Le nyoni yasolwandle ingeyofuzo i-Antarctic penguins, futhi yathola igama layo lokuqala ukuhlonipha u-Adele, unkosikazi wesikebhe saseFrance nomlobi wasolwandle uJules Dumont-Durville. Kepha ukuze kucace bha, umFulentshi waqamba isigaba sase-Antarctica ngegama lomkakhe, kwase kuthiwa uhlobo lwamaphengwini olungaziwa kule ndawo lwabizwa ngokuthi i-Adelie penguin, okungukuthi, ipenguin yezwe i-Adelie Land. Leli gama lezinhlobo laqala ukusetshenziswa ngemuva kuka-1840.
Lolu hlobo lusakazeka ogwini lwe-Antarctica, kanye naseSouth Shetland nase-Orkney Islands. Sekukonke, kunezigidi ezingama-3.79 zabantu abazalanayo emikhakheni engama-251. Lokhu kungaphezulu kwama-53% kunesibalo salezi zinyoni ezaqoshwa eminyakeni engama-20 eyedlule. Ukuphela kwenani lamakoloni ePenarula ye-Antarctic lehlile, kepha lokhu kuncishiswa kwasuswa ngokwanda kwamakoloni e-East Antarctica. Kwamanye amakoloni, ngesikhathi sokudlekwa, kunama-pairs ayizinkulungwane ezingama-200.
Incazelo
Ukuphakama kwalezi zinyoni ngamasentimitha angama-48-71. Isisindo siyehluka kusuka ku-3.7 kuya ku-6 kg. Isici esahlukile izindandatho ezimhlophe ezizungeze amehlo nezimpaphe ezansi komlomo. Mide kangangoba afihla iningi layo. Uqhwaku uqobo lubomvu. Umsila mude kunawo wonke ama-penguin. I-plumage ngokubukeka kwayo ifana ne-tuxedo. Ikhanda, intamo, emuva kanye namaphiko kumnyama. Isifuba nesisu kumhlophe. Emanzini, abamele izinhlobo bayohamba ngesivinini esingu-8 km / h.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ama-penguins e-Adelie afika ezindaweni zokudlela ngo-Okthoba - Novemba. Yakha ngazimbili bese wakhe izidleke. Kuyisidleke sezinqwaba zamatshe ezibekwe isiyingi. Ku-clutch kuneqanda elilodwa, kakhulu amaqanda ama-2 noma ama-3. Ukufakwa kwamaqanda kwenzeka ngenyanga kaDisemba. Kuyinto efudumele kakhulu e-Antarctica (cishe –2 degrees Celsius). Ababelethi bangenisa iqanda nabo.
Isikhathi sokufakwayo sithatha isilinganiso sezinsuku ezingama-32. Ngemuva kwalokho, emavikini ama-4, amantshontsho asondelene nabazali bawo, azifudumeza ngamapheya awo afudumele nokondla. Ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi, abantu abasha bahlangana ngamaqembu (ama-nurseries) futhi bahlala kuwo izinyanga ezi-2. Ngenyanga kaMashi, izinyoni ezincane ziya kondla olwandle bese ziqala ukuphila impilo yokuzimela. La ma-penguin ahlala olwandle kusukela ngoMashi kuya ku-Okthoba, ngenkathi engamakhilomitha angama-600-800 kude nezindawo ezidlekayo. Endle, i-Adélie penguin ihlala iminyaka eyi-16. Ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni engu-3-4 yobudala.
Ukuziphatha Nempilo
Ngesikhathi sokudla olwandle kusuka kwesinye isidleke kuya kwesinye, abamele izinhlobo banganqoba kuze kufike kumakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-13. Uhambo olude kakhulu olurekhodiwe lungamakhilomitha ayi-17,6. Ngokwemvelo yazo, lezi zinyoni zinelukuluku kakhulu, ziyathemba futhi zivulelekile ukuxhumana. Bondla ikakhulu nge-Antarctic krill. Ngaphezu kwalokho, badla izinhlanzi, ama-squid, ama-cephalopods, ne-jellyfish. Ukudla kuncike kakhulu endaweni ethile.
Ngokuya ngezifundo ze-isotopic zama-egghells aqokelelwa emakoloni eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezintathu edlule, kwenziwa isithombe soshintsho ekudleni. Kuqashelwe ukuthi eminyakeni engama-200 edlule kube nokushintshwa kusuka ekunciphiseni izinhlanzi kuya ku-krill. Lokhu kungenxa yokwehla kwenani lezimpawu zoboya kanye nemikhomo ye-baleen. Ukuncishiswa komncintiswano kwabo kuholele ekuwedluleni kwe-krill, okuyinto ama-penguin e-Adelie akujabulela ukukudla, ngoba lokhu kudla kutholakala kalula.
LIFESTYLE
Esikhathini esiningi, ama-penguin e-Alleli asolwandle, abambe eduze neqhwa lepakethe, lapho ulwandle oluvulekile lunikeza khona amazinga okushisa aphezulu. Izinyoni ziza emhlabeni kuphela ngesikhathi sezidleke. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinkulungwane zezinyoni zihlangana emikhakheni emikhulu futhi zinezindawo ezinamadwala ngasogwini lwe-Antarctica kanye nezinye iziqhingi - iSouth Sandwich, iSouth Orkney kanye naseSouth Shetland Islands. Lezi zindawo zitholakala ezindaweni ezinomoya. Imvelo ilungiselele ama-penguin ama-Alleli kahle impilo esimweni sezulu esibuhlungu sase-Antarctica. Imiphetho yepayipi elingamanzi elimboza cishe yonke indawo yomzimba wepenguin liqondiswe phansi. Ngakho-ke, i-plumage ibamba ungqimba lomoya ngaphansi, igcina ukushisa futhi inikeze isici esizuzisayo kumaphengwini - ngale ndlela amanzi ahamba kalula ezinsibeni zawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-penguins ane-fat subcutaneous ungqimba lwamafutha oluwavikela emaqandeni anamandla noma lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lehlela ku-60 ° C. Ama-penguins ama-Adelie isidleke emikhakheni emikhulu. Lapho kwakhiwa izidleke, kunomsindo omningi ngisho nokulwa - lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinyoni zivame ukweba amatshe esidleke komakhelwane bazo. Umsindo wehla kuphela lapho izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda azo, futhi abesilisa baqala ukuwangenisa. Ngemuva kokuphela kwenkathi yezidleke, ama-Adélie amadolo penguins molt bese eya olwandle nam amaphuphu awo.
Ukusikisela
Isimo sezulu esibuhlungu sase-Antarctica senza ama-penguins e-Adélie isidleke kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Lezi zinyoni zakha amabhangqa anaphakade futhi ngonyaka zibuyela ezidlekeni ezifanayo. Ukuhamba eqhweni naseqhweni kuya ezidlekeni ezikude kuthatha inyanga.
Ama-penguin ahlala emaqenjini amashumi amaningana kuya ezinkulungwaneni eziningana. Lezi zinyoni zivela ezindaweni zokugcina izidleke ngasekupheleni kobusuku be-polar - ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Uma phakathi nohambo amaphayiphu adinwa kakhulu, alala ngesisu futhi acwengeke eqhweni elibushelelezi, aconsa phansi emaphikweni awo.
Abesilisa bavela okokuqala ezindaweni zokudlela, bese izinsikazi zifika ngesonto. Ukufika endaweni, izinyoni zingena kuleyo ndawo bese ziqala ukwakha isidleke. Izilokotho ziyahlukahluka, kuya ngeminyaka yobudala benyoni - kubantu abasha lokhu kuvame ukuba ngamatshe amnyama ahlukane okwesibhakabhaka, kuthi uma sebekhulile kube ngamakhulu amatshe amatshe ahlanganiswe ngesimo sesitsha. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-2 ngekhefu lezinsuku ezi-1 kuye kwezi-5. Lapho nje insikazi ibeka iqanda lesibili, iya olwandle ukuyokondla. Abesilisa bafaka amaqanda, baqhubeke nokubulawa yindlala. Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-2-3, izinsikazi ziyabuya, abesilisa baya olwandle beyofuna ukudla. Zibuyela esidlekeni ngokushesha. Maphakathi noJanuwari, kuzalwa amaphuphu. Amasonto amabili acasha ngaphansi kwabazali bawo, kamuva ame eceleni kwawo esidlekeni, acashe kuphela lapho kuneziphepho zeqhwa. Amachwane amasonto amane ubudala aqoqana ngamaqembu amakhulu - "ama-nurseries." Lapho amachwane esephenduka amasonto ayisishiyagalombili ubudala, umkhombe uyaqhekeka.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Isithombe: Adelie Penguin
I-Adelie penguin (ngesiLatini esibizwa ngokuthi i-Pygoscelis adeliae) iyinyoni engaphapha eyeyeqembu elinjenge-penguin. Lezi zinyoni zingenye yezinhlobo ezintathu zohlobo lwe-Pygoscelis. I-Mitochondrial kanye ne-DNA yenuzi ikhombisa ukuthi uhlobo luhlukaniswe kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezifuywayo cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-38 edlule, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili emva kokhokho bohlobo lwe-Aptenodyte. Futhi, ama-penguins e-Adélie ahlukana namanye amalungu ohlobo cishe lweminyaka eyi-19 million edlule.
Ividiyo: Adelie Penguin
Amapenguins okuqala aqala ukuzulazula cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-70 edlule. Okhokho babo balahlekelwa amandla okundiza esibhakabhakeni futhi baphenduka ababhukudi bendawo yonke. Amathambo wezinyoni asephenduke esindayo, esiza ukusiza ukuntywila kangcono. Manje lezi zinyoni ezihlekisayo "zindizela" ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Izinsalela ze-penguin zaqala ukutholwa ngonyaka we-1892. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, ososayensi babecabanga ukuthi lezi zidalwa ezixakile ezinamaphiko amancane kwakuyizinyoni zakudala ezazingenakukwazi ukundiza kahle. Ngemuva kwalokho kwacaciswa umsuka: amadlozi ama-penguins - izinyoni ze-keel tube-nosed - iqembu elakhiwe kahle kakhulu lezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ama-penguins okuqala avela e-Antarctica eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-40 edlule. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlobo eziningana zezilwane zazihlala olwandle futhi ziphila ngendlela engafani nenhlabathi. Phakathi kwazo kwakukhona imidondoshiya yangempela, ngokwesibonelo, ama-anthropornise, okuthi ukuphakama kwawo kufinyelele ku-180 cm. Okhokho bawo babengenazitha eziyingozi ku-Antarctica ebandayo, ngakho-ke amaphinifa aphelelwa amandla okundiza, azivumelanisa namazinga okushisa aphansi futhi aba ngababhukudi bendawo yonke.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Adélie Penguins e-Antarctica
Ama-Adélie penguins (P. adeliae) yizona ezifundwa kakhulu kunazo zonke izinhlobo ze-17. Aqanjwa ngegama le-Adele Earth, lapho achazwa khona okokuqala ngo-1840 ngumcwaningi wezinyoni waseFrance uJules Dumont-d'Urville, owaqamba le ngxenye yezwekazi lase-Antarctic ukuhlonipha unkosikazi wakhe u-Adele.
Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-penguins, anezimpaphe ezijwayelekile ezimnyama nezimhlophe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwalula kunikeza ukuzifihla okuhle ngokumelene nezilwane ezizingelayo ngesikhathi sokuzingela inyamazane - umhlane omnyama ekujuleni kolwandle omnyama nesisu esimhlophe phezu kolwandle olukhanyayo ngaphezulu kwekhanda. Abesilisa bakhulu nje kancanyana kunabesifazane, ikakhulukazi umlomo wabo. Ubude bomobe bavame ukusetshenziselwa ukunquma ubulili.
Ama-penguins ama-Adelie anesisindo esisuka ku-3.8 kg kuya ku-5.8 kg, kuya esigabeni sokuzalela. Zingamasayizi aphakathi ngosayizi ukukhula kusuka kuma-46 kuye kwangama-71 cm. Izici ezihlukile ziyindandatho emhlophe ezungeze amehlo nezimpaphe ezilengiswe ngaphezulu komlomo. Uqhwaku lubomvu ngombala. Umsila mude ngokwedlula ezinye izinyoni. Ngaphandle, yonke ingubo ibukeka njenge-tuxedo yomuntu omelele. I-Adeles incane kancane kunezinhlobo eziningi ezaziwayo.
Lama penguins ajwayele ukubhukuda ngejubane elingaba ngu-8.0 km / h.Angagxuma cishe ngamamitha amathathu ukusuka emanzini ukuya emhlabeni emadwaleni noma eqhweni. Le yizinhlobo ezijwayelekile kakhulu zepenguin.
Ihlala kuphi i-Adélie penguin?
Photo: Adelie Penguin bird
Bahlala esifundeni sase-Antarctic kuphela. Bahlala ogwini lwe-Antarctica kanye neziqhingi ezingomakhelwane. Indawo enabantu abaningi kakhulu be-Adelie penguins itholakala kuLwandle lweRoss. Ukuphila esifundeni sase-Antarctic, la ma-penguin kumele abekezelele amazinga okushisa abanda kakhulu. Ezinyangeni zobusika, i-Adele ihlala ezisekelweni ezinkulu zeqhwa zasolwandle ukuthola ukufinyelela okungcono kokudla.
I-Krill, umkhiqizo oyinhloko ekudleni. Bazondla nge-plankton ehlala ngaphansi kweqhwa olwandle, ngakho-ke bakhetha izindawo ezinobuningi be-krill. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, imvamisa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kanye nasezinyangeni zehlobo, baya emabhishi asogwini beyokwakha izidleke zabo ezindaweni ezingenawo amaqhwa. Ngokufinyelela kwamanzi avulekile esifundeni, abantu abadala nabancane babo banikezwa cishe ukufinyelela kokudla ngokushesha.
Ama-péleins e-Adélie ahlala esifundeni saseLwandle iRoss oluya e-Antarctica athutheka ngokwesilinganiso cishe amakhilomitha angama-13,000 unyaka ngamunye, elandela ilanga kusuka ezindaweni zawo zokuzalela aze adla umhlaba wasebusika kanye nokuphikisana nalokho.
Ebusika, ilanga aliphumi eningizimu ye-Arctic Circle, kepha iqhwa lolwandle liyakhula phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika futhi lenyuke ngamakhilomitha amaningi ukusuka ogwini futhi liqhubekele ezindaweni ezifika enyakatho kulo lonke elase-Antarctica. Uma nje ama-penguins ehlala emaphethelweni eqhwa esheshayo, azobona ukukhanya kwelanga.
Lapho iqhwa liphela entwasahlobo, ama-penguin ahlala onqenqemeni kuze kube yilapho ephinde egudla ugu phakathi nenkathi enelanga. Izintaba ezinde kakhulu zaqoshwa ku-17,600 km.
Ngabe adlani ama-penguin adelie?
Isithombe: Adelie Penguin
Bazondla ikakhulu ngokudla okuxubile kwe-Antarctic krill Eufusia superba ne-ayisikhrimu ebandayo i-krill E. crystalorophias, yize ukudla kudlulela ezinhlanzini (ikakhulukazi i-Pleuragramma antarcticum) phakathi nonyaka - phakathi nesikhathi sokuzalela kanye ne-squid - ebusika. Imenyu iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngendawo.
Ukudla kwe-penguin ka-Adelie kwehla kule mikhiqizo:
- izinhlanzi zeqhwa
- ulwandle lwasolwandle
- ama-squid nama-cephalopods,
- inhlanzi yezinqa
- izinduku ezikhazimulayo,
- Ama-Amphipod nawo ayingxenye yokudla kwawo okuvamile.
Kutholakale ukuthi i-jellyfish, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo zohlobo lweChrysaora neCyanea, zisetshenziswa kakhulu ngamaphengwini e-adelie njengomkhiqizo wokudla, yize ngaphambili bekukholelwa ukuthi ziwagwinya ngengozi. Izintandokazi ezifanayo zitholakale ezinhlotsheni eziningana: i-penguin enamehlo aphuzi kanye ne-Magellanic penguin. Ama-penguin e-Adélie aqongelela ukudla abese ekugqekeza ukuze ondle amawundlu awo.
Lapho ukudonsa usuka ebusweni bamanzi kuya ekujuleni lapho kutholakala khona inyamazane yawo, ama-adel penguins asebenzisa isivinini esijabulisayo esingu-2 m / s, okukholelwa ukuthi isivinini esiqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amancane. Kodwa-ke, lapho nje zifika esitokisini esiminyene se-krill ezansi dives yazo, yehlisa ijubane ukubamba inyamazane. Njengomthetho, ama-penguins e-Adélie akhetha i-krill yesifazane esindayo ngamaqanda, enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamandla.
Bebheka izinsalela ezanqwabelana emakoloni eminyakeni engama-38,000 edlule, ososayensi bafika esiphethweni sokuthi kunokushintsha okungazelelwe ekudleni kwama-penguin e-adelie. Babeshintsha izinhlanzi njengomthombo wokudla oyinhloko baye ku-krill. Konke kuqale cishe eminyakeni engama-200 edlule. Okunokwenzeka kakhulu, lokhu kungenxa yokwehla kwenani lezimpawu zoboya kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nokwenziwa kwemikhomo ye-baleen ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ukuncishiswa komncintiswano kusuka kulaba bantu abahlukumeza abanye kuholele ekutheni i-krill ibe ngaphezulu. Amapengu manje aselisebenzisa njengomthombo wokudla olula.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Adélie Penguins e-Antarctica
I-Pygoscelis adeliae iyinhlobo enhlobonhlobo yepenguin. Bahlala behlangana nabanye abantu eqenjini noma koloni lwabo. Ama-Adeles ahamba ndawonye ukusuka eqhweni lepakethe aye ezindaweni zawo zokungenisa izidleke lapho kuqala unyaka wokuzalela. Amabili abhangqiwe avikela isidleke. Ama-penguin e-Adélie nawo azingela ngamaqembu, ngoba lokhu kunciphisa ubungozi bokuhlaselwa umhlaseli futhi kwandise ukusebenza ngempumelelo kokuseshwa kokudla.
Ama-penguin e-Adélie angandiza ukuphuma emanzini ayoshwibeka ngamamitha ambalwa ngaphezu komhlaba ngaphambi kokuphinda ungene emanzini. Lapho ushiya amanzi, ama-penguins aphefumula umoya ngokushesha. Emhlabeni, angahamba ngezindlela eziningi. Ama-penguin e-Adélie ahamba endaweni ethe mpo, enyakazisa ngokugxuma okumbili, noma angashelela esiswini sawo eqhweni naseqhweni.
Umjikelezo wabo waminyaka yonke ungafushaniswa ngezigaba ezilandelayo:
- isikhathi sokuphakelwa kokudla olwandle,
- ukuthutha kuya koloni cishe ngo-Okthoba,
- isidleke nokukhulisa amawundlu (cishe izinyanga ezintathu),
- Ukufuduka kukaFebhuwari ngokudla okungapheli,
- Ukuncibilika eqhweni ngoFebhuwari-Mashi.
Emhlabeni, ama-penguin adelie abukeka evilapha, kepha lapho elwandle, abukeka njengesibhukudi se-torpedo, esizingela ekujuleni kwe-170 m futhi esasemanzini isikhathi esingaphezu kwemizuzu engu-5. Kodwa-ke, iningi lomsebenzi wabo wokudonswa ugxiliswa kumamitha angama-50 wobubanzi bamanzi, ngoba, ngokuba izisulu ezibukwayo, ukujula kwabo okugcwele kokucwilisa kunqunywa ukungena kokukhanya ekujuleni kolwandle.
Lawa ma-penguin anochungechunge lwezimo eziguquguqukayo ngokomzimba nangokwezifiso ezibavumela ukuba bandise isikhathi sabo ngaphansi kwamanzi, amanye ama-penguins asayizi ofanayo angenakuma.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Adelie Penguin Owesifazane
Ama-penguins wesilisa, adonsela ukunaka kwabesifazane, akhombisa uqhwaku oluphakanyisiwe, ukugoba entanyeni nomzimba owelulelwe ukuphakama kwawo okugcwele. Le minyakazo godu isebenza ukumemezela indawo kukholoni yayo. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ama-penguins e-Adélie abuyela kumasayithi abo okuzalela. Abesilisa bafika kuqala. Umbhangqwana ngamunye uphendula ocingweni lomunye nomunye wakhe futhi uya endaweni lapho ebengene khona ngonyaka owedlule. Imibhangqwana ingaphinde ihlangane iminyaka eminingana ngokulandelana.
Ukwanda kwezinsuku zasentwasahlobo kuvuselela ama-penguins ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokondla okungapheli ukuze kuqoqwe amafutha awadingayo ngesikhathi sokuzala kanye nokufakwa. Izinyoni zakha izidleke zamatshe, zilungiselela ukubonakala kwamaqanda amabili. Ama-penguins e-Adélie ajwayele ukuba namawundlu amabili ngesizini, iqanda elilodwa lilele ngemuva nje kokuqala. Amaqanda afakwa ezinsukwini ezingama-36. Abazali bayashintshana ngokunakekela amantshontsho amancanyana cishe amasonto amane ngemuva kokuqokwa.
Bobabili abazali benzela izingane zabo okuningi. Ngesikhathi sokufakwa, owesilisa nowesifazane bayashintshana neqanda, kanti owesilisa wesibili "uyondla". Lapho nje iphuphu selibambile, bobabili abantu abadala bayashintshana bafuna ukudla.Izinkukhu ezisanda kuzalwa zizalwa ngezimpaphe futhi azikwazi ukuzondla. Emavikini amane kudlulile amachwane, izojoyina amanye amaphuphu adelie adelie ukuze kuvikelwe kangcono. E-nursery, abazali basondla amawundlu abo, futhi kuphela emva kwezinsuku ezingama-56 enkulisa lapho penguin iningi le-Adélie lizimele.
Izitha Zemvelo zika-Adele Penguin
Photo: Adelie Penguins
Izingwe zolwandle ziyizisulu ezivame kakhulu ze-Adelie penguin ezihlasela eduze komphetho weqhwa. Izingwe zasolwandle aziyona inkinga amapenguins asosebeni, ngoba izingwe zolwandle zihamba olwandle kuphela noma zilala. Ama-penguins e-Adélie afunde ukuzungeza lezi zidleke ngokubhukuda ngamaqembu, ukugwema iqhwa elincanyana nokuchitha isikhathi esincane emanzini ngaphakathi kwamamitha ayi-200 olwandle lwawo. Imikhomo kaKiller ivame ukuxhaphaza abamele abakhulu bezinhlotshana ze-penguin, kepha kwesinye isikhathi idla izitolo.
I-South Polar skuas inyamazane kumaqanda namachwane ashiywe angakhathalelwanga abantu abadala noma asemaphethelweni amaseli. I-White Plover (Chionis albus) nayo ngezinye izikhathi ingahlasela amaqanda angaziwa. Ama-penguin e-Adélie ahlangabezana nokubikezela kwezingwe zasolwandle nemikhomo yokubulala olwandle, kanye nezilwane ezinkulu ezifuywayo nezingulube emhlabeni.
Izitha ezinkulu zemvelo zama-penguin e-Adélie yilezi:
- umuthi wokubulala (i-Orcinus orca),
- izingwe zolwandle (H. leptonyx),
- I-South Polar Skuas (Stercorarius maccormicki),
- i-plover emhlophe (Chionis albus),
- umdondoshiya omkhulu (Macronectes).
Ama-penguin e-Adélie ajwayele ukuba yizinkomba ezinhle zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Baqala ukugcwala emabhishi, ngaphambili ebelimbozwa njalo yiqhwa, okubonisa ukufudumala kwendawo ye-Antarctic. Amakoloni e-Adélie penguin ahamba phambili e-ecotourism e-Antarctica. Kusukela ngeshumi nane nesishiyagalombili ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, lawa mapengu abesetshenziselwa ukudla, uwoyela nethithi. I-guano yabo ibilayini futhi isetshenziswe njengomanyolo.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Adelie Penguins
Ucwaningo ezindaweni eziningana luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-adelie penguin poloin is solid or grow, kodwa njengoba ukuthambekela kwesibalo sabantu kuncike kakhulu ekusatshalisweni kweqhwa lasolwandle, kunokukhathazeka ukuthi ukufudumala komhlaba kungagcina kuthinte inala. Zenza ikoloni indawo engenawo amaqhwa yezwekazi lase-Antarctic ngesikhathi esifushane sokuzalela sasehlobo.
Umsebenzi wabo olwandle ungama-90% wokuphila futhi kuya ngesakhiwo nokuguquguquka kwaminyaka yonke kweqhwa lasolwandle. Lobu budlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi buboniswa amabanga okuphakelwa kwezinyoni, anqunywa ngobukhulu beqhwa lolwandle.
Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-satellite ka-2014 kwezindawo ezintsha ezisogwini ezinsundu ezibomvu ezibomvu ezine-guano: kutholakala izigidi ezingama-3,79 izidleke zezidleke zentaba emakoloni angama-251, angamaphesenti angama-53 ukwedlula ukubalwa kwabantu okwenziwe eminyakeni engama-20 eyedlule.
Amakoloni asatshalaliswa ngasogwini lomhlaba wase-Antarctic nolwandle. Inani labantu eNhlonhlo Yase-Antarctic liye lehla kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980, kepha lokhu kwehla kwaba ngaphezu kokukhinyabezeka ngokwanda e-East Antarctica. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, ahlangana emikhakheni emikhulu yokuzalanisa, eminye yayo eyakha ngaphezu kwekota yesigidi.
Usayizi wamakholoni ngamanye angahluka kakhulu, futhi amanye angaba sengozini kakhulu ngokuhluka kwesimo sezulu. Indawo yokuhlala ihlonzwe yi-birdLife International njenge "ndawo ebalulekile yezinyoni". Adelie Penguin, ngenani lama-751 527 ngazimbili, abhalisiwe okungenani kumakholoni ahlukene amahlanu. NgoMashi 2018, kwatholakala ikoloni labantu abayizigidi eziyi-1.5.
Izindlela Zokuphila, indlela yokuphila
Phakathi kuka-Ephreli no-Okthoba, impilo esezindongeni eziphakeme zephephadonga eliseningizimu imbi kakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, abamele izinhlobo zezilwane bahlala olwandle. Bahamba kude nezindawo ezidlekayo - 700 km. Lapha bayaphumula, badle ukudla ukuze bathole amandla, ngoba emva kwalokho kuzodingeka balambe isikhathi esithile.
Ngo-Okthoba, izinyoni zibuyela endaweni esidlekayo. Isimo sezulu ngaleso sikhathi sishubile.
Isikhathi sonke ezinye izinyoni zisolwandle eduze kweqhwa lepakethe. Ungahlangana nabamele lolu hlobo lwamapenguins ezindaweni ezinamadwala ase-Antarctica, kanye naseziqhingini eziseduzane - iSouth Sandwich, eSouth Scottish.
Ukudla I-Adelie Penguin
I-Adelie penguin ifuna ukudla emanzini olwandle. Ubuningi bokudla kwakhe ngu-krill. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nyoni idla ama-cephalopods, amanye ama-mollusk nezinhlanzi ezincane.
Ngenxa yezimpawu zayo, i-Adelie penguin ingawasebenzisa kahle kakhulu amandla atholwe ekudleni. Emini, i-Adélie penguin idla kuphela amakhilogremu amabili okudla.
Ngesikhathi sokubhukuda, inyoni enamaphiko ikhula ngesivinini esingaphezu kuka-20 km / h. Imilenze emikhulu yale nyoni, enamabhulashi okubhukuda, asebenza njenge-helm futhi asiza i-Adélie penguin ukuthi ihlale endaweni ethile.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo nge-Adelie penguin
- Isibalo Adelie Penguins, enabantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezinhlanu, lapho umvuthwandaba wesikhathi sokudlekelwa ungamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili zokudla kudliwa nsuku zonke. Le nombolo ihambelana nabadobi abangama-70 abalayisha ngokugcwele.
- Ungqimba lwamafutha nokufakelwa okungangenisi amanzi kuvikela kahle ama-penguin kusuka emakhazeni, okungaba sengozini yokushiswa ngokweqile. Kulokhu Adelie Penguin kuvula amaphiko ngokuqondile ukuqeda ukushisa ngokweqile
- Ngesikhathi soguquko olude kumasayithi wokudlela, kwakhiwa izidleke kanye nesigaba sokuqala sokuthola izidleke ama-penguin bayalamba. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kuthatha cishe amasonto ayi-6. Ngalesi sikhathi izinyoni balahlekelwe kuze kufike ku-40% wesisindo sabo
- I-Penguin Adelie Kulula ukuqaphela ngomlomo omfishane namasongo amhlophe azungeze amehlo. Umbala wayo umnyama futhi umhlophe
- Bobabili abazali kuqala penguin ukushintshana ne-chick. Kamuva amachwane aqoqana “enkulisa yosuku”
- Isidleke sakhiwe ngamatshe amatshe amancane - okuwukuphela kwento etholakalayo. Abazali bafaka amaqanda ngokuhlukile, bese bondla ngesikhathi sekhefu
- Ubude be-Adélie Penguin: kufika ku-70 cm
- Ubude be-Adelie Penguin: 20-24 cm
- Adélie Penguin Mass: kuze kufike ku-5 kg
- Ukudla kwe-Adelie Penguin: ama-krill, ama-cephalopods namanye ama-mollusks, izinhlanzi ezincane
- Isikhala sempilo sika-Adelie Penguin: Iminyaka eyi-15 - 20
- Izinhlobo ezihlobeneIzinhlobo ezimbili zezinye zohlobo lwePygoscelis: i-subantarctic penguin (P. papua) no I-Antarctic penguin.
IZIVIVINYO JIKELELE
Ekufuneni inyamazane, okuyisisekelo sayo okuyi-krill, imvamisa yenza uhlobo lwe-dolphin, ngakho-ke umhlambi wama-penguins we-Adelie uvame ukwenziwa iphutha ngamad dolphin amancane akude.
Le penguin, njengombusi, iyisakhamuzi sase-Antarctica. Lezi yizinyoni ezihlekisayo nezithandekayo ukuya kufinyelela kuma-75 cm ukuphakama, ezinesisindo esingu-5-6 kg. Ebusika zihamba olwandle, zibhukuda amakhilomitha ayinkulungwane ukusuka ezindaweni ezidlekayo. Ukuma komzimba okwenziwe lula nentamo emfushane kwenza ukunyakaza kwawo emanzini. Izimpaphe ezincane zinamathela komunye nomunye, njengamathayili, futhi zakha i-plumage engavunyelwe manzi. Futhi sibonga i-fluff nengqimba yamafutha ngaphansi kwayo, umzimba wepenguin awuphakama. Ngo-Okthoba (intwasahlobo sekwephuzile e-Antarctic) balungiselela ukuhlelwa kwezidleke. Zibekwe ngaphakathi ngamatshe amatshe futhi ngoNovemba-Disemba 2 amaqanda abekwa. Amaviki okuqala ubaba wabo azicwilisa, bese abazali besebenzisa enye indlela. Amachwane asekhulile anikezwa "emkhombeni". Ukubuya ekuzingeleni, abazali bathola futhi bondle izingane zabo.
Amaqiniso ATHANDAYO, UKWAZI.
- Inani lama-penguins e-Adélie, ahlanganisa abantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezi-5, lidla amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili zokudla nsuku zonke lapho kufinyelela umvuthwandaba wesikhathi esidlekayo. Le nombolo ihambelana nabadobi abangama-70 abalayisha ngokugcwele.
- Ungqimba lwamafutha angafakelwa olufakayo nolungena manzi aluvimbi emakhazeni kangangokuba lungabhekana nokushisa ngokweqile. Kulokhu, ipenguin yasakazeka amaphiko ayo ukuze ibambe ukushisa ngokweqile.
- Ngesikhathi soguquko olude lokuya esidlekeni, ekwakhiweni kwezidleke kanye esigabeni sokuqala sokudlekwa, amaphinifa yindlala. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kuthatha cishe amasonto ayi-6. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinyoni zilahlekelwa kuze kube ngu-40% wesisindo sazo.
IZIPHUMA ZE-CHARACTERISTIC zika-AdELA PENGUIN
I-Plumage: emuva kumnyama, isisu nesifuba zimhlophe. Eduze kwamehlo kuyindandatho emhlophe emhlophe. Izimpaphe zakha isithiyo esihle kakhulu sokushisa esivikela inyoni emoyeni, eqhweni naseqhweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuwona manzi. Abantu bobabili bobulili bobabili bangaphandle ngokufana.
Izindonga: emhlabeni abahlinzeki ngezinzuzo ezingokoqobo. I-penguin “iyizungeza” kuphela uma ibheka esiswini sayo eqhweni elibushelelezi. Emanzini, esikhundleni sawo kukhona izinyoni.
Beak: mfushane futhi uthambile, njengokungathi usikiwe, unemibala emincane.
- U-Adelie Penguin Range
LAPHO UKUPHILA
I-Adelie penguin itholakala lonke ugu lwe-Antarctica kanye naseSouth Orkney, eSouth Scottish, naseSouth Sandwich Islands.
UKUVIKELA NOKUVIKELA
Imikhakha ehlukene yokuzalela yama-penguin e-Adélie, eyayiphazanyiswa kaninginingi ngenxa yokuhamba kwesayensi, kwathiwa yizindawo ezivikelwe. Emashumini eminyaka edlule, inani lezinhlobo likhuphukile.
Indlela yokuphila ye-Adelie penguin nendawo yokuhlala
I-hemisphere eseningizimu ibonakala ngokuphila isikhathi eside kwepolarism. Kuhlala izinyanga eziyisithupha, kuqale ngo-Ephreli kuze kuphele u-Okthoba. Sonke lesi sikhathi, ama-penguins e-Adelie achitha olwandle, olutholakala ezindaweni zabo ezidlekayo ebangeni elingafinyelela ku-700 km.
Kulezo zindawo, baphumula kamnandi, bethola imizwa emihle, amandla abalulekile futhi baqoqa imithombo yamandla, bedla ukudla abakuthandayo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ngemuva kokuthi "indawo" enjalo izinyoni ziba nesikhathi eside sokubulawa yindlala.
U-Okthoba uyinyanga ebonakala ngayo kulezi zinyoni zibuyele ezindaweni zazo ezivamile zokuhlala izidleke. Izimo zemvelo ngalesi sikhathi zenza ama-penguin adlule ekuvivinyweni okuningi.
Isithwathwa esine-degrees ezingama-40 nomoya omubi, sifinyelela kumamitha angama-70 ngomzuzwana, kwesinye isikhathi kubangela ukuba bakhanukele emgomweni wabo abawuthandayo esiswini sabo. Umucu izinyoni ezihamba nazo uhlanganisa amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zabantu.
Abalingani abajwayelekile be-penguin batholakala eduze kwesiza esidlekayo sonyaka odlule. Into yokuqala abaqala ukuyenza ndawonye ukuchibiyela ikhaya labo elonakalisiwe nelonakaliswe isimo sezulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoni ziyihlobisa ngamatshe amatshe amahle, okuyinto eyayibambe iso lami. Kungenxa yalesi sakhiwo sokwakhiwa lapho ama-penguins engaqala ukushayisana aqala impi, kwesinye isikhathi ehambisana nokulwa nokulwa kwangempela.
Zonke lezi zenzo zithatha amandla ezinyoni. Ngalesi sikhathi abadli, yize izinsiza zamanzi lapho khona ukudla kwazo kusondele kakhulu. Izimpi zamasosha phezu kwezinto zokwakha ziyaphela, futhi endaweni yokuhlala okuvele isidilikile, kuvela isidleke esihle sepenguin, sihlotshiswe ngamatshe acishe abe ngu-70 cm ukuphakama.
Sonke isikhathi Ama-penguin ama-Adelie ahlala olwandle. Banamathela ukupakisha iqhwa, bezama ukuba olwandle oluvulekile lokushisa okuphezulu okuzinzile. Izindawo ezinamadwala nogu lwe-Antarctica, iziqhingi zaseSouth Sandwich, iSouth Orkney kanye naseSouth Scottish Islands yizindawo ezithandwa kakhulu zalezi zinyoni.