Ngokuhlola ukukhula kwe-ma nembongolo, ukutholwa kwezilwane okusha, umnyuzi, kutholakale. Igama livela olimini lwakudala, lapho igama elithi "umnyuzi" lalisho noma yiziphi izilwane, manje ezibizwa ngokuthi inzalo. Abantu abaningi badida umnyuzi nesilwane, owaphuma ngenxa yokuwela imbongolo nehhashi, okuwukuthi nophondo.
Namuhla, iminyuzi ingabonakala emidlalweni yama-equestrian; imvamisa ibamba iqhaza kakhulu emjahweni wamahhashi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzalanisa iminyuzi kulula kakhulu kune-hinnies. Konke lokhu kuchazwa yiqiniso lokuthi abesilisa, abesilisa nababili ama-hinnies, abanalo inzalo, njengoba lezi zilwane zinenombolo ehlukile yama-chromosomes, izimbongolo zinezingu-62, kanti namahhashi ane-chromosomes angama-64.
Incazelo
Yakha umnyuzi - inhlanganisela yezimpawu zezimbongolo nezimbila, abazali bakhe. Ifa lembongolo yimilenze nekhanda, kanye nentamo. Izindlebe zomnyuzi mncane kunalezo ezimbongolweni, kepha zinde, futhi isimo sazo sifana nehhashi. Isilwane sine-mane, i-bang nomsila, okwenza ibukeke njengehhashi. Umsindo owenziwa ngumnyazi uwuphawu phakathi kokukhala kwembongolo nokujaha ihhashi. Umbala uhlukahlukene, ejwayelekile kuzo zombili izimbongolo namahhashi.
Okubi nokungefani
Okuwukuphela kwendlela ozozala ngayo ukuthi iyinyumba. Kukhona amahhashi, okusalungiswa nokupakisha umnyuzi, kuye ngomkhakha oyinhloko wokusebenza kwawo emnothweni. Imvukuzane kufanele ihlukaniswe kuma-hinnies, okuyinzalo yama-stallion nezimbongolo. Kunemijaho ekhethekile lapho iminyuzi ibamba iqhaza kuyo.
Isisindo nokuphakama
Isisindo somnyuzi sinqunywa yisisindo sikanina. Ukuphakama ekushwabeni komhlanga we-harness ngamamitha ayi-1,1-1,6. Isisindo sisukela kuma-300 kuye kuma-600 kg. Umnyuzi osalungiswa uhlala ukhudlwana kune nyulu yepakethe. Ukuphakama kwesilwane sepakethe kusuka ku-110 kuya ku-140 cm, isisindo singama-300-400 kg.
Izici zamandla
Umnyuzi ukhethiwe futhi awuphumeleli ekudleni. Le yi-herbivore enelise konke ukudla kwezitshalo. Kungukungabekezeleli kwakhe nokudla okungadalulwanga okungenye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile zohlobo lokuzalela ekuzaleni nasekusetshenzisweni endlini njengabasebenzi.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Kunzima ukubiza isikhathi sokuqala kwesilwane. Kukhulunywa ngayo okokuqala ngo-480 BC. Okokuqala ngqa, umnyuzi wachazwa nguHerodotus embhalweni ngokuhlasela kweNkosi Xerxes eGrisi. Ukuze kuzalwe uhlobo olusha lwezilwane, izazi zezilwane nabafuyi bezilwane bawela amahhashi nezimbongolo zezinja ezahlukahlukene.
Iningi lososayensi nabaphenyi bathi ngokuzethemba ukuthi kuwo wonke umlando wokwenziwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane, iminyuzi iphumelela kakhulu. Ngo-1938, inani lalezi zilwane lalinganiselwa kwizigidi eziyi-15. Zinezinzuzo eziningi ezingenakuphikwa, kepha azinabo ububi obuthile. Okuphambili futhi okucishe kube ukuphela kokudalwa kwezilwane. Izakhi zofuzo zifike esiphethweni sokuthi isizathu sale nto isethi ethile ye-chromosome. Amabhuzu angama-32 ama-chromosomes afunyenwe kumanyuzi, kanti angama-31 anikele ngama-chromosomes avela ezimbongolweni. Sekukonke, kwatholakala isethi engakhokhelwa.
Ividiyo: Mule
Kulokhu, ososayensi banquma ukusilinganisa lesi silwane. Ngo-2003, umnyuzi waqanjwa ngempumelelo futhi waqanjwa ngokuthi uJim. Ngokokuqala ngqa ngamanani amakhulu, ngenhloso yaqala ukutshala iminyuzi eMelika ekuqaleni kukaGeorge Washington. Abantu basheshe bathola izici eziningi ezinhle: ukukhuthazela, ukuzola, ukuzikhandla. Ngemuva kwalokho, izilwane zalethwa emazweni ahlukahlukene aseNingizimu naseNyakatho Melika, e-Asia, eYurophu, e-Afrika, njll. Imibiko engokomlando iveza ukuthi lezi zilwane zazifuywe ukuze kuhlelwe imicikilisho emisha e-Europe yezikhathi zasendulo. Bangakwazi ukumelana nemicibisholo yezindwangu ezisindayo isikhathi eside.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi ngo-1495, uChristopher Columbus wagcoba iminyuzi ezwekazini lakhe. Naye uqobo waletha izilwane azifuyela eCuba naseMexico. Kusukela lapho, izinsikazi zenzelwe ukugibela, kuthi izinsizwa zisetshenziselwe ukuthwala imithwalo esindayo.
Ukuziphatha
Ngokomsebenzi owenziwe epulazini, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zeminyuzi ezihlukene: i-pack and harness. Amandla okudonsa isilwane yi-18-20% yesisindo sawo. Imvamisa zonke izinyamazane ezingamaduna zibalelwa eminyakeni eyi-1.5-2. Kancane kancane bajwayele ukusebenza kusuka eminyakeni eyi-2 ubudala, kanti kusukela eminyakeni emine ubudala izilwane zisebenza ngokugcwele. Ngokuya ngezindlela zokugcina, izilwane ezindala nezilwane ezisezindlini ezisebenza ezindlebeni ezifuywayo ziyefana nokuzalaniswa kwamahhashi.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Animal Mule
Ngaphandle, iminyuzi inezimpawu zokulwa zamahhashi nezimbongolo. Bathola umthethosisekelo nomzimba kusuka ehhashini, nesimo sekhanda, hhayi imilenze emide kakhulu, nentamo ifa ngembongolo. Izindlebe ziphakeme kakhulu futhi zinde kunezezimbongolo, zinesimo sehhashi. Izimpawu zamahhashi ezinobuntu ukuba khona kwe-bang, mane kanye nomsila. Izilwane zinokukhethwa kwemibala ehlukahlukene kakhulu.
Isisindo somzimba ngqo kuya ngesisindo somzimba womama. Umbala nomthunzi nakho kunqunywa ngezimpawu zikamama. Ukuphakama kwabantu abadala lapho kubuna kuyahlukahluka kusuka kumitha eyodwa kuya kwengxenye. Isisindo somzimba futhi sihluke kakhulu, singakwazi ukukala ebangeni ukusuka kuma-280 kuya ku-650 kilos. Esikhathini esiningi sezimo, iminyuzi inamasayizi amakhulu omzimba nobukhulu kunabazali bayo abaseduze. Kulokhu, ukuze kutholakale inzalo enempilo futhi eqinile, abafuyi bezinkomo bakhetha kuphela abamele abade kakhulu nabaningi bezitoko zemihlobo ekhona.
Lezi zilwane zibonakaliswa yi-dimorphism yezocansi. Abesifazane babusa ngosayizi womzimba kunabesilisa. Imvukuzane iboniswa ukuba khona kwezimpawu ezithile ezikhona kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ababengabazali babengobani.
- ikhanda elikhulu
- Amehlo anjenge-alimondi
- kubuna okuphansi futhi kufinyeziwe,
- umugqa emuva ocacile, ochazwe ngokucacile,
- isifutho esifushane siqhathaniswa namahhashi,
- iqonde, iqonde intamo
- amafushane, izinyawo eziqinile ezinamalebe aphezulu.
Uhlala kuphi umnyuzi?
Isithombe: Little Mule
Imvukuzane isatshalaliswa ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Melika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zivame kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba.
Izindawo ezindawo zokuhlala iminyuzi:
- Amazwe ase-Asia Ephakathi
- Korea
- I-Transcarpathia,
- izifunda eziseningizimu yeYurophu,
- I-Afrika
- ENyakatho Melika
- INingizimu Melika
Kuze kube manje, iminyuzi ihlukunyezwe ngempumelelo ezifundeni lapho abantu baphoqelelwa ukuthi basebenze kanzima ngokuzikhandla. Ukukhuthala kwabo, ukubekezelela nokungazethembi kwabo ezimweni zokuboshwa kuyadingeka lapho kuthunyelwa izimpahla ezintabeni nasezifundeni ezingafinyeleleki. Inzuzo ukungabikhona kwesidingo sokufaka izicathulo zezilwane. Bangadlula kalula emvuleni, odakeni, nasemgwaqweni onamaqhwa.
Imvamisa, iminyuzi isetshenziswa emazweni ase-Asia, kanye nezwekazi lase-Afrika, lapho kudingeka khona ukuthutha imishini yezempi. Ezinsukwini zakudala, ngosizo lwalezi zilwane, abalimele babethuthwa besuka enkundleni yempi, ore namanye amaminerali athuthwa. Izazi ze-zoologists ziyaqaphela ukuthi iminyuzi ayincishisi ngokuphelele izimo zokuvalelwa. Uma kunokudla okwanele, bangabekezelela kalula ukubanda, isithwathwa nesimo sezulu esomile. Izilwane zijwayela ngokushesha kubanikazi bazo, uma zibanakekela kahle.
Izinzuzo kanye nokubi
Imvukuzane inesikhathi eside sokuphila kunamahhashi (ifinyelela eminyakeni engama-40), ayithambekele ezifweni ezahlukahlukene, ayinciphisi ukondla nokunakekela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kuqhathaniswa namahhashi, imvukuzane iqinile ngaphezulu. Bayakwazi ukuthwala umthwalo omkhulu ngokwabo. Ukuphela kwento abangaphansi kwabo yikhono lokunqoba izithiyo eziphakeme. Kepha ukusebenza kwabo okuphezulu nokungathobeki kwenza lelo zinga lokungasebenzi. Ukuqina kwembongolo ngomnyuzi nakho akunasici, kodwa uma umnyuzi ukhathele, khona-ke ngeke usebenze. Uma ihhashi likwazi ukusebenza lize liphelelwe amandla, khona-ke umnyuzi wokuziphatha onjalo awunanjongo, kepha akavilaphanga. Isilwane sihlukaniswa yingqondo ethuthukisiwe; ngeke sikubekezelele ukuphathwa ngonya. Ngomnikazi wayo, umnyuzi uhlala eziphatha ngokubekezela kakhulu futhi elungele ukumenzela konke okudingeka isilwane futhi esizokwazi ukukwenza.
Ngabe udlani umnyuzi?
Isithombe: Mule ngokwemvelo
Mayelana nokunikezela ngesisekelo sokudla, umnyuzi ngeke ubangele inkathazo enkulu kubanikazi bawo. Abafuyi bezilwane baqhathanisa izindleko zokuhlinzeka ngokudla kwamahhashi neminyuzi futhi bafika esiphethweni sokuthi kwakulula kakhulu ukondla iminyuzi. Ekukhuleni kwemisipha, izilwane zidinga ukudla lapho okuqukethwe ngamaphrotheni kuqala.
Okusebenza njengesisekelo sokudla kweminyuzi:
- ummbila
- hay
- ubhontshisi
- imifino emisha - izaqathe, ummbila,
- ama-apula
- okusanhlamvu - oats,
- imifino.
Ngenxa yalokho ukuthi umnyuzi uyingxube yezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane, ukondliwa kufana nokufana nehhashi nembongolo. Isabelo esiyinhloko ekudleni yi-hay, noma utshani obomile. Izinga lansuku zonke lincike esilinganisweni somzimba womnyuzi. Isilwane esijwayelekile sidinga ama-kilogramu angama-5-7 wotshani obomile kanye nama-kilogramu ama-3-4 wokudla ngokulinganayo nsuku zonke. Uma ingekho, ungayipheka ngokwakho, noma umane uyifaka imifino emisha - amazambane, izaqathi, ummbila, amakhambi amasha.
Ukudla komnyuzi omncane kumele kufake okungenani amakhilogremu amane okhethiwe, osezingeni eliphakeme. Njengoba ikhula, ukudla kwayo kuyanda, imifino, imifino, kanye nokudla okulinganiselwe okusetshenzisiwe ngamanani amancane kungeniswa kuwo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Animal Mule
Kunezinzuzo nezinzuzo eziningi kumlingiswa nezindlela zokuziphatha kumanyuzi. Ziyizilwane ezizolile kakhulu, ezinomakadebona nezisebenza kanzima. Kanye nomthwalo osindayo noma umgibeli egiya eligcwele, ibanga elikhulu ngokulingana lingadlula ngejubane elingamakhilomitha angama-5-8 ngehora. Leli khono libaluleke kakhulu kubahlali basezintabeni nabangekho emigwaqweni, kanye nalezo zifunda ezikude nemigwaqo emihle, esezingeni eliphezulu. Kuyinto ejwayelekile ukuthi imvukuzane yenze imisindo ethile, ikhumbuza ingxube yezimbongolo kanye nokufika kwamahhashi.
Izinduna azigcini namandla omzimba obalulekile, kodwa futhi zithuthukisa isivinini esikhulu kakhulu. Enye inzuzo ingabizwa ngokuthi ukungatheleleki okuqinile nokungamelana okukhulu nezifo ezahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalokhu, isilinganiso sokuphila esijwayelekile kubantu abathile singafinyelela eminyakeni engama-60-65. Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi asebenze ngokugcwele iminyaka engama-30.
Izici eziyinhloko zesilo:
- umthamo omkhulu wokusebenza
- ukubekezelela
- ukungathobeki kwemibandela yokuboshwa,
- impilo enhle kakhulu
- amandla okubekezelela amazinga okushisa aphezulu kalula futhi ngaphandle kwemiphumela,
- ukuthobeka nokulalela.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izilwane azincishisi ekunakekelweni nasekugcinweni kwazo azidingi zimo ezikhethekile, zidinga ukuphathwa ngomusa nokunakekelwa. Izilwane azemukeli ukuphathwa budedengu, ukulamula nokuphathwa ngesihluku Kungcono ukuthatha izilwane ukuze zondliwe zisencane. Kuhle ukuqala ukujwayeza iminyuzi ukwenza imisebenzi yokuzivocavoca umzimba usuneminyaka engu-3-3,5 ubudala. Ngonyaka nesigamu, bazoqina futhi bayobe sebelungele ukusebenza kanzima.
Ama-moles asetshenziswa kabanzi njengabambiqhaza kwezemidlalo. Ngokuzibandakanya kwabo, bahlela imincintiswano ehlukahlukene: imijaho eyingqayizivele, emaqenjini, njll. Umdlalo okuwukuphela kwawo ukuthi iminyuzi ngeke ukwazi ukusebenzisa izithiyo ezibandakanya ukweqa izithiyo eziphakeme. Ukudla kwabantu abakhulu kungahle kube namakhilogremu we-10-13 we-hay, imifino, okuphakelayo okulinganiselayo. Izilwane ezindala ziyelulekwa ukuthi zinikeze ngezikhathi ezithile ama-oats.
Manje usuwazi umehluko phakathi komnyuzi nophondo. Ake sibheke ukuthi lezi zilwane eziqinile zizala kanjani.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Mule Cub
Into ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ebaluleke kakhulu emnyunyeni iminyuzi iyinyumba. Zihlalwa ngokuwela izimbongolo namahhashi. Bonke abesilisa bazalwa beyinyumba ngaphandle kokukhetha. Abesifazane cishe 80-85% futhi abakwazi ukuzala. Izazi zezempilo zichaze izigameko lapho imvukuzane yowesifazane iwela nezimbongolo zabesilisa. Ososayensi babuye bachaza leli cala lapho insikazi ngemuva kokuganisana nembongolo yazala amawundlu aphumelela ngokuphelele. Kwenzeka eChina.
Ukungakwazi ukuzala nokuzalwa kwenzalo kuchazwa kusethi ethile yama-chromosomes. Sekukonke, umlando wokuba khona kwezilwane uhlanganisa amacala ayi-15 lapho izintokazi zizala izingane.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola ukuthi iminyuzi yabesifazane iyakwazi ukuba ngunina futhi ibelethe ngokuzala futhi ibelethe inzalo. Le mfanelo isetshenziselwa ukuthola inzalo kubantu abazalanisa izinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Ngenxa yokuthi abesilisa bayinyumba kusukela bezalwa, baphonswa lapho beneminyaka emibili. Ukukhulisa iminyuzi yezinsana abasha akudingi noma yiluphi ulwazi olukhethekile namakhono. Imithetho yokunakekela izingane ezisanda kuzalwa iyafana naleyo yezinyoni. Noma kunjalo, kukhona i-caveat eyodwa. Ama-Cube azwela kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ungafaki izifo ezahlukahlukene, kuyadingeka ukugcina amazinga okushisa aphezulu.
Esikhathini esibandayo, kufanele zigcinwe ezindaweni ezivalekile. Ngaso leso sikhathi, amahora angaphezu kuka-3-3,5 ngosuku abelwe ukuhamba ezindaweni ezivulekile. Ehlobo, ngenkathi efudumele, amawundlu adinga ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi ngangokunokwenzeka emadlelweni. Ukuphakanyiswa nokulungiswa kwezilwane kumele kubhekwane nazo kusukela zisencane. Isilinganiso sokuphila okulindelekile seminyuzi yiminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-40. Ngokunakekelwa okuhle, isikhathi sokuphila singakhula sifinyelele eminyakeni engama-50-60.
Izitha zemvelo zeminyuzi
Amanyuzi awahlali ezimweni zemvelo, ngakho-ke awazenzi izinto zokuzingela inyamazane. Izilwane zinokungavikeleki okuqinile, ngakho-ke azithinteki kunoma yisiphi isifo. Kodwa-ke, zisekhona ezinye izinkinga. Ngenxa ye-achondroplasia, ukuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene kwezilwane ezisanda kuzalwa kukhula. Izimpawu ze-pathology ziyi-muzzle efinqiwe, imilenze emincane nosayizi womzimba wonke.
Izilwane cishe azikaze zihlupheke ngenxa ye-pathologies ye-gastrointestinal, izifo zemikhawulo, izinselo, noma izifo ezisebenzayo.
Ngaphezu kwe-achondroplasia, izilwane zivame ukuhlushwa yi-pathologies elandelayo:
- ukugula ngengozi. Umenzeli obangela lokhu ku-pathology yi-trypanosome. Izimpawu zalesi sifo ukubukeka kwamachashaza emzimbeni, ukufakwa kwezitho zangasese. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukukhubazeka komhlane womzimba kwenzeka,
- glanders Ukutheleleka okubangelwa amagciwane athile. Endabeni yokuxilongwa kwaso, ukwelashwa akwenziwa. Izilwane ziyaxoshwa ngenxa yengozi ephezulu kubantu nakwezinye izilwane,
- i-epizootic lymphangitis. Ukutheleleka kubangelwa yi-cryptococcus.
Ngokudla okungalinganiselwe, izilwane zinenkinga yokuntuleka kwamavithamini, ngenxa yalokho kuncishiswa umthamo wokusebenza, izinwele zingaphuma.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Ukuzalaniswa kweMule kwenziwa emazweni ahlukahlukene aseYurophu, e-Asia, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, e-Afrika. Eminyakeni yamashumi ayisithupha yaleli khulu leminyaka, inani lama-mules lalicishe libe ngabantu abayi-13,000,000. Ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi, sikhule abanye ababalelwa ku-1 000 000. Namuhla, inani elilinganisiwe lingabantu abayi-16,000,000.
Namuhla, izilwane azidingeki kangako, ngoba emazweni amaningi amandla ezilwane athathelwe indawo yizinhlelo nezimoto ezizisebenzelayo.Njengamanje, ezimeni eziningi awavinjelwa ngenhloso yokuthola abasebenzi, kodwa ukuze abambe iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni yezemidlalo. E-Melika, ukufuya izilwane emapulazini azimele njengabasizi abangenakubalwa kudumile kakhulu. Izilwane ezizizwa zinakekelwa yinkosi yazo, zimkhokhela ngokuphelele futhi zimlalele. Abesabi imisindo ephakeme; bahlukaniswa ngokukhuthazela nokuzola.
Mule - Lesi isilwane esizolile, esinomusa futhi esisebenza kanzima. Banikezwa ngokwemvelo nokungazethembi. Umuntu oba yinkosi yomnyuzi kumele abekezele futhi anakekele. Kulokhu, lesi silwane ngokuqinisekile sizobuyisela, ukuthobeka nobungane. Imvamisa abanikazi bayakubona ukujwayeza, ukungafuni ukulalela izicelo nezifiso zomniniyo. Ukuziphatha okunjalo akukhulumi ngenkani yomnyuzi, kepha mayelana nokuziphatha okungalungile, okungalungile komnikazi maqondana nesilwane. Kulokhu, udinga ukubuyekeza ukusebenza kwakho namaqhinga wokubhekana nomnyuzi.
Ukuvela komnyuzi
Isici esiyinhloko se-mule ezimfanelweni zaso zangaphandle ukuba khona kwazo zonke izibonakaliso ezivela kubazali bobabili. Ukusuka embongolweni, isilwane esinjalo, njengomthetho, sithatha ikhanda nezinyawo. Izinduna zathola intamo enhle egobekile kumahhashi. Kuyiqiniso elihlukile ukuthi ngisho nomnyuzi ohlukaniswe ehhashini lase-Arabia uzoba nentamo enjalo. I-hairline inohlobo oluxubile, izilwane futhi zathola ifa eliqinile nelinamandla, umsila nama-bangs aqhamuka kokhokho bamahhashi.
Kepha maqondana nombala, konke kuncike emvelweni, ngoba umnyuzi ungathatha umbala wehhashi noma imibala imbongolo. Uma ihhashi le-pinto lihlanganyele ekuvuthweni kwembongolo, umnyuzi ophuma ngeke uthathe umbala we-pegasus kamama kuphela. Akunakwenzeka ukubikezela kusengaphambili ubukhulu nobukhulu bomuthi, ngoba zingaba yinoma yikuphi. Amabhele amancane angaba mude ngama-90 cm, kepha kukhona abantu abakhulu kunawo.
Ingaphandle lomnyuzi nalo kunzima ukulichaza, ngoba lingasuselwa emagcekeni abo bobabili abazali. Ngokwenzekayo, sekutholakele ukuthi iminyuzi izalwa incanyana kakhulu kubakhiqizi bayo. Izilwane ziqala ukuvuthwa, ngoba lapho zineminyaka emibili seziqala ukuthanjiswa ukusebenza.
Isimilo nentukuthelo
Kujabulisa abaningi abathanda izilwane, iminyuzi ayizange ifumane ifaxa yenkani nokungagungqi kwezimbongolo. Eqinisweni, ziyavumelana nezimo, njengamahhashi. Ngokuqala kokuqala, umnyuzi ungabonakala njengesilwane esinamavila. Eqinisweni, lezi zilwane zinomthwalo wokuphepha kwazo, zizivikele ezingozini. Uma amahhashi enomthamo ongapheli wokusebenza, futhi angasebenza aze aphelelwe amandla okugcina, izimfanelo ezinjalo zomlingiswa azizalwanga emanyunyeni. Ezimweni ezingandile, lezi zilwane ziyaphikelela, kepha kunezizathu eziningi ezinhle zalokhu.
Isizathu salokhu kuziphatha kungenzeka kube ngubudlova nesihluku ngakubo kumniniyo, okuyinto iminyuzi engayemukeli maqondana nabo. Uma umniniyo embonisa ukuthi uyamkhathalela futhi uyamthanda, uyokulalela ngokulalela konke okufunwa ngumniniyo, kodwa kuphela lokho akwazi ukukwenza.
Umama we-mare ubekele inzalo yakhe ijubane lokuhamba, kanye nobukhulu. Izimbongolo zanikeza inzalo yazo eyi-hybrid ukukhuthazela, kanye nokukhubazeka okungapheli.
Kuvela kanjani iminyuzi
Ukuvela kokuqala komnyuzi kuqoshwe eMelika, ukhokho womqondo onjalo kanye nokuvela kwezilwane ezintsha ezihlukile kwakunguGeorge Washington. Kwakungaphansi kobuholi bakhe lapho ochwepheshe beqala ukuwela izimbongolo ngamamesha, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho iminyuzi yaqala ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kuyo yonke imisebenzi yezilwane zokupakisha. Iminyuzi yokuqala isheshe yabonisa ukuthi ihlala isikhathi eside ukwedlula amahhashi futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhombisa ukuzithiba okukhulu nokuzola okukhulu.
Ngeshwa, lezi zilwane futhi zidumaze abantu ngeqiniso lokuthi abakwazi ukuzala ngokwemvelo. Kepha isayensi nemithi ayime, ngakho-ke imvukuzane yaqala ukubanjwa. Ngo-2003, umuntu oqale ukubonakala eyisidumbu e-University of Idaho, wanikezwa igama lesidlaliso u-Idaho Jim.
Izimo zokugcina imvukuzane icishe ifane naleyo yamahhashi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukulima iminyuzi sekuthandwe emazweni aseMelika, e-Asia, e-Afrika naseningizimu yeYurophu. Amarekhodi omlando athi iminyuzi emikhulu yayizalelwa eYurophu yasendulo ukuze ilwe kanzima. Izilwane ezinjalo zazikwazi ukubekezelela ukugibela i-knight in a heavy arm.
Ngaphezu kokushayisana, iminyuzi yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ekugibelekeni kwamahhashi, izicukuthwane nabafundisi babekwa kubantu abahamba phambili. UChristopher Columbus, odumile emlandweni waseMelika, ngemizamo yakhe wabulala imvukuzane ngo-1495 ezwekazini elivulekile. UMules walethwa kuye ngemuva kwesikhashana baya eMexico, ogwini lweCuba yesimanje. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinsikazi ziye zaba izilwane zokugibela, kanti abesilisa bahambisa imithwalo esindayo.
Lezi zilwane zaba yinto ebalulekile ekukhishweni kwesiliva, ngalezozinsuku uMbuso waseSpain wawunenqwaba yeminyuzi. Kepha isikhungo sokuthuthuka nokuzalanisa iminyuzi sesibe yiCatalonia neAndalusia. Izilwane zathunyelwa ngaphandle kuze kube ngonyaka we-1813, kanti umnyuzi omnyama wanikela kuGeorge Washington ngo-1785 waba ukhokho wezinyuzi eMelika.
Kungani imvukuzane inyumba
Iqiniso elakhiwe kahle lokuthi umanyuzi ziyizilwane ezingenanzalo, ezingakwazi ukuzalanisa, lifakazelwa yikho kokubili ukuzijwayeza nesayensi. Futhi, ngaphandle kwalokhu, umuntu uphikisana nemvelo ngamandla akhe onke futhi udala isilwane esiyingqayizivele ngamandla akhe. Kunezizathu eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, iminyuzi ihlala iminyaka engama-60 futhi ikhuthazela futhi inamandla ngaphezu kwamahhashi.
Umlando uqophe amacala angawodwa ngenkathi inyongo inika inzalo. Ngokuvamile, zonke izidalwa ezi-hybrid akuzona izindlela zokunikeza izingane; lokhu futhi kuqoshwe yisayensi. Futhi isizathu salokhu siyinombolo ehlukile yama-chromosomes, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili. Uma ubaba wembongolo angaziqhayisa ngama-chromosome angama-62 kuphela, khona-ke umama we-mare has 64. Ngokusho biology, ukuze kuqhubeke uhlobo, umuntu kumele abe nenamba ecacile yama-chromosomes akha amasethi abhanqiwe. Futhi umnyuzi unama-63, ngakho-ke inani elingakhokhiwe selibe yisikhubekiso esikhulu ekuhlumeni izithelo. Kepha ngenxa yemizamo yososayensi, iminyuzi ibilwelwe ngamanani amakhulu kusukela ngo-2003, manje sekunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-11 emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukusetshenziswa kweminyuzi
Kakade ngesikhathi se-triennium, iminyuzi iqala ukusebenza. Kepha umuntu uzobe esekulungele ukusebenza kanzima, kusukela kuphela iminyaka emi-4. Kulokhu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukondla isilwane kuphela ukondla okungcono kakhulu futhi ngokusho nezincomo zabadokotela bezilwane. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, iminyuzi ibilokhu inesisindo sayo ngegolide, ngoba ihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu kunamahhashi, iyazola futhi iyabonisa izinkomba ezinkulu zokusebenza kahle.
Ukuqonda, umanyuzi owodwa wepakethe onomthwalo wamakhilogremu ayi-130 ngehora uhamba amakhilomitha ayi-5 ngaphandle kokuphumula futhi uyama. Uma ubopha isilo esifana naleso, sizodlula amakhilomitha ayi-8 ngehora. Iminyuzi ingaba yindawo engenakutholakala njengezokuthutha ezindaweni zezintaba kanye nesimo sezulu esingesihle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umnyuzi wehlukile kwehhashi ngoba awudingi kwakhiwa.
Izinduna zenze umnikelo obalulekile kwezolimo zamabhande kakotini. Ngemizamo yabo, amayunithi ezempi athatha izikhali futhi aphatha nabalimele esuka enkundleni yempi. Ukuphela kwephutha elibuthakathaka eliqhathaniswa nehhashi ukungakwazi ukunqoba ubude obukhulu. Kuyafakazelwa ukuthi noma yisiphi isidalwa esihlanganisiwe sibonisa ngokukhanyayo amandla akhethekile.
Iminyuzi namuhla
Ngeshwa, isimanjemanje sesilahlekelwe isidingo nokuthandwa kwezilwane ezinjengeminyuzi. Amaningi awasoli nokuthi izilwane eziyinhlanzana eziyigugu zingakanani kwisayensi nasekuphileni komuntu. Ngenxa yokuthi umsebenzi wezandla uthathelwe indawo umsebenzi womshini, ubuchwepheshe obusha bobuchwepheshe benza lula impilo nomsebenzi wesintu, isidingo nokubaluleka komanyuzi kwehla kakhulu.
Inani lezilwane likhombisa izibalo ezidumazayo - inani lemfuyo liyancishiswa. Njengoba singekho isidingo sezomnotho sezomanyuzi namuhla, kuyaqabukela ukuthola izitshalo ezifuywayo ezizimele nezikahulumeni.