nangokuthi ngamakhambi. I-parasite iyasebenza ngezikhathi ezishisayo nezomile. Kuhleliwe ezitshalweni ezincane. Izinsikazi ezinamaphiko ziphuzi ngokombala kanti ezingenamaphiko zinsundu. Zithandwa ikakhulukazi izintuthwane ezimnyama. Ngaphezu kwezitshalo ezincane, ama-aphid athanda izimbali zasendlini nezotshani.

Beet noma ubhontshisi

Amaqanda omuntu azalwe ngokulingana futhi amnyama ngombala. Abesifazane banomzimba oqanda, owelulwa ezinhlangothini. Umbala onsundu, omnyama noma oluhlaza okotshani. Umzimba umbozwe ngengubo efana ne-wax. Ihlala kuma-beet, ama-jasmines, ama-legumes, ama-poppies, ama-viburnum noma abhekilanga. Izinhlobo zithwala izifo ezahlukahlukene zamagciwane.

Iklabishi

Izinambuzane ezingenamaphiko, azikho ngaphezu kuka-2,5 mm. Umzimba umbozwe ngokuhlanganiswa okumpunga, unesimo se-ovoid nombala ophuzi oluhlaza. Amaqanda abekwa eziseleni zeklabishi ezasala esizeni. Maphakathi nentwasahlobo, kuvela izibungu ezidla izithombo zesitshalo. Lokhu kuvimbela ukukhula kwenhloko yeklabishi.

Amagilebhisi

Igama lesibili lezinhlobo yi-phylloxera. Umzimba u-oval, uphuzi noma onsundu. Izimpondo, njenge-proboscis, zimfushane kakhulu. Ihlala ngamaqabunga amagilebhisi, kepha ayihlali ezinhlotsheni zomvini ze-pubescent. Owesifazane oyedwa uyakwazi ukunika amaqanda afinyelela ku-500, kuthi kuze kube yizizukulwane eziyishumi nanye ezizukulwaneni. Iqonde ukukhipha izinambuzane ngaphandle kwezinkinga.

Rozannaya

Enye yezinambuzane ezivame kakhulu kuma roses. Izinambuzane ezincane ezinomzimba oluhlaza ovoid zidala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni. Ama-aphid ubusika esigabeni seqanda ezitshalweni zonyaka. Iziphuzo zincela ujusi kusuka efihlekile, amaqabunga, amahlumela kanye efihlekile.

Pethhouse abamba ukushisa

Lolu hlobo lwe-aphid lungatholakala emaqabungeni kagwayi, peach, apricot kanye nama-alimondi. Ama-aphid ahlala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ekuqaleni, idla ujusi wokhula, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uthuthela kubhemi nezithelo zezitshalo. Umbala womzimba uluhlaza ophuzi, ngenxa yokuthi uthinteka ezitshalweni. Ukudlulisela inani elikhulu lezifo ezitshalweni.

I-Mealy noma i-shaggy

Umzimba oqanda lolu hlobo unamabhulashi amaningi amancane. Umbala ukhilimu, umbozwe ngengubo emhlophe ngaphezulu, efana nefulawa. Ama-aphid aphila ngamagilebhisi, amawolintshi nezitshalo zasendlini. Izalela ngokushesha ngokwanele futhi ihlala amakoloni amakhulu.

I-aphid emhlophe

Ama-aphid amhlophe ahlala ezitshalweni zasendlini. Yibhola elincane elimbozwe nge-wax, imilenze icishe ingabonakali. Uthanda umoya ofudumele nowomile. Ngaphezu komonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni, izinambuzane zisakaza amagciwane ahlukahlukene.

I-Apple aphid eluhlaza

Ithinta kakhulu isihlahla sama-apula, kepha sitholakala ku-cotoneaster, pearl, ash ash noma hawthorn. Amaqanda we-green hue okhanyayo, othi kancane kancane abe mnyama aze abe mnyama. Insikazi ine-torso e-oval enophimbo olungemuva olubukhali. Amalunga, umsila, isifuba nekhanda kumnyama. Ngenkathi, izizukulwane eziningana zezinambuzane zithathelwa indawo. Umuntu oyedwa unikela izintombi ezingafinyelela ku-120. Ukuhlangana nokufakwa kweqanda kwenzeka ngo-Okthoba.

Ukulimala kusuka ku-aphid

Ama-aphid enza okubi okuningi. Amakoloni amasha akha ezansi kwezitshalo. Izinambuzane eziwumbala ubuthi, okuholela ekushintsheni kokubumba kwezitho zezitshalo. Okokuqala, amahlumela amasha, ama-buds nezimbali kuyashaywa.

Uma i-aphid colony inkulu, khona-ke ukukhula kwesitshalo kuyamiswa. Amabala aphuzi noma inethi yakheka emaqabungeni, ama-secretion angcolisa isitshalo futhi aphazamise ukumuncwa kombala. Ukhunta omnyama noma ezinye izinhlobo zobumba zingakheka. Amahlumela atshaye ama-aphid ayenziwa buthaka futhi afe ebusika.

ISIVIVINYO: kufanelekile ukuqapha isimo samaqabunga, ukwakheka kwezimila noma izilonda.

Ukuvimbela

Ama-aphid awakubekezeleli ukuhogela kwezitshalo ezithile. Lokhu kufaka u-anyanisi, ugalikhi, i-chamomile. Umgcini wegadi angatshala lezi zitshalo njengendlela yokuvimbela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungaqhuba iqhinga lokuphazamisa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, tshala ezitshalweni zesayithi eziheha ama-aphid: i-nasturtium, i-cosmea, i-poppy, i-mallow, i-viburnum ne-linden.

Kunezindlela eziningana zokukuvikela:

• ukuhlanza umhlaba kusuka kuhlamvu kanye notshani kwimibuthano eseduze yasekwindla,
• nquma iziqongo zesikhathi nama-basal amahlumela,
• ingxenye ethile ebhubhisa izikhotha ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo kanye nehlobo. Ukubhujiswa okuphelele akunamsebenzi, ngoba izintuthwane zingenye yezimo zokuvota endaweni ebandayo nenomoya,
• sebenzisa i-whitewash yezihlahla,
• nakekela kahle izitshalo nezitshalo ezingama-berry,
• izimbali zasendlini zisebenzisa ama-ejenti akhethekile wokuhlunga.

Izinambuzane ezinonya zihlala ziyinto engathandeki engadini. Ama-aphid anenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zohlobo lwawo. Inzuzo yezinhlobo ngayinye ukukhiqizwa okusheshayo nokukhula ngokushesha kwenani lamakholoni.