sikhala | I-Tarbosaurus imvamisa ingeyamalungu omndeni wama-tyrannosaurids wesizinda se-theropod, kwi-tyrannosaurins subfamily. Isitatimende sokugcina sabiwe kuphela yingxenye yabamatekisi, isibonelo, uLu nozakwabo ngo-2014 bafaka uhlobo ngqo ngqo emndenini wabaphikisi.
Ngokubukeka, i-tarboosaurus isondelene ne-tyrannosaurus kune-albertozaurus ne-gorgosaurus. Ihlukaniswa yi-physique enkulu kakhulu, i-skull ekhudlwana futhi i-ilia ngokulinganayo isikhathi eside kunabamele igatsha lesibili lokuziphendukela kwemindeni, kufaka phakathi i-albertosaurus ne-gorgosaurus, ngenkathi ngasikhathi sinye, leli gatsha lesibili linokude ne-tibia kanye ne-metatarsus enobukhulu bomzimba obujwayelekile. Abanye abacwaningi bayacabanga T.bataar njengezinhlobo zabaphikisi, leli phuzu lokubuka lavezwa ngemuva nje kokutholwa nasezifundweni ezintsha. Ikakhulu, uKen Carpenter uphikisana ngisho nephuzu lokubuka elisunguliwe, ngokusho kwalapho ama-tarbosaurs ayemancane kunabacindezeli, nakho konke umehluko ekwakhekeni kwesigebhezi phakathi kwe-tarbosaurus ne-tyrannosaurus, ngombono wakhe, kulunga ngohlaka lokuhluka kwesakhiwo sogebhezi lwabantu abahlukile ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo I-Tyrannosaurus rex . Abanye ababhali bahlukanisa ama-tarboosaurs njengezinhlobo ezihlukile, yize besabubona ubudlelwane babo obusondelana nabaphikisi.
Ukusuka ocwaningweni luka-2003, kuye kwalandela ukuthi ama-aliorama asondele kakhulu kuma-tarbozaurs abelana ngezici zekhanda ezingekho kwezinye izinhlobo zama-tyrannosaurins (bheka ukwakheka kukakhanda). Uma leli phuzu lokubukwa liqinisekisiwe, lokhu kuzokhombisa ukuthi ukuziphendukela kobushiqela eMelika nase-Asia kwahamba ngezindlela ezihlukile nokuthi ama-tarbosaurus awakhonjwa nge-tannannosaurs. Ngasikhathi sinye, okuwukuphela kokumelwa kwama-alioramas, ngokwezici eziningi, kuyinkomba encane, ngokusobala, akuyona i-tarbosaur encane, ngoba inenamba enkulu yamazinyo (kusuka ku-76 kuye ku-78) kanye nexhaxha elithile lamathambo eshubhu engxenyeni engenhla yesisulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ocwaningweni luka-2013, omunye umashiqela wase-Eshiya wabizwa ngesihlobo esiseduze kakhulu se-tarbosaurus - I-Zhuchengtyrannus, kanye ne-tyrannosaurus kuvezwa njengokulandelayo eduze kwezimpawu zokuziphatha.
Indawo ye-tarbosaurus kuma-cladistics ehambisana ne-tyrannosaurus ngekhulu lama-21 inamaphuzu okuhlangana nezinkolelo-mbono ngenqubo yokusakazwa kwama-tyrannosaurids eNyakatho Melika nase-Asia. Ikakhulu, esihlokweni sika-2013 esihlola izwe lasendulo laseLaramidia njengendawo yokuqhamuka kwama-tyrannosaurids, kucatshangwa ukuthi babe sebesakazekela e-Asia ngegagasi elilodwa - ngesikhathi lapho izinga lomhlaba lomhlaba lawa khona ekugcineni kweterali yeCambani. Ukuvela okuqhubekayo kobudlova kwenzeka ngo-Amelika kanye nase-Asia, futhi ngaleyo ndlela i-tyrannosaurus yaseMelika ivele ngokude ngokwedlula kude ne-Asia taxa Tarbosaurus futhi I-Zhuchengtyrannus . Ngokuphambene nalokho, ucwaningo lwango-2016, phakathi kwabalobi balo olwemukela imfundiso yokusondela okukhulu kwe-tyrannosaurus ne-tarbosaurus, luveza ukuthi I-Tyrannosaurus rex siyinzalo yama-tyrannosaurids amakhulu owakhiwa e-Asia, angena eMelika ngisho nangemva kwalokho - ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi se-Cretaceous, yingakho lokhu kuwukuphela kwezinhlobo ezinkulu ezisatholakala eNyakatho Melika, lapho kutholakala khona ama-tyrannosaurids aphakathi nendawo ngaphezulu kwalokho.
Umlando wokutholwa negama
Ngo-1946, uhambo lwaseMongolia olwalubhekwe yi-Academy yezeSayensi ye-USSR eholwa ngu-A. A. Efremov eGobi, eSouth Gobi aimak, luthola igebhezi kanye nama-vertebrae amaningana endaweni yaseNemaget. Ngo-1955, isazi se-paleontologist saseSoviet u-A. A. Maleev wachaza lokhu okutholakele njengohlobo lwenhlobo yohlobo lwenhlobo engabhalwanga ngaphambili, wayiqamba igama Tyrannosaurus bataar emele mong. I-Baatar (iqhawe laseRussia). Ngawo lowo nyaka, uMaleev wachaza ezinye ezintathu izifebe zethropod ezitholakele ngesikhathi sokukhululwa okufanayo ngo-1948 nango-1949. Ngasinye salezi zigwegwe, kweminye imininingwane yesilo kwatholakala, futhi ngayinye yahlukaniswa nguMaleev njengeyolohlobo oluhlukile. Ikhithi lokuqala laqanjwa Tarbosaurus efremovi - igama elisha elijwayelekile elivela ku-dr. Greek. I-τάρβος (i-Russian horror, inhlonipho) ne-σαῦρος (i-Russian lizard), negama elithile elinikezwe ukuhlonipha umlobi wezinganekwane waseSoviet kanye nomlobi wamanga wezenkolo u-A. A. Efremov. Izikhuni ezimbili ezisele zahlukaniswa njengezinhlobo ezintsha zohlobo lweGorgosaurus ezaziwa eNyakatho Melika (ngokulandelana, Umlondolozi futhi G. novojilovi) Zonke lezi zinkomba zazincane kunokuqala.
Ngo-1965, u-A.K. Rozhdestvensky washicilela i-athikili lapho zonke izinhlobo ezine ezichazwe ekuqaleni nguMaleev zachongwa njengabamele izinhlobo ezifanayo kwizigaba ezahlukahlukene zokukhula. NgokukaRozhdestvensky, le nhlobo yayingafani neNyakatho Melika I-Tyrannosaurus rex. Ngalo mbono, okuyiKhisimusi ehlongoza ngalo igama Tarbosaurus bataar, ayifakwanga amasampula kuphela achazwe ngo-1955, kodwa futhi nezinto ezintsha. Kokushicilelwa kwakamuva, kufaka phakathi umsebenzi kaMaleev uqobo, iziphetho zikaRozdvenvensky zabonwa njengeziyiqiniso, yize abanye ababhali bethanda ukusebenzisa igama elithile Tarbosaurus efremovikodwa cha T. bataar . Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-1988, uGregory S. Paul ubuye abhekise kuma-dinosaurs ezidla inyama. Tarbosaurus efremovi emndenini ITyrannosaurus . Ngemuva kweminyaka emine, isazi semvelo saseMelika uKenneth Carpenter waphinde wahlaziya amasampula afundwa nguRozhdestvensky futhi wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi izinsalela zamathambo zisasele zabamele lolu hlobo ITyrannosaurusvumelana neziphetho zokuqala zikaMaleev. Umbazi uthiwa yilezi zinhlobo Tyrannosaurus bataar zonke izimo ngaphandle kweyodwa eyayichazwa nguMaleev njengo I-Gorgosaurus novojilovi. Ngokuka Carpenter, lo mbala ubemelela uhlobo oluhlukile, oluncane lwama-tyrannosaurids, ahlongoza ukuthi aluqambe Maleevosaurus novojilovi . Elinye iphuzu elivezwe umbono ngo-1995 ngumbhali odumile we-paleontology uGeorge Olshevsky, ophakamise igama elisha lohlobo olujwayelekile Jenghizkhan (ngokuhlonipha uGenghis Khan) Tarbosaurus bataar, ne-tarozosaur Efremov neMaleevosaurus Novozhilov zithathwe njengezizukulwane ezimbili ezihlukile, zesimanje kokuqala futhi ezihlala endaweni efanayo. Isazi seCanada Paleontologist uThomas Carr uphinde wachaza iMaleosaurus ngonyaka we-1999 njengeTarbosaurus eyeve eshumini nambili. Ngemuva kuka-1999, konke ukushicilelwa kuchaza inhlobo eyodwa kuphela, kungaba ngaphansi kwegama Tarbosaurus bataar noma, Tyrannosaurus bataar .
Ngo-1963, uhambo lokuhlangana lwasePoland-Mongol oluhlanganyele eGobi lwaqala. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba, okwaqhubeka kuze kube ngu-1971, kutholakala izinsalela eziningi ezintsha, kufaka phakathi izibonakaliso eziningi zama-tarboosaurs eNemaget Suite. Ukuxoshwa kukaJapan neMongolia kusuka ngonyaka we-1993 kuya kowe-1998, kanye nokuya ngasese kwesinye isazi sezinto eziphilayo saseCanada, uPhilip Curry, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 nakho kwaletha izinto ezintsha zamathambo, ezahlukaniswa njengezabasebenzi be-tarbosaurs. Sekukonke, kutholakale amathambo angaphezulu kwezingama-30, kufaka phakathi amasudi angaphezu kuka-15 nemithambo eminingana ephelele.
Igama Lencazelo
Tarbosaurus (lat.Tarbosaurus, kusuka kwamanye amaGrikhi Igama elithi “horror, isihloko sokwesaba” nelithi “lizard” liyi-genus of Gius (elingamamitha ayi-12 ubude) ama-dinosaurs omndeni womndeni womashiqela abahlala esikhathini sokugcina seCretaceous, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-70-65 eyedlule, emkhakheni wanamuhla weMongolia neChina.
Kutholwe kusukela ngonyaka we-1946, izinsalela zabantu abambalwa be-tarbosaurus, kufaka phakathi yonke imikhono kanye namathambo, kusivumela ukuthi siphinde sibuke ukubukeka kwayo futhi sifinyelele iziphetho mayelana nendlela yokuphila, kanye nokulandela ukuvela kwayo. Kusukela ngo-1955, lapho igama Tarbosaurus yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngu-A. A. Maleev, abacwaningi banikeza amagama atholakalayo atholakalayo. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XXI emphakathini wezesayensi akukho kungabaza ukuthi khona kwezinhlobo eyodwa yalezi zinhlobo, Tarbosaurus bataar (okuvame kakhulu, ngenxa yokufana okuphawulekayo nabaphikisi baseNorth America, bahlukaniswa ngokuthi Tyrannosaurus bataar) Izihlobo eziseduze ze-tarbosaurus nazo zingama-aforamu atholakala eMongolia.
AmaTarbosaurs ayizidlakela ezinkulu eziyizimpondo ezinesisindo esingamathani ayi-4, kanti izibambo zangaphambili ezincanyana ezingenakubalwa ezinomzimba wonke zihlobene nomzimba wonke. Cishe amazinyo ayishumi nesithupha aze afike ku-85 mm ubude ayekhona emlonyeni we-tarbosaurus. Yize abacwaningi abaningana bebheka ama-tarbosaurs njengama-scavenger, umbono ojwayelekile kakhulu ukuthi ayengabadla ubhedu besikhathi sabo kanye nesifunda, belandela ama-dinosaurs amakhulu e-herbivorous ezindaweni ezimanzi zemifula emifula.
Ukuhlukaniswa nohlelo lokuhlela
I-Tarbosaurus ingeyedolobho le-Theropods, isigcawu esingaphansi komashiqela bomndeni wobushiqela. I-subfamily ifaka ne-tyrannosaurus yaseNyakatho Melika kanye ne-daspletosaurus yangaphambili, kanye ne-aliorama okungenzeka yatholakala eMongolia. Abamele i-subfamily basondele kunobushiqela kunase-Albertosaurus, bahlukaniswa ngumzimba omkhulu kakhulu, i-skull elikhudlwana ngokulingene futhi ama-femurs amade ngokwenqubo kunabameli be-subfamily yesibili - albertosaurus.
Abanye abacwaningi bayacabanga T. bataar njengezinhlobo zabaphikisi, leli phuzu lokubuka lavezwa ngemuva nje kokutholwa nasezifundweni ezintsha. Ikakhulu, uKen Carpenter uphikisana ngisho nephuzu lokubuka elisunguliwe, ngokusho kwalapho ama-tarbosaurs ayemancane kune-tannannosaurs, nakho konke umehluko ekwakhekeni kwesigebhezi phakathi kwe-tarbosaurus ne-tyrannosaurus, ngombono wakhe, kulunga ngohlaka lokuhluka kwesakhiwo sogebhezi ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo I-Tyrannosaurus rex . Abanye ababhali bahlukanisa ama-tarboosaurs njengezinhlobo ezihlukile, yize bebona ubudlelwane babo obusondelana nabaphikisi. Kucwaningo olwenziwe ngo-2003 kulandela ukuthi ama-aliorama asondelene nama-tarbosaurs abelana ngezici zekhanda ezingekho kwezinye izinhlobo zama-tyrannosaurins (bheka Ukwakheka kwegebhezi). Uma leli phuzu lokubukwa liqinisekisiwe, lokhu kuzokhombisa ukuthi ukuziphendukela kobushiqela eMelika nase-Asia kwahamba ngezindlela ezihlukile nokuthi ama-tarbosaurus awakhonjwa nge-tannannosaurs. Ngasikhathi sinye, okuwukuphela kokumelwa kwama-alioramas, ngokwezici eziningi, kuyinkomba encane, ngokusobala, akuyona i-tarbosaur encane, ngoba inenamba enkulu yamazinyo (kusuka ku-76 kuye ku-78) kanye nexhaxha elithile lamathambo eshubhu engxenyeni engenhla yesisulu.
Umlando wokutholwa negama Hlela
Ngo-1946, uhambo lwaseMongolia lokudlulela phambili kwe-USSR Academy of Sciences, eholwa ngu-I. Efremov eGobi, Waimak Umnegov, luthola igebhezi kanye nama-vertebrae amaningana ku-semaget suite. Ngo-1955, i-Soviet paleontologist. A. Maleev uchaze lokhu okutholakele njengohlobo lwenhlobo yohlobo lwenhlobo engabhalwanga ngaphambili, wayiqamba igama Tyrannosaurus bataar , okuyi "Baatar" ehlanekezelwe yaseMongolia iqhawe) Ngawo lowo nyaka, uMaleev wachaza ezinye ezintathu izifebe zethropod ezitholakele ngesikhathi sokukhululwa okufanayo ngo-1948 nango-1949. Ngasinye salezi zigwegwe, kweminye imininingwane yesilo kwatholakala, futhi ngayinye yahlukaniswa nguMaleev njengeyolohlobo oluhlukile. Ikhithi lokuqala laqanjwa Tarbosaurus efremovi - igama elisha elijwayelekile elivela ku-dr. Greek. I-Russian (Russian) ukwethuka, ukuhlonipha) kanye ne-σαῦρος (isiRussia isililo), kanye negama lezinhlobo ezinikezwe ukuhlonipha umbhali wezinganekwane waseSoviet u-A. A. Efremov. Izikhuni ezimbili ezisele zahlukaniswa njengezinhlobo ezintsha zohlobo lweGorgosaurus ezaziwa eNyakatho Melika (ngokulandelana, Umlondolozi futhi G. novojilovi) Zonke lezi zinkomba zazincane kunokuqala.
Ngo-1965, u-A.K. Rozhdestvensky washicilela i-athikili lapho zonke izinhlobo ezine ezichazwe ekuqaleni nguMaleev zachongwa njengabamele izinhlobo ezifanayo kwizigaba ezahlukahlukene zokukhula. NgokukaRozhdestvensky, le nhlobo yayingafani neNyakatho MelikaI-Tyrannosaurus rex. Ngalo mbono, okuyiKhisimusi ehlongoza ngalo igama Tarbosaurus bataar, ayifakwanga amasampula kuphela achazwe ngo-1955, kodwa futhi nezinto ezintsha. Kokushicilelwa kwakamuva, kufaka phakathi umsebenzi kaMaleev uqobo, iziphetho zikaRozdvenvensky zabonwa njengeziyiqiniso, yize abanye ababhali bethanda ukusebenzisa igama elithile Tarbosaurus efremovikodwa cha T. bataar . Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-1988, uGregory S. Paul ubuye abhekise kuma-dinosaurs ezidla inyama. Tarbosaurus efremovi emndenini ITyrannosaurus . Ngemuva kweminyaka emine, isazi semvelo saseMelika uKenneth Carpenter waphinde wahlaziya amasampula afundwa nguRozhdestvensky futhi wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi izinsalela zingezabamele abamele lolu hlobo ITyrannosaurusvumelana neziphetho zokuqala zikaMaleev. Umbazi uthiwa yilezi zinhlobo Tyrannosaurus bataar zonke izimo ngaphandle kweyodwa eyayichazwa nguMaleev njengo I-Gorgosaurus novojilovi. Ngokuka Carpenter, lo mbala ubemelela uhlobo oluhlukile, oluncane lwama-tyrannosaurids, ahlongoza ukuthi aluqambe Maleevosaurus novojilovi . Elinye iphuzu elivezwe umbono ngo-1995 ngumbhali odumile we-paleontology uGeorge Olshevsky, ophakamise igama elisha lohlobo olujwayelekile Jenghizkhan (ngokuhlonipha uGenghis Khan) Tarbosaurus bataar, ne-tarozosaur Efremov neMaleevosaurus Novozhilov zithathwe njengezizukulwane ezimbili ezihlukile, zesimanje kokuqala futhi ezihlala endaweni efanayo. Ngo-1999, isazi semvelo saseCanada uThomas Carr saphinde sachaza iMaleosaurus njengesibonelo sentsha yeTarbosaurus. Ngemuva kuka-1999, konke ukushicilelwa kuchaza inhlobo eyodwa kuphela, kungaba ngaphansi kwegama Tarbosaurus bataar noma Tyrannosaurus bataar .
Ngo-1963, uhambo lokuhlangana lwasePoland-Mongol oluhlanganyele eGobi lwaqala. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba, okwaqhubeka kuze kube ngu-1971, kutholakala izinsalela eziningi ezintsha, kufaka phakathi izifakwamanani eziningana zetarboosaurs eNegagat Suite. Ukuxoshwa kweJapan-Mongolian kusuka ngo-1993 kuya ku-1998, kanye nokuya ngasese kwesinye isazi sembali yaseCanada, uPhilip Curry UPhilip J. Currie), ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XXI futhi kwaletha izinto ezintsha zamathambo, ezihlukaniswa njengezabakwaTarbosaurs. Sekukonke, kutholakale amathambo angaphezulu kwezingama-30, kufaka phakathi amasudi angaphezu kuka-15 nemithambo eminingana ephelele.
Ukuvumelanisa okungenzeka
Ngo-1976, isazi se-paleontologist saseSoviet uS. M. Kurzanov, sisebenzisa ezinye izinsalela zakudala, ezatholakala naseMongolia, sachaza olunye uhlobo olusha lwe-tyrannosaurids, I-Alioramus . Ukuhlaziywa kamuva kubonise ubudlelwane obusondelene phakathi kwe-aliorama ne-tarbosaurus. Yize lo mbono etholakele uchazwe njengomuntu okhulile, isigaxa esiphakeme nesiphansi yisimo sabantu abasebasha, okuholele ekutheni uCurry acabange ukuthi u-Alioram uyi-tarbozaur engagugi, kodwa futhi waphawula inani elikhulu lamazinyo kanye nokuba khona kwamakhemikhali emithambo emhlungweni we-aliorama, okwenza lokho kungabikhona ngaphandle kokungafani. Isiphetho. Maphakathi nawo-1960s, ama-Chinese paleontologists athola ku-Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Subashi Fform) izinsalela (igebhezi elingapheli futhi skeleton) se-theropod encane ethola inombolo yekhodi IVPP V4878. Ngo-1977, isazi semvelo saseShayina uDong Zhiming wachaza lo mbono njengommeleli wohlobo olusha. Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis . Ngo-1988, emsebenzini womcwaningi waseMelika uGregory Paul, i-chanchanosaurus yachazwa njengommeleli walezi zinhlobo I-Aublysodon (uhlobo lwe-tyrannosaurids, kamuva olungafakwanga ku-biological typology), lapho-ke uDun noCurry, baphinde bahlaziya izinsalela zeshanshanosaur, bafika esiphethweni sokuthi bangabalinganiswa bentsha ye-tyrannosaurus enkulu, kepha abakwazanga ukubona ukuthi zimelela ziphi izinhlobo, yize i-tarbosaurus yayifakwe kuhlu olunye. ngamathuba, iqembu labacwaningi baseJapan-Mongolia lafika eziphethweni ezifanayo ngonyaka we-2011 ngemuva kokufunda izinsalela zenqama yeTarbosaurus eneminyaka engu-2-2, ezinokufana okuphawulekayo ngezinsalela ezifanayo ze-shanshanosaurus pa Eminyakeni eyalandela, izinsalela ze-tyrannosaurids ezihlukile zatholakala nakwezinye izindawo ze-PRC, futhi eziningi zazo zanikwa amagama abo ngabaphenyi bendawo, kanye nezinsalela ezichazwe njenge I-Albertosaurus periculosis, I-Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis, I-Tyrannosaurus turpanensis futhi Chingkankousaurus fragilisingahle ibe ngeyama-tarboosaurs.
Ngo-2009, izidumbu zedayinisi ebizingela, ngokungangabazeki eyama-tyrannosaurid, yatholakala eGobi. Ekuqaleni, izinsalela zachazwa njengokucatshangelwa kwentsha yeTarbosaurus, kodwa kamuva yabonwa njengengokwesikhathi esisha, idinosaur encane kakhulu, i-raptorex, futhi yabhalwa esikhathini sangaphambilini se-geological - the Lower Cretaceous. Ngo-2011, iqembu labelaphi bezazi zaseMelika labika imiphumela yokuhlaziywa okusha, ngokusho kokuthandana kwamathambo kunengqondo futhi izinsalela zisengokwengxenye ye-tyrannosaurid enkulu - mhlawumbe i-tarbosaurus.
Ukubukeka nesakhiwo Hlela
Izinsalela ezidumile ze-tarbozavra, kanye namanye ama-tyrannosaurids amakhulu, ziningi, futhi eziningi zazo zigcinwe kahle.Ku-Nemagate Suite kuphela, ikota yawo wonke amathambo atholakele angamalungu e-tarboosaurs. Amathambo, izinzipho kanye namathambo ngamanye ama-tarbosaurs kuvezwa emaqoqweni weminyuziyamu emhlabeni wonke, kufaka phakathi amaqoqo wePaleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science kanye ne-Institute of Paleobiology yePoland Academy of Sciences eWarsaw, iMnyuziyamu Yemvelo kanye nePaleontological Museum ye-Academy of Science of Mongolia e-Ulaanbaatar (ngoJuni 2013 kwavulwa imnyuziyamu yesikhashana esigcawini esenkabeni ye-Ulaanbaatar, lapho kukhonjiswa khona yonke indawo yamathambo e-tarboosaurus), Tokai University Museum of Natural History (Shizuoka Preasureure, Japan), kanye ne-National Museum of Natural History futhi e Paris, futhi Melbourne Museum (engamahlongandlebe ndlovu). Yize ama-tarboosaurs engafundwa kancane kune-tyrannosaurids yaseNyakatho Melika, impahla etholakalayo yanele ososayensi ukufika eziphethweni ezithile ngemizimba yabo.
Ilahlekelwe ngosayizi kuyi-tyrannosaurus, i-tarbosaurus yayiseyinye yama-tyrannosaurids amakhulu. Abantu abakhulu kakhulu abaziwayo bafinyelela kubude bamamitha ayi-10 kuye kwayi-12 (uhlelo luka-1983 lukhomba ubude bamamitha ayi-14). Isisindo somuntu osekhulile sibhekwe esifana noma sincane kunaleso I-Tyrannosaurus rex (Amathani ayi-5.5-6).
Ama-Tyrannosaurids awangehlukanga kangako komunye ngokubukeka, futhi i-tarbosaurus yayingahlukile kulo mthetho. Ikhanda le-tarbosaurus lalihlala entanyeni ebunjwe ngo-S, futhi wonke umgogodla, kufaka phakathi nomsila omude, wawugingqekile. Izindandatho ezincane ze-tarbosaurus zazincane kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye umzimba kunamanye amalungu omndeni. Isandulelo ngasinye, njengezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene kakhulu, sasiba neminwe emibili eselukiwe, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zazo zinomunwe wesithathu ngaphandle kofaka. T. Holtz ukhombisa ukuthi iminwe ye-tarbosaurus yancishiswa kakhulu kunamanye ama-tyrannosaurids, ngoba ithambo lesibili le-metacarpal le-tarbosaurus lingaphansi kwengxenye yobude bokuqala, kuyilapho kwezinye izinhlobo lokhu kukalwa kucishe kulingana no-2: 1. Ithambo lesithathu le-taracosaurus lincane ngokulinganayo kunelamanye ama-tyrannosaurids, ngokuba amafushane kunawokuqala, kuyilapho, ngokwesibonelo, kuyi-albertosaurus ne-daspletosaurus lide kunelokuqala.
Ngokungafani nengaphambili, imilenze yesandla sebele yomzimba yayiyinde futhi inamandla, ithwala isisindo somzimba wonke. Umsila omude osindayo wawusebenza njenge-counterweight ekhanda nasefini, ukuze isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi sisezinkalweni.
Ukwakheka Kwekhanda
Isigaxa esikhulu se-tarbosaurus esitholakala singamamitha ayi-1,3 ubude, ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi enye i-tyrannosaurus ngaphandle kwe-tyrannosaurus uqobo. Isigaxa siphezulu, njenge-tyrannosaurus, kepha hhayi kangako, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kwekhanda. Iqiniso lokuthi ugebhezi lungakhuphuki luye emuva kwekhanda lisho ukuthi iso le-tarbosaurus alizange libheke phambili nokuthi, mhlawumbe, ngokungafani ne-tyrannosaurus, lalingenawo umbono we-binocular. Ubuningi besigaxa sokwehliswa ngenxa yamafasitela amakhulu (ukuvuleka) emathanjeni e-cranial. Amazinyo angama-56-64 abekwe emihlathini, mikhulu ngandlela-thile kune-tyrannosaurus, kepha hhayi lawo maningi njengama-tyrannosaurids amancane, njenge-gorgosaurus noma i-alior. Iningi lamazinyo laline-oval esigabeni, ngaphandle kwamazinyo angama-semicircular engxenyeni leyo, etholakala kwi-premaxilla. I-heterodontism enjalo ibonakala kuwo wonke umndeni. Amazinyo amade kunawo, afinyelela kumamilimitha angama-85 ubude, abekwe emhlathini ongenhla.
Ukuchazwa kokuqala okuphelele kwesikhumba se-Tarbosaurus kwenziwa ngonyaka we-2003. Kwagxilwa ekuhlukeni okubalulekile ekwakhekeni kwegebhezi le-tarbosaurus ne-North American tyrannosaurids, futhi okuningi kwalokhu umehluko kuhlobene nokuthi ingcindezi isatshalaliswa kanjani eboyeni lonke ngesikhathi sokulunywa. Ngesikhathi sokulunywa, ingcindezi idluliselwa ngomhlathi ongenhla kuya emathanjeni omakhelwane wesikhumba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuma-tyrannosaurids aseNyakatho Melika, ingxenye eyinhloko yomthwalo idluliselwe emhlathini ongenhla uye emathanjeni omlomo owathengisiwe ku-muzzle ephezulu, ixhunywe ngokuqinile ngamathambo we-lacrimal ngamabhuloho amathambo, amathambo axhumeke ngokuqinile ngokwanele ukuphetha ukuthi ingcindezi idluliselwa ngamathambo emakhaleni aya endaweni evulekile . Ngasikhathi sinye, lezi zinhlaka ezingama-bony zazingekho e-Tarbosaurus, futhi ukuxhumana phakathi kwamathambo we-nasal ne-lacrimal kwakuthambile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-tarbosaurus, ngokungafani nama-tyrannosaurids aseNyakatho Melika, yayinengxenye enkulu yangemuva ekhuliswe kahle yomhlana ongaphezulu, eyayingena “ephaketheni” eyakhiwa ithambo le-lacrimal. Ngakho-ke, ngokusobala, ingcindezi ngesikhathi sokuluma idluliselwa ngqo kusuka emhlathini ongenhla kuya emathanjeni we-tarbosaurus. Futhi, amathambo a-lacbimal we-tarbosaurus ayenamandla kunalawo ezihlobo zawo zaseNyakatho Melika, axhuma emathanjeni angaphambili nangaphambili, okwenza ukwakhiwa komhlathi ongaphezulu kuqinile.
Omunye umehluko obalulekile phakathi kweTarbosaurus ne-tericannosaurids yaseNyakatho Melika kwakuwukwakhiwa okuqinile komhlathi ophansi. Ngenkathi kumatropods amaningi, kufaka phakathi ama-tyrannosaurids aseNyakatho Melika, ukuhlangana kwamathambo wangemuva nangasemuva komhlathi kwaziwa njengokuvumelana nezimo, umhlathi ophansi we-tarbosaurus ubonakala ngendlela yokukhiya eyenziwe eyakhiwe yibhuloho lamathambo phakathi kwethambo le-anular yangaphandle. Kukhona i-hypothesis ngokusho ukuthi amandla amakhulu omhlathi ophansi we-tarbosaurus kungenxa yokuthi ama-sauropods amakhulu, ama-titanosaurs, amathambo akhe nawo atholakala ku-Namegat suite, asebenza njengexhoba lawo. Ama-dinosaurs we-Herbivorous of size afanayo awenzekanga eNyakatho Melika ngesikhathi seLate Cretaceous.
Isakhiwo esithile sgebhezi sidlala indima enkulu ekunqumeni indawo ye-tarbosaurus ekubhekeni kwezinto eziphilayo. Izici ezifanayo zingatholakala futhi kugebhezi lwe-aliorama, futhi olutholakala eMongolia, okukhombisa ukuthi yi-alirama, hhayi iTirannosaurus, lowo umzala osondele kakhulu we-tarbosaurus. Kungenzeka ukuthi izici ezifanayo ekubukekeni kwe-tarbosaurus ne-tyrannosaurus zithuthukiswe ngokuzimela, njengomphumela oqondile wesayizi wazo omkhulu, futhi uyisibonelo sokuguqulwa komguquko.
I-Tarbosaurus ku-Isiko Hlela
Ekupheleni kwalelikhulu lama-20 leminyaka, ngokuqala kobuchwepheshe obusha bama-computer, kwaba namandla okwenza amamodeli wemvelo ezinemibala emithathu yezilwane ezanyamalala noma ezingakaze zibe khona. Ubuchwepheshe busetshenziswe ngempumelelo embonini yamafilimu, futhi ama-dinosaurs abengomunye wokuqala "ukwenziwa izithombe". Izithombe ezinokubukeka kathathu kwe-tarbosaurs zingabonakala kumafilimu alandelayo nemidlalo ye-computer:
- Ngo-2003, i-BBC yakhipha idokhumenti ethi "Ezweni Lama Giants." ITarbosaurus ivela engxenyeni yesibili yefilimu - "Giant Claw", etshela ngama-dinosaurs aseCretaceous of Mongolia.
- Ngo-2006, eJalimane, inkampani yaseJalimane i-SEK yathuthukisa umdlalo wekhompyutha i-ParaWorld. I-Tarbosaurus ivela kwisengezo se-boosterpack.
- Ngo-2009, idokhumenti ebelinezingxenye ezimbili elithi "The Ballad of the Tarbosaurus [d]" ("Tarbosaurus the Mightiest Ever") lakhululwa. Umqondisi uHan Sangho, EBS, Korea.
- Ngo-2012, abakwaTarbosaurs baba ngabaphikisi befilimu yesici "Tarbosaurus 3D" ("Jeombaki: Hanbandoeui Gongryong 3D"), eyakhiwe ngumqondisi ofanayo waseNingizimu Korea.
Thola Umlando
I-Tarbosaurus Holotype PIN 551-1
NgoSeptemba 1946, owokuqala waseSoviet paleontological expeditions we-USSR Academy of Sciences athola ugebhezi kanye nenqwaba ye-vertebrae yesibeletho yedayinisi enkulu yomzimba esiqiwini saseMongolia Upper Cretaceous sedolobho laseNemegt eliseningizimu yeGobi Desert. Indaba ethokozisayo yokutholwa kwalesi sihlava ichazwa ngu-Ivan Efremov encwadini yakhe yango-1955 ethi "Wind Road": ". Izinsuku ezinhlanu ezalandela zadlula ngokugibela ngokuqhubekayo phezu kwamawa futhi ekubambeni amathambo. Ngemuva kokuba mina no-Orlov silile ngesikhuni esidabukisayo sedayimane elikhulu eliyimilenze emibili - i-tyrannosaurus rex, sikwazile ukuthola ukuthi amanye amathambo asinda odongeni lwamawa olungashayi mkhuba. I-sandstone enezendlalelo zokuhlangana yaphenduka iqine, kepha saphikelela ukuyigcina. Ucelemba ogcwele, i-vertebrae, imihlathi namazinyo esigebenga esikhulu esivulekile esinamathambo amhlophe wokugcotshwa okumangalisayo kwavulwa. Lesi siga manje sihlobisa ihholo leMyuziyamu ePaleontological Museum of the Academy of Science. Kepha akekho noyedwa ozivakashele kule nyuziyamu osola ukuthi kubiza malini ukukhipha lesi siga kubatholi baseNamagat. "Umhlathi ophelele wesidina se-herbivorous nekhala ledada, i-saurolophus, lapho wonke amazinyo awo angamakhulu amahlanu agcinwe kahle khona, ukhishwe esihlahleni esingumakhelwane."
Ukwembiwa okwenziwa yiSoviet-Mongolia paleontological expedition ngo-1948 kuya ku-1949 eGert Desert, kwaholela ekutholakaleni kwezinsalela zamathambo emithambo yamadayinaso amakhulu adla ngokudla namathambo amaningi ahlukahlukene. Kutholakale nezinsalela eziningi esizeni se-Tsagan-Ula, cishe amakhilomitha angama-60 entshonalanga kwendawo yaseNemegt. NgoMeyi 1948, umkhumbi ohlanganyelwe waseSoviet-eMongolia ehlane laseGobi Wathola ithambo elikhulu lomgwaqo:
". Ngakho-ke, ngoMeyi 8, uhambo lwethu luzinze eNemagata Basin, elahlekile esihlabathini saseNingizimu Gobi phakathi kwe-Spurs yeGobi Altai. NgoMeyi 9, uJan Martynovich Eglon waba nenhlanhla yokuthola amathambo agcwele edayinasi enkulu yezinyamazane. Lesi kwakuyinto yokuqala ethokozisayo kakhulu. Ekuseni, abasebenzi abanamalungiselelo uLukyanova noPresnyakov baya endaweni yokumba yedayinasi eyingozi eyatholwa uJan Martynovich futhi ngokushesha yabiza "i-Eglon skeleton". Abasebenzi asebeqalile ukusula isikhumba. Umhlaseli omubi wesikhathi seCretaceous wavela phambi kwamehlo ethu, elele "itshe" Itshe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-80 futhi eyake yabangela ukwesabeka kuyo yonke impilo. Amathambo ayengamamitha ayi-10 ubude. Ulale ngohlangothi lwayo, kube sengathi ubambe imilenze yakhe yangemuva ngaphansi kwakhe bese ephonsa ikhanda emuva, noma kunalokho, ugebhezi. Lesi sakamuva sasinkulu ngokungekho emthethweni (ngaphezu kwemitha), sifanekisela isikhali esinamandla sokuhlasela, esasiqinisekiswa ngumbono wamazinyo wensangu engu-amasentimitha angu-20
I-Tarbosaurus skeleton PIN 553-1
ngasemaphethelweni emihlathini. Amandla anjalo ayedingeka ukubhekana nama-ankylosaurs aphathwayo kanye nama-dinosaurs avikelwe kahle avikelwe kahle. Kanye namathambo amakhulu we-tarbosaurus, ithambo elingaphelele 'lomntwana' elingaba imitha ubude latholakala. Ubephambana nomcabango wabantu abadala, amalungu omzimba wamathambo angenamandla, owakheke kabi ngaphambili kanye nengalo yamathambo ahlukile, njengokhokho bethayilezaur. ”
Ngomhlaka 20 Meyi, u-Efremov uthumele uRozhdestvensky ukuba ayobuyisa entshonalanga yeNemagatu, esifundeni i-Altan-Ula. Umgwaqo waphenduka waba nzima kakhulu, maphakathi nosuku, leli qembu likwazile ukuwela laya emaweleni asempumalanga impela phansi kwe-Altan-Ula: ". Esithombeni esiseduze kwaso kwavela ngokushesha amathambo amabili e-tarbozavrov awela phansi. Amathambo ahlanganiswa ngokungahleliwe kanti ingxenye yawo yayivele iwile, kepha noma kunjalo sikwazile ukuthatha amathambo ambalwa okulondolozwa okuhle. Lo bekungumklomelo wokuqala wokuhlushwa kwethu okubuhlungu. Lapha sithole inani elikhulu lezinkuni ezihlanjululwe zezesihlahla sikashishi ezinjengeziphepu zokubhukuda. Sichithe ubusuku esiseduze, sishayela amakhilomitha ambalwa siye entshonalanga, kwathi ngakusasa emadwaleni aseduze sathola umgogodla wedayinasi enkulu ebulalayo. Ngeshwa, i-vertebrae yangena ekujuleni kwithambeka futhi sikwazile ukumba, noma kunalokho sangqongqoza kuphela ama-vertebrae ayi-18 kuphela kusuka kushlabathi eliminyene. ". (A.K. Rozhdestvensky, "Sesha iDinosaurs in the Gobi," 1969.)
Ngo-1955, isazi se-paleontologist u-Evgeny Maleev wachaza uhlaka lwe-skull (i-PIN 551/1) ngaphansi kokubukeka okusha kwe-tyrannosaurus Tyrannosaurus bataar. Ngonyaka ofanayo, uMaleev wabuye wachaza futhi waqamba izinhlobo ezintathu zezinto eziphilayo, ngasinye sazo esihlotshaniswa nesidumbu samathambo satholakala ngokuphuma okufanayo ngo-1948-1949, owokuqala wabo (i-PIN 551-2) wachazwa ngaphansi kwegama Tarbosaurus efremovi, kwakuyisibonakaliso esikhulu kakhulu esinobude bomzimba olinganiselwa kumamitha ayi-10-12, kepha siphansi ngosayizi I-Tyrannosaurus rex. Imigwaqo emibili esele yabasha nayo yabizwa njengezinhlobo ezintsha yanikezwa i-North American genus gorgosaurus - G. novojilovi (isampula ye-PIN 552-2), amamitha angama-5-6 ubude futhi Umlondolozi (isampula ye-PIN 553-1), inobude obulinganiselwa kumamitha ayi-9. Ngo-1965 A.K. URozhdestvensky wabona zonke izinhlobo zikaMaleev njengezigaba zokukhula ezihlukile zohlobo olufanayo, ezihlukile kwi-T-rex yaseNyakatho Melika futhi wachaza uhlobo wazo njengohlobo olusha Tarbosaurus bataar - "i-pangolin eyingozi."
Izinketho zegama le-Tarbosaurus
Ngo-1992, uKenneth Carpenter wabheka ukuthi i-tarbosaurus inomehluko ongabalulekile ku-tyrannosaurus futhi yabuyisa igama layo lasekuqaleni Tyrannosaurus bataar, futhi enye yamasampula amancane achazwe nguMaleev ngaphansi koshintsho lwe I-Gorgosaurus novojiloviwaqamba ngohlobo lakhe Maleevosaurus. Ngo-1995, uGeorge Olszewski wahlongoza inhlanganisela yakhe, ephakamisa igama elisha elithi “Jenghizkhan” (Genghis Khan) esikhundleni salokho Tyrannosaurus bataar futhi Tarbosaurus efremovi nge Maleevosaurus novojilovi njenge-genera ezimele yama-dinosaurs ezidla inyama ekwakhekeni kweNemegt.
Izingibe zeTarbosaurus ezitholwe yiLwandle lasePoland
Ngo-1963-1971, uhambo lwasePoland-lwaseMongolia lwaqala, wanikela ngezinto eziningi ezintsha, kufaka nesampula enkulu kunazo zonke i-ZPALMgD - I / 4 evela ku-Institute of Paleobiology eseWarsaw, eyatholakala ngo-1964-65. Ubude balesi siga bulinganiselwa ku-110 cm.-MPC-D 107/2, isikebhe esikhulu esidala esinogebhezi olucashile olungamamitha ayi-122, satholakala ngokuxoshwa kukaJapan-Mongolia ngo-1984 sachazwa uKenett Carpenter noPhilip Curry ngonyaka ka-2000. Lesi sibonelo saziwa ngaphambili ezincwadini zesayensi njenge-GIN 107/2, isifinyezo salesi sampula (njengazo zonke ezinye izampula ezake zabekwa kwi-GIN), sathathelwa indawo yi-MPC ngemuva kokubekwa eMongolia Paleontological Center (MPC) ngonyaka we-1996.
I-Tarbosaurus inhlobo ye-MPC-D 107/2 eMnyuziyamu wePaleontological yase-Ulaanbaatar, eMongolia
Ukuphuma kanye nokubamba iqhaza kososayensi baseJapan naseMongolia ngo-1993 nango-1998, kanye nokuya ngasese okuhlelwe nguPhil Curry waseCanada ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, bathola futhi baqoqa ngaphezu kuka-30 amasampula we-tarbosaur, kufaka phakathi izifihla ezingaphezu kwe-15 kanye namathambo acishe abe ephelele. Kusukela ngo-1999, wonke amasampula atholakala abhekwa njengokwalolohlobo olufanayo i-Tarbosaurus bataar. Ugebhezi lweTarbosaurus lwachazwa ngokuphelele ngonyaka we-2003, ososayensi baphawula umehluko omkhulu phakathi kweTarbosaurus ne-tyrannosaurus yaseNyakatho Melika. ITarbosaurus yaziwa ngezinto ezigcinwe kahle zigcinwe, ikota yazo zonke izinsalela eziqoqwe esifundazweni saseNemegt zingezaseTarbosaurus.
Isikhumba se-Young Tarbosaurus (MCD-D 107/7)
Ngo-2006, ngesikhathi sokucinga okwenziwe ngopende ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga yoGwadule lwaseGobi, olwenziwa ngokuxoshwa okuhlanganyelwe kweJapan Museum of Natural Sciences Hayashibara kanye neMongolia Paleontological Center, kwatholakala imbumbulu engaziwa - ithambo elicishe liphelele le-tarbosaurus encane. Ngemuva kokucwaningwa isikhathi eside yiqembu lezazi zemvelo ezivela eJapan, eMongolia naseMelika, zabika ngokuthola kwazo kumagazini kaMeyi 10 wephephabhuku iVertebrate Paleontology. Kwabasebenza ngopeleontologists uTakanobu Zuihiji noMahito Wataba nozakwabo, ukwaziwa kwe-tarbosaurus encane kwakulula kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi, i-tarbosaurus ukuphela kwento enkulu enkulu etholakele engxenyeni ecebile ethwele ithambo uBugin Tsav, okuwukuphela kobunye bompisi abebephila esikhathini esifanayo, kusuka ezigidini ezingama-70 kuya kweziyi-65 zeminyaka edlule , - U-Alioramus, ngokwe-anatomically kwakuhluke kakhulu. Lo mbala omusha wawunamazinyo ayi-13 engxenyeni eyinhloko yomhlathi ongenhla, ubhangqwe ngamazinyo ayi-14 nangu-15 ohlangothini ngalunye lomhlathi ophansi, okuluhlu lokuhlukahluka olubonwa kumaTelbosaurs amadala. Yize lokhu kungabonakala njengesici esincanyana, amazinyo e-tyrannosaurus angenye yezindlela eziphambili abahlukanisi bezikhumba abahlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi phakathi kwabadala nentsha yezinhlobo ezifanayo. Lo mbono, wabalwa ngaphansi kwenombolo ye-MCD-D 107/7, wayeneminyaka emi-2 kuya kwengama-3 ubudala, ngesikhathi sokufa, ubude besikhumba sakhe bufika kuma-290 mm. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezikhanda zabantu abadala, lesi siga sasingakhiwe kahle, sasinamehlo amakhulu kakhulu, futhi namazinyo ayemfishane, okubonisa ukukhetha okuningana kokudla kwabasebasha nakubantu abadala, okunciphise ukuncintisana phakathi kwamaqembu eminyaka ehlukene.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbala omusha ufana kakhulu nesinye isikebhe esachazwa ngo-1977 ngaphansi kwegama elithi “Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis”, okubonisa ukuthi futhi yisibonakaliso esincane seTarbosaurus.Ngenxa yokuphelela komcabango omusha, omunye wemithambo yamadayinaso angaqondakali, angaziwa, avela eChina, angagcina ebhekwe njengokweqiniso. Isimo esisha esiphelele sentsha iTarbosaurus siyisibonakaliso esimangalisa ngempela. Hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi ithambo linikeza ama-paleontologists ngokubuka okuphelele endaweni ethile ngesikhathi sokukhula kweTarbosaurus, lesi sampula singavuselela impikiswano ende mayelana nezigaba zokukhula kwama-tyrannosaurs kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezingathandeki ezifana ne-nanothyran ne-raptorex. Omashiqela abasebasha babengewona nje amakhophi amancane abantu abadala, omashiqela abakhulu beCretaceous, bathola ushintsho olukhulu ngesikhathi sokukhula, kepha umugqa omuhle phakathi kwezibonakaliso zentsha zalaba bantu abakhulu kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zobumnyama uhlala uyindawo yokuphikisana.
Izinhlobo kanye bomcondvofana
- Tarbosaurus bataar (Maleev, 1955) - uhlobo lokubuka
- I-Tyrannosaurus bataar (Maleev, 1955)
- Tarbosaurus efremovi (Maleev, 1955)
- I-Gorgosaurus novojilovi (Maleev, 1955)
- I-Gorgosaurus lancinator (Maleev, 1955)
- Maleevosaurus novojilovi (Carpenter, 1992)
- Jenghizkhan bataar (Olshevsky, 1995)
- Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis (Dong, 1977)
Kumafilimu
- Ku-movie ye-BBC "Emhlabeni wama-Giants. Uzipho olukhulu"
Le filimu yakhishwa ngonyaka ka-2000. UNigel uhlangana ne-tarbosaur ephuma ezinhlathini bese ithi ukucisha ikhamera. Kamuva, i-tarbosaurus ilwa ne-tbaborous teresinosaurus futhi yehlulwa.
- Ku-movie ye-BBC "Iqiniso Nge-Killer Dinosaurs"
Tarbosaurus noWanker
Le filimu yakhishwa ngo-2005. I-Tarbosaurus ivela ochungechungeni lwesibili futhi ihlasela i-waning (ebizwa ngokuthi i-ankylosaurus). Kodwa-ke, wehlulwa futhi aphule ithambo.
- Ku-movie "Tarbosaurus 3D"
Le filimu yakhishwa ngonyaka ka-2012. Ingane enamabala yazalelwa emndenini wama-tarbozaurs. Kudala wafuna ukuya ekuzingeleni. Kodwa-ke, umama, umfowethu oneminyaka engu-10 ubudala kanye namawele amabili aneminyaka eyisithupha ubudala abamthathi. Kepha wabe esegcina ukuncenga umama wakhe ukuthi amthathe ahambe naye. Kepha ngalolu suku, umndeni wakhe wabhujiswa ngumashiqela omubi wase-One. "Wanyathela" Amawele esheshayo, futhi avele agxotshwa kwalasha. Unina oneso elilodwa waziphonsela kwalasha. Ingane yashiywa yodwa yaze yafika ngelinye ilanga yahlangana nowesifazane uSineglazka. Kusukela kulowo mzuzu, balwa ndawonye impilo futhi bake bashayela o-One-eye. Kepha ngalolo suku lwenjabulo, lapho abathathu babo baboshwa, intaba-mlilo yavuka futhi ihlathi lasha ngomlilo. Onke amadayinaso ayeyofuna indawo entsha. Ilihlo eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lalilimele, futhi amawundlu acishe afa ngaphansi kwamatshe. Emasontweni amabili kamuva, uSineglazka washona, futhi uSpotted walwa namakhulu amaVelociraptors. Emasontweni amabili kamuva, kwavela umucu wehlathi oluhlaza ogqume. Kepha kwakukhona olwandle ngaphambili. Ngenhlanhla, i-isthmus emincane yaholela ehlathini.
Kepha ngaphandle kokwazi. ama-dinosaurs angena emkhakheni we-One-eyed. Manje uSpotted oneminyaka engama-20 kufanele alwe nesitha sakudala. Ingane eneso elilodwa iphonsa amawundlu olwandle. Ekugcineni, u-One-Eyed uwela olwandle futhi ufuna ukubulala uJunior, okuwukuphela kwengalo elindile. Kepha uSpotty uziphonsa ku-fray. Manje idlula ngaphansi kwamanzi, bese ama-tylosaurs ebhukuda ephunga legazi futhi abambe ngamehlo u-One. USpot upha iwundlu bese ekhasa engena emlonyeni wakhe. Ekugcineni, i-Spotted eqeda amandla iphonswa olwandle. UQuetzalcoatl ucabanga ukuluma, kodwa-ke "isidumbu" sivula umlomo bese kuthi uJunior ophilayo aphumele ngaphandle. Ngokushesha uSpotot naye uyakhuphuka. Bahamba baya ehlathini.
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