Isikhonyane
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi

Isikhonyane (lat. Acridoidea) - isimangaliso sezinambuzane ngokulandelana kwe-Orthoptera. Bangamaqembu amaningi kakhulu kulokhu kuthunyelwa.

Izici ezihlukanisayo

Isikhonyane sinezimpondo ezimfushane kakhulu - hhayi ngaphezu kwengxenye yobude bomzimba; inani lezigaba zazo lifinyelela ku-28. Izinsikazi zine-ovipositor emfushane, okuyinto, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane, ihlala ikhona. Imilenze yangemuva ihlukaniswe kathathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhonyane sinezitho ezithile zomsindo nokuzwa.

I-Chirping

Njengama-orthoptera amaningi, izinkumbi zaziwa ngokuthi "ngabaculi."

Idivaysi yomsindo itholakala okhalweni lwemilenze yangasemuva nase-elytra. Inqwaba yama-tubercles noma ama-cone ama capiga atholakala ethangeni elingaphakathi, futhi elinye lamathambo liqinisiwe ku-elytra. Ngesikhathi sokunyakaza kwe-hip, amashubhu abambelela kule vein futhi akhiqize imisindo eguqukayo. Kwezinye izinhlobo (ngokwesibonelo, isihlahla somlilo esiqhekeka), amashubhu atholakala kuthambo lwephiko. Lezi zinambuzane ziyakwazi ukwenza eminye imisindo impukane, efana nomsindo wenjoloba. Ibanga nendawo okuvela kuyo amashubhu kuyahlukahluka kusuka ezinhlotsheni kuya ezinhlotsheni.

Futhi, uhlobo olulodwa lungaba "nezingoma" eziningana. Isibonelo, isiketi esinezimpiko ezimfishane sinezingoma ezi-4: eyinhloko, iculo lomphikisi, okusalungiswa kanye nokulingiswa.

Izinhlobo zokuphila

• Phytophiles - Ukuphila ngezitshalo.
  • Hortobionts phila utshani. Zibonakaliswa ngumzimba omude, kwesinye isikhathi kakhulu kangangokuba zifinyelela kufomu elibunjwe ngenduku (ngokwesibonelo, endimeni enjengendodo ehlala eSouth America). Umzimba ngokwawo ubushelelezi, usikhumbuza ngotshani obusha noma obomile ngombala.
    • Ama-hortobionts angempela udle okusanhlamvu. Ibunzi livame ukugoqa.
    • I-Herbivorous Hortobionts faka izitshalo ezine-herbaceous. Ibunzi liqondile; umhlathi ongaphansi wenzelwe ngokukhethekile amahlamvu wokuhlafuna.
  • Tamnobionts phila ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni. I-Spikes ohlangothini lwangaphakathi lwe-tibia yemilenze yemuva emuva kuneyangaphandle. Emilenzeni kukhona izinkomishi zokusika ezithuthukisiwe.
• Amagolide - uhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile zenhlabathi.
  • Vula amagagasi imvamisa zihlala ogwadule nakuma-desertert. Zimpawu zomzimba ogqinsiwe, izinkomishi zangaphansi zangaphakathi noma ezingekho. Izinsimbi zomzimba zinobukhulu, zipendiwe ngemibala evikelayo.
  • Ukucasha amaGeophiles (i-herpetobionts) ihlala emhlabathini ngesembozo semifino enqabile, amaqabunga awile, njll. Umzimba fusiform.

Ukuzala

Njengama-orthopterans amaningi, isikhonyane sine-spermatophore insemation. Ama-spermatophores anezinhlobo ezimbili: 1) i-vesicular reservoir enengxenye ende yeshubhu yokuphuma, 2) ibhaluni eliyindilinga. Ukuhlangana kungahlala amahora angama-20.

Izinsikazi zezinhlobo eziningi zibekela amaqanda azo engxenyeni engaphezulu yomhlabathi, zifaka esiswini emhlabathini futhi zikhiphe uketshezi olunamakha olunamaqanda kwi-ovipositor. Ukuqina, lolu ketshezi, ngokungathi kunjalo, lumisa inhlabathi, lwakha iqanda elincane lapho kunamaqanda.

Intuthuko

Ngokushesha ukuqala kokukhula kombungu kuyama lapho amakhaza esondela futhi eqala futhi entwasahlobo, okungukuthi, ukuqunjelwa kwe-embryonic kwenzeka. Izibungu zibamba ngemuva kokushisa inhlabathi. Ifakwe isitho esikhethekile sesikhashana esifushane - ibhamuza elidonsayo, elikhethwe ngalo ebusweni. Ekuqaleni, izibungu zimhlophe ngokubabazekayo, bese kuthi ngemuva kwamahora angama-2-3 kube mnyama futhi kufane nomuntu okhulile, kube mncane kuphela, ngaphandle kwamaphiko kanye nenani elincane (elingekho ngaphezu kwe-13) lezigaba ze-antenna.

Isigaba se-larva sithatha izinsuku ezingama-30- 40, ezinqunywa luhlobo oluthile lwesinambuzane kanye nesimo sezulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwenzeka ama-4-5 molts, ngemuva kwalowo nalowo lapho inani lezingxenye zezinsana nosayizi womzimba kanye nokwenyuka kwama-primordia laphakama.

Ubudlelwano Babantu

Izinkumbi eziningi ziyizinambuzane zezolimo. Kulokhu, abantu kade banesifiso kulezi zinambuzane. Izithombe zesikhonyane zitholakala kuma-frescoes asendulo aseGibhithe kanye ne-papyrus esukela emuva ku-3000 BC. Izincazelo zezinhlekelele ezidalwa yisikhonyane, ezabulawa ngo-1490-904 BC, nazo ziyagcinwa.

Ngo-1928, kwasungulwa i-Locust Control Center eLondon, inhloko yayo okwesikhathi eside kwakunguBoris Uvarov.

Abantu abaningi base-Afrika nabase-Asia badla isikhonyane njengokudla kwabo.

Incazelo Nezici

Imvelo inikeze isikhonyane ngomzimba ophakeme kanye nemilenze eyisithupha, lapho ngababili - elifushane nelibuthakathaka, linye (emuva) - elinamandla futhi lide kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, kunezinhlobo zokuthi "ukukhula" kwazo kusondela ku-15 cm.

Lokhu okubhaliwe kunekhanda elikhulu elinamehlo abonakalayo. Umbhangqwana owodwa wama-elite oqinile uhlanganisa izimpiko ezi-2 ezisobala ezingabonakali lapho zigoqwa. Isikhonyane siyasho ekuhlelweni okungapheli kwe-Orthoptera, okukhona kuyo ukuthi kunezinhlobo zezinkulungwane ezingaphezulu kwamashumi amabili.

Umbala uvame ukungahambisani nefa, kuphela izimo lapho umuntu ehlala khona kanye nesigaba sokwakheka kwalo kuthinta umbala. Izikhungo ezivela kudoti ofanayo zizofakwa imibala ehlukile uma zikhula ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile.

Isigaba sokukhiqizwa sinomthelela oqondile ekutheni isinambuzane sibukeka kanjani - amakhethini apendwe ngemithunzi engabonakali (green-yellow or hazel), ethonywe yisifunda lapho uhlala khona. Lapho kwakhiwa iphakethe, wonke umuntu uthola umbala, ofana nawo wonke umuntu. Ukwahluka kobulili sekuvele kunyamalale ngalesi sikhathi.

Ijubane umhlambi ohamba ngalo lifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-120 ngosuku. Isikhonyane esithombeni ibukeka njengehlanga lwendlu ejwayelekile kuyo yonke ingane. Ukuze ungenzi iphutha futhi ungaphuthelwa ukuvela kwe-trickster enkulu engcolile, kufanele unake lezi zici ezilandelayo:

• izintethe notshani eqashelwa ngokuyinhloko ngosayizi wezimpondo. Izimpethu zotshani azikho ezinkulu kunobukhulu bakhe, isikhonyane sinamadevu amafushane, awekho ngaphezu kwekhanda lakhe,
• izinkumbi zabantu zithuthukise ukwandulelwa kwesiphambanzana kunezintethe,
• izintethe ziyakuthanda ukuphola kobusuku futhi ziqala ukusebenza ebusuku, izinkumbi ziyasebenza emini,
• izintethe ziyizindlala, azikabuthani ngamaqembu amakhulu ukuzilonda,
• intethe ejwayelekile iyisidlakudla esidla kuphela izinambuzane ezincane, kanti isikhonyane singumuntu odla izitshalo (ingxenye enkulu, izodla noma yini ewela ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa).

Izinhlobo zezinkumbi ezilandelayo zidume kakhulu:

1. Ukufuduka noma kwe-Asiya.

Itholakala ngamanani amakhulu emazweni ase-Europe nasemazweni akhiwe entshonalanga ye-Asia, ezindaweni eziseMedithera ezwekazini lase-Afrika, emazweni ase-East Asia. Ubukhulu bomzimba womuntu omdala buvame ukuba ngama-40-60 mm.

Izimpiko zinombala ongabonakali onsundu kanye nemithambo emnyama. Umbala uphinda amathunzi endawo ezungezile - i-emerald greenish, grey brown or sand. Izingalo ezisemuva zalezi zinambuzane zinombala omnyama ngaphezu komzimba.

Lolu hlobo luvame esifundeni sezulu saseMedithera enyakatho ye-Afrika. Ungabona izinambuzane ezingxenyeni eseningizimu yamazwe aseYurophu, kanye nasemazweni akwiNhlonhlo yeBalkan naseningizimu yeRussia.

Abantu abadala abancane, ezimeni eziningi, abekho ngaphezu kwe-20 mm, umbala uvame ukungalingani, ngwevu mpunga. Isici esingahlukile abangabonakala ngaso siyisendlalelo esifana nesithunzi sokukhanya emhlane namabala amnyama akhiwe ngasese emzimbeni.

Indawo eyindawo yokuhlala yindawo yamazwe ase-Iberian and Apennine peninsulas. Ungahlangana nezinambuzane ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga ye-Urals nasemazweni ase-Asia, e-Altai Territory kanye nasemazweni ase-Arab East.

Ubukhulu obukhulu ukukhula kwesinambuzane esikhulile ngu-40 mm. Abantu be-prus yase-Italy banombala wesitini noma onsundu, emuva babonakala ngokusobala imibala ebonakalayo ye-hue noma imivimbo.

4. Isihlanya saseSiberia.

Ungahlangana cishe kuzo zonke izindawo ezingxenyeni ye-Asia ye-Russian Federation (ngaphandle kwezindawo ze-permafrost) naseKazakhstan. Inani elikhulu lezinto ezingcolile zaseSiberia zingatholakala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho neMongolia naseChina, izindawo eziphakemeyo zeCaucasus. Abantu abavuthiwe osayizi abathobekile, ubude babo abuvame ukuba ngaphezu kwama-25 mm. Umbala wezinambuzane umdaka nge-brownish tint noma i-khaki.

5. Ukungcola kwaseGibhithe.

Ungahlangana nalolu hlobo emazweni aseYurophu, izifunda ezisenyakatho nezwekazi lase-Afrika, kanye namazwe ase-Middle East. Lesi ngesinye sezinambuzane ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu. Izinsikazi zingakhula zibe ngu-60-70 mm. Amadoda amancane, ubukhulu bawo bomzimba abudluli kuma-40-45 mm.

Isikhonyane esinjalo sivame ukupendwa ngombala wegundane noma umbala wesihlabathi esimanzi. Imilenze yangemuva yesinambuzane ine-tint eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwesinye isikhathi ngokufakwa kombala obomvu. Isici esibonakalayo siyimibala ebonakalayo ebonakalayo - emnyama nomhlophe, ingabonakala ngamehlo e-convex.

6. I-Blue-winged filly.

Ihlala esifundeni sase-Asia naseYurophu, emaCaucasus, izindawo ezisentshonalanga yeSiberia neKazakhstan. Akusebenzi ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu. I-20 mm iyikho konke inkathazo enamaphiko amahle engakhula kuyo. Umbala wesinambuzane uyamangaza.

Izimpiko zinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma onsomi, lapho iphethini emfushane yemivimbo emincane yombala omnyama ibonakala kahle khona. Imilenze yangemuva inezikhala ezincanyana zomthunzi okhanyayo futhi ifende ngombala oblue.

7. Isikhonyane soMvula.

Ukuphila esiqhingini saseMadagascar. Lona umuntu obukeka kakhulu futhi obamba iso, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, unobuthi obukhulu. Zonke izitho zakhe zazigcwele ngokoqobo ngezinto ezinobuthi nezinoshevu, ngoba udla kuphela izitshalo ezikhiqiza ujusi onoshevu.

Ukudla okuthandayo - amaqabunga nezithelo ze-milkweed. Ukubukeka kuyathandeka - lonke uhla lwemibala luqoqiwe emaphikweni alo, futhi kuyaqondakala lokhu, ngoba uhlala etshalweni olukhanyayo. Ubukhulu bobuhle buhlaba umxhwele - kufika ku-70 mm.

Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat

Isici esiyingqayizivele sesikhonyane yikhono laso lokuhlala wedwa futhi uhlangane emiphakathini emikhulu. Uma loyo muntu enesizungu, uziphatha ngokuzolile, ohlala phansi hhayi odla imbuya ngothi. Imiphumela elimazayo yokuhlala kwakhe imvamisa ayibonwa.

Lapho ukudla kunyamalala, izinambuzane zizama ukubeka amaqanda amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, lapho umhlambi uthontelana khona, ulungele ukuzungeza izikhala ezinkulu. Le nzalo inkulu, futhi amaphiko ayo avumelana kangcono nezindiza ezinde. Cishe ingxenye yabantu abayizigidi eziyinkulungwane kwesinye isikhathi ibuthana ngamaqembu amakhulu wesikhonyane. Leyo mhlambi inokushukuma okumangazayo futhi iyaxhumana njengesitho esisodwa.

Kukholelwa ukuthi ukushoda kwezinto ezi-organic kanye nama-amino acid emzimbeni wabantu kungasebenza njengesibonakaliso sokubekwa kweqanda ngenxa yenani elanele lokudla eminyakeni eyomile.

Isikhonyane sahlasela izwe lonke laseGibhithe ...

Ukuthuthuka kwezolimo kule minyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi edlule kuhlobene ngokungenasisekelo ekuhlaselweni njalo kwesikhonyane emasimini atshaliwe. Izithombe zenye yezinhlobo zezinambuzane ezidumile - izinkumbi zasogwadule - zitholakala emathuneni oPharao bokuqala baseGibhithe. Izibhebhe ze-cuneiform zase-Asiriya neBabiloni zibonisa umonakalo odalwe yisikhonyane sogwadule.

Isikhonyane kukhulunywa ngaso amahlandla ambalwa eBhayibhelini, futhi ikakhulukazi njengesidalwa esinobutha kumuntu. Akumangalisi ukuthi athole inkazimulo yesinye sezipho “zaseGibhithe” ezingabalulekanga: “Isikhonyane sahlasela izwe lonke laseGibithe, silala kulo lonke izwe laseGibhithe ngobuningi, kungakabikho sikhonyane esinjalo, nasemva kwalokho ngeke kube khona okunjalo.” (Eksodusi 10, 14) )

Ukuqalwa kabusha kwalesi sinambuzane kwahlangatshezwa futhi izakhamizi zaseRussia Yasendulo. Ngakho-ke, ku- "Tale of Bygone Year" isithombe esibi sabonwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-11: "Isikhonyane safika ngo-Agasti 28 samboza umhlabathi, futhi kwakwethusa ukubheka, kuyiwa emazweni asenyakatho, kudla utshani neminyela".

Kusukela lapho, kuncane okushintshile. Ngakho-ke, ngokuhlaselwa yisikhonyane ngo-1986-1989. ENyakatho Afrika nase-Middle East, amasimu aphathwa ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane endaweni eyihektha elinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-17, futhi izindleko zizonke zokuqeda lokhu kuqubuka futhi imiphumela yako yadlula izigidi ezingama- $ 270. Ngo-2000, amahektha angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10 atshalwa emazweni e-CIS (ikakhulukazi eKazakhstan naseningizimu yeRussia).

Ukuqubuka kokuzala kabusha okuyimpawu enkulu yalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi umhlambi wesikhonyane (empilweni yansuku zonke - isikhonyane nje). Akha ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle izinkemba - Ukuqongelela okukhulu kwamabhubesi, usayizi wawo ongadlula ku-1000 ind./m 2. Ama-coolies, bese kuba nezixuku zabantu abadala, angakwazi ukufuduka ngentshiseko, ngesinye isikhathi ebangeni elide kakhulu (kunezimo ezaziwayo zezinkumbi ezindizayo ziwela uLwandlekazi i-Atlantic).

Ngenhlanhla, izidalwa ezimbalwa kuphela ezikwazi ukuthola izinombolo zenhlekelele. Okokuqala, kuwugwadule nenkumbi yokufuduka. Abamele laba abadumile kakhulu nababazekayo bezikhonyane zezinkomo banenye into - ebizwayo ukwahluka kwesigaba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene zobuningi baphawuleka ngokuhlukile komunye komunye ngokubukeka. Abantu besigaba sezinkomo babonakala ngombala omnyama, amaphiko amade nokuthuthuka okungcono kwemisipha.

Izinguquko ekubukeni nase ngobuningi bezinye izinhlobo zezinkumbi zomhlambi (ngokwesibonelo, izinkumbi zase-Italy nezaseMorocco ezihlala kwi-CIS) azishayi mkhuba kakhulu, kepha, azivimbeli amaphakethe awo ezindizeni amabanga amade (amashumi noma amakhulu amakhilomitha) eyofuna ukudla.

Umsoco

Abantu abalimala enhlekeleleni ezikhaleni eziluhlaza abalethi. Ukudla kubantu ngabanye kusesilinganisweni kakhulu. Empilweni yabo yonke, abadli ongaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu amagremu wesisindo esiluhlaza. Inkinga enkulu yisikhonyane, esihlangene emhlambini.

Ukubuyisa isilinganiso samandla nokuqina, abantu abaqoqwe emhlanjini bayaphoqelelwa ukuba badle ngaphandle kokuma, kungenjalo bazofa ukoma nokuntuleka kwamaprotheni. Isikhonyane, njengoba sekuvele iqembu lezihlobo eziningi, ziqala ukubonisa ubudlova obumangalisayo. Umuntu oyedwa uyakwazi ukudonsa cishe amagremu angamakhulu amane wesisindo esiluhlaza ngosuku, kepha kunezigidi zawo emhlambini.

Ngokuntuleka kwamaprotheni emzimbeni, izinambuzane ziqala ukuwohloka zibe izilwane ezidla ezinye, bese inqubo yokudla yohlobo lwazo iqala. Kulokhu, umhlambi uhlukaniswe ngamaqoqo amancane amabili angokomfanekiso, elinye lawo ligijimela ngaphambili, bese elesibili - lizama ukubamba lidle. Futhi abalekayo, futhi abamba, adla konke okusendleleni yawo, aqothula izitshalo nezingadi ngokuphelele.

Isikhonyane – inkathazo -zithobayo. Umphakathi wamadola wezigidi eziningi uzoshiya umhlaba ungenalutho unezinsalela ezingatheni zokuvela ngemuva kokuhlala kwawo. Abantu bahlukahluka esithandweni sabo esihle ngokungabikho kokushisa (ekuseni nakusihlwa).

Abadali bezala

Yizinhlobo zemihlambi yesikhonyane ebangela ukulimala okuyinhloko phakathi nesikhathi sokuqubuka kwamanani abo, ichitha cishe zonke izingxenye eziluhlaza zezitshalo zisendleleni. Kepha izihlobo zabo ezingaphendukiyo (ezivame ukubizwa ezingcolile futhi iziketi), kanye nezihlobo zabo ezikude ze-orthoptera oda, nazo zingaphindaphindeka ngamanani amakhulu futhi zichithe isembozo sezimila zombili esimweni semvelo nasemasimini.

Kodwa ingabe lezi zinambuzane kufanele zibhekwe njengesijeziso sobuntu kuphela? Eqinisweni, njengezilwane ezi-herbivorous, ziyinto ebalulekile yokudla kwama-webs ezindaweni ezinotshani zemvelo, ngokuyinhloko ezindaweni ezinama-steppes, prairies, desert-semi-desara kanye nama-savannahs.Le ndima, ebingabonakali kangako, yaphawulwa emibhalweni yebhayibheli: “Isikhonyane esasisele simbethe sidla izibungu, izibungu ezazisele zesikhonyane, namabhungane asala izibungu” (Book of the Prophet Joel, 1, 4).

Isazi se-entomologist esaziwa kakhulu saseSiberia I.V. Stebaev emuva ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960. kukhombisile ukuthi ezindaweni ezibandayo zase-Eurasia, izinkumbi ngesikhathi efudumele zingadla ngaphezulu kwe-10% yotshani obuluhlaza obuluhlaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho basebenzise udoti ngokudla, futhi ngokuntuleka kokudla kwezitshalo bayakwazi ukushintshela izidumbu zabafowabo, izidumbu zezinye izilwane, njll. (Isikhonyane singadla nezindwangu nemikhiqizo yesikhumba!). Umuntu oyedwa ojwayelekile wesikhonyane saseSiberia sidla cishe izingxenye ezintathu kuya kwezi-3,5 zezitshalo eziluhlaza kukho konke impilo yaso - lokhu kuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-20 isisindo saso esidala (iRubtsov, 1932). Inani elithile elikhulu kakhulu latholwa isikhonyane saseNyakatho Melika kanye naseNingizimu Afrika.

Ukudonswa okunjalo kwalezi zinambuzane ngokuyisisekelo kuphenduka isibusiso emiphakathini yemvelo. Ngakho-ke, uStebaev nozakwabo bathola ukuthi isikhonyane sifaka isandla ekubhujisweni nasekubuyeni okusheshayo kwesisindo sezitshalo kumjikelezo wezinto namandla: emathunjini ezinhlobo eziningi ze-steppe zesikhonyane, amaqabunga neziqu zezinhlamvu zokudla azigaywa kangako njengoba kugawulwe futhi kuhlukanisiwe, futhi ama-microorganisms wamathumbu angama-typiotic athulisa lezi zingcezu amavithamini eqembu B. Njengomphumela, ukucwaswa kwesikhonyane kuphenduka umanyolo omuhle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi baseCanada bakhombisile ukuthi isikhonyane, ngokudla amaqabunga, kusebenze ukukhula kwezitshalo futhi kwandise umkhiqizo wazo.

Ngakho-ke, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umonakalo odalwe yisikhonyane namanye ama-orthopteran ungaba mkhulu, iqhaza labo ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza nokuqina kwezindawo zemvelo ikakhulukazi ezinotshani.

Ingabe indoda iyisitha noma umngani?

Abantu sekungamakhulu eminyaka bezama ukulawula isikhonyane. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. kwakusetshenziswa izindlela ezilula: ukubhujiswa ngomshini, ukushisa nokulima ama-deposithi ebeka amaqanda.

Kamuva, amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene aqala ukusetshenziswa kabanzi, futhi emashumini eminyaka adlule, ukubonwa kwama-insecticides kushintshe kakhulu: i-DDT ne-HCH engaziwa ukuthi ithathelwe indawo yenziwa ngamakhompiyutha e-organophosphorus, kwaphinde kwavela ama-pyrethroids athile akhethekile, ama-inhibitors of synthesis of chitin (isakhi esiyinhloko sesithambo sangaphandle sezinambuzane), njll. .

Kodwa-ke, yize kunciphile ubuthi obujwayelekile kanye nemithamo esebenza kahle yezinambuzane ezintsha, izinkinga zemvelo zokusebenzisa kwazo azikashabalali (lokhu ngokuyinhloko kuhlobene nokufa kwamanye ama-invertebrates). Imikhiqizo ye-biological, izinto ezisebenza ngokusebenza kanye nezinye izindlela ezifanayo ziyanqunyelwa kulokhu kushiyeka, ezimeni eziningi kunikeza umphumela omuhle. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yezidakamizwa ezinjengalezi ivele ngokushesha, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi sikucindezele ngokushesha ukuqubuka kwezinambuzane zabantu ngosizo lwabo.

Ngenxa yalokhu, ngaphandle kwayo yonke imizamo ende ne-titanic, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-DDT nokulima okukhulu kwezindawo zezintombi, akukakabi bikho ukuxazulula inkinga “yesikhonyane”. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izikhathi, ukuvezwa komuntu isikhonyane namanye ama-orthopteran kungaba nemiphumela emibi, futhi lokhu akusebenzi ezinhlotsheni ezingandile ezinamabala amancane. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho komcwaningi waseMelika uD. Lockwood, isisulu soshintsho emikhubeni yokusebenzisa umhlaba ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. yaba yisikhonyane esidumile esishiwo ngaphambili seZintaba zeRocky. Ngemuva kokunye kokuqubuka kokuzala kabusha kwabantu abaningi, abantu bakhona baphikelele ezigodini zemifula, ezaqala ukulinywa ngentshiseko. Ngenxa yalokhu, namuhla le nhlobo yezilwane ibhekwa njengonqamle ngokuphelele: omele kuyo yokugcina yabanjwa ngo-1903.

Kepha kunezibonelo eziphikisanayo: kwezinye izimo, imisebenzi yabantu ayifakeli ekunciphiseni, kepha ekwandeni kwenombolo ye-orthoptera. Umphumela onjalo ubangelwa, ngokwesibonelo, ngokweqile, ukwethulwa kwezinqubo zokulima ukuguguleka komhlaba kanye nokwanda endaweni yama-deposits. Ngakho-ke, emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, eningizimu-mpumalanga yeSiberia yaseNtshonalanga, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezinesimo sezulu se-anthropogenic, izindawo ze-Miner Krestovichka, i-brown-winged filly, iphiko leplanethi elivamile, nabanye bayanda.

Amacala wokuhlakazeka kwama-anthropogenic ama-orthopterans, ebangeni elide, ayaziwa. Ngale ndlela, izinhlobo eziningana zaseYurophu, ngokwesibonelo, inyamazane enkulu eyizingelaphi, yathola izifunda ezishisayo zaseMpumalanga Melika.

Amaqiniso Ahehayo

Phakathi kwezici zesakhiwo nempilo yesikhonyane, umuntu angahlukanisa imininingwane eminingi ethokozisayo:

1. Ngenxa yokuthi lesi sinambuzane sinemilenze yasemuva ekhuliswe kahle, singahamba ngokugxuma okukodwa ebangeni eleqa usayizi womzimba amahlandla angamashumi amabili.
2. Lapho bedla isikhonyane, badla konke okupeyintiwe kuluhlaza. Lapho nje ukudla, okunemibala eluhlaza okotshani, kuphela egumbini elivalekile, isikhonyane siqala ukudla izihlobo zaso, uma zinombala oluhlaza.
3. Izinambuzane zingandiza izikhala ezinkulu ngaphandle kokufika - zifinyelela kumakhilomitha angamakhulu amane. Ukundiza okude kakhulu kwemihlambi yesikhonyane kusuka ezwenikazi lase-Afrika kuya eziqhingini zaseCaribbean. Umhlambi wesikhonyane ohamba ngezinyawo unqoba indawo engamakhilomitha angamashumi amabili ngezikhathi zemini.
4. Ezinsukwini ezi-5, amathani ayi-7,000 wamawolintshi aginywe ngumphakathi wesikhonyane owahlasela ukuhlaselwa kwesihlahla samawolintshi eMorocco. Ubudlova obumangalisayo - ithoni eyodwa ngomzuzu.
5. Isikhonyane – izinambuzane, okuhlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi omhlaba, okuhlukile kune-Antarctica kuphela. Lokhu kungenxa yezimo zezulu ezinzima nokuntuleka kokudla okuphelele. Kepha iqiniso elithandekayo, abekho eNyakatho Melika. Kugcina ukwaziwe ukuhlasela kwesikhonyane ezwekazini libuyele ku-1875.
6. Indlela engavamile kakhulu yokulawula isikhonyane yabhalwa ngekhulu le-15 eFrance. Ijaji, ebelicabanga icala lokuphangwa kwezivini izinambuzane, likhiphe isinqumo ngokwabiwa kwesakhiwo sendawo esenqatshelwe ngokuqinile ukushiya izinambuzane.
7. Isikhonyane sikumenyu yezizwe eziningi zomhlaba. Yidla lezi zinambuzane ezifundeni ezingamashumi amathathu nesithupha ezisezwekazini zase-Afrika, amazwe angamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye emazweni ase-Asia kanye nasezifundeni ezingamashumi amabili nantathu ezwekazini laseNingizimu Melika. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi isikhonyane singumkhiqizo onempilo ongena esikhundleni senyama, awunamafutha amaningi namavithamini amaningi.

Ukucula otshanini

Isikhonyane nezihlobo zazo ezivela emndenini wama-orthoptera ngokwazo kumelela into ethokozisayo yocwaningo. Ngakho-ke, bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi phakathi kwabo kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezisebenzisa konke noma cishe impilo yazo yonke ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni zasendle (ikakhulukazi izinhlobo eziningi ezinjalo emahlathini ashisayo). Ezinye izakhamizi zezindawo ezifudumele ziyakwazi ukuhamba ebusweni bamanzi njengamamitha wamanzi, ezinye ziyakwazi ukubhukuda kahle, ngisho nangaphansi kwamanzi. I-orthoptera eminingana (ngokwesibonelo, amabhere) ibhula imisele, futhi izintethe zamanga zihlala emihumeni.

Kukholelwa ukuthi isikhonyane siningi kakhulu, kepha empeleni cishe sonke sithanda ukudla amaqembu athile ezitshalo, kanti kwabanye, ukubiza ngeziqu okuyisimo esibonakalayo kuyinto ebonakalisayo. Ama-gourmet anjalo angadla, ngokwesibonelo, izitshalo ezinobuthi (ama-wrestlers, ama-hellebores, njll) ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo yawo. Phakathi kwezintethe, ikakhulukazi ezinkulu, izinyamazane noma izinhlobo zezinja ezixubile zokudla okunempilo, kanti ingxenye ebalulekile ye-orthoptera esele iyakwazi ukucubungula imfucuza yesitshalo efile.

Ukuguqulwa kwezilokazana ezihambisana nokukhiqiza kuyathakazelisa kakhulu futhi kuyahlukahluka. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngezindlela zokuxhumana, lapho ukwazi ukubona ubulili bomuntu. Amadoda e-Orthoptera abesilisa ahlukile ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene abazenza ngayo umsindo: lapha, kukhona ukuxhumana kwe-elytra kwesokudla nesobunxele, izinyawo ezingemuva nangemuva elingaphezulu le-elytra, insikazi yesibeletho, kanye nesitho esikhethekile se-elytra, insikazi yangemuva, nesitho esikhethekile sikaKrauss ekugcineni simane “siphume” imihlathi yaso. Kwesinye isikhathi izintokazi ziyakwazi ukucula.

Izinhlobo ezingakwazi ukwenza imisindo zivame ukusebenzisa imibala yokwenza izibonakaliso: abesilisa banamaphiko wesibhakabhaka anemibala ekhanyayo, i-hibia tibia, kanye nohlangothi lwangaphakathi lwe-femur lwasemuva, olukhonjiswa yizinambuzane ngesikhathi sokuqomisana.

Esikhungweni esiningi, ngemuva kokukhulelwa, izinsikazi zibeka iqembu lamaqanda enhlabathini elizungezwe yigobolondo eliqinile noma elingaphansi. Ukwenza komzimba okunjalo, kuhlangene nesitsha sobumba sendabuko, kubizwa ngokuthi iqanda elincane. Amanye ama-orthopteran nawo abeka amaqanda ngqo enhlabathini, kepha kukhona izintethe ezisebenzisa izitshalo eziluhlaza kulokhu. Basika amaqabunga noma amahlumela ngosiko lwe-ovipositor yabo bese bebeka amaqanda kugebe eliphumela.

Amandla okuhamba kahle phakathi kwesikhonyane nezihlobo zawo kufanelekela ukushiwo okuhlukile. Abaningi babo bayakwazi ukuhamba ngenkuthalo, bagxume futhi bandize, noma kunjalo, njengomthetho, ukunyakaza kwabo akudluli amashumi ngamamitha. Izimpi ezijwayelekile eningizimu yeSiberia zingahlala emoyeni imizuzu eminingi: zisebenzisa imifudlana yomoya ofudumele, zikhuphuka ziphakeme ngamamitha ayi-10. Kodwa ngisho nalaba abaphethe amarekhodi bavame ukubuyela endaweni abasuka kuyo (Kazakova, Sergeev, 1987). Okuhlukile kukhona isikhonyane somhlambi. Njengoba sekushiwo, bangahamba amabanga amade kakhulu: izibungu ziye emashumini namakhulu amamitha, futhi abantu abadala bandiza amashumi namakhulu amakhilomitha.

Ezinye izinhlobo zezindiza ezingezona ezindizayo zisebenzisa izindlela ezingezona ezokwehlisa isithunzi zokuhlala kabusha. Ngakho-ke, umcwaningi waseNgilandi uG. Hewitt nozakwabo (uHewitt et al., 1990) babheka kuma-Alps ukuthi abantu abangamaphiko bavele bagxumela kanjani ezimvini futhi bakhwela ngokoqobo.

Amakhulu amabili ngokuqhuma kwezibhamu

Isikhonyane nezihlobo zaso bekufundwe ngenkuthalo eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili eyedlule: ikhomba le-orthoptera lahlonzwa uP.A. Latrey ngo-1793. Abaphenyi bekhulu le-19 ikakhulukazi wabandakanyeka ekuchazeni izinhlobo ezintsha nokufundwa kokuthuthuka ngakunye kwalezi zinambuzane, kodwa noma kunjalo-ke ukubonwa kokuqala kwemvelo kwavela, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingaba yingozi.

Ngekhulu le-XX. le mikhombandlela yendabuko yathuthukiswa: kwavezwa i-taxa entsha eminingi, ikakhulukazi evela ezifundeni ezishisayo, kwasungulwa amaphethini ayisisekelo wokusatshalaliswa kwama-orthoptera. Kepha kwabhekelwa kakhulu emvelweni - ukuhlangana kokuhlangana, amandla abantu kanye nemiphakathi, kanye nendima ezindaweni zemvelo nezishubile.

Iqhaza elibalulekile ekutadisheni isikhonyane lidlalwa ngabantu esihlala nabo ababesebenza ku-USSR yangaphambili nakwamanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke, uB. P. Uvarov, ilungu le-English Royal Society futhi ongumqambi weSikhungo Sokulawulwa Kwendawo Esiyaziwayo eLondon, ngawo-1920s. yathuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yezigaba, eyaba yisisekelo sokuphilayo kwesimanje kwesikhonyane.

Vele, ngasekupheleni kweXX - ekuqaleni kwamakhulu we-XXI. Abaphenyi banethuba lokuthola idatha entsha eyisisekelo kulezi zinambuzane besebenzisa izindlela zofuzo, amakhemikhali kanye nezindlela zolwazi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngezinqubo zokushintshwa kusuka esigabeni esisodwa kuya esigabeni somhlambi nasemuva, ukufuduka kwezixhwanguxhwangu kanye nezinyoni, njll.

Kodwa-ke, la mathuba ngokuvamile awatholakali. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inzalo yalezi zinambuzane (kanye nemali yokucwaninga) yehla kakhulu ngemuva kokucindezelwa kokunye ukuqhuma, lapho ingozi yezolimo isidlulile.

Noma kunjalo, imininingwane eye yatholakala eminyakeni edlule isivumela ukuthi sibheke inkinga yesikhonyane ngombono ohlukile ngokuyisisekelo. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesiko kukholelwa ukuthi ngaphakathi kwesifunda esifanayo semvelo, amandla ezindawo zezindawo zezinhlobo ezifanayo acishe afane.

Kodwa-ke, izifundo zezinkumbi zabantu base-Italy endaweni yaseKalundinskaya ngo-1999-2009. kuveze isithombe esinjenge-"wave-like" sokusatshalaliswa kwesikhathi eside kwesikhala esikhulu futhi esincane sobunambuzane. Ngamanye amagama, ngisho namaqembu angomakhelwane eningi lalezi zinhlobo zesikhonyane ngezikhathi ezihlukile aqhamuka ekucindezelekeni okukhulu futhi afinyelela inani eliphakeme lokuzala.

Yini enquma umlingiswa ohlukile kangaka we-trajectories yabantu? Kwavela ukuthi enye yezinto ezibalulekile enquma ukuhlelwa kweningi labantu (futhi okuvame ukuba yingozi) isikhonyane yi-heterogeneity yemvelo. Impela, indawo ngayinye ayifani nenye, ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzo ngazinye izinkomba ezibaluleke kangaka zezinambuzane ezinjengomswakama, inhlabathi nezimpawu zezimila, kanye nezinga lomthelela we-anthropogenic lihlala liguquka.

Omunye umphumela ophazamisayo ukuhlangana kwezindawo eziningi zokuqubuka kokuqubuka kwezinkumbi zezinkumbi zezindawo ezinkulukazi nezinye izikhungo zokuhlukahluka kwezinye izinambuzane. Futhi ukulawula izinambuzane ekugcineni kungaholela ekufeni kwezinhlobo ezingandile.

Imininingwane ososayensi banayo namuhla ikhombisa ukuthi namuhla abantu bayayibukela phansi inkinga yesikhonyane nezihlobo zabo.

Kuyadingeka ukuqhubeka nezifundo zesikhathi eside zemvelo kanye ne-biiogeography yezakhamuzi zezinhlobo eziningi, kanye nemiphakathi yezinhlobo eziningi. Imininingwane enjalo ingasebenza njengesisekelo sokuqapha, kanye nentuthuko yezindlela zokulawulwa kwenani labantu okuhloswe ngazo ukunciphisa ukulimala kwemvelo nokugcina izinto eziphilayo. Uhlelo lokulawula ubuningi balezi zinambuzane akufanele luhlose ukucindezela ukuzalwa kabusha, kepha ukuvimbela lokho.

Kunesidingo sokuthuthukisa izinhlelo ezifanele zobuchwepheshe bolwazi, ngokuyinhloko amasistimu wolwazi ngokwendawo kanye nezinhlelo zokuzwa zomhlaba ezikude. Kungale ndlela lapho ukuvela kobuchwepheshe kungenzeka khona, okuzoqinisekisa ukuthi ukubikezela kufika ezingeni elihlukile ngokuyisisekelo. Futhi lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu manje, ngokwesimo sokukhuphuka kwesilinganiso sokuphazamiseka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuqina kokuguqula isimo somsebenzi womuntu.

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ISergeev M.G. Orthoptera izinambuzane (i-Orthoptera) yaseNyakatho ye-Asia: iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kamuva // I-Eurasian Entomological Journal. 2007.Vol. 6, No. 2. P. 129-141 + ithebhu II.

I-Lockwood J. A. Isikhonyane. ENew York: Izincwadi Eziyisisekelo, 2004.294 k.

I-Lockwood J. A., Latchininsky A. V., Sergeev M. G. (Eds.) Impilo yamagobongo nempilo yotshani: Ukulawula ukuqubuka kweziqubu ngaphandle kokufaka engcupheni yenhlekelele yemvelo. Abashicileli beKluwer Academic, 2000.221 k.

ISamways M. J., Sergeev M. G. Orthoptera nokushintshwa kwezimo zomhlaba // Ama-bionomics ezinhlanga, katydid nesihlobo sabo. I-CAB International, 1997. P. 147-162.

USergeev M. G. Ukulondolozwa kokuhlukahluka kwamakhemikhali wezinto eziphilayo okuhlobene nokushintshashintsha kwendawo kumhlaba wokushisa we-Eurasia // Journ. Ukulondolozwa Kwezinambuzane 1998. Umq. 2, N 3/4. P. 247–252.

Isithombe sombhali sisetshenziswe ekushicilelweni.

Isikhonyane

Isikhonyane kungenye yezinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu emnothweni wezwe. Izinambuzane zezolimo nezilimo zasendle zigcwele emhlabeni wonke. Kudala ezikhathini zasendulo, ukuhlaselwa yisikhonyane akugcinanga nje ngokubhubhisa isivuno, kepha kungaholela ekubulaweni kwesizwe sonke. Umuntu oyedwa akalimazi ngokuphelele, kepha uma ungena ezinhlwini zephakethe, ubhubhisa kalula zonke izitshalo ezisendleleni yazo.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Isikhonyane isinambuzane somhlambi womndeni wesikhonyane sangempela. Lesi sinambuzane esikhulu se-arthropod, esiyingxenye yesithonjana se-orthoptera esifishane, sikhula sikhulu ngosayizi sisuka ku-1 cm siye ku-6 cm. Abanye abantu ezimweni ezingavamile bafinyelela ku-14 cm ubude. Abesifazane bakhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa. Ngokubukeka, isikhonyane sifana kakhulu nentethe. Umbala wesikhonyane unomsebenzi wokumasanisa futhi ungahlukahluka ngokuya ngezici zemvelo.

Isikhonyane esifanayo

"Izinkumbi zindiza, zindiza. Uhlale, wadla konke futhi wandiza futhi" - lokhu amahlaya kwe-A.S. Pushkin kungabhekwa njengombiko omfushane kakhulu wesifo esikhulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwesikhonyane saseRussia - isikhonyane sase-Asia (I-locusta migratoria)Umqondo oyisisekelo wesikhonyane ngokubanzi uhlangene naso. Esikhathini esanda kwedlula (eminyakeni engama-50 eyedlule), izinkumbi zase-Asia bekungezona nje kuphela eziyingozi kakhulu, kepha futhi kwakuyizilokazane ezivame kakhulu. Ukusuka eDanube kuya eLake Zaysan, le nhlobo yayin "indawo yokuhlala" yaphakade. Futhi "ukubhaliswa kwakhe kwesikhashana" kumane kungenzeki ukuluhlu. Izinhlobo ezihlukanisayo zesikhonyane zase-Asia zaqoshwa esifundeni saseMoscow, ezifundeni zaseKirov naseTobolsk, ngisho naseFinland.

Izindawo zokuhlala unomphela zesikhonyane zase-Eshiya zihlobene kakhulu nemibhede yomhlanga esezikhukhuleni zemifula. Mhlawumbe uV.V. Nikolsky (inhloko yomnyango wokuqina we-Moscow Tropical Institute ngo-1925, umbhali wencwadi ethi “Asia Locust”) wayeqinisile, ophakamise ukuthi lesi sikhonyane sibizwe ngokuthi “umhlanga”. Ngo-1925, isiphakamiso sikaNikolsky sasingangabazeki: eSouthern Russia kwakungekho imifula enezikhukhula zomhlanga ezishisayo, nomaphi lapho zitholakala khona isikhonyane sase-Eshiya. Manje igama elithi "umhlanga" alinakunqamula noma iyiphi indlela igama lalo eliyinhloko "i-Asiatic", ngoba uhla lwesikhonyane sase-Asia sehlisiwe kakhulu futhi manje selilinganiselwe eCentral Asia. Iziza ezinkulu kakhulu zezidleke ezweni lethu zitholakala e-Amu Darya delta, ogwini lwamachibi eKazakhstan, kanye nendawo enkulu yokwakha izidleke yaseSyrdarya ebikhona kuze kube muva nje sekucishe kwaqedwa. Isizathu sokunciphiswa kwebanga lesikhonyane sase-Eshiya kanye nezidleke zalo ukushabalala kwezikhukhula ezindaweni ezihlala emfuleni ngenxa yokulawulwa okungafuneki kwemithombo yamanzi. Kungumbuso wamanzi nezimpawu zenhlabathi okuyizimfanelo eziphambili zokuphila kwesikhonyane sase-Asia.

Isikhonyane sase-Asia yisinambuzane esikhulu esingamamilimitha angama-65-75 ubude. Abesifazane bangamamilimitha angama-5- 10 amakhulu kunabesilisa. Umbala uluhlaza kakhulu, yize kungaba nezinketho ezihlukile ngokuya ngezimo zokuphila kanye "nokuqina kwenkampani", kepha imihlathi yalolu hlobo ihlala iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. I-parietal fossa ayikhuliswanga kahle. I-pronotum iphakanyisiwe futhi ine-keel ebukhali ebukhali, engahle ihlelwe nge-convex (uma isikhonyane sitholakala sodwa) futhi siqonde noma ngisho nomugqa omncane (uma isikhonyane sitholakala emhlambini). Isifuba sesikhonyane sase-Asiya "sinwele" - embozwe umuzwa obucayi wesikali - lokhu kungenye into ehlukanisayo yase-Eshiya. I-ovipositor yowesifazane idalwe ngokugqamile; izishayo zayo zibunjiwe. Lokhu kumvumela ukuba abeke isembozo seqanda endaweni enamadwala noma enobumba olunzima.

Sichaze umthelela ekufakweni kombala kwesikhonyane 'senkampani enkulu yabantu'. Lokhu yinto ethakazelisa kakhulu. Umuntu akakwazi ukuqamba noma yisiphi esinye isilwane ngokuthi sithinteke ekushintsheni kusuka ekugwabeni njengesikhonyane. Kuliqiniso, izidalwa eziningi eziphilayo, kufaka phakathi izitshalo nezilwane eziphakeme, ziyakwazi ukushintsha lapho zihlala ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, uma kungenjalo ngezibonakaliso zangaphandle, bese zisabela ngokuziphatha. Amandla okugcotshwa (ukuqoqwa kwabantu, ukujikijelana, ukuhanjiswa kwezitho zobudoda) kwasebenza njengesisekelo segama lohlobo oluthile lwesikhonyane - isikhonyane somhlambi noma isikhonyane nje. Isikhonyane somhlambi sifaka izinhlobo zezidalwa ezikwazi ukwakha ama-sw swiding futhi zihambe ngoxhaxha ngesimo sesikhonyane sonyawo (izibungu ezingafakwanga) noma izikole ezindizayo (isikhonyane esidala esinamaphiko). Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-Asia, Moroccan, i-Italy, izinkumbi zasogwadule, nezinye. Ngokungafani nomhlambi wesikhonyane, ezinye izinhlobo zazo zibizwa ngokuthi ezingezona ezomhlambi noma ezingcolile.

Lapho isibalo sezikhonyane zase-Asia singumuntu oyedwa kumahektare angama-2 (cishe angenabungozi kwezolimo), ukubukeka kwezinambuzane kuyinto ebonakala kakhulu: umbala uluhlaza okotshani noma ophuzi, i-expressionotum (uma ibukwa kusukela eceleni) iyi-humpback noma i-arcuate-convex. Ngokushintshwa kombuso womswakama wezindawo zokuhlala, ukomiswa okungalingani kwezitshalo, abantu abangashadile baqongelela ezindaweni ezinomswakama, bajwayele ukugwaza (umhlambi wezinkomo ubonakalisiwe) bese uqala ukuhambahamba ngokushibilika. Ukuvela kwezinambuzane kushintsha kakhulu: kuvela amabala amnyama noma abomvu emzimbeni, emuva kuqonde. Phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili - okukodwa (phasis soliiaria) nezinkomo (phasis gregaria) - kukhona izinguquko u-B.P. Uvarov azibize ngokuthi isigaba esigwegwayo (ama-phasis basebandla), uma kunokwanda kancane kancane kwenani labantu, ukugxilisa kwabo, kanye nesigaba sokuhlakazeka (phasis dissocians), uma kuqhuma ingulule futhi isikhonyane somhlambi siphenduka sibe yinye.

Eminyakeni yeminyaka yokuzalanisa okuningi, indawo ethathwa yisikhonyane sase-Asia endaweni ngayinye yezidleke ingafinyelela izinkulungwane eziningi zamahektha. Umshikashika wesikhonyane sase-Eshiya ezidlekeni zawo akuwona neze umsebenzi olula: umuntu kufanele azi kahle ubuciko obuyinkimbinkimbi nobunzima bamachibi nezitshalo emifuleni yezikhukhula, akwazi ukuthola izinkumbi zezixuku emibhedeni yomhlanga oshubile ongafinyeleleki futhi uzivimbele ekundizeni ezitshalweni. Ngakho-ke, uhambo olukhethekile lwesikhonyane lusebenza ezikhungweni zezidleke, oluhlala lubheka ukuguquguquka kwenani lesikhonyane sase-Eshiya, futhi ezimweni zokwanda kwalo, lubhubhisa ukuqubuka kwamalungiselelo wamakhemikhali kusetshenziswa izindiza zezindiza noma okokusebenza komhlaba.

Ngobukhulu (ubude bezinambuzane ezisukela kumamilimitha angama-45 kuye kwangama-60) kanye nekhono lokwakha imihlambi enamandla enqoba izikhala ezinkulu, i-shistotserka efudukayo iyafana nesikhonyane sase-Asia (Schistocerca gregaria), kepha lokhu kufana kungokwangaphandle kuphela (ngokubheka kokuqala), kepha empeleni lezi zinhlobo zingabamele imindeni engezansi. Okunye ukwahluka kwesimo seShistotserk kungukuphuma okuqinile okuhlanganayo okukhona phakathi kwezisekelo zemilenze yangaphambili (lapho kubukwa kusukela ohlangothini lwe-ventral), kanye nombala ohlanganisiwe onendawo enamabala amaningi amnyama njengama-freckles emzimbeni. IShotsotserka ayihlali endaweni ye-USSR, kepha kunezimo lapho imihlambi yayo indiza kithi isuka emazweni angomakhelwane - i-Iran ne-Afghanistan, lapho yona, cishe unyaka nonyaka ingena ivela e-Afrika, Arabia noma eNdiya.

Ngesikhathi sekhulu le-19, ukugqashuka kwenqwaba yokuqanjwa kabusha kwe-Shistotserk kwaqoshwa e-Iran nase-Afghanistan, futhi ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-60 yekhulu lamanje, iShistotserk yafika emingceleni yeTurkmenistan amahlandla ayisithupha. Ukundiza okuqine kakhulu kwemihlambi emikhulu yama-shistotserki eya esifundeni sezwekazi lase-Asia Ephakathi kwaphawuleka ngo-1929, igagasi elinamandla kangako lashayisa iTranscaucasus ngo-1930. Le nhlekelele yemvelo ibonakaliswa eqanjiwe (indaba kaLeonid Leonov "Isikhonyane").

Kusukela ngonyaka we-1910 kuze kube namuhla, kube nokuqubuka okukhulu kwezinhlanu zokuqothulwa kwenqwaba ye-schistocerca, okuhlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu ngaphandle kwezwe lethu. Ukuvimbela ukuhlukunyezwa kwezinambuzane e-USSR, izazi zezomnotho zaseSoviet zigcina ukuxhumana nabantu ochwepheshe abavela emazweni angomakhelwane, zishintshana ngolwazi ngesimo sezidleke zesikhonyane, nezindlela ezintsha zokulwa nalo. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, ochwepheshe bethu, kufaka phakathi umcwaningi owaziwayo wesikhonyane u-Shistotserki N. S. Shcherbinovsky, baye esifundazweni sase-Iran, lapho beqaphe khona umsebenzi wokucindezela ukuqubuka kokuzala kwezinambuzane eziningi.

Ngo-1928 kuya ku-1941 imihlambi yesikhonyane efudukayo yahlasela kaninginingi e-Afrika (eningizimu yeSahara) (I-locusta migratoria migratorioides), ukusakazeka kusuka ezidlekeni ezindaweni ezingezansi zeNiger. Ama-Flocks amboze indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi eziyi-17. Ukuhlasela kwesikhonyane esibomvu kwehlela lapha futhi (Nomadacris septemfacciata) waseTanzania. (Le ncwadi iqala ngencazelo yemiphumela yokuhlaselwa okunjalo kwalolu hlobo.) Ukuqubuka kokuzala okuningi nokufuduka kweziqubu zesikhonyane kwenzeka eMelika (I-Melanoplus spretus), Australia (I-Chortoicetes terminifera futhi I-Austroicetes cruciata).

Ngokusho kukaP. Chauvin, "akekho noyedwa owakwazi ukucacisa ukuthi kungani isikhonyane sikhetha indlela eyodwa noma enye, kungani indiza, kungani indiza. Umqondo wokuqala ohlongozwayo wawungukuthi, elula kunazo zonke: isikhonyane (futhi ngokuvamile zonke izilwane ezifudukayo) zisuswa zishiywe ezindaweni zishiya funa ukudla. Lokhu akulungile neze ngokuphathelene nesikhonyane, kanye nazo zonke izilwane ezifudukayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, isikhonyane singasusa edlelweni elingasetshenziswanga futhi ifele enkangala noma life amakhulu ezigidigidi zolwandle. "

Usosayensi waseSoviet uN. S. Shcherbinovsky wanikeza incazelo yemvelo yokuqhuma kokuqalwa kwezinkumbi eziningi. Uxhumanise ukuzalaniswa kwesikhonyane okuningi nezikhathi zomsebenzi welanga. Umsebenzi wemisebe yelanga ukhuphuka kakhulu ngokwesilinganiso ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-11, ngakho-ke u-N. S. Shcherbinovsky uhlongoza ukwakha isibikezelo sabantu baseSchistocerca abathatha lesi sibalo. Umbono awuyinto entsha, wavezwa yisazi semibhalo saseRussia, uF. P. Keppen (1833-1908), isicaphuna semisebenzi esasithatha njengesiqephu sale ncwadi, kodwa uN. S. Shcherbinovsky wasungula futhi wagcizelela umbono kaF. P. Keppen ezintweni ezibonakalayo eziyiqiniso nezingokomlando . Ngaphezu kwalokho, wafunda izindlela ezingaba khona zendiza yamaShistotserk nokuphila kwakhe ezweni lakubo: eNyakatho-East Africa naseNingizimu-Ntshonalanga Asia. Eminyakeni engu-150 eyedlule, uN. S. Shcherbinovsky wabala ukugqashuka okuyisilinganiso esingu-13 ngesilinganiso sokuphumula okuyisilinganiso seminyaka engu-11,5.

Ukuzalelwa okuningi kwesikhonyane sase-Asia nakho kunesigqi esithile esihambisana nomsebenzi welanga. Lokhu kusivumela ukubikezela kabusha inkathazo: ukuqala kokuzala kabusha kwesikhonyane sase-Asia kufanele kulindeleke kusukela mzuzu lapho umsebenzi omkhulu welanga usenzeka. Ngesikhathi sokuncipha komsebenzi welanga, ukuqubuka kukhula futhi kufinyelele izinga eliphakeme ngesikhathi somsebenzi omncane welanga. Ngemuva kwalokho, inani lesikhonyane lawa kakhulu futhi lazinza.

Umuntu ulawula inani lesikhonyane esebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yokubulala izinambuzane, kepha izici zemvelo ziyamsiza, phakathi kwazo okuyizidalwa eziyizitha nezinambuzane eziyizinambuzane. Zonke izitha zesikhonyane uB.P. Uvarov no G. Ya. Bey-Bienko zahlukaniswa zaba ngamaqembu amabili: izimuncagazi nezilwane ezidla amaqanda, izimuncagazi nezinyamazane ezidla izibungu nezinambuzane ezindala.

Amaqanda enkungu etholakala emaphaketheni amaqanda kungukudla kwezinhlobo ezithile zezimpukane ezivela emndenini ofunayo nowokugwedla, amabhungane avela emndenini wonogwaja, ikakhulukazi unogwaja onekhanda elibomvu, nezibungu zezinja ezibomvu.

Izinambuzane eziyizidlakudla nezicabucabu zidla izinkumbi. Phakathi kwazo, ama-mantis, izintethe, iminyovu, ikyty kanye nezicabucabu zivame ukuhlasela izibungu zesikhonyane.

Izinyamazane, ikakhulukazi izinyoni, zidala ukubhujiswa kuphela kwamaqembu amancane wesikhonyane. Ukushanela okunamandla kuphumelela ukuhamba emhlanga wamachibi, lapho bezithola besesimweni esiphephile sokuthuthuka okwengeziwe.

Kodwa-ke, noma izisulu noma izidleke, ngeshwa, azibambe iqhaza ekubhujisweni kwesikhonyane nasekushintsheni inani lazo. Ukuqeda ukuqubuka kokuzala kabusha yindoda. Kepha wazi kanjani ukuthi lokhu kungenelela kudingekile? Sidinga isibikezeli, okungukuthi, isayensi yokukhuphula noma ukwehla kwenani lezinambuzane ngonyaka olandelayo noma iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kwalokho.

Ukubikezelwa kwezinombolo zesikhonyane kuncike ekufundweni kwemithetho ejwayelekile yezinga lokuzala kwayo maqondana nezinguquko ezimweni zemvelo. Enye yalezi zinto ezenziwa njalo ukuthembela kokuzala kabusha embusweni we-hydrothermal ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona indawo yokuhlala, okungukuthi, ekubhukeni.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi amazinga okushisa aphansi anganciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwesikhonyane sase-Eshiya, kanti isimo sezulu esifudumele nesomile siholela ekwandeni kwamanani aso nokuqubuka kokuzala okuningi. Umbuso wamanzi wezindawo ezidlekayo, njengoba sekushiwo, udlala indima enkulu ekwandiseni ukuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane.

Eminyakeni ngokunyuka okuphezulu kwamazinga amanzi ku-delta, lapho indawo enkulu yezindawo zokudlela igcwele izikhukhula, inani lesikhonyane lase-Asia liphansi. Uma izinga lamanzi lehla, inani lesikhonyane landa kakhulu, futhi ngonyaka wesibili kuqala ukukhukhula nemihlambi yesigaba sezinkomo.

Ukwehla okubukhali kwenani lesikhonyane sase-Asia kwenzeka ngonyaka olandelayo ngemuva kokusuka kwesikhonyane esiningi kuleyo ndawo, kungafanele umsebenzi wayo obalulekile. Ngemuva kokusuka okuningi okunjalo, imvamisa kuqala iminyaka emibili noma emithathu yenani eliphansi.

Ukuqubuka kwesikhonyane somhlambi kanye nokuvela kokunye kokuqubuka kokuzala kabusha kwalo kungabikezelwa ngezibonakaliso ezilandelayo: ukuqala kokumiswa kwezinqwaba ezinkulu zomhlanga, phakathi kwazo kukhona izindawo ezivulekile eziheha isikhonyane ngesikhathi sokulala, ukutholwa kwesikhonyane eduze nalezi zindawo ngesikhathi seqanda elibekwe inani lama-specimens angama-500 noma ngaphezulu Ihektha eli-1, intwasahlobo efudumele yasekuqaleni enezikhukhula eziphansi nezesikhashana, ehlobo elishisayo elomile elinekwindla ende efudumele. Lapho lezi zinto zihlangana, kulindeleke isikhonyane sezinkomo ngonyaka olandelayo.

Ukunquma isikhathi sokuqunjelwa kwezibungu ngonyaka wamanje, imininingwane ngezimo zezulu kanye nedatha ekuhlaziyeni kokuthuthukiswa kombungu ngenkathi kuvulwa amaqanda isetshenziswa. Uma umbungu usekhanda phezulu kwekhomanda leqanda futhi uhlala cishe isigamu seqanda, khona-ke ukuqandelwa kwezibungu kungalindeleka ezinsukwini eziyi-15 ekushiseni okujwayelekile kwansuku zonke kwama-degree angu-15-20. Uma umbungu uthatha lonke iqanda, khona-ke ngesimo sezulu esifanayo izibungu ziyovela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-5-6.

Ukuqothuka kwesikhonyane sase-Asia konyaka olandelayo kuqagelwa ngokubhekwa kwehlobo inani lesikhonyane nohlolo lwasekwindla lwezindawo lapho kwakubekwa khona amaphaphu ehlobo ehlobo.

Ukuqalwa kwendiza yemihlambi yesikhonyane kuholela kusukela ekuqaleni kwephiko layo ukuya ekufeni noma ukusakazwa kwemihlambi - ukusuka kuJulayi kuya ku-Okthoba. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubude bendiza bendiza, usayizi wendiza ngaphambili nokujula, kanye nokuqondisa kwendiza, okumakwe ebalazweni, kuyaphawulwa. Esikhathini kudayari nakwimephu, izindawo zokuhlalisa imihlambi empeleni ziyaqoshwa. Ngesikhathi sokubhekwa kwensimu imihlambi, kubekwa izindawo zokubekwa kwamaqanda. Izindawo ezinjengalezi zensimu zimakwe ngezibonakaliso ezahlukahlukene (amasondo omhlaba, izikhonkwane, izixha zomhlanga), ukuze kuthi emva kwesikhashana uzithole kalula.

Ekwindla, kwenziwa inhlolovo yenhlabathi ukuthola inani lamaphilisi ebusika. Isampula ngalinye lithathwa endaweni engamamitha-skwele angama-0.25 (50X50) ngokujula kwamasentimitha angama-5-7. Inhlabathi ihlelwe ngesandla, wonke amaphilisi weqanda atholakele akhishwa futhi abhalwe ngemininingwane. Lo msebenzi ukhuthele kakhulu, wenziwa ngamaqembu akhethekile abantu abangama-5-6. Abahloli bahlelwe emgqeni owodwa kanye nokuphumula kwamamitha ayi-100 ukusuka komunye futhi bedlula lonke lelo pheshana lisuka emngceleni liye emngceleni, bathathe amasampula njalo ngamamitha ayi-100. Lapho uhlola izindawo lapho ubukhulu bamaphilisi weqanda liphansi, amasampula athathwa ngemuva kwamamitha angama-50. Izindawo ezibhalisiwe nezihlolwe ukubeka amaqanda ziphawulwa emaphethelweni ngezindunduma zobumba noma izinkambo zomhlanga. Kamuva, bakha amamephu wesikimu lapho kusetshenziswa khona izindawo lapho kuhlangana khona iqanda elinye noma elinye lamaqanda.

Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo lwasekwindla, kuhlelwa umthamo wokwelapha amakhemikhali ngonyaka ozayo. Engxenyeni engafinyeleleki ye-Amu Darya delta kanye nasesifundeni saseLwandle i-Aral, lapho iziqhingi eziningi zisakazeke khona phakathi kwezixhaphozi, ucwaningo lwenziwa kusuka ngendiza enophephela emhlane.

Ngemuva kokuqeda umsebenzi kunoma yisiphi isiza, inani eliphakathi kwezinambuzane linqunywa futhi ubukhulu bendawo ehlolisisiwe bucacisiwe kusetshenziswa amafomula akhethekile.

Indlela enkulu yokulawula isikhonyane sase-Eshiya isamakhemikhali. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuthi ucindezele ngokushesha ukuphuma kweziqubu zokuzala kabusha kwezinambuzane eziyingozi, kepha iziza ezidonsa impova ngezibulala-zinambuzane ezivela ezindizeni azivikelekile emvelweni. Kanjani-ke ukubhekana nezinambuzane?

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani isikhonyane

Ngokwemvelo, isikhonyane sinesiqu esiphakeme nemilenze eyisithupha, emibili yayo okungukuthi engaphandle, ayinamandla. Omunye emuva mude kunowesibili futhi izikhathi eziningi unamandla. Emvelweni kunabantu abathile ubude bomzimba wabo bufinyelela amasentimitha ayishumi nanhlanu. Imvamisa, ubude bomzimba busebangeni ukusuka kuma-3 kuye ku-7 cm. Futhi, isikhonyane sinekhanda elikhulu elinamehlo aqanjiwe.

Izimpiko ziba sobala futhi zingabonakali ngokungenasici lapho zigoqwa futhi zivalwa ngababili abaqinile. Isikhonyane singesinye sezabameli bakudala be-orthoptera. Emhlabeni jikelele, kunezinhlobo zezinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili. Umbala wesikhonyane uncike kuphela endaweni lapho kuhlala futhi kwakhiwa khona.Ngakho-ke, izibonakaliso ezivele ngasikhathi sinye ukusuka kowesifazane oyedwa zingaba ngemibala ehlukene ngokuphelele, uma nje zikhuliswa ngezimo ezihlukile.

Ukubonakala kwesikhonyane kuncike esigabeni sokumiswa kwawo. Umbala we-loners ingubo eyifihlayo yombala oluhlaza okotshani noma ophuzi. I-hue ngasikhathi sinye incike ngokuphelele esifundeni lapho kuhlala khona lesi sinambuzane. Lapho ukwakheka komhlambi kwenzeka, bonke abahlanganyeli bawo bayalingana. Akukho mehluko phakathi kwabantu, kufaka phakathi ukuhlukaniswa ngokobulili. Isikhonyane singanqoba ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-200 ngosuku. Ezinye izinhlobo zesikhonyane zifana kakhulu notshani. Ngakho-ke, lapho uqala ukubuka, kunzima ukubona inkathazo kubantu abanjalo. Iphutha kule ndaba lingabiza, ikakhulukazi abakhiqizi bezolimo.

Ngakho-ke, ukunakwa kufanele kubhekwe kuzimpawu okulula ngazo ukwahlukanisa izinkumbi nezinhlanga:

• umzimba wesikhonyane umde kunomzimba womuntu omnyama,
• isizungu sesikhonyane sinokwakheka okungunxande, futhi izintethe zinobude obude,
• izimpondo zesikhonyane zimfushane kakhulu ngokuhlobene nekhanda lakhe,
• imilenze yangaphambili yesikhonyane ithuthukiswa yaba buthakathaka kakhulu kunemilenze yangemuva,
• Ama-Grasshopper angabathandi bokuphola kwakusihlwa, ngakho-ke aphila impilo esebenzayo kusihlwa. Isikhonyane, kunalokho, sithanda ukukhanya kwemini kakhulu, ngakho-ke kusebenza kusemini,
• izintethe azibuthani ndawonye emaphaketheni, kepha izinkumbi, kunalokho, zitholakala kakhulu phakathi kwezihlobo zazo.

Kuhlala kuphi isikhonyane?

Isithombe: Isikhonyane eRussia

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zesikhonyane futhi ezingaba ngamakhulu ayisithupha kuzo zihlala eRussia. Ikakhulu ezifundeni zayo eziseningizimu. Isikhonyane seSeppe sihlala e-Asia, eNyakatho Afrika, eYurophu. Kukhona nezinye izinhlobo zemvelo ezihlala emingceleni yeSahara, i-Indo - iMalay Archipelago, iNew Zealand, iKazakhstan, iSiberia neMadagascar. Futhi, ukugxila okukhulu kwabantu abathile kukhona emfuleni i-Amu Darya, eDagestan.

Kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, kepha amanani azo aphansi kakhulu. Isikhonyane sithanda isimo sezulu esomile nesishisayo futhi sihlala ezifundeni ezinezimo zezulu ezifanayo. Isikhonyane sazinza kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Kwi-permafrost, umane nje ngeke aphile.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Isikhonyane esingatholakali eNyakatho Melika. Ukuhlasela kwakhe kokugcina lapha kwakusekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Ngemuva komzabalazo othela izithelo kanye nenyambazana, azange zibonwe isikhonyane kule ndawo.

Namuhla, isikhonyane sihlala kuzo zonke izindawo zomhlaba ezishisayo. Njengoba ethanda isimo sezulu esifudumele, kulula ukusithola ezindaweni ezishisayo nezindawo ezishisayo. Ngakho konke lokhu, isikhonyane sibuye sibe yisakhamuzi saseNtshonalanga yeSiberia. Uhlobo ngalunye lwesikhonyane lunezimo ezithile zokuphila ezintofontofo. Ngenkathi uhlobo oluthile lwezinambuzane luthanda ukuhlala ezinhlwini eziseceleni kwamachibi, olunye uhlobo luthanda izindawo eziwugwadule emhlabathini onamatshe, ongcwala uhlaza oluluhlaza.

Manje uyazi ukuthi sikuphi isikhonyane. Ake sibheke ukuthi kudlani lokhu kwesinambuzane.

Ngabe kudlani isikhonyane?

Photo: Isinambuzane

Isikhonyane sinikezwa umhlathi onamandla kakhulu, okuwuvumela ukuba udle noma yikuphi ukudla okuthambile nokuqinile. Ukwakheka komgodi womlomo akuvumeli izinambuzane ukuba zidle umpe noma ujusi wezitshalo. Ukwazi ukuhlafuna izitshalo kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yiziphi izitshalo zilungele umsoco.

Ukudla kwesikhonyane kuya ngesigaba saso. Abantu abanesizungu badla ngokulingana futhi akubangeli ukulimala okukhulu kwezitendi. Isifiso sesikhonyane esinjalo simvumela ukuba angadli ngaphezu kwesigamu sekhilogremu kuyo yonke impilo yakhe. Kodwa-ke, lapho isikhonyane siba yingxenye yephakethe, isifiso saso siyanda ngokushesha. Isinambuzane esisephaketheni ukuze sisinde siphoqelelwa ukuba sithathe njalo inani elikhulu lokudla. Uma isikhonyane singabuyiseli njalo amandla esele futhi sibuyisele amandla, khona-ke kufanele sife ngenxa yokoma nokuswela kwamaprotheni.

Isikhonyane, esiyingxenye yomhlambi, siqothula konke okuluhlaza okwabazungezile, kuyilapho bekwazi ukudla kuze kube yingxenye yekhilogremu eluhlaza ngosuku. Uma ukudla kuphela, lesi sinambuzane siphenduka inyamazane futhi siqale ukudla izihlobo zaso. Ukudla kwesikhonyane kuxhomeke ezingeni lokushisa; lapho liphezulu, kudliwa imifino eminingi.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Iphakethe lesikhonyane lidla konke ngaphandle kwensimbi, amatshe kanye nezinto zokwenziwa. Ukudla okuthandwa nguReed yizimila zomhlanga.

Ngemuva kokuqubuka kwengquza yesikhonyane ezindaweni ezihlaza, cishe umhlaba ongenalutho.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Isikhonyane Esikhulu

Ubuntu besikhonyane bubonakaliswa eqinisweni lokuthi liyakwazi ukuzihlalela lodwa kanye nasemhlambini omkhulu. Uma icala lesikhonyane lihlala lodwa, alinaso isifiso sokudla esikhulu futhi lihamba kancane. Akuyona ingozi futhi akubangeli monakalo omkhulu. Lapho nje ukudla sekuqediwe, isikhonyane sizama ukubeka amaqanda amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, lapho umhlambi uyobopha khona ngokuzayo, ongahamba futhi uhambe amabanga amade.

Inzalo izokuba nkulu kunabazali bayo, amaphiko ayo azoba namandla ngokwengeziwe, okusho ukuthi azokwazi ukuhambisa amabanga amanye. Ezihlungwini, isikhonyane sisebenza kakhulu futhi sinokuphawuleka okukhulu. Ama-Flocks angabalwa engxenyeni yesigidi. Ukuze ukuqala kokuqalwa kwemihlambi kuqhume ukuswelakala kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nama-amino acid emzimbeni wesikhonyane, futhi lokhu kungabangelwa unyaka owomile nokuntuleka kokudla.

Iqiniso elihehayoImilenze yezinyamazane ekhuliswe kahle yesinambuzane iyakuvumela ukuhamba ngokugxuma okukodwa ngaphezulu kwamakhilomitha ubude bawo obedlula usayizi womzimba wesikhonyane ngamashumi wezikhathi. Umhlambi wesikhonyane ngezikhathi zasemini ungabamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-20.

Umhlambi wesikhonyane uhlelo oluhlelekile oluhamba ngenhloso lapho kubizwa ukwesaba nendlala. Umuntu omdala angahamba, agxume futhi andize. Kodwa-ke, indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuyihambisa iwukundiza. Umoya olungile usiza isikhonyane ukuba sihambe ngokushesha okukhulu, sisindisa amandla aso.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Isikhonyane esikhulu

Izinkumbi zibeka amaqanda futhi zizale ngocansi. Ukuheha izinsikazi, owesilisa usebenzisa i-hormone ethile (ekhiqizwa owesilisa lapho amaphiko akhe edlidliza), kuthi owesimame, akhethe owesilisa ngokusho kwephunga lakhe alithandayo. Ngemuva kokuthola owesilisa, uzama ukusondela kuye ngangokunokwenzeka. Owesilisa uthinta umlingani amahlandla ambalwa nge-antennae, kuthi emva kwalokho unamathele kowesifazane futhi azame ukufaka isembozo esikhethekile ngesidoda emhlane wesisu sakhe.

Le yinqubo ethatha isikhathi futhi ethatha isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke isikhathi sokulinganisa esilinganayo singamahora angama-13, kepha singenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngemuva kokuzalela, insikazi ifaka i-ovipositor enhlabathini enomswakama, isimboza ngoketshezi olukhethekile olunezinwele, oluthi ngemuva kokuqina lube yikhokhonathi eyenziwe lukhuni. Inani elijwayelekile lamaqanda ku-clutch eyodwa lisukela kumaqanda angama-60 kuye kwangama-80. Kuyo yonke impilo, insikazi yenza kusuka ezintanjeni ezi-6 kuya kweziyi-12, ngokwesilinganiso esilingana namaqanda angamakhulu amane. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyishumi nambili, kuvela izibungu ezimhlophe ngasikhathi sinye ukusuka emaqandeni, okuthi ngemuva kokuzalwa ziqale ukudla futhi zikhule.

Ukuze uphume ku-capsule, izibungu zidinga umzamo omkhulu nesikhathi. Ngokushesha lapho kuqhuma izibungu, ziyancibilika zikhulule izitho. Isibungu sesikhonyane sifana kakhulu nomuntu omdala, sincane kakhulu futhi singenamaphiko. Ngemuva kokuhlangabezana nezigaba eziningana zokukhula, izibungu, emva kwezinsuku ezingama-35 - 40, iba yisikhonyane esidala, esithola izixhumanisi ezinhlanu.

Izitha zesikhonyane zemvelo

Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani isikhonyane

Imvelo injalo ukuthi isikhonyane singukudla kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kungenxa yenani layo elikhulu lokudla ngoba iqukethe amaprotheni amaningi, amafutha ne-phosphorus. Isitha esikhulu salesi sinambuzane yizinyoni. Izinyoni azidli abantu abadala kuphela, kodwa futhi zibhubhisa amaqanda abo, ziwagwaza emhlabathini. Ngokufanayo, amaqanda enkumbi abulala izingulube, ama-moles nama-shrews. Izicabucabu azideleli ukudla okufanayo.

Isikhonyane futhi sizingela izimbotshana nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezidla izinambuzane ezincane. Isikhonyane sidla ama-ululates ahlukahlukene, njengamadube, izindlulamithi kanye nezinyamazane zozwane, kanye nezindlovu namabhubesi. Izilwane ezifuywayo eziningi nazo ngeke zenqabe ukujabulela ukunambitheka okumnandi ngendlela yesikhonyane. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi isikhonyane uqobo asinangqondo nokudla umlingani waso, lapho kungekho okunye ukudla okusele.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Abantu baphinde basebenzise isikhonyane ukudla, okuphekiwe (okuthosiwe futhi okuphekwe) nokuhlaza. Ukusuka kwesikhonyane pre-omiswe imisebe yelanga futhi ingene othulini, kwenziwa ufulawa, ongezwa ubisi noma amanoni ngesikhathi sokubhaka.

Kunezindlela eziningi zezinambuzane ezibuye zibhubhise isikhonyane:

• ama-boilers nesikhunta abulala amaqanda enkumbi,
• Izimpukane nama-viviparous zingena emzimbeni wesikhonyane ngaphakathi.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesikhonyane nabantu

Ensimini yendawo eyake yaba yiSoviet Union, abalimi bokuqala bavela ngekhulu lesibili, kanti kakade ngonyaka we-1008 kwavela okokuqala ukubikwa kokuhlasela kwesikhonyane. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kuhlasela kwakungeyona okokuqala.

Ngo-1095, abameleli balesi simangaliso bathuthela enyakatho besuka ezindaweni eziseduzane neKiev. Ngokwenza lokhu, badla amabele notshani. Kamuva, kwaba nokukhulunywa okwengeziwe kokuhambela kwalezi zinambuzane, futhi ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa lababhali bezindaba baqopha iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu lapho isikhonyane sasisebenza kakhulu.

Izithombe zesikhonyane zitholakala kuma-frescoes asendulo aseGibhithe kanye ne-papyrus esukela emuva ku-3000 BC.

Abameli abaningi besikhonyane ngokweqile yizinambuzane zezolimo. Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, izinkomba zokuqala ezibhaliwe zitholakala kwi-papyri yaseGibhithe. Kodwa-ke, kusekhona ama-frescoes asendulo aseGibithe ngemuva kwawo, abonisa izinambuzane ezihlobene ngokusobala nale ndaba engatheni. Imininingwane yesithombe yathathwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu edlule.

Ngakho-ke, ukwazana komuntu nalezi zinambuzane kunomlando omude impela. Ngokuqondene nokuchazwa kwezinhlekelele nomonakalo obangelwe yilezi zinambuzane, amadala kunawo wonke asindayo abuyela emuva eminyakeni eyi-1490-904 BC.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi eLondon ngo-1928 kwahlelwa isikhungo sokulwa nesikhonyane, esasiholwa isikhathi eside ngumqondisi wezilwane waseRussia wezokulondolozwa kwezilwane, uBoris Uvarov. Ngenxa yokuthi umsuka wesikhonyane sanamuhla uhlobene nendlela amadlozi awo akhula ngayo endaweni evulekile kanye nezikhala zodonga, kanye nentuthuko yezimila zotshani, indima yazo njengabathengi bezitshalo ezinkulu kuze kube namuhla ibaluleke kakhulu ezifundeni ze-semi-desert steppe. Kulezi zifunda, isikhonyane otshanini bubusa kahle ku-biomass, futhi kwesinye isikhathi isibalo phakathi kwezinye izinambuzane.

Ngo-1928, kwasungulwa iSikhungo Sokulawula Ukuqina eLondon.

Ukubaluleka kwabo okusebenzayo kukhuphuka ngokwengeziwe komthamo wokulinganisa omncane womswakama wezitshalo (cishe ama-30%), okuandisa kakhulu ubukhwebe besikhonyane. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngezindawo zesimo sezulu esomile nesishisayo, njengokujwayelekile kwezifunda zaseningizimu yePalaearctic.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa yekhulu lamashumi amabili kwaboniswa ukuthi ukudla izinkumbi zabantu abangama-20 ngisho namaphesenti angama-60 enqwaba eluhlaza akuyona inhlekelele ye-biogeocenosis.

Ngokuqondene nezindawo eziphakemeyo zezintaba nezindawo ezingena ezintabeni, lapha umsebenzi wesikhonyane uvame ukufaka isandla ekukhiqizeni okuphezulu kwendawo yotshani. Ikakhulu, imisebenzi yabo iveza imiphumela emibi kakhulu yokudla kwezinkomo kanye nokudla okuhambisana nakho kwalezi zitshalo.

Ukwehla okuphawuleka kokukhiqizwa kwesisindo esiluhlaza okuhambisana nomsebenzi wesikhonyane kwenzeka kuphela lapho kungafanele izitshalo noma iminyaka eyomile. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile, ezifundeni ezinolimo oluthuthukisiwe, isikhonyane ngokuvamile sithathwa njengezinambuzane.

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Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Photo: Isinambuzane Invasion

Indawo yokusabalalisa isikhonyane ihlukaniswe ngombandela kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:

• indawo lapho isikhonyane sivela khona ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene nakuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula kwazo. Kusuka ezindaweni ezinjengale lapho izinambuzane zisakazekela ngaphesheya kwengxenye. Indawo enjalo idume ngokuthi yindawo yokuhlala izidleke.
• indawo lapho isikhonyane ingahlali njalo indizela khona ibeke inzalo lapho. Ngakho-ke lesi sinambuzane singasebenza iminyaka eminingana.
• indawo lapho izinambuzane zindizela khona, kepha zingakwazi ukukhipha amaqanda,
• izinkumbi zesikhonyane zivame ukuba yizikhukhula zemifula namachibi, zikhule ngokucebile ngomhlanga.

Izimo zangaphandle ezithandekayo, kufaka phakathi isimo sezulu, zithinta ngqo usayizi wabantu besikhonyane. Esikhathini esifushane, umhlambi wezinkumbi uyakhuphuka futhi uhamba amabanga amade. Imvamisa umhlambi uthwalwa ngumoya. Ukukhula kwesinambuzane kwanda ikakhulu lapho isikhonyane sisuka esigabeni esijwayelekile siye esigabeni sengxenye yomhlambi. Lapho umuntu ngamunye ehlangana ngokuthe ngqo, ngokubukeka nangamakhemikhali izihlobo zakhe ephaketheni, kuvame ukwenzeka isigaba soguquko.

Ososayensi ngendlela yokuhlola bakwazile ukubona ukuthi isikhuthazo esidala ukuthi isikhonyane sisuke kwelinye isigaba siye kwesinye sibangele ukuphuma kwe-serotonin kuma-neurons ezinambuzane. Lokhu kutholwa kuzosiza futhi ekwakheni umuthi ozosetshenziselwa ukulawula izinkumbi. Isikhonyane sizalwa kabusha cishe njalo eminyakeni eyishumi. Esikhathini esinjalo, umhlambi omkhulu uhlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha angama-300 kuye kwangama-1000 futhi ngasikhathi sinye ungahlala indawo efinyelela kumhlaba ongama-2000 ha.

Isikhonyane yisinambuzane esiyingozi esingadala umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo. Isikhonyane esisodwa asiyona ingozi yezikhala eziluhlaza, noma kunjalo, lapho sihlanganisa umhlambi wezihlobo zaso, siqala ngentshiseko ukubhubhisa konke okuluhlaza okuzungezile. Umhlambi wesikhonyane awusiwo owokudla ekudleni kwawo; cishe konke okuza ngendlela yakho kuba ukudla kwako.