Izingulube uhlobo lwenyoni emndenini wezingwamza, ukuhlelwa kwama-ciconiiformes. Lezi zinyoni ziyabonakala kalula, zihlukaniswa ngemilenze emide, intamo ende, isiqu esikhulu esikhulu nomlomo omude. Lezi zinyoni zingabanikazi bezimpiko ezinkulu nezinamandla, zibanzi futhi zivumela izingwamza ukuba zindize emoyeni.
Imilenze yalezi zinyoni ibukeka kancane, iminwe esemilenzeni ayinazitho. Ubukhulu bezingwamza zikhulu impela: isisindo senyoni endala sisuka kumakhilogremu amathathu kuya kwayisihlanu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izintokazi nezinsikazi azifani ngosayizi, futhi empeleni akukho bungqingili bokuya ocansini kulezi zinyoni.
IStork esiseMpumalanga Ekude noma esimnyama (Ciconia boyciana).
Ku-plumage yemidumba kukhona imibala emnyama nemhlophe, ngamanani ahlukene, kuya ngezinhlobo.
Izinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu zezingwamza:
- I-Stork-Neved Stork (iCiconia episcopus)
- I-Black Stork (Ciconia nigra)
- I-Stork ekhokhiswe mnyama (i-Ciconia boyciana)
- I-White-bellied Stork (i-Ciconia abdimii)
- I-White Stork (Ciconia ciconia)
- Ingulube yaseMalay eciya ngoboya (Ciconia sefei)
- I-American Stork (Ciconia maguari)
Zihlala kuphi izingwamza?
Izinyoni ezivela kuhlobo lwezinkukhu zihlala eYurophu, e-Afrika, e-Asia, ngaphezu kwalokhu, kuhlala izingwamza naseNingizimu Melika.
Izinhlobo zaseningizimu ziphila impilo yokuhlala, amahlaya asenyakatho enza ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Lezi zinyoni zihlala ngababili noma hhayi amaqembu amakhulu. Ngaphambi kokundiza ezintabeni ezifudumele, amaqhude ahlangana ngamaqembu amancane abantu abangu-10-25.
American Stork (Ciconia maguari).
Zonke izinhlobo zezingwamza zincike emizimbeni yamanzi, ngakho-ke zizama ukuhlala eduze kwamanzi. Kepha ezinye zisadonsa ekujuleni kwehlathi, zindizela echibini lokudla kuphela.
Ngabe udlayo udlani?
Imenyu yezingwamza iqukethe izilwane ezincane: izibungu, imollusks, ubuhlalu, amasele, izinyoka, izibungu nezinhlanzi. Izingwamza zibheka ukudla kwazo emanzini angajulile, manje bese zilandelana ngezindlela ezihlukile. Uma ingwamza ibona inyamazane, iyelula intamo yayo ende phambili ibhoboze isisulu ngayo yonke imilomo yayo ebukhali. Lapho-ke inyoni igwinya ngokushesha “isidlo sasemini” sayo.
Mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwamaqhude emvelweni
Lezi zinyoni ziyisidina, i.e., lapho sezikhethe umlingani, zihlala zibhanqana naye kuphela. Umlingani omusha angavela kuphela uma owedlule efa. Izingwamza zakha izidleke zazo ngenani elikhulu lamagatsha. Maphakathi esidlekeni, kuhlelwa into enjengethreyini elixutshiwe. "Indlu" yengwamza ukwakhiwa okuqinile okungamelana nabantu abaningana balezi zinyoni ezinkulu. Kwenzeka kaninginingi ukuthi ngemuva kokushona kwabazali, elinye lamachwane lidla ifa lesidleke.
Isiko lokuphisana kwezingwamza zaseMpumalanga Ekude: owesilisa nowesifazane, bephonsa amakhanda emuva, chofoza umlomo wabo.
Ingwamza yowesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzalela ibekela amaqanda ama-2 - 5, isikhathi sokukhulelwa sihlala izinsuku ezingama-34. Bobabili abazali bafaka inzalo yesikhathi esizayo, lapho omunye enza njengengane, owesibili amlethela ukudla.
Izimpawu ezihlobene namasele
Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zasendulo, uma umndeni wezingwamza wenza isidleke ophahleni noma eduze kwendlu, khona-ke abaniniyo balindele ukuthula, ukuthula nokuchuma. Izimbokodo uqobo zihlala zihlangana nabantu ngokungezelelwa emndenini, akusizi ngalutho ukuthi abantu bathi "ingulube ilethe" ngengane esanda kuzalwa noma engakazalwa. Lezi zinyoni ezinhle bezilokhu zivusa umuzwa wokuncoma nokuhloniphana phakathi kwabantu, lokhu bekukhona ngaphambili, futhi kuyabonakala ngisho nasesikhathini sethu.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Igama elithi "unogolantethe" lavelaphi?
Umsuka wegama "stork" awuzange usungulwe ngokuqinisekile, ngakho-ke kunezinguqulo eziningi zokuvela kwawo. Amagama okwazisa atholakala ezilimini zakudala zaseSanskrit, Old Russian, Germany, izilimi zamaSlavic. Uhlobo olusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu lokuguqulwa kwegama lesiJalimane elithi “Heister”, kwezinye izindawo eJalimane igama elithi magpie. Ngokunokwenzeka, igama laguqulwa lahunyushwa ukuthi yi- “Geister”, laphinde lahunyushelwa ku- “Stork”. Kunzima ukuthola ukufana phakathi kwe-magpie ne-stork, uphawu lwawo kuphela oluhlobene umbala webala. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi lilele ngesisekelo segama logwababa. Ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zeRussia, i-Ukraine neBelarus, kunamagama ahlukahlukene ale ndawo ngale nyoni: i-bushel, butol, busko, batan, chernoguz, leleka, manto, geister, botsun nabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umdumba ubizwa ngamagama abantu: u-Ivan, uGritsko, uVasil, uYasha.
I-Stork - incazelo, incazelo, isithombe. Zibukeka kanjani izingwamza?
Izikhumba zezinyoni ezinkulu. Uhlobo olukhulu kunazo zonke kuhlobo lweCiconia uhlobo oluhlaza oluhlaza. Ubude bomzimba bobesilisa nowesifazane bube yi-110 cm, amaphiko afinyelela ku-220 cm, kanti isisindo singama-3,6 kg. Enye yezinhlobo ezincane, ugwababa onamhlophe, unesisindo esingama-1 kg, futhi ubude bawo bomzimba bu-73 cm.
Uqhwaku lomshudo mude, ubude bekhanda buye kabili, futhi linobume obunjiweyo. Kungaba iqonde noma igobe kancane phezulu (njengesikhumba esiseMpumalanga Ekude). Ngokwesisekelo mude futhi mkhulu, ubukhali ekugcineni, kuvalwe ngokuqinile. Ulimi lubushelelezi, lubukhali futhi, uma luqhathaniswa noqhwaku, lincane. Imifantu yempondo imincane kakhulu, ivulekile ngqo uphondo, ngaphandle kokuvela kanye nemisele. Umbala uqhwaku kubantu abadala bezinhlobo eziningi ubomvu. Ingwamza emnyama ekhokhwayo imnyama. Ezinyoni ezincane, okuphambene kuyiqiniso: amachwane amnyama anombala omnyama aneqhwaku elibomvu noma lewolintshi, nakumathole ezinye izinhlobo, imilomo emnyama.
I-iris yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamantshontsho ibomvu, nsundu noma imhlophe. Ekhanda, iplamu alukho ku-chin, ibhuloho nesikhumba eduze kwamehlo. Intamo yezinyoni yinde ngokulingana. Isimo sisimo lapho intamo igoba kakhulu emuva, ikhanda liqondiswa phambili, kanti uqhwaku luphumula phakathi kwezimpaphe ezimpaphe. Endaweni ye-goiter, izimpaphe zinde, ziyaqina.
Izingwamza zinomoya wesibeletho womlomo wesibeletho ogcwele umoya, ngoba zixhunyaniswe emagumbini endawo. Lezi zikhwama zincanyana, zitholakala ngaphansi kwesikhumba futhi zilele ezinhlangothini zentamo ezansi kwekhanda. Uhlelo lwesikhwama ludala igebe lomoya phakathi kwesikhumba nemisipha.
Izimpiko zezingulube zinde, ziyindilinga, izimpaphe zazo zakhiwa izimpaphe ezingama-3-5. Izimpaphe zangaphakathi ephikweni zinde. Lapho zigoqwa, zifinyelela ubude bezimpaphe eziyinhloko.
Endizeni, izingwamza zikhuphuka ngaphezu komhlaba. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokubonga ngokuhlangana okukhethekile kwamathambo entambo yamahlombe kanye nokwakheka kwephiko ngesingalo esiphakeme nasemahlombe amafushane. Lezi zici zimpawu zezinyoni ezinkulu ezikhuphukayo, kufaka phakathi izinyoni ezidla inyama. Esiphondweni somunwe wokuqala wesandla kukhona uzipho.
Indiza ekhuphukayo ibuye ibe yinto yezinyoni ezinjengezokhozi, okhozi lwegolide, amakhayithi, amabala, izimbungulu, izimbotshana.
Umsila wezingwamza zilingana ngobude, ziqonde, ziyindilinga kancane e-apex. Inezimpaphe eziyi-12 zomsila.
Izinyawo zezinyoni zingemuva kakhulu. I-metatarsus icishe ilingane nobude be-tibia. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-tibia kanye namathambo we-metatarsal kuhlelwe ngendlela yokuthi ukuphuma kwekhanda lethambo le-tibial kungena endaweni yokuphumula etholakala ekhanda le-metatarsal, futhi i-ligament ekhethekile ilungisa lokhu kuxhumana, ivimbele amathambo ukuba angawi. Umphumela uba isikhundla esiqinile somlenze ophakeme, ubambe umzimba ngokususelekileyo, ngaphandle kokusebenza kwemisipha. Ngenxa yalokhu, umhluzi, njengoba unikeze ukulinganisela komzimba, ungama amahora amaningi emlenzeni owodwa, ngenkathi ungakhathali ngokuphelele. Ukwakheka kwemilenze kubangela ukunyakaza okubonakalayo - ukuhamba kancane nokuthamba kwe gait.
Izinzwani zezingwamza zimfushane. Ngayinye kukhona isheya elincane lesikhumba. Iminwe yangaphambili ixhunywe esisekelweni yi-membrane encane enesikhumba, kanti umunwe ongemuva owenziwe usetshenziselwa ukusekela phansi. Lesi sakhiwo seminwe sibonisa ukuthi unogolantazi kunzima ukuhamba ezindaweni ezinamathuku, futhi uwela emhlabathini kanzima. I-tibia ayisekelwa ngaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu yobude bayo. Ingxenye engenalutho ye-tibia nawo wonke ama-metatarsus ambozwe ngamapuleti amancane abumbene. Izipikili zibanzi, ziyisicaba ngokusobala.
Umbala wezingwamza awuhlukile kakhulu futhi uqukethe imibala emnyama nomhlophe. Umbala omnyama ungaba ne-tint eluhlaza noma yensimbi. Umbala wezinyoni ezincane uhlukile kancane kubantu abadala kancane. Akukho mehluko kumbala wesilisa nowesifazane, kanye noshintsho lombala ngesizini. Amantshontsho amadada ane-grey fluff; kubantu abadala, i-fluff imhlophe noma i-grey.
Abamele lolu hlobo lweCiconia abanalo izwi, ngoba bancishwa i-syrinx (i-vocal organ of bird) nemisipha yayo. Esikhundleni sokuklabalasa, ingwamza ichofoza uqhwaku lwayo, okungukuthi, ishaya imihlathi yayo. Amantshontsho amhlophe (Ciconia ciconia) futhi uyazi ukuthi kufanele enze njani. Amantshontsho amnyama (Ciconia nigra) akuvamile ukuqhuma ngomlomo wabo: izwi labo linjengokukhwehlela noma ukukhala. Imichilo yezingwamza iyakwazi ukukhonkotha, ukukhala, ukukhala nokukhala komphimbo.
Ngabe kuphi lapho izingulube zibusika khona?
Ugwababa oluhlala kulezi zindawo ezisenyakatho inyoni efudukayo ebiphila impilo yokuhlala ngaphambi kwenkathi yeqhwa. Ukuhlala futhi kuhlangatshezwa manje: ngokwesibonelo, ibhungane elikhokhelwa emnyama elihlala eJapan alindelani ebusika. Ama-storks amhlophe, anamaqhude amhlophe, amabhuku amnyama aseMelika kanye nezingwamza ezinamawundla aseMalawi nazo azindizela eningizimu, ngoba zihlala ezindaweni ezifudumele, lapho zinikezwa khona ukudla unyaka wonke. Ukufuduka kwesizini kwenziwa ngama-storks amhlophe, ama-storks amnyama kanye namantshontsho amaFar Eastern (abahlawuliswe abamnyama) abahlala eYurophu, eRussia, eChina.
Ukusuka kwamantshontsho amhlophe namnyama avela ezindaweni zase-Europe nase-Asia kuqala kakhulu. White indiza away in ingxenye yesithathu yokugcina ka-Agasti noma ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba. Amaqhude amnyama athuthela phambilini: ukusuka maphakathi no-Agasti, ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye izindawo zaseMpumalanga Yurophu. Kwezinye izindawo, ngokwesibonelo, esifundeni sase-Amur, kwatholakala ukuthi amantshontsho amnyama andiza ngeminyaka eyishumi kaSeptember: kulezi zinyoni usuku lokufika sekwedlule isikhathi. Kunoma ikuphi, maphakathi no-Okthoba, izindawo ezidonsa zezingwamza sezivele zingenalutho.
Izinyoni zenza izindiza phakathi nosuku, endaweni ephakeme, zingabheki uhlelo oluthile. Izingwamza zindiza ikakhulu phezu komhlaba, zinciphisa izingxenye zolwandle zendlela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imisinga yomoya ekhuphuka ngaphezu komhlaba ibalulekile endizeni ekhuphukayo. Izingwamza zindizela emanzini kuphela lapho zibona ugu olungaphesheya. Ngentwasahlobo, izinyoni ziyabuya.
Ezinye izingwamza ezimnyama nezimhlophe, ezizinze eningizimu ye-Afrika, azibuyeli ezweni lazo, njengoba sezihlele amakoloni azinzile.
Ngezansi kwencazelo yezinhlobo zemvelo, kunemininingwane ethe xaxa mayelana nokuthi izingwamza zindizela kuphi namazwe lapho zihlala khona.
Zidlani izingwamza?
Izinhlosi zidla ukudla kwezilwane kuphela. Ukudla kwabo kuhlukile, kepha ikakhulukazi kuqukethe izilwane ezincane, ezibandakanya:
- izilwane ezincelisayo: izimvukuzane, amagundane, amagundane, imigodi yensimu kanye nezinye izinduku ezinjengegundane, ama-squirrels anemibala emincane, ukuqasha izinsizwa, izinsimbi zomzimba, ama-ermines. Emaphandleni, ezinye izingwamza zingazingela izinkukhu nezinkukhu,
- amachwane amancane
- ama-amphibians nezirhubuluzi: amasele, ubuhlalu, izibankwa ezahlukahlukene, izinyoka (izinyoka, izinyoka),
- izinambuzane zomhlaba omkhulu nezibungu zazo - isikhonyane nezinye izinkumbi, izinhlanga, izingulule, imichilo yamaqabunga, izintethe, amabhere,
- ama-mollusks asemhlabeni nawasemanzini, ama-crustaceans, izibungu,
- Kepha izinhlanzi, ezinye izinhlobo zezingwamza, njengamhlophe, aziqabuki ziyidla. Amantshontsho amnyama ayidla kaningi. Ingulube ekhokhelwa mnyama imnyama idla kuphela izinhlanzi.
Kuya ngesikhathi sonyaka, ukudla kwamantshontsho kuyashintsha. Lapho amachibi amancane omile futhi eba ama-amphibians amancane, kudliwa izinambuzane ezinkulu. Izingwamza ziginya inyamazane ephelele. Izinsalela ezigugayo (izimpaphe, uboya, isikali, njll.) Izinyoni ziyaqhuma ngendlela yezimfumbe.
Ngale ndlela, izingwamza zinekhono elihle lokudla izinyoka ezinobuthi ngaphandle kokuzilimaza. Ngokusobala, bathinteka ubuthi.
Izinyoni zidla izikhala ezivulekile: ezintabeni, ezigodini ezinkulu zemifula nasezigangeni, ngasogwini lomfula, ezixhaphozini nakwezinye izindawo ezibonakalayo. Yize izingwamza zihlala zibonakala, zona ngokwazo ziyayibona ingozi zisuka kude.
Izingwamza, njengazo zonke izinyoni ezinkulu, ziyaqaphela kakhulu. Ngesikhathi izindiza nobusuku bahlala ndawonye. Izinyoni zidla zodwa, kepha ngasikhathi sinye zingalahli ukuxhumana nezihlobo.
Ahlala isikhathi esingakanani amazinyane?
Isikhathi sokuphila kwamaqhude sincike ezinhlotsheni nasendaweni yokuhlala. Amantshontsho amhlophe ahlala emvelweni iminyaka engaba ngu-20-21 (ngokusho kweminye imithombo, aze afike eminyakeni engama-33), ekuthunjweni, lesi sikhombisi singaba ngaphezulu. Izingwamza zaseMpumalanga Ekude ezazithunjiwe zasinda zaba yiminyaka engama-48. Isilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sokuphila kwamantshontsho amnyama ekudingisweni yiminyaka engama-31, kuyilapho ku-vivo lesi sibalo siyiminyaka eyi-18.
Izinhlobo zezingwamza, amagama nezithombe
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zingezinhlobo zohlobo lwezinkukhu (Ciconia):
- Ciconia abdimii (Lichtenstein, 1823) - ingulube emhlophe,
- Ciconia boyciana (Swinhoe, 1873) - ingulube ekhokhwa ngabamnyama, ingulube yaseChinese, ingulube yaseMpumalanga Ekude, udoti omhlophe waseMpumalanga Ekude,
- Ciconia ciconia (I-Linnaeus, 1758) - ingwamza emhlophe:
- Ciconia ciconia asiatica (Severtzov, 1873) - Ingulube emhlophe yaseTurkestan,
- Ciconia ciconia ciconia (I-Linnaeus, 1758) - ingulube emhlophe yaseYurophu,
- ICiconia episcopus (Boddaert, 1783) - ingulube emhlophe emhlophe:
- Ciconia episcopus episcopus (Boddaert, 1783),
- Ciconia episcopus microscelis (G. R. Grey, 1848),
- Ciconia episcopus ukunganaki (UFinsch, 1904)
- Ciconia nigra (I-Linnaeus, 1758) - ingulube emnyama,
- Ciconia maguari (Gmelin, 1789) - Ingulube yaseMelika,
- Ciconia isivunguvungu (W. Blasius, 1896) - Ingwamza ebunjiwe kaMalay.
Okulandelayo incazelo yezinhlobo.
- Ingulube emhlophe(Ciconia ciconia)
uhlala kwezinye izingxenye zeYurophu (ukusuka eningizimu yeSweden naseDenmark kuya eFrance nasePortugal, emazweni aseMpumalanga Yurophu), e-Ukraine, eRussia (kusuka eVologda Oblast kuya eTranscaucasia), eCentral Asia naseNyakatho-nentshonalanga ye-Afrika (kusuka enyakatho neMorussia kuya enyakatho ETunisia). Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, kuhlukaniswa izinhlobo ezimbili zezingulube ezimhlophe: i-European (Ciconia ciconia ciconia) neTurkestan (Ciconia ciconia asiatica) Ukubhaliswa kweTurkestan kukhulu ngandlela-thile kunaseYurophu; kutholakala eCentral Asia nakwezinye izingxenye zeTranscaucasia.
Umzimba wamantshontsho amhlophe unombala omhlophe, okhonjiswa egameni. Izimpaphe kuphela ezisemaphethelweni amaphiko zimnyama, futhi kuze kube yilapho inyoni iwaqondile, kubonakala sengathi wonke umzimba ophansi umnyama. Ukusuka lapha kwaqhamuka igama elidumile lale nyoni - uChernoguz. Uqhwaku lomlomo nezinyawo zakhe zibomvu. Amachwane anezindebe ezimnyama. Isikhumba se-Bare eduze kwamehlo noqhwaku sibomvu noma simnyama. I-iris inombala onsundu noma ibomvu. Ubukhulu bephiko buyi-55-63 cm, umsila ungama-21.5-26 cm, ama-metatarsus angama-17-23,5 cm, uqhwaku ungamasentimitha ayi-14- 20. Ubude bomzimba bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,02. Amaphiko yi-1.95-2, 05m Ingwamza emhlophe inesisindo esingu-3.5-4.4 kg. Abesifazane bancane kunabesilisa.
Amaqhude amhlophe, ahlala ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga nezisempumalanga yeYurophu, andiza eningizimu ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ama-Storks ahlangana nentshonalanga ye-Elbe andiza eStrait of Gibraltar futhi ayinqobe endaweni emincane kakhulu. Njengoba sebekhuphuke ngaphezu kweSpain, bahlela ukuya e-Afrika. Lapho, ahlala entshonalanga, futhi ngokunqamula anqamula iSahara, amahlathi afanayo futhi ame eSouth Africa. Izingwamza ezidla empumalanga ye-Elbe zindizela eBosphorus, zindizela oLwandle iMedithera zidlula eSyria, kwa-Israyeli, zinqamula enyakatho yoLwandle Olubomvu, eGibhithe, zindiza esiGodini saseNayile futhi zidlulela naseNingizimu Afrika. I-Turkestan subspecies yohlobo lwe-stork esimhlophe ikakhulukazi ebusika eNdiya, eCeylon, kepha abanye abantu balinda ubusika esifundeni saseSyr Darya eCentral Asia nasezintabeni zaseTalysh eTranscaucasia.
Amantshontsho amhlophe ahlala eduze nalapho kuhlala khona abantu, ngoba kulula ngawo ukwakha izidleke “emagqumeni enziwe ngabantu”. Abantu uqobo bavame “ukusiza” izinyoni ekwakheni, zizenzela isidleke ngezandla zazo noma zakha isisekelo salo: babeka amasondo noma amapulatifomu akhethekile ezigxotsheni, ezihlahleni noma ezakhiweni zasepulazini lapho izinyoni zibeka khona isidleke sazo esizayo.
- Ingulube emnyama(Ciconia nigra)
uhlobo olugwema abantu. Indawo yokuhlala yakhona kunwebeka okukhulu kwe-Eurasia: kusuka eScandinavia kanye ne-Iberian peninsula kuya ezifundeni ezikude kakhulu. Umngcele osenyakatho wokusatshalaliswa ufinyelela ukufana okungu-61 no-63, okuningizimu kudlula eBalkan, eCrimea, eTranscaucasia, e-Iran, eCentral Asia, eMongolia nasenkabeni yeChina. Ubusika obudala bomsipha ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, eNdiya naseChina. E-Afrika, izinyoni azinduli zadlula i-ikhwetha. Kuliqiniso, eningizimu yezwekazi elilodwa bathola esidlekeni sawo wonke amathuba lapho bafuduka khona futhi bahlala unomphela.
Umbala walolu hlobo lwezinyoni ulawulwa ngabamnyama, kanti amaplamu amnyama aphonsa imifino, ithusi noma onsomi. Izimpaphe ezimhlophe zikhula kuphela esifubeni esiphansi, emuva kwesifuba nasezifundeni ze-axillary. Uqhwaku lwenyoni luthi shwaca kancane phezulu.Imilenze, umlomo kanye nesikhumba ezungeze amehlo zibomvu. Iris nsundu. Intsha inamapheya amhlophe, kanti imilenze noqhwaku lwezilwane ezincane zinegrey eluhlaza okotshani. Isisindo sogolantethe omnyama asidluli i-3 kg, umzimba ungafinyelela kubude obu-1 imitha. Ubude bephiko buhlukahluka kusuka ku-52 kuya ku-61 cm, ubude be-metatarsus buyi-18-20 cm, umsila ukhula ube ngu-19-25 cm, futhi ubude bomlomo bufinyelela ku-16- 19,5 cm.
Ugwababa omnyama uhlala emahlathini aminyene, iziqhingi phakathi kwezindawo zokudaka nezindawo ezifanayo ezingenakufinyeleleka. Uhlela izidleke emagatsheni asemuva ezihlahla ezinde, ezi-1.5-2 m ukusuka esiqwini. Ziqukethe izingatsha zamagqinsi ahlukahlukene ahlanganisiwe ngomhlabathi nangofudu. Ezindaweni ezingenalutho nasezintabeni, le nyoni ikhetha amadwala, amadwala, njll. Izimbotshana zihlala zidle ngokwehlukana nezihlobo. Izilokazana zivame ukutholakala kude le-6 km ukusuka komunye nomunye. Kwezinye izindawo, ngokwesibonelo, i-Eastern Transcaucasia, ibanga phakathi kwabo liyancipha laba ngu-1 km, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nezidleke ezi-2 zitholakala esihlahleni esifanayo.
E-clutch kukhona amaqanda ama-3 kuye kwangama-5, amancane amancane kunalawo agwadula amhlophe. Izingulube zimbozwe nge-fluff emhlophe noma empunga, kanti uqhwaku lwayo luwolintshi ezansi futhi luhlaza okotshani ekugcineni. Okokuqala, amantshontsho amancane amnyama ayaqamba amanga, khona-ke ahlala esidlekeni futhi emva kwezinsuku ezingama-35- 40 aqala ukusukuma. Amantshontsho amancane aphuma esidlekeni ngezinsuku ezingama-64-65 emva kokuzalwa. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo, izingwamza ezimnyama zingakhwaza. Babiza imisindo ephakeme nephansi, efana ne- "chi-li". Izinyoni zoqhwaku aziqhekeki kaningi futhi kuthule kunezinhlanga ezimhlophe.
- Ingquza emhlophe enamabala amhlophe(Ciconia abdimii)
Le yinhlobo yama-agwayi ase-Afrika ahlala kusuka e-Ethiopia aye eSouth Africa.
Enye yezinsangu ezincane kunazo zonke, ezifika ku-73 cm ubude. Isisindo senyoni yi-1 kg. Umbala ulawulwa ngumbala omnyama, omhlophe kuphela wesifuba nangaphansi. Uqhomo, ngokungafani nezinhlobo eziningi, ungwevu. Imilenze ibomvu ngokwesiko. Isici esiyingqayizivele sogwada olunamabala amhlophe ubukhazikhazi besikhumba elizungeze amehlo ngesikhathi sokuzala. Amehlo ngokwawo ane-tint ebomvu. Abesifazane bancane kunabesilisa. Beka amaqanda ama-2-3.
- Ingulube emhlophe emhlophe(Ciconia episcopus) ine-subspecies engu-3:
- Ciconia episcopus episcopus uhlala ezinhlonhlweni zaseHindustan, Indochina kanye nasePhilippine Islands,
- Ciconia episcopus microscelis ezitholakala e-Uganda naseKenya - amazwe asezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika,
- Ciconia episcopus ukunganaki - Umhlali wasesiqhingi saseJava neziqhingi zilele emngceleni wezindawo ze-biogeographic zase-Asia nase-Australia.
Ubude bomzimba wezingulube buhlukahluka kusuka ku-80 kuye ku-90 cm. I-nape, intamo nesifuba esingenhla sezinyoni zimhlophe futhi zi-fluffy. Izimpaphe ezisiswini esingezansi kanye nomsila zimhlophe. Ikhanda ngenhla limnyama, kungathi kufakwe isigqoko. Izimpiko nomzimba ongaphezulu zimnyama, kukhona okubomvu okuchichima emahlombe, iziphetho zamaphiko ziphenduke zaba nsomi. Amantshontsho amhlophe qwa ahlala ngamaqembu noma ngababili eduze kwamanzi.
- Ingulube yoboya yaseMalay(Ciconia isivunguvungu)
izinhlobo ezincane kakhulu, ezisondele ekuqothulweni. Emhlabeni kukhona kusuka ku-400 kuya ku-500 abantu. Ubukhulu benyoni buncane: kusuka ku-75 kuye ku-91 cm. Intamo imhlophe. Ikhanda likakhakhayi ligqoke umqhele “omnyama” omnyama. Isikhumba esingenamibala sino-tint owolintshi kanye ophuzi emehlweni. Uqhwaku nemilenze zibomvu.
Amaqhude asezingeni eliphakeme laseMalay ahlala eziqhingini ezithile zase-Indonesia, eMalaysia, eThailand, eBrunei. Zihlala zodwa noma ngamaqembu amancane, futhi zihlala eduze nemizimba yamanzi angenamanzi entsha ezungezwe amahlathi.
- Ingulube yaseMelika(Ciconia maguari)
omele uMhlaba oMusha. Ihlala eSouth America.
Kubukeka njengengulube emhlophe ngosayizi nokubukeka. Umehluko: umsila omnyama, isikhumba esibomvu se-orange siseduze kwamehlo, grey ezansi kanye noqhwaku oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekugcineni ne-iris emhlophe yamehlo. Amachwane ezinsikazi azalwa amhlophe, amnyama ngokweminyaka, bese ethola umbala wobuzali. Ubude bomzimba wenyoni bufika ku-90 cm, amaphiko abe ngu-120 cm, ugwababa unesisindo esingu-3.5 kg. Wakha izidleke eziphansi: ezihlahleni, ezihlahleni eziphansi ngisho nasemhlabathini, kepha zihlala zizungezwe ngamanzi.
- Ingquza emnyama ekhokhwayo (Ciconia boyciana)
uhlobo olunamagama amaningi: ingquza yase-Amur, ingulube yaseChina, i-Far East noma i-Far Eastern white stork. Phambilini, le nhlobo ibithathwa njengengaphansi kohlobo lwensangu emhlophe. Kepha, ngokungafani nalombala omhlophe, ibhuku elimnyama elimnyama linomlomo omude, omnyama ligxuma libheke phezulu, imilenze ebomvu nebhuloho, isigaxa somphimbo obomvu, i-iris emhlophe, kanye nokunamathela kwesiliva okumpunga kukhona emaphethelweni ezinye izimpaphe ezimnyama.
Amathoyizi e-Amur stork anobuhlalu obomvu obuwolintshi. Kwabantu abasha, abamnyama bathathelwa indawo onsundu. Ngobukhulu, le nyoni inkulu kakhulu kunezihlobo zayo: ubude bephiko buyi-62-67 cm, uqhwaku lungamamitha angama-19,5- 26, ubude bomzimba bufika ku-1,15 m, udrako unesisindo esingama-5.5 kg. Amaqhude aseMpumalanga Ekude adla kuphela izinhlanzi, ngokwesibonelo i-crucian carp, izinkalo.
Onke amagama ezinyoni akhombisa indawo ahlala kuyo: i-Far East (Amur Region, Primorye, Ussuri Territory), enyakatho yeChina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nhlobo itholakala eJapan naseKorea. Amaqhude amnyama akhokhiswa ebusika ikakhulukazi eningizimu yeChina, esiqhingini saseTaiwan nasendaweni yaseHong Kong. Eminye imihlambi ifudukela ebusika iye eNyakatho Korea, eSouth Korea, eJapan, kwesinye isikhathi ifinyelela ePhilippines, eMyanmar, eBangladesh nasezifundeni ezisenyakatho-nasempumalanga ye-India. EJapan, izinyoni zihlala ehlobo nasebusika, hhayi ukundiza ngaseningizimu ngenkathi ebandayo. Eduze kwale ndoda, udogolofi olukhokhiswa imnyama aluhlali, lukhetha isidleke emahlathini ezihlahleni ezinde. Izinduna zitholakala kuwo wonke amagatsha aphezulu naphansi. Ziyasinda kangangokuba kwesinye isikhathi amagatsha awakwazi ukumelana namandla adonsela phansi bese ahlukana, ngenxa yalokho izidleke ziwela phansi. E-clutch kukhona amaqanda ama-3-5.
Ukhozi oluseMpumalanga Ekude luhlobo olungandile oluvikelwe eRussia, eJapan naseChina. Kubhalwe ku-Red Book of Russia, China neKorea, kanye nase-International Red Book. Emvelweni, abekho abantu abangaphezu kwe-3,000.
Ukuzalanisa kwezingulube
Izingulube zihola imihlambi, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokuzalela. Izinyoni zakha izidleke zokuphinda zisebenzise, zizibeka ezihlahleni, emadwaleni, emadwaleni, ophahleni lwezindlu nakwezinye izakhiwo.
- Amantshontsho amhlophe angadla umhlambi wonke. Ngale ndlela, lolu hlobo lwezinyoni luhambisana nabantu futhi luhlale hhayi ezihlahleni kuphela, hhayi kude nezindlu zabantu, kodwa futhi ophahleni lwezakhiwo, imibhoshongo yamanzi, amapayipi ezimboni, imibhoshongo yokuhambisa amandla, izigxobo nezinye izakhiwo. Amantshontsho amhlophe akhetha izakhiwo zomuntu, ngoba zilungele ukudlekwa, yize izinyoni zingabadingi abantu endaweni.
- Amaqhude amnyama ahlala kude nabantu.
Ukubuya kusuka ebusika, amantshontsho avame ukulungisa isidleke esidala, asinameka ngezinduku, hay, izinduku. Isidleke esisha kwesinye isikhathi asidluli kububanzi obungu-1 m, futhi esidala, esigcwalisiwe, singafinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,3 nesisindo samamitha. Kuthatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-8 ukwakha. Eduzane nesidleke sokuqala, izingwamza ezimhlophe zingakha nesibili, esisetshenziselwa ukulala noma ukuqapha isidleke sokuqala. Kwesinye isikhathi amantshontsho amancane, angakakulungeli ukuzalaniswa, akafuni ukwakha isidleke sawo futhi azame ukuthwebula okwomunye umuntu. Kulokhu, owesilisa osekhulile ngokugcabha ugcwala umlomo wakhe futhi aziphonse kumphikisi. Eminye imibhangqwana idla izidleke zezinyoni ezidla inyama.
Entwasahlobo, owesilisa undizela esidlekeni kuqala futhi ameme umlingani - noma yimuphi owesifazane ezindizayo. Kwenzeka ukuthi lowo owayeyintombi yakhe abuyele kowesilisa, futhi uma indawo yakhe ithathwa, khona-ke kuba khona ukulwa phakathi kwabesifazane. Owinayo uhlala, futhi ophikisana naye kufanele andize. Ochwepheshe abaningi banamathela kule nguqulo yokuthi izingulube ziyizinyoni ezinyantayo futhi zindizela esidlekeni nabalingani bazo abajwayelekile, futhi zingakhi ngazimbili lapho zifika.
Lapho ukulungiswa noma ukwakhiwa kwezidleke kuqediwe, imidlalo yokuqomisana iyaqala. Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezingwamza, lolu siko luhlukile.
Emigqonyeni emhlophe, umdanso wesilisa noma sowesifazane, bavuma ngekhanda ngemilomo yabo bese bethatha izinhlamvu zezimpawu, bephonsa amakhanda abo emhlane. Isikhumba emphinjeni nasesidunjini siyajuluka, kwakheka isigaxa somphimbo, esisebenza njenge-resonator. Izingulube zichofoza imilomo yazo, futhi umsindo ovela kuyo ufana nohlobo lokuqhekeka. Owesilisa uziphatha ngokukhulu ukucophelela kunowesifazane. Ingazungeleza ngaphezu kwesidleke, ikhuphuke iwele kakhulu. Uma insikazi ihlala esidlekeni, izama ukuyiphakamisa, iphule umlingani wayo ngoqhwaku lwayo futhi isitebele eduze kwayo. Lapho insikazi ivuka, kubhangqiswa kwenzeka, kuthi lapho owesilisa eyele kumlingani, egoba imilenze yakhe futhi alinganise amaphiko ayo.
Amantshontsho amnyama awaziphonseli amakhanda emuva futhi awachofozi imilomo yawo. Kubukeka sengathi bayakhothama omunye komunye noma bahamba ngentamo ende, bakhothame ikhanda noqhwaku bacindezelwe entanyeni. Izikhathi ezithile, bmba ngemilomo yabo ezinsibaleni zekhanda noma yentamo yomlingani.
Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-3-5, iqala ukuwafukamela ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kubekwe. Amaqanda ama-Stork amhlophe, anendawo engenamikhawulo, amade. Banesisindo esingama-120 g.
Hatching ihlala izinsuku ezingama-30. Bobabili abazali babopha amantshontsho: ngokuvamile owesilisa wenza lokhu phakathi nosuku, lowesifazane ebusuku. Amakati azalwa eyimpumputhe, kepha aqale ukubona ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa.
Izingwamza ezisanda kuzalwa zimbozwe mhlophe phansi, imilenze yazo ipinki futhi umlomo wazo umnyama. I-fluff yesibili ivela ngemuva kwesonto. Ejodeni elimhlophe, ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-16, amahlaya aqala ukuma ngezinyawo zawo. Ngosuku lwama-25 sezivele zime ngokuqinile kuyo yomibili imilenze, kuthi ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10 zikwazi ukuma emlenzeni owodwa. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-70 kuzelwe, amaphuphu ashiya isidleke. Amachwane amantshontsho amnyama akhula kancane.
Akulula ukondla izingwamza ezinamandla. Kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane babamba iqhaza ekondleni. Elinye lazo liseduze namachwane, elinye lindizela ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iduna elihlala lilungisa isidleke, lilethe izinto zokwakha ezahlukahlukene: amagatsha, utshani, amahlumela. Balinde ukudla, izingane zichofoza umlomo wazo. Lapho abazali begoba amachwane bese belahla umphimbo emaphashini, amabamba abamba impukane noma aqoqe phansi kwesidleke. Ekukhuleni, amaphuphu akhipha ukudla kubazali bawo ngogologo.
Ubaba nomama banakekela izingane zabo ngobumnene. Inyoni, etholakala esidlekeni esinamaqhude, ngezinsuku ezishisayo iyazivikela elangeni, zime ngaphezu kwazo ngamaphiko asakazekile. Bazali baletha amanzi ngemilomo yabo ukuze banisele izingane zabo noma babanikeze okugeza okuqabulayo. Kepha amachwane agulayo, abuthakathaka, angenwe yileli gciwane avele nje akhiphe izidleke ngaphandle kwesidleke.
Izingwamza eziqala ukundiza zinomkhawulo endaweni ezungeze isidleke sayo sendabuko. Wonke umndeni ubuthana kuwo ubusuku. Lapho-ke amachwane andizela kude, ekugcineni, sekuqala ukwanda. Izingwamza zindiza ngokushesha: okokuqala zincane bese zidala. Futhi yize amabhungu ezindiza ngaphandle kopopayi, imvelo iwaholela ngendlela eyiyo. Kwasungulwa ukuthi isikhathi sokusuka asisaxhunyiwe ngandlela-thile nokupholisa, noma okungenangqondo. Kepha umjikelezo wokuphila kwalezi zinyoni uhlelekile ukuze zifike ehlobo impela isikhathi esithile, esidingekayo ekuzaleni. Amantshontsho amancane aqala ukudonsa eneminyaka engu-3-4 ubudala. Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kwenzeka ngaphambili, ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, noma kamuva - kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-6.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwengulube ne-heron?
- Izingwamza zingokuhleleka kwama-ciconiiformes, umndeni wezingwamza. I-Herons ingeyama-oda we-Ciconiiformes, umndeni wamamoni.
- Izingulube ziyizinyoni zesitokwe esikhulu kakhulu kunamakhala.
- Ngokungafani nezingwamza, intamo yamakhambi incane ngokungenakuqhathaniswa futhi yinde.
- Lapho indiza, izingwamza igcina intamo yazo yelulekela phambili, okungaxhunyiwe emithini.
Ngakwesobunxele kukhona i-heron enkulu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngakwesokudla kukhona unogolantethe omhlophe. Umbhali wesithombe ngakwesobunxele: uCephas, CC BY-SA 4.0, umbhali wesithombe ngakwesokudla: i-sipa, CC0.
- Umehluko phakathi kwengulube ne-heron kubude beminwe. Izingulube zimfushane kakhulu kunamakhambi.
- AmaHerons ahlala futhi abambe inyamazane ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi, ezindaweni ezinezikhukhula lapho izingwamza, ngenxa yokwakheka kweminwe yazo, ziyinkinga. Ngakho-ke, izingwamza zidla ngaphezulu komhlaba.
- Izingwamza zikhuphuka esibhakabhakeni, kuyilapho amakhwabane endiza, eshaya amaphiko awo futhi kuhlangana ngezikhathi ezithile.
- Ezingubeni, i-sternum inesikwele, ku-herons, i-sternum iyaphakama.
- Imikhaza yezingwamza ayizishiyi izidleke zokukhwela izihlahla. Amakhala amancane, kunalokho, asuka ngentshiseko egatsheni eya egatsheni, esebenzisa imilenze, imilomo kanye nezimpiko ezingekho emthethweni.
- Ama-herons awahlele izidleke emadwaleni nasemadwaleni, ngokungafani nezingwamza.
I-Grey heron ngakwesobunxele, ingwamza emnyama ngakwesokudla. Umbhali wesithombe ngakwesobunxele: uBarbara Walsh, CC ngu-2.0, umbhali wesithombe ngakwesokudla: UJohann Jaritz, CC BY-SA 3.0 at.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe crane ne-stork?
- Ama-Storks kanye no-cranes bangabameli bama-oda ahlukile. Ingwamza ingeyokulandelana kwama-ciconiiformes, umndeni wezingwamza. I-crane iyinyoni evela ngokulandelana kwama-cranes, umndeni wama-cranes.
- Uqhwaku lwamakhreyithi alude lude njengolwamantshontsho.
- Ehlelweni lamakhrane kukhona izimpaphe ezithambile, ezinde. Ezingubeni, ziqinile futhi zimfishane.
- Ama-cranes enza imisindo emnandi kakhulu futhi anomsindo omkhulu. Iningi lezingulube alinalo izwi (ngaphandle kwengulube emnyama), libonakaliswa ngokuchofoza nje komlomo.
- Umehluko phakathi kwezinyoni uyabonakala ekudleni kwabo. Amaqhude adla kuphela izilwane ezincane. Ama-cranes, ngokungafani nezingwamza, ikakhulukazi anama-herbivorous: adla amajikijolo kanye nembewu yezitshalo, amahlumela amakhambi ahlukahlukene nezinhlamvu. Ama-cranes adla ukudla okuncane kwezilwane.
- Ama-cranes ahlala kuphela ezindaweni ezinomsindo. Ngaphezu kwamachibi, izingwamza zikhetha nezikhala ezivulekile, kufaka phakathi izindawo zokuhlala.
Ngakwesobunxele kukhona umqhele waseMelika, ngakwesokudla kukhona unogolantethe omhlophe. Umbhali wesithombe ngakwesobunxele: URyan Hagerty / USFWS, Isizinda Somphakathi, umbhali wesithombe ngakwesokudla: dassel, CC0.
- Imidlalo yemishado yemidlwane kanye nokhokho iyahluka.
- Imidumba yakha izidleke zayo phezulu ngaphezu komhlaba: ezihlahleni, ezigxotsheni, ophahleni lwezakhiwo, emadwaleni. Ama-cranes awalokothi ahlale ezihlahleni, futhi izidleke zihlelwe phansi. Ama-crane izidleke mancane ngosayizi.
- Ama-cranes abeka amaqanda ama-1-2, ama-storks amaqanda ama-3-5.
- Bobabili abazali bafaka amaqanda amaqhude, abesifazane kuphela ngemiqhele, futhi owesilisa wenza umsebenzi wokuvikela.
- Ama-cranes adala ngababili impilo, ukuhlala ndawonye noma indiza emhlambini. Izingwamza zingakha ngazimbili ezintsha isizini ngayinye.
- Lapho indiza ebusika, ojantshi bangena emgodini, amabhungane andiza emhlanjini onesiphithiphithi.
- Imigwaqo ezindizayo ngokulinganayo indiza amaphiko ayo, ihlela kuphela lapho icwila emhlabathini. Izingwamza ikakhulukazi zisebenzisa indiza ekhuphukayo.
- Ezinye izinhlobo zezingwamza, ikakhulukazi izingulube ezimhlophe, azesabi abantu futhi zihlala eduze kwazo. Ama-cranes asaba abantu futhi akhetha ukuhlala kude nabo.
Ngakwesobunxele kukhona i-grey crane, ngakwesokudla kukhona unogolantethe omhlophe. Umbhali wesithombe ngakwesobunxele: UVyh Pichmann, CC BY-SA 3.0, umbhali wesithombe ngakwesokudla: susannp4, CC0.