Ama-penguins (lat.Shеnisсidае) * Izinyoni

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Uyemukelwa ekhasini 404! Ulapha ngoba ufake ikheli lekhasi elingasatholakali noma elidluliselwe kwelinye ikheli.

Ikhasi olicelile kungenzeka ukuthi lihanjisiwe noma lasuswa. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi wenze i-typo encane lapho ufaka ikheli - lokhu kuyenzeka nathi, ngakho-ke ihlole futhi ngokucophelela.

Uyacelwa ukuthi usebenzise indlela yokuhamba noma yokusesha ukuthola imininingwane oyithandayo. Uma unemibuzo, bese ubhalela umphathi.

Indawo yokusabalalisa

Umndeni wepenguin (lat. Spheniscidae) ungowokufana ne-penguin futhi ugxile kakhulu esifundeni sase-Antarctic, nasezindaweni eziseduze nesiqhingi. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuncane lapha: i-impiri, i-papuan (subantarctic), i-Antarctic futhi, iningi kakhulu, i-Adelie penguin ihlala e-Antarctica. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala eduze nenyakatho futhi eduze nasenkabazwe, kepha zihlala kuphela ezindaweni ezinamakhaza.

Ezinye izinhlobo ezidumile zepenguin:

Encane noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka,

Izidumbu zokhokho babo zatholakala ePeru naseNew Zealand. Kungenzeka ukuthi ama-penguin asendulo angandiza. Athini amathambo ezimpiko zawo? Zincane futhi zibanzi ukwedlula lezo zabamele bamanje, ezinamaphiko enkambweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo aqale ukufana namachashaza futhi angaguquki ezindizeni.

Ngabe ipenguin iyinyoni noma inyamazane?

Umzimba wepenguin umbozwe iplamu ekhethekile efana noboya. Izimpaphe ezincane zigcina ngommese wenduku eqinile futhi zimboze isikhumba ngokwezimiso zesikali. Ngokubambisana namafutha avela kwizindlala ezikhethekile, lokhu kunikeza umzimba ukumelana kwamanzi okuhle nokufakelwa kwamafutha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-penguin anohlelo oluhlukile lokuhlinzekwa kwegazi: emifudlaneni nase emilenzeni, igazi elenzelwa emuva linika ukushisa kuma-venous, futhi lokho kubuyisela emzimbeni. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina amazinga okushisa angama-38 degrees noma ezimweni zezulu ezinzima.

Umsila uqukethe izimpaphe ezinde futhi zilukhuni, zinikeza ukwesekwa okuthembekile. Umlomo uqinile, mude futhi ubukhali. Konke lokhu kanye neqiniso lokuthi ama-penguins abeka amaqanda njengazo zonke izinyoni, kushiya kungangabazi ukuthi akuyona eyezinhlanzi noma izilwane ezincelisayo.

Uyini umehluko ovela kwezinye izinyoni

Ngokungafani nezinye izingcingo zamanzi, ama-penguin angaphansi kwamanzi awalawuli imilenze yabo futhi ayigcine ilele. Umsebenzi oyinhloko uthathwa ngamaphiko ahamba ehlombe ngokuhlanganyela ngokusho komgomo wesikulufa. Imilenze imfishane, i-webbed, ifihlwe kakhulu esikhunjeni somzimba. Zishintshwa emuva emuva, uma ziqhathaniswa nemilenze yezinye izinyoni, yingakho izimbotshana zihamba ngokuqinile zibheka phezulu, zigcina ukulinganisela kwazo.

Amathambo e-Skeleton awanayo imithambo futhi afana kakhulu ekuxinaniseleni nasemathanjeni ezincelisayo. Imisipha yezimpiko ne-sternal keel ithuthukiswa kangcono kakhulu kunezinye izinyoni. Izinhlobo eziningi zinombala omnyama noma omnyama emuva nesisu esimhlophe. Isimo somzimba nombala wamapenguins ziyefana ne-eider. Kukhona inguqulo okusho ukuthi okhokho babo bayizihlobo zeselegi engenamaphiko, eyanyamalala ngekhulu le-19.

Ezinye izici zama-penguins

Emhlabeni ahamba kancane, asuka onyaweni aye kolunye. Le ndlela isiza ukonga amandla. Uma kunesidingo, alala esiswini sawo, futhi, efulathela, ngokushesha azulazula ebusweni, ashesha ngesivinini esingama-6 km / h. Ngesikhathi sokubhukuda, ukunqoba ukumelana nemisinga eqinile, kwesinye isikhathi bagxuma baphume emanzini njengamahlengethwa.

Isigcini samafutha esingaphansi esisendlalelo esingamasentimitha angama-2-3 sivumela i-penguin ukuba ibhekane nezikhathi zokubanda nezendlala.Njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa, lapho ngenxa yokwephula isembozo esingamanzi, izinyoni ziyaphoqelelwa ukuthi zihlale emhlabeni, zingakwazi ukuzitholela ukudla kwazo. Ngalesi sikhathi, balahlekelwa yingxenye ebalulekile yesisindo.

Ama-penguin aphila ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka engu-15 ukuya ku-20.

Abazingeli nabasatshwayo

Manje ake sixoxe ngokuthi kudlani ama-penguins. Abahlala emanzini olwandle baphakathi kokudla:

Izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi,

Ezincane kunazo zonke zazo, izinyoni zidla emanzini, zimunca umlomo. Baphuza amanzi anosawoti olwandle, ngisho nangeziphethu ezintsha. Usawoti owengeziwe udonswa ngemithambo ye-supraorbital.

Ama-penguin uqobo adla ukudla kwezilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye: oshaka, imikhomo yokubulala, izingwe, izihlambi zoboya namabhubezi olwandle. Ama-seagull aletha nezinkinga eziningi, acekela phansi izidleke futhi ahlasele nam amaphuphu amancane.

Ngenxa yokuthi iningi lezitha lisemanzini, lilinde izisulu zalo emanzini angajulile, amapengu ngokuvamile awalokothi alinge ukungena olwandle isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokumba, aguqeke ngamaqembu endaweni. Ngemuva kokushona kwe-bravest, abanye balandela isibonelo sakhe. Le nto ibizwa ngokuthi "umphumela we-penguin."

Ubudlelwano Babantu

Indoda yesimanje empeleni ayiyidli inyama yepenguin. Kakhulu ngenxa yephunga elithile. Kepha kwezinye izindawo, bazingela amanoni abo abalulekile namaqanda, okudala umonakalo omkhulu enanini lezinhlobo.

Abasebenza eziteshini ezivulekile lapho bethintana khona namaphinifa bayaphawula ukuthi abesabi abantu futhi baziphatha sengathi yiphutha lezihlobo zabo. Ngenxa yohlobo lomzimba, ama-penguin awakwazi ukuzimela ngokwawo uma ewa. Ngakho-ke, abantu basebenza eziteshini, umthwalo wabo wemfanelo ukusiza izinyoni ukuba zikhuphuke.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Ama-penguin anobuhlakani obuphakeme obulungile, obukhonjiswa ngemikhuba engajwayelekile. Isibonelo, ngokufuna ukuphazamisa umhlaseli, bangaphonsa esinye isizwe emanzini, bawenze umhlatshelo.

Lezi zinyoni zingenye yezakhamuzi zasendulo zomhlaba, okucatshangwa ukuthi zaziphila ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwama dinosaurs.

I-Penguin ukuphela kwenyoni ehamba imile.

Ukugcina kufudumele, ama-Emperor penguins aqoqelana i-denser komunye nomunye, ahlangana ngezikhathi ezithile kusuka emaphethelweni kuya enkabeni ukuze wonke umuntu athole ukushisa.

Ukuze igxilise ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-500, inkosi ipenguin iginya amatshe amancane.

Uzosisiza kakhulu uma wabelana nge-athikili kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana nomphakathi kanye nokunye. Ngiyabonga ngalokho.

Bhalisela isiteshi sethu.

Funda ezinye izindaba ku-bird House.

Isimilo esivamile

Umeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke wabameleli banamuhla i-Emperor penguin (ukuphakama - 110-120 cm, isisindo esingama-46 kg), abancane kunazo zonke - abamele izinhlobo I-Eudyptula encane - ipenguin encane (ukuphakama okungama-30-40 cm, isisindo esingu-1-2,5 kg). Umehluko obalulekile onje uchazwa umthetho weBergmann, okuyi-penguins eyisibonelo esivamile. Umthetho kaBergmann uthi izilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezibandayo zinosayizi omkhulu womzimba, ngoba lokhu kufaka isilinganiso esinengqondo somthamo nobuso bomzimba wesilwane bese kunciphisa ukulahleka kokushisa.

Emperor Penguins e-Antarctica

Ukwakheka komzimba

Kuzo zonke ezinye izinyoni, ama-penguins ahlukaniswa ngesakhiwo somzimba esikhethekile ngokuphelele. Ijamo lomzimba lamaphengwini selulwe, elungele ukuhamba emanzini. Izibungu zangaphambili zamapenguins aziyona into edlula njengamaphepha. Imisculature nokuhleleka kwamathambo kuyawavumela ukuthi asebenze ngaphansi kwamaphiko ngamaphiko acishe abe njengezikulufa. Ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni ezingenabhanoyi, amaphinifa anesiqu esine-keel ehlukile, okunamathiselwe kuyo izicubu ezinamandla. Ukubhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi kuyahluka ngokundiza emoyeni ngokuthi amandla afanayo ayasetshenziswa ekuphakamiseni iphiko njengokuwehlisa, ngoba ukumelana namanzi kukhulu kunokumelana nomoya, ngakho-ke amabala wepenguin anendawo enkulu kunezinye izinyoni ezinamathiselwe kuzo. unesibopho sokuphakamisa iphiko. Ithambo le-humerus kanye ne-forearm lixhunywe ku-elbow ngqo futhi linganyakazi, okwandisa ukuqina kwephiko.Imisipha ye-pectoral ithuthukiswa ngokungafani futhi kwesinye isikhathi yakha ibe ngama-30% wesisindo somzimba, esiphakeme kaningana kunezicubu zezinyoni ezindizayo ezinamandla kakhulu. Amathanga amafushane kakhulu, amadolo ahlanganisiwe akahambi, futhi imilenze ibuyiselwa emuva, okudala igebe eliqonde ngendlela engajwayelekile. Izinyawo ezinkulu ezinolwelwesi lokubhukuda zimfushane - ngenkathi zisemhlabeni, izilwane zivame ukuphumula, zime ngezithende zazo, kuyilapho umsila olukhuni ukwesekwa okwengeziwe. Umsila wepenguin ufinyezwa kakhulu, ngoba umsebenzi wokuqondisa owawuvame ukuba nawo kwezinye izelamanzi emanzini eziphengwini ngokuyinhloko wenziwa yimilenze. Umehluko wesibili ocacile phakathi kwama-penguins nezinye izinyoni ukungqina kwethambo. Zonke izinyoni zinamathambo e-tubular, okwenza amathambo abo abe lula futhi azivumele ukuba zindize noma zigijime ngokushesha. Kepha kuma penguins, afana namathambo ezilwane ezincelisayo (amahlengethwa kanye nezimpawu zamanzi) futhi awunazo izithambo zangaphakathi.

I-Thermoregulation

Ngaphakathi kwendawo yazo yokuhlala, ama-penguin adalulwa yizimo zezulu ezedlulele futhi anezici ezahlukahlukene ze-anatomical ezibavumelayo ukuzivumelanisa nale mibandela. Okokuqala, isisindo - kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-3 cm - ungqimba lwamafutha usetshenziselwa ukufakelwa okushisayo, ngaphezulu okuyizingqimba ezintathu zamanzi ezingenawo amanzi, amafushane, eduze kakhulu nezimpaphe ezihambisanayo emzimbeni wonke. I-Apertia - Izindawo zesikhumba ezingenayo izimpaphe azikho kumapenguins, ngokungafani nazo zonke ezinye izinyoni, okuhlukile kwezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezishisayo, lapho i-aperia ingaphambi kwekhanda. Umoya osezingxenyeni zezimpaphe uvikela ngokuphumelelayo ekulahlekelweni ukushisa lapho usemanzini. Ama-penguin futhi anayo "inqubo yokudlulisa ukushisa" eyenziwe kahle emithanjeni nasezinyaweni: igazi elenzelana elingena ngaphakathi kulo linikeza ukushisa egazini elibandayo eligeleza ibuyele emzimbeni, ngakho-ke ukulahleka kokushisa kuncishiswa. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi "umthetho wokubuyela emuva". Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlobo zepenguin ezihlala emanzini ashisayo ziyaphoqeleka ukuthi zilwe nokushiswa ngokweqile. Amaphiko awo maqondana nosayizi womzimba anendawo enkulu, ngakho-ke indawo okuvela kuyo ukudluliselwa kobushushu iyanda. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ngaphezu kwalokhu, futhi akukho iplamu engxenyeni engaphambili, esheshisa inqubo yokudlulisa ukushisa emthunzini.

I-Plumage

Izimpaphe eziningi ezincane, ezingafani, futhi ezinjengezinwele ezakha i-plumage, cishe zonke izinhlobo ze-penguin zinombala ophuzi okwesibhakabhaka ngemuva, ziphenduke umthunzi omnyama, nomhlophe esiswini. Lo mbala uzifihla izilwane eziningi zasolwandle (ezinjengamahlengethwa). Abesilisa nabesifazane bafana kakhulu, yize abesilisa bekhudlwana ngosayizi. Umhlobiso ophawuleka kakhulu owolintshi osekhanda asekhanda ubuningi bama-penguin aqoshwe phansi (ama-Eudypte). I-plumage yamawundlu ivame ukuba mpunga noma ibe nsundu, nokho, kwezinye izinhlobo, izinhlangothi nesisu zimhlophe. Ekupheleni kokuqanduselwa amaqanda nokutshala amaphuphu, ama-penguins aqala ukuncibilika - ukuguqulwa kweplamu. Ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa, amaphinifa aphonsa inqwaba yezimpaphe ngasikhathi sinye futhi awakwazi ukubhukuda emanzini ngalesi sikhathi futhi aqhubeke nokudla kuze kube yilapho kukhula izimpaphe ezintsha. Izimpaphe ezintsha zikhula ngaphansi kwalezi ezindala futhi zibonakale sengathi ziyazixosha. Ngalesi sikhathi, esihlala ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene kusuka emasontweni amabili kuya kwayisithupha, izinyoni zisebenzisa ukongiwa kwamafutha kabili ngokushesha. Ama-pantin ama-Subantarctic (Pygoscelis papua) kanye nama-penguins ase-Galapagos (Spheniscus mendiculus) awanaso isikhathi esicacile sokuncibilikisa; kulezi zinhlobo, angaqala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi phakathi kokuqunjelwa. Ezinyoni ezingazifaki izinkukhu, ukucubungula cishe njalo kuqala ngaphambi kwezinye.

Ukuzwa nokuzwa

Amehlo openguins avumelaniswe kahle nezimo zokubhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi, amabala wamehlo awo ayicaba kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho emhlabeni izinyoni zibonakala kancane.Enye indlela yokuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuvumelana nokwanda komfundi, ikakhulukazi okuvezwa phakathi kwamaphinifa ama-Emperor ukujula ekujuleni okukhulu. Ngenxa yalesi sici, amehlo e-penguin asheshe ajwayele ukushintsha izimo zokukhanya emanzini ngokujula okufika kumamitha ayi-100. Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhi sombala we-pigment kusivumela ukuthi siphethe ngokuthi openguin babona engxenyeni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yesibonakaliso kangcono kunobomvu, futhi mhlawumbe babona nemisebe ye-ultraviolet. Njengoba ukukhanya kwengxenye ebomvu yesikhonkwane kuhlakazekile vele ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zamanzi, lesi sici sombono mhlawumbe singumphumela wokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Izindlebe ze-penguin, njengezinyoni eziningi, azinasakhiwo esicacile sangaphandle. Lapho udonsa, zivalwa ngokuqinile ngezimpaphe ezikhethekile, ukuze amanzi angangeni endlebeni. E-Emperor penguins, ngaphezu kwalokhu, ungqimba lwendlebe yangaphandle lukhulisiwe ukuze ikwazi ukuvala, ukuze izindlebe eziphakathi nezangaphakathi zivikeleke emonakalweni wokucindezela okungadala ukucwiliswa ekujuleni okukhulu. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, ama-penguins enza cishe akukho msindo, futhi emhlabeni bayakhuluma ngokumemeza okufana nemisindo yepayipi kanye noxhaxha. Okwamanje akukaziwa ukuthi basebenzisa ukuzwa ukulandela phansi yini isisulu bese bethola izitha zabo zemvelo.

Umsoco

Ama-penguins adla izinhlanzi - i-Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum), ama-anchovies (ama-Engraulidae) noma ama-sardine (eClupeidae), kanye necala, njenge-krill, noma ama-cephalopods amancane, awazingelayo, agwida ngqo ngaphansi kwamanzi. Uma izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zabelana ngendawo efanayo, ukudla kwazo kuvame ukwehluka: Amaphengu ka-Adelie nama-penguin e-Antarctic akhetha i-krill enobukhulu obuhlukahlukene.

Ukunyakaza

Ijubane elijwayelekile elethwa ngamaphengwini ezindaweni zobubanzi bamanzi lisuka kumakhilomitha amahlanu kuya kwayishumi ngehora, kodwa amanani aphakeme ayenzeka ebangeni elifushane. Indlela esheshayo yokuhamba “ukubhukuda ngehlengethwa”, kanti lesi silwane siphuma emanzini isikhashana, njengehlengethwa. Izizathu zalokhu kuziphatha azicaci: mhlawumbe kusiza ukunciphisa ukumelana kwamanje, noma kuhloselwe ukudida izitha zemvelo.

Lapho uhudula, amanye ama-penguins aphula amarekhodi: izinhlobo ezincane ezifana ne-subantarctic penguin (Pygoscelis papua) zingaba ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esisodwa noma (esingaphansi kaningi) imizuzu engaphezulu kwemibili futhi zishone phansi kumamitha ayi-20, kepha ama-Emperor penguins angakwazi ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingama-18. imizuzu bese ungene emanzini angaphezu kwamamitha ayi-530. Yize amandla amakhulu e-Emperor penguins kuze kube namuhla engaqondakali kahle, kuyaziwa, nokho, ukuthi lapho ucwiliswa, ukushaya kwesilwane kwehla kuya kokukodwa kwesilinganiso sokuphumula kwenhliziyo, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwe-oxygen, okwenza sikwazi ukwandisa isikhathi sokuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi ngenani lomoya elifanayo emaphashini. Indlela yokuqondisa ingcindezi kanye nokushisa komzimba lapho igxiliselwa ekujuleni okukhulu kuhlala kungaziwa.

Lapho ushiya amanzi, ama-penguins angagxuma ugu olusogwini luqonde ku-1.80 m ukuphakama. Ngenxa yemilenze yawo emifushane emhlabathini, ama-penguins asuka ngapha nangapha - le ndlela yokuhamba, njengoba izifundo ze-biomechanics zikhombisile, konga amandla amaningi. Eqhweni, ama-penguin nawo angakwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha - ayaphuma ezintabeni, abalele esiswini sawo. Ezinye izinhlobo zemvelo zihlanganisa amakhilomitha amaningi phakathi kolwandle nendawo lapho kuhlala khona ikholoni lazo.

Habitat

Ama-penguins ahlala olwandle oluvulekile lweSouthern Hemisphere: emanzini asogwini ase-Antarctica, eNew Zealand, eningizimu ye-Australia, eSouth Africa, ogwini olusentshonalanga naseNingizimu Melika kusuka eziQhingini zaseFalkland kuya ePeru, kanye naseziqhingini zaseGalapagos eduze nase-Equator.Ama-penguins akhetha ukupholisa, ngenxa yalokho ezindaweni eziphakeme ezishisayo avela kuphela ngemisinga ebandayo - iHumboldt yamanje ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika noma i-Bengal yamanje, evela eCape of Good Hope futhi egeza ugu olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Afrika.

Izinhlobo eziningi zihlala phakathi kuka-45 ° no-60 ° eningizimu, isiqu esikhulu esikhulu sabantu sise-Antarctic naseziqhingini eziseduze nayo.

Indawo ehlala penguin enyakatho kunazo zonke yiziqhingi zaseGalapagos, ezisendaweni enenkabazwe.

Amapengu eziwini zesintu

Phakathi kwabalandeli baseRussia abashayeli bezindiza beFomula 1 uKimi Raikkonen kukhona ihlaya lokuthi eminyakeni adlalela iqembu laseMcLaren, amaphinifa (ngokungalindeleki ukugxumela emgqeni noma ehleli emotweni ye-fireball) yimbangela yokuqhekeka kobuchwepheshe namaphutha okushayela.
Kunobunye futhi ihlaya: "Penguin futhisingabagwinya, kuphela sibanzi ».

Izinkomba

I-Penguin.su Ukukhetha kwezindatshana nezithombe ngama-penguin, amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Portal lapho penguins uhlala Konke mayelana penguins nokuningi. Izindaba, imininingwane, izithombe, amakhadi okuposa, imidlalo, njll.

Iposi langaphambilini laphakamisa isihloko engangingasibuza kwi-Intanethi. Ngakho-ke nginqume ukufunda kabanzi ngamaphengwini, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ngizokutshela.

Ama-penguins (lat.Pheniscidae) - Umndeni wezinyoni zasolwandle ezingenabhanoyi, okuwukuphela kokulandelana kwepenguin-efana (Sphenisciformes). Kunezinhlobo eziyi-18 emndenini. Ngaphezu kwalokho ngizokukhombisa yonke imininingwane eminingi.

Kunezindlela ezimbili lapho igama elithi "penguin" laqhamuka khona: kusuka kuWelsh foams (inhloko) noGwyn (omhlophe) okubonisa ukungabonakali okungenamaphiko we-eider (uPinguinus impennis) emndenini wama-purebreds. Futhi amatilosi aqambe ama-penguins ngendlela efanayo ngenxa yokufana kwawo.Kususelwa egameni lesiLatini elithi "pinguis" - "ubukhulu" lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi ezilimini eziningi zaseYurophu igama elithi "penguin" lihambisana negama elithi "unene"

Omkhulu kunabo bonke abameleli banamuhla i-Emperor penguin (ukuphakama - 110-120 cm, enesisindo esingama-46 kg), omncane kunabo bonke - abamele izinhlobo ze-Eudyptula encane - ipenguin encane (ukuphakama ngu-30-40 cm, isisindo esingu-1-2,5 kg). Nangu:

Imisipha ye-pectoral ithuthukiswa ngokungafani futhi kwesinye isikhathi yakha ibe ngama-30% wesisindo somzimba, esiphakeme kaningana kunezicubu zezinyoni ezindizayo ezinamandla kakhulu. Amathanga amafushane kakhulu, amadolo ahlanganisiwe akahambi, futhi imilenze ibuyiselwa emuva, okudala igebe eliqonde ngendlela engajwayelekile. Izinyawo ezinkulu ezinolwelwesi lokubhukuda zimfushane - ngenkathi zisemhlabeni, izilwane zivame ukuphumula, zime ngezithende zazo, kuyilapho umsila olukhuni ukwesekwa okwengeziwe. Umsila wepenguin ufinyezwa kakhulu, ngoba umsebenzi wokuqondisa owawuvame ukuba nawo kwezinye izelamanzi emanzini eziphengwini ngokuyinhloko wenziwa yimilenze. Umehluko wesibili ocacile phakathi kwama-penguins nezinye izinyoni ukungqina kwethambo. Zonke izinyoni zinamathambo e-tubular, okwenza amathambo abo abe lula futhi azivumele ukuba zindize noma zigijime ngokushesha. Kepha kuma penguins, afana namathambo ezilwane ezincelisayo (amahlengethwa kanye nezimpawu zamanzi) futhi awunazo izithambo zangaphakathi.

Umoya osezingxenyeni zezimpaphe uvikela ngokuphumelelayo ekulahlekelweni ukushisa lapho usemanzini. Ama-penguin futhi anayo "inqubo yokudlulisa ukushisa" eyenziwe kahle emithanjeni nasezinyaweni: igazi elenzelana elingena ngaphakathi kulo linikeza ukushisa egazini elibandayo eligeleza ibuyele emzimbeni, ngakho-ke ukulahleka kokushisa kuncishiswa. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi "umthetho wokubuyela emuva". Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlobo zepenguin ezihlala emanzini ashisayo ziyaphoqeleka ukuthi zilwe nokushiswa ngokweqile. Amaphiko awo maqondana nosayizi womzimba anendawo enkulu, ngakho-ke indawo okuvela kuyo ukudluliselwa kobushushu iyanda. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ngaphezu kwalokhu, futhi akukho iplamu engxenyeni engaphambili, esheshisa inqubo yokudlulisa ukushisa emthunzini.

Ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa, amaphinifa aphonsa inqwaba yezimpaphe ngasikhathi sinye futhi awakwazi ukubhukuda emanzini ngalesi sikhathi futhi aqhubeke nokudla kuze kube yilapho kukhula izimpaphe ezintsha. Izimpaphe ezintsha zikhula ngaphansi kwalezi ezindala futhi zibonakale sengathi ziyazixosha. Ngalesi sikhathi, esihlala ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene kusuka emasontweni amabili kuya kwayisithupha, izinyoni zisebenzisa ukongiwa kwamafutha kabili ngokushesha. Ama-pantin ama-Subantarctic (Pygoscelis papua) kanye nama-penguins ase-Galapagos (Spheniscus mendiculus) awanaso isikhathi esicacile sokuncibilikisa; kulezi zinhlobo, angaqala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi phakathi kokuqunjelwa. Ezinyoni ezingazifaki izinkukhu, ukucubungula cishe njalo kuqala ngaphambi kwezinye.

Futhi banezitha zemvelo. Yebo, futhi lezi yizi-toothy. Xhuma kokuthunyelwe okuningiliziwe mayelana nabo ekugcineni kwendatshana.

Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhi sombala we-pigment kusivumela ukuthi siphethe ngokuthi ama-penguins abona engxenyeni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ye-spectrum angcono kunengxenye ebomvu, futhi mhlawumbe ayayibona imisebe ye-ultraviolet. Njengoba ukukhanya kwengxenye ebomvu yesikhonkwane kuhlakazekile vele ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zamanzi, lesi sici sombono mhlawumbe singumphumela wokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Izindlebe ze-penguin, njengezinyoni eziningi, azinasakhiwo esicacile sangaphandle. Lapho udonsa, zivalwa ngokuqinile ngezimpaphe ezikhethekile, ukuze amanzi angangeni endlebeni. E-Emperor penguins, ngaphezu kwalokhu, ungqimba lwendlebe yangaphandle lukhulisiwe ukuze ikwazi ukuvala, ukuze izindlebe eziphakathi nezangaphakathi zivikeleke emonakalweni wokucindezela okungadala ukucwiliswa ekujuleni okukhulu. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, ama-penguins enza cishe akukho msindo, futhi emhlabeni bayakhuluma ngokumemeza okufana nemisindo yepayipi kanye noxhaxha.Okwamanje akukaziwa ukuthi basebenzisa ukuzwa ukulandela phansi yini isisulu bese bethola izitha zabo zemvelo.

Ijubane elijwayelekile elethwa ngamaphengwini ezindaweni zobubanzi bamanzi lisuka kumakhilomitha amahlanu kuya kwayishumi ngehora, kodwa amanani aphakeme ayenzeka ebangeni elifushane.

Indlela esheshayo yokuhamba “ukubhukuda ngehlengethwa”, kanti lesi silwane siphuma emanzini isikhashana, njengehlengethwa. Izizathu zalokhu kuziphatha azicaci: mhlawumbe kusiza ukunciphisa ukumelana kwamanje, noma kuhloselwe ukudida izitha zemvelo.

Ukuhlukaniswa
Umndeni wePenguin (lat. Spheniscidae) uqukethe izinhlobo ezingama-6, izinhlobo eziyi-18:

I-Genus Aptenodyte (Imperi)
Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri)
Ihlala ogwini lwe-Antarctica eqhweni, eningizimu ye-78 ° eningizimu ye-latitude.

Ubude bomzimba wakhe buyi-110-120 cm. Isisindo - 20-45 kg.
Amabhuzu okuqala aqala ukwakhiwa ngo-Ephreli, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-25 kubekwe iqanda elimhlophe, okuwukuphela kwesikhathi sokuzalela. Isikhathi esithile, insikazi ibamba iqanda emathangeni alo, ilimboze ngesikhumba esikhethekile engaphansi kwesisu. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa idluliselwa kowesilisa. Emva kwalokhu, izinsikazi, zilandelana, ziya olwandle. Cishe izinyanga ezimbili zidlula ngale ndlela, futhi lapho isikhathi sokuqhanyelwa kwamachwane sisondela, ekupheleni kukaJulayi izintokazi, ezondlekile kahle, ezinamafutha ziqala ukuvela olwandle. Owesifazane ngamunye uthola owesilisa wakhe ngezwi. Elambile izinyanga ezi-4, owesilisa washesha ukunika intombi yakhe iqanda futhi aphuthume olwandle.
Idla ezinhlanzini ezincane, ama-cephalopods amancane, kanye nama-crankaceic planktonic, ikakhulukazi ama-efausiid crustaceans

King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonica)
Ihlala enyakatho, ezindaweni ezifudumele. Amakoloni ama-Nesting atholakala eziqhingini zaseNingizimu Georgia, eKerguelen, eMarion, eCrozet naseMacquarie.

Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-91-96. Amakholoni akhiwe emadwaleni alukhuni. Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka ehlobo: amaqanda abekwa ikakhulukazi ngoDisemba - Januwari. Owesifazane ngamunye ubeka iqanda elilodwa kuphela. Bobabili abazali bavele bashintshana ngokushintshana. Isikhathi sokudonswa kwezinsuku ezingama-54

IGenus Eudyptes (Ihlanganisiwe)

I-Rockhopper Penguin noma i-Rock Penguin, i-Rocky Penguin (i-Eudyptes chrysocome)

Kunezintathu ezi-subspecies:
Ama-chrysocome we-Eudypte chrysocome
Ama-Eudypte chrysocome filholi
Ama-Eudypte chrysocome moseleyi

Ihlala eziqhingini zamatshe zesifunda esingaphansi komhlaba, kepha kwesinye isikhathi itholakala nasenyakatho, esiqongweni eseningizimu ye-Afrika naseningizimu Melika, nasogwini oluseningizimu yeNew Zealand.
Ifinyelela ku-45-58 cm ukuphakama, isisindo esingu-2-3 kg.

Ihlala ezindlini ezinkulu eziqhingini eziyinyumba nezinyanyisayo iTristanda Kunya naseHeard Island. Esigodini esinomsindo futhi esiminyene, iqanda lokuqala elincane livama ukulahleka lapho kunokuxabana nomakhelwane.Izinyoni zihlangana enkulisa yosuku, kodwa zibuyele esidlekeni lapho abazali zibabiza ukuba bazondle. Amakati akhula ngokushesha futhi alungele ukuya olwandle eneminyaka eyi-10.

IVictoria Penguin noma i-Prestin ekhokhiswe nge-Prestin engu-Crested (i-Eudyptes pachyrhynchus)

Ihlala kuphela ogwini olunamadwala, olunqunywe umlomo lweSouth Island eNew Zealand, kanye naseziqhingini ezimbili ezincane ezisogwini - iStuart neSolander.
Ifinyelela ku-60 cm ubude, inesisindo esingama-3 kg.

I-Gold-crested Snarie Penguin noma i-Crested Snarl Penguin (i-Eudyptes robustus)
Izihibe, uchungechunge olunwebeka ngaseningizimu yeNew Zealand, ukuphela kwendawo yokuhlala kwalezi zipengu.

Ifinyelela ku-63 cm ukuphakama, inesisindo esingama-3 kg.
Iphila ezimeni ezivumayo zesimo sezulu esishisayo. Amanzi aseduze neziqhingi zaseSnares afudumele impela, futhi amaphinifa awavamile ukubhukuda eningizimu ngaphezu kwesifunda esingaphansi komhlaba.

ISchlegel Penguin noma iMacquarie Penguin (i-Eudyptes schlegeli)
Ihlala esiqhingini esiyinyumba saseMacquarie, esisogwini lolwandle iPacific Ocean eseduze kwebhande lase-Antarctic.

Ubukhulu, ukubukeka nemikhuba efana nepenguin enezinwele zegolide.
Ifinyelela ku-65-75 cm ubude, inesisindo esingu-5.5 kg

I-Great Crested Penguin (ama-Eudyptes sclateri)

Izikwele eziqhingini ezine ezincane eningizimu yeNew Zealand. Amakhulu amakoloni atholakala eziqhingini zase-Antipode naseBounty Island, ezincane - eziqhingini zase-Auckland naseCampbell.
Ifinyelela ku-65 cm ukuphakama, inesisindo esingama-2,5-3,5 kg.

IGolden Penguin noma iMacaroni Penguin (i-Eudyptes chrysolophus)
Ihanjiswa kulo lonke elaseningizimu ye-Atlantic kanye nolwandle lwaseNdiya. I-Nest eSouth Georgia, eSouth Shetland, eSouth Orkney nakwezinye iziqhingi ezingaphansi komhlaba.
Ubude bomzimba buyi-65-76 cm.

Amakoloni abo maningi kakhulu - afinyelela kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-600 abazalanayo. Izinso phansi, zihlela izidleke zakudala kakhulu. Amaqanda ama-2 abekwa. Isikhathi sokudonswa kwezinsuku ezingama-35, nezinguquko ezijwayelekile zabazali ezifuywayo

IGenus Eudyptula (Encane)

I-Penguin encane, i-Elf Penguin, i-Penguin engaphansi, I-Penguin Encane (I-Eudyptula encane)

Ibanjelwe ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Australia, ogwini lweTasmania, New Zealand naseChatham Island.
Inobude bomzimba obungama-40 cm kuphela.Ivame ukubeka ama-1-2, kwesinye isikhathi amaqanda ama-3.

I-Penguin emhlophe-enamaphiko, Ingulube Engaphansi YaseNyakatho, Ingulube Engaphansi YaseNyakatho (i-Eudyptula albosignata)

Ubude bomzimba cishe ngo-30 cm nesisindo esingu-1.5 kg. Ukuzalela esiqhingini saseMotunau kuphela, eduze naseCanterbury (New Zealand), kusengozini.

IGenus Megadypte (Enhle kakhulu)

I-penguin enkulu, ipenguin enamehlo aphuzi, i-Antipode penguin, i-Hoiho penguin (ama-Megadyptes antipode)

Ihlala ogwini oluseningizimu yesiqhingi saseNew Zealand naseziqhingini zaseStuart, Auckland naseCampbell ngoSepthemba - Novemba.
Ubude bomzimba bufika ku-83 cm.

Lezi zinyoni azakhi amakoloni futhi zivame ukudlela ngababili abahlukene. Amapenguins amancane (aneminyaka emithathu) abeka iqanda elilodwa, kuyilapho amadala cishe njalo emaqanda ama-2. Isikhathi sokufakelwa kwepenguin ebabazekayo singamaviki ama-4. Ukuvuthwa kwezinyoni kwenzeka, ngokusobala, ngonyaka we-4-5 wokuphila.

IGenus Pygoscelis (Antarctic)

I-Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)
Ihlala ogwini lwezwekazi lase-Antarctic naseziqhingini eziseduze nezwekazi: ISouth Shetland, South Orkney neSouth Sandwich. Ngaphandle, isikhathi sezidleke sizulazula kakhulu, sisuka kumakhilomitha angama-600-700 ukusuka ezindaweni zazo zokuzalwa.

Le yinyoni enkulu kahle, efinyelela kuma-80 cm ukuphakama. Izikoloni ezinobutha zibekwa emhlabathini oqinile ongenantethe. Kumakholoni ngamanye kunamashumi ezinkulungwane zezinyoni. E-clutch kuvame amaqanda ama-2, abekwa ngokuvalwa kwezinsuku ezingama-2-4. Isikhathi sokufuduka kwabo yizinsuku ezingama-33- 38.

I-Antarctic Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)
Ihlala ikakhulukazi eziqhingini eziyinyumba zesifunda esingaphansi komhlaba.

Ekuphakameni kufinyelela ku-71-76 cm ngesisindo sama-4 kg.
Lama penguin anolaka impela. Kunamacala owaziwayo wokuhlaselwa kwalezi zinyoni kubantu abasondele kololony. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo, bondla amaphuphu abo womabili.

I-subantarctic penguin, i-Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)
Lezi zinyoni zidla e-Antarctic naseziqhingini ezisendaweni engaphansi kwe-subantarctic, kufaka phakathi iziqhingi zeFalkland neziqhingi zaseCrozet. Izinduna zihlelwe phakathi kwamaqhuqhuva otshani besod.

Beka amaqanda ama-2. Amakati kufanele alwele ukuthi abazali babo babondle. Umzali uyabaleka, futhi izingane zizama ukumbamba.Inkukhu enkulu futhi enamandla ngokuqinile iwina umjaho; iphuphu lesibili lidla kuphela uma kunokudla okuningi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, uyafa. Njengoba iphakeme ngamasentimitha angama-75-90 nesisindo esingama-6 kg, leli penguin lingummeleli omkhulu wohlobo lwe-Long-Tailed Penguin.

IGenus Spheniscus (Umbukiso)

Imbongolo Penguin, i-African Penguin (i-Spheniscus demersus)

Kusatshalaliswa ogwini oluseningizimu naseningizimu nentshonalanga ye-Afrika.
Ubude bomzimba buyi-61-86 cm.
Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka unyaka wonke, ikakhulukazi ngoMeyi-Juni.

IGalapagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus)
Lesi ukuphela kwesidleke se penguin ezindaweni ezishisayo. Amaqanda, inombolo 2, insikazi ibeka emifantweni yamatshe ngesikhathi esibandayo (ngoMeyi-Juni).

Lesi simeleli esincane kunazo zonke zohlobo lwama-penguins amangalisa, afinyelela ukuphakama kwama-53 cm, anesisindo esingu-2-2,5 kg.
Ngaphandle kokuthi ama-penguins aseGalapagos ahlala eziqhingini, lapho izinga lokushisa livame ukukhuphukela kuma-38 ° C, athola ukudla kwawo emanzini abandayo eCromwell.

IHumboldt Penguin, Penguin Peruin (Spheniscus humboldti)
Ihlala eziqhingini ezisogwini olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika, ugu lwePeru neChile.

Ifinyelela ku-55-56 cm, enesisindo esingu-5 kg.
Esengozini, ezingaphansi kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi zezinyoni

I-Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)
Ihlala ogwini olunamadwala, nolunomoya oningizimu Melika naseziQhingini zaseFalkland.

Ifinyelela ekuphakameni okungama-70 cm futhi inesisindo esingama-4 kg.
Ogwini ngesikhathi sokuzalela, lezi zinyoni zesaba kakhulu futhi, lapho zibone umuntu, zicashe ezidlekeni zazo ezijulile, emanzini azesabi nhlobo abantu futhi zingaba nolaka olukhulu. Inani lalezi zinyoni likhulu impela (izigidi ezi-1-2) futhi libukeka lizinzile.

Ama-penguins ahlala olwandle oluvulekile lweSouthern Hemisphere: emanzini asogwini ase-Antarctica, eNew Zealand, eningizimu ye-Australia, eSouth Africa, ogwini olusentshonalanga naseNingizimu Melika kusuka eziQhingini zaseFalkland kuya ePeru, kanye naseziqhingini zaseGalapagos eduze nase-Equator. Ama-penguins akhetha ukupholisa, ngenxa yalokho ezindaweni eziphakeme ezishisayo avela kuphela ngemisinga ebandayo - iHumboldt yamanje ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika noma i-Bengal yamanje, evela eCape of Good Hope futhi egeza ugu olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Afrika.

Izinhlobo eziningi zihlala phakathi kuka-45 ° no-60 ° eningizimu, isiqu esikhulu esikhulu sabantu sise-Antarctic naseziqhingini eziseduze nayo.

Indawo esenyakatho kakhulu yama-penguins yiGalapagos Islands, etholakala enkabazwe.

Ama-penguins ahlala kakhulu emakoloni amakhulu, kuvame ukubalwa amashumi ezinkulungwane ngababili noma ngaphezulu. Bobabili abazali babamba iqhaza ngokushintshana ekufukameleni amaqanda nasekuondleni amaphuphu. Izinhlanzi kanye nama-crustaceans agaywa isigamu futhi ahlukaniswe ngabazali bawo. Amakhebhu aphephela ebandeni emafeni aphansi esisisu somzali.

Ezindaweni ezibandayo zase-Antarctic, kubanjwa iqanda elilodwa; ezindaweni ezifudumele nezifudumele, kungaba namaqanda ambalwa.

kanye namanye amaqiniso ajabulisayo:

Onke ama-penguin bahlala endaweni eseningizimu ye-hemisphere, kwesinye isikhathi bekhuphuka enyakatho ekude (eziqhingini zaseGalapagos, cishe e-equator) noma emadolobheni anabantu abaningi (iNyakatho yeTheku eSydney, e-Australia). Izwe lakubo kaCody yiShiverpool e-Antarctica, kodwa uyakujabulela ukuhlala esiqhingini esishisayo sasePen Gu.

Ama-penguin angama aqonde ngoba izinyawo zawo ze-webbed zitholakala ekugcineni komzimba. Futhi kuyenza ibhukule ngokushesha futhi kube namandla ukubhukuda, ikakhulukazi uma ihlanganiswe namaphiko okwenziwe ngama-oki. Leyo ndlela uCody akwazi ngayo ukubamba umkhwetha uMikey futhi athole ithikithi lomqhudelwano weBig Zee.

Ama-penguin ayizinyoni ezikhethekile, iqembu elinjenge-penguin, umndeni wepenguin. Ngokungafani neningi lezinyoni, lezi zinyoni azindiza, kodwa ziyabhukuda futhi zishona ngokuphelele. Kulokhu, banesakhiwo esifanelekile - ukwakheka komzimba okuhambisanayo, izimpaphe ezisondelene kahle, intamo enyakazayo nomlomo ocijile.

Kunokuqonda okuyiphutha okujwayelekile mayelana nobubanzi babo.Konke abantu abaningi abazi ngalezi zinyoni kuthathwe kumafilimu wesici, opopayi, futhi, kancane, kuma-encyclopedia. Ama-penguin athintwa wukuqhaqha kwawo. Emhlabeni, lezi zinyoni azihambi kalula, zihlekisa ngokuhlekisa ukusuka ku-paw kuya ku-paw. Zinhle kakhulu, isithombe sazo zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukudala amathoyizi athambile, imidwebo nokukhangisa. Uma ubuza abantu abayishumi ukuthi ahlala kuphi ama-penguin, ayisishiyagalombili kuwo azokuphendula ukuthi lezi zinyoni zihlala eNyakatho. Kepha lokhu akunjalo.

Izici zesakhiwo se-penguin

Sekuke kwathiwa umzimba wepenguin une Ubushelelezi, ukwakheka okulungiselelwe. Izimpiko zalo, ngenxa yokuvela kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ziye zaba amaflothi agobekayo kakhulu. Lapho ebhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi, ihlombe lakhe lijikeleza njengesiga. Imilenze yenyoni imfushane, inezihlandla ezine. Ubuye abe nezindwangu phakathi kweminwe yakhe esiza ekusizeni ukubhukuda. Okunye okufakiwe kwesakhiwo kwehlukanisa ipenguin kwezinye izinyoni - imilenze yayo iguqulwe emuva emuva. Ngenxa yalokhu, umi futhi unyakazisa umhlaba ngokuqinile.

Ukuze ulondoloze ibhalansi, ipenguin isebenzisa umsila wayo omfushane njengesekela. Futhi, amathambo akhe awawona amangqamuzana, njengezinyoni eziningi, kodwa afana nesithambo sezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Futhi ekufakweni okushisayo, njengazo zonke izilwane ezihlala emakhazeni, ipenguin inesendlalelo samafutha sokufudumeza esihle kakhulu. Izici zamapulangwe abo zivikela nezinyoni ekubandakanyeni futhi ezimanzi. Izimpaphe zibalinganisa ngokuqinile kusuka ekhanda kuye ezinzwaneni. Izinyoni azikwazi ukuzigabisa ngemibala ehlukahlukene - zonke izinhlobo zinomhlane omnyama nesisu esimhlophe. Umbala omnyama uqongelela kahle ukushisa okuvela elangeni futhi kusiza nange-thermoregulation ejwayelekile.

Ama-penguin ayadla izinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans kanye nama-shellfish ahlukahlukene. Imishini yabo yomlomo ihlelwe ngendlela ethandekayo - ukuze ibambe inyamazane, inyoni iyayisheca kanye namanzi.

Ngezikhathi ezithile, inyoni incibilika. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukubekeka engcupheni nokubukeka okungathandeki. Amapayipi awathathelwa indawo ngasikhathi sinye, futhi izimpaphe ezindala zagawulwa emzimbeni wakhe. Futhi, ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, inyoni ayidli, izama ukufihla umoya futhi ayibhukudi.

Lokho mangaki ama-penguin ahlala kuya ngohlobo lwazo. Ngokwesilinganiso, izinhlobo ezinkulu ziphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-25, kanti izinhlobo ezincane ziphila iminyaka eyi-15. Ezindaweni zasekhaya nangokunakekelwa okuhle, lezi zinombolo nakanjani zizokwanda.

Ukuzalela amapenguin

Ama-penguin ayizinyoni zenhlalo . Bahlala emaphaketheni futhi bavame ukuhlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu, becindezelwe ngokuqinile komunye nomunye ukuze basinde ezikhathini ezibandayo. Iningi lazo liyisidididi futhi lakha umbhangqwana owodwa wokuphila. Izidleke zazo zitholakala ogwini olumbozwe ngamatshe kanti ezinye izinhlobo zakha isakhiwo samatshe zilingisa isidleke esiyindilinga. Futhi, ikhefu edwala lingasebenza njengesidleke. Imvamisa, amaqanda ama-2 ku-clutch. Ngaphansi kaningi ku-3 noma ku-4 Bobabili abazali bababopha, ngezikhathi ezithile baphendule omunye komunye ukuze badle bafudumale.

Umbungu ukhula usukela ezinsukwini ezingama-30 kuye kwezingu-100, isikhathi esincike ezinhlotsheni siyizinhlobo ezithile. Kube sekubanjwa amachwane. Umbozwe ngombhobho, ongasizi futhi ongaboni. Abazali bayaqhubeka nokumnakekela, futhi, ngemuva kwamasonto amabili, iphuphu liyoqala ukubona futhi lizimele kakhudlwana. Ngeshwa, cishe ama-60% amantshontsho abulawa yizinto ezahlukahlukene ezinemvelo ezungezile - amazinga okushisa aphansi, ukuhlaselwa kwezilwane ezidliwayo nendlala.

Lapho nje ingane ivula amehlo , abazali bayayeka ukumlandela njalo futhi basuswe, ngezikhathi ezithile bondla inkukhu. Ngenxa yalokhu, izingane ziyabambelela emihlanjini zibheke ebhasikisini noma zivikeleke ekunukuni. Lonke ikoloni liqala ukubamba iqhaza ekondlweni kwezingane. Lokhu kuzoqhubeka kuze kube yilapho kuqala amazinyane, ngemuva kwalokho athola isembozo sezimpaphe, esicishe sifane nesenyoni endala. Lapho-ke amachwane azokwazi ukuntywila futhi aqale ukuzondla ngokwawo.

Abaningi bethu bathanda ukubuka ama-penguin. Ku-gait yazo ebonakala ingemukelekile, isidina kusuka ezinyaweni kuya onyaweni, kunokuthile okuheha ukunakwa komuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-penguins angenye yezinhlobo ezingama-40 ezaziwayo zezinyoni ezindizayo.

Ekuqaleni, abantu ababebiza ama-penguins wingless eels (i-Pinguinus impennis), eyake yatholakala ngamanani amakhulu ogwini olusenyakatho yoLwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic. Lokhu akuhlangene ngalutho namaphengwini ahlala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, kepha ayebukeka njengawo futhi ethatha indawo efanayo yemvelo. njengama-penguin.

Isambatho sendoda kusihlwa, esifana ne-tuxedo, kungenzeka sakhiwa abaqambi bemfashini, sebebone “ngubo” yepenguin, ngesikhathi se-All-Discover. Umbala onjalo, ngokusho kwesazi sezinto eziphilayo, usiza izinyoni ukucasha esitheni olwandle. Umzimba wephengwini ulungele ukubhukuda, futhi amaphiko awo amancane anobukhulu, okukhumbuza amaphiko, nemilenze enhle ngokusebenza okusheshayo ngaphansi kwamanzi.

Ngemuva kokuphela kwengxabano yamasosha ngo-1982 phakathi kweNgilandi ne-Argentina, kwavela indaba enganekwane mayelana namaphengwini ahlala esiQhingini saseFalkland, abawa emhlane wabo ngoba baphakamisa amakhanda abo phezulu ngenkathi bebuka izindiza eziphapha phezulu futhi abasakwazi ukugibela babuyela bezimele ezinyaweni zakho. Kancane kancane, amahlebezi akhula aba "imininingwane", ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi kukhona "abaphendukeli be-penguin" - iqembu elikhethekile lezempi elisindisa izinyoni ezifayo ukuba zingafi. Into ethokozisa kakhulu ukuthi ngenxa yokwesaba okweqile komphakathi onesihawu, iqembu lososayensi baseBrithani ngonyaka ka-2001 laqhuba isifundo eside sase-Antarctica. Kodwa-ke, kuyo yonke leyo nkathi, akazange aqophe icala elilodwa lamaphengwini abanjwa lapho esondela endizeni.

Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ama-penguin ahlala kuphela e-Antarctica noma ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esibandayo esiseduze nolwandle oluvulekile lwe-hemisphere eseningizimu. Kodwa ngokungafani nenkolelo evamile, uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-penguin olubizwa ngokuthi yiGalapagos penguin luhlala eziqhingini zaseGalapagos, ezisendaweni ecishe ilikhwetha. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi lapha liyi-+22 unyaka wonke. +24 ° C, nomoya - +18. +28 ° C. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-penguins angatholakala kalula e-Australia naseSydney Harbour. It kuvela ukuthi kukhona futhi penguins thermophilic!

Ama-penguin angaphansi kwe-subantarctic ayizingcingo zamanzi ezisheshayo, zifinyelela isivinini esingama-36 km ngehora. Ama-penguin e-Emperor angaba ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyi-18.

I-Emperor Penguin ukuphela kwenyoni yokubekela amaqanda maphakathi nobusika. Ukwenza lokhu kusesekuseni kakhulu ukuze izingane zondle ngokushesha. Ngemuva kwakho konke, badinga intwasahlobo, ihlobo nokwindla ukuze bakhule babe namandla amakhulu ukuze bakwazi ukusinda ebusika elilandelayo.

Ama-penguins ama-Emperor anokuziphatha okuhlanganyelwe. Ukuze zifudumale ngesimo sezulu esibandayo, aqoqana eqenjini elikhulu eliminyene, izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi lapho kwesinye isikhathi lifinyelela ku-+35 ° C emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-20 ° C. "Ngokufudumala okufana", izinyoni zihlala zisuka enkabeni ziye onqenqemeni.

Amachwane wamakhosi we-King penguin (lat.Aptenodytes patagonicus) aqanduselwa amaqanda angenalutho futhi akhula izimpaphe emavikini ambalwa nje. Inkukhu ngeke ikwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwabazali ize ibe nezimpaphe ezingangeni manzi, futhi lokhu kwenzeka kuphela izinyanga eziyi-12-13 izelwe.

Kukhona izinto ezimbalwa zemvelo ezindaweni ezibandayo futhi, ngakho-ke, ama-penguin e-Adelie akha izidleke zawo ngokubeka nokuqandusela amaqanda kusuka kubhebhe. Ababili abangomakhelwane, lapho amanye amaphinifa ephazamiseka, unganqikazi ukweba amatshe abo. Amanye ama-penguins abesifazane ngenxa yamatshe enza "ubufebe", yize enomlingani waphakade. Bafuna abesilisa abangashadile abakha izidleke zabo ngamatshe amatshe ngethemba lokuthi bazoba nomndeni wabo, bawavumele ukuthi athandane nawo futhi ngemuva kwalokho athathe amatshe ambalwa aye esidlekeni sawo.

Ngesikhathi esengumntwana, uLinus Torvalds, phakathi nohambo lwakhe oluya e-zoo, walunywa yipenguin. Ngakho-ke, iTux penguin (isabizwana esifanele saseRussia ngokuthi Dachshund) saba isicucu sohlelo olusebenzayo lweLinux aludalayo.

Isikhathi eside, ososayensi behluleka ukuqonda isizathu sokuthi umsuka wengxenye engafani yotshani ngesimo sencwadi ebiza amamitha amabili kwesinye seziqhingi zase-Antarctica. Omunye umcwaningi waseChile uthi le "ncwadi" yabhalwa eminyakeni eminingana edlule ngusosayensi wasePoland ovela emgodini wepenguin, ukuhlonipha isithandwa sakhe okuthiwa nguMagda.

I-Penguin ukuphela kwenyoni emhlabeni wethu engabhukuda kepha ingakwazi ukundiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yukuphela kwenyoni ehamba endaweni emi kuyo.

Kuyavela ukuthi ama-penguin akuzona izinyoni ezivimbela iqhwa kakhulu. Amadada kanye namahansi akwesaba ukubanda. Bayakwazi ukubekezelela ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa kuya ku-110 ° C, kepha isikhathi esifushane. I-Emperor penguin iyakwazi ukumelana namaqhwa afike ku-60 ° C.

Uhlobo lwe-penguin oluhlukile olunezimpaphe ezinde eziphuzi emehlweni kanye nomoya opholile lwalubizwa ngokuthi ngamatshe, ngoba lezi zinyoni zivame ukweqa phezu kwamatshe.

Ukubhukuda okushesha kunazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezifuywayo ama-papuin amaPapuan (Pygoscelis papua). Bayakwazi ukuthuthuka ngaphansi kwesivinini samanzi afike ku-36 km / h. Lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo zama-pancin ama-Antarctic achazwe kuqala nguJohann Reinhold Forster, umcwaningi wezemvelo nohamba noCaptain Cook ohambweni lwakhe lokugcina lwekhulu le-18. Kuhlonishwa laba "bahambi" kwaqanjwa ngokuthi kungenye yezinhlobo zohlelo olusebenzayo lwe-Linux - i-Gentoo.

I-Patagonian penguin iyakwazi ukubhukuda amaviki angama-2-3. Ngasikhathi sinye, imboza ibanga cishe amakhilomitha ayi-1,500.

Abamele abakhulu kunazo zonke izinhlobo zama-penguins angamapengu we-king. Isisindo senyoni endala sisebangeni lama-27-41 kg, futhi ukuphakama kwayo kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,2.

Ama-penguins ama-Emperor anezibopho zabazali ngale ndlela elandelayo. Owesilisa ubamba amaqanda, insikazi ithole ukudla. Ngemuva kokuba amachwane ebambe iqanda, ubaba udlisa ngo-ketshezi oyingqayizivele, okhiqizwa emnyangweni we-esophagus yakhe.

Minyaka yonke, ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, okuthatha amasonto angama-2-3, amaphinikhini aphonsa izimpaphe, esizeni lapho kukhula khona abasha. Ama-penguin achitha isikhathi esiningi enakekela izimpaphe zawo ukuze angabi nezinkinga namakhaza futhi abe muhle.

Kunombono weMagellanic Penguin, eyaqanjwa ngoFernand Magellan, owayengowokuqala waseYurophu ukuyithola ngo-1520. Ama-pagein aseMagellanic ahlala emgudwini ohlukanisa isiqhingi saseTierra del Fuego kusuka ezweni laseNingizimu Melika. Lo mshini ubuye uqanjwe ngegama lokutholwa.

Ama-penguin angashona ngokujulile. Kepha bafunani ekujuleni kwekhilomitha elilodwa nesigamu? Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zaseJapan zafakwa amakhamera ngemuva kwalezi zilwane. Kuyaziwa ukuthi imisebe yelanga ingangena ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-150, ngakho-ke akukaziwa ukuthi lezi zinyoni zenzani ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha elilodwa nesigamu.

Iningi labesilisa nabesifazane bezilwane ezifuywayo empeleni azifani ngokubukeka komunye nomunye. Kepha, phakathi nesikhathi sokukhwelana, izinsikazi zinezindawo ezingcolile emhlane wazo ukuthi owesilisa ushiya inqubo yokuzala.

I-penguin yamatshe inomlingiswa omubi kakhulu. Izinyoni zalolu hlobo zinomsindo omkhulu futhi zinolaka.

Ahlala kuphi futhi kanjani amabhere emboza?

Amabhere ePolar azinza ezindaweni ezisenyakatho neRussia, Canada, USA, ogwini loLwandle iBarents, Chukchi, Wrangel Island, Greenland kanye nasemazweni aseLapland. Lapho isimo sezulu sihle, izilwane zifinyelela eNorth Pole.

Ngisho ne-Arctic ugwadule, indawo eziwugwadule zase-arctic, lapho ebusika amazinga okushisa engahle afike ku-−60 ° C, futhi ngesikhathi esishisa kakhulu sonyaka, ngoJulayi, akhuphuka aze afike ku -33 C kuphela, abe yindawo yawo.

Esikhathini esiningi sonyaka kukhona izivunguvungu zeqhwa, izivunguvungu zeqhwa ezivame kakhulu, futhi ehlobo elinamandla lase-Arctic, cishe njalo kungu-0 °,, amafu agrey adonsa isibhakabhaka nenkungu evela olwandle imboza umhlaba. Akukho hlaza ezintabeni zase-Arctic, ngaphandle kweziqhingi ezingandile ze-lichen neMoss. Azikho izilwane ngaphandle kwebhere elinamakhaza, i-fox fox, ulamula emhlabeni, nasolwandle - i-walrus ne-seal.

Amabhele asinda kanjani ogwadule olungama-arctic?

Zivumelaniswe ngokuphelele nesimo sezulu esinonya!

Ibhere elinamakhaza, nalo liyipolar, i-umka, i-oshku, iyisidalwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ososayensi kanye nabahambi babona izilwane zifinyelela kumamitha amathathu ubude nangaphezu kwethoni elilodwa.

Ungqimba lwamafutha ebhele elingaphansi lifinyelela ku-10 cm, futhi kanye (“nengaphakathi” langaphakathi, njengoba besho enyakatho) amanoni, lenza cishe ama-40% esisindo somzimba. Nge "pad of heating" enjalo futhi ngasikhathi sinye "isitofu" (amanoni ngumphakeli wamandla osemqoka emzimbeni), isithwathwa esibi se-Arctic, isivunguvungu somoya nomoya wakhe awesabi umqondo.

Ukufanisa ungqimba lwamafutha noboya be-polar bear. Inesakhiwo esikhethekile: i-white translucent villi transmit idlulisela imisebe ye-ultraviolet kuphela futhi ayidlulisi imisebe ye-infrared, ingavumeli umzimba wesilwane ukuba upholile. Ama-villi afana nezindunduma - angasho lutho ngaphakathi futhi angamakamelo omoya, osebenza njengesinye isithiyo somoya obandayo. Uboya bukhula ngisho nasezintanjeni zesilwane: "emabhuthini" anjalo isilwane asisheleli futhi asibandi.

Ukufakwa okushisayo okuhlukile kuvumela umanduleli ukuba aphile ngokuthula eqhweni futhi anqobe amashumi amakhilomitha ogwadule lwase-Arctic futhi, ngomqondo ongokoqobo, wamanzi acwebile we-Arctic.

Ahlala kuphi futhi kanjani ama-penguin?

Izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zama-penguins - uMbusi, u-Adélie penguin, i-Antarctic, iRoyal, enezinwele zegolide, iPapuan neCrested - bakhetha indawo yokuhlala yabo okuyindawo enzima ngokwedlulele - i-Antarctica, izifunda ezinamakhaza e-South hemisphere. ESouth Pole, izinga lokushisa eliphansi kunawo wonke eMhlabeni laqoshwa ngoDisemba 2013 - −91.2 ° C. Ngokwesilinganiso, ebusika izinga lokushisa le-Antarctica lingama-−60 ° C, ehlobo kuya ku-30 ° C.

Kodwa-ke, ama-penguin wezinyoni zomhlaba awhlali ezimweni ezinjalo ezinyantisayo. Ngakho-ke, i-penguin elahliwe ihlala eTierra del Fuego, Tasmania, iziqhingi zase-Subantarctic. I-Snares iziqhingi zeziqhingi - i-Snarsky crested penguin - ihlala eziqhingini ezigcwele kakhulu izihlahla nezihlahla. I-subantarctic penguin - esiqhingini saseFalkland, eSouth Georgia, eKerguelen, eHerda kanye nabanye.

Izinyoni ezinkulu kunazo zonke futhi ezikhulu kakhulu ama-Emperor penguins, anesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-40, asakazekela eningizimu, eSouth Pole, ekude futhi ahlala eqhweni elizungeze i-Antarctica. Ama-hatching amaqanda kuphela, athelekela ezindaweni ezifudumele.

Ngabe ama-penguins awagcini kanjani iqhwa e-Antarctica?

Izinyoni ezingenazintambo ezigqoke “amajazi amnyama” azivumelanisa ukuze ziphile, hhayi emakhazeni asabekayo, njengamabhere we-polar, kodwa "ebusika" obuhlala njalo, lapho ehlobo izinga lokushisa ngokuvamile alikhuphuki ngaphezu kuka-5 ° C, futhi ebusika ikakhulukazi −30 ° C.

Zinezinqe ezinamafutha - kufinyelela ku-3 cm, izimpaphe zamanzi ezingenamanzi, phakathi kwawo kukhona umoya omningi - "igumbi lomoya". Kepha okuthakazelisa kakhulu ama-penguin's paws! Abagcini nje ngokubamba iqhwa, kepha futhi ababeki iqhwa eqhweni, eqhweni.

Unqunu ngokuphelele - ngaphandle kwezimpaphe, imilenze ye-fluff - penguin inamazinga okushisa kuphela +4 ° C. Isimo esinjalo ngokomzimba sivumela isithwathwa esinzima sibekezelelwe njengokujwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokushisa lomzimba wenyoni lingama-39 ... 40 ° C. Imvelo enobuhlakani inikeze amapenguins ngomshini wokujikeleza oyingqayizivele, obuhlelwe yisimiso sokubuyela emuva.

Ngalo, igazi elishisayo lama-arterial esondweni lama-paws lidlula kakhulu emithanjeni futhi linikela ngengxenye yokushisa kwalo ligazi elivele libandayo. Igazi leVenous libuyisa ukushisa libuyisele enhliziyweni, futhi igazi eliqandayo le-arterial liya ezintangeni, lilondoloze kubo kuphela +4 ° C. Ukube ama-penguin's paws ayeshisa, ayevele aqandeke ngokushesha, kepha okokuqala ayeqandeka eqhweni, abulale inyoni.

Enye indlela yokuvikela ukubanda ngamaqembu. Ngakho-ke, ama-Emperor penguins aqoqana eqenjini eliminyene, efudumeza umoya ngaphakathi kulo ukuya ku-+ 35 ° C, lapho ngaphandle kwawo kungu-20 ° C. Ama-penguins "ajikeleza" eqenjini, asuka enkabeni uye emaphethelweni nangemuva.

Mhlawumbe izinyoni ezimangalisa kakhulu emhlabeni wethu ama-penguins. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngalezi zidalwa ezinhle esizowethula kuwe kule ndatshana. Le yiyo kuphela inyoni ebhukuda kahle, kepha ayikwazi ukundiza.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ipenguin ingahamba iqonde. Le inyoni engenabhano okuyi-oda ye-penguin-like.

Habitat

Izindawo ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezibandayo zeSouthern Hemisphere, yizindawo lapho kuhlala khona ama-penguin. Inani elikhulu kunawo wonke labhalwa e-Antarctica. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhululekile impela eNingizimu Afrika naseningizimu ye-Australia. Cishe wonke umugqa wasogwini waseNingizimu Melika yindawo lapho kuhlala khona ama-penguins.

Isihloko

Umsuka wegama lalezi zinyoni unezinguqulo ezintathu. Owokuqala uyachaza ngokuhlanganiswa kwamagama wepeni - "inhloko" ne-gwyn - "mhlophe". Kwakukade kungowe-widerless wider (manje osenyamalele). Njengoba lezi zinyoni ziyefana ngokubukeka, igama ladluliselwa kupenguin.

Ngokusho kwenguqulo yesibili, ipenguin yaqanjwa ngegama elithi English pink, elihunyushwa ngokuthi “wing-hairpin”. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwesithathu, igama lale nyoni livela kwelesiLatini elithi pinguis, okusho ukuthi "amafutha."

Emperor penguin

Inyoni enkulu kunazo zonke futhi esindayo kunazo zonke: isisindo sowesilisa singafinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-40 nobude bomzimba cishe ngamasentimitha ayi-130. Amapheya emhlane amnyama, isisu simhlophe, futhi entanyeni ungabona amabala abonakalayo ophuzi noma owolintshi. Ama-penguin ama-Emperor angabahlali base-Antarctica.

King penguin

Ngaphandle, ifana kakhulu naleyombuso, kepha ngandlela-thile iphansi ngosayizi: ubude bawo bomzimba bubalelwa ku-100 cm, futhi isisindo sayo asidluli ku-18 kg. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nhlobo inombala ohlukile - ingemuva limbozwe ngompunga omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi cishe izimpaphe ezimnyama, isisu mhlophe, kanti amabala e-orange aqhakazile atholakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda nasesifubeni. Lezi zinyoni zihlala emanzini asogwini lweGulf of Lusitania, eziqhingini zaseTierra del Fuego, iNingizimu neSandwich, iKerguelen neCrozet, iMacquarie kanye naseNingizimu Georgia, iPrince Edward kanye neHurd.

I-Northern Crested Penguin

Uhlobo olusatshiswa njengamanje ngokuqothulwa. Le nyoni encane engamamitha angama-55 ubude futhi inesisindo esingu-3 kg. Emuva namaphiko amnyama mpunga. Isisu simhlophe. Amashiya aphuzi aphenduka izinyanda zezimpaphe eziphuzi ezigqamile ezitholakala ngasohlangothini lwamehlo. Ekhanda le-penguin kukhona i-crest emnyama, enikeze igama lezinhlobo igama.

Ingxenye enkulu yezakhamizi ihlala eziqhingini zaseNeprytupny naseGough, iTristan da Cunha, ezitholakala olwandle lwe-Atlantic.

I-penguin yegolide

Ubude bomzimba waleli penguin buyehluka phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-76, isisindo - okungaphezu kwama-5 kg. Umbala - ejwayelekile kuwo wonke ama-penguins, kepha ngesici esisodwa: ngaphezulu kwamehlo kunamaqhuqhuva angajwayelekile ezimpaphe zombala wegolide. Ama-penguins anezinwele ezigolide ahlala ogwini oluseningizimu yoLwandlekazi i-Indian, i-Atlantic, akuvamile kakhulu enyakatho ye-Antarctica, kanye naseziqhingini ze-Subantarctic.

Izici zangaphandle

Lapho isemhlabeni, le nyoni engajwayelekile, yehluleka ukundiza, ibukeka imfushane ngenxa yokuma kwezitho namalungu omzimba. Ama-penguins anomumo womzimba owenziwe kahle ngemisipha yesifuba eyakhiwe kahle - imvamisa yenza ikota yesisindo senani eliphelele.

Umzimba wepenguin ukondleke kahle, ucindezelwe kancane kamuva, umbozwe izimpaphe. Ikhanda alilikhulu kakhulu, litholakala entofontofo futhi iselula, kepha. Umlomo walezi zinyoni uqinile futhi ubukhali.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngama-penguins ahlobene nesakhiwo sawo. Ekuhambeni kokuziphendukela kwemvelo nendlela yokuphila, izimpiko zepenguin zashintsha zaphenduka iziqeshana: ngaphansi kwamanzi, ziyajikeleza njengesigaxa emahlombe. Imilenze iminyene futhi imfushane, ineminwe emine, exhunywe izibuko zokubhukuda.

Ngokungafani nezinyoni eziningi, imilenze yepenguin iphindiselwe emuva, okwenza inyoni igcine umzimba wayo, ngenkathi isemhlabeni, ime mpo. Ipenguin isiza ukugcina ukulingana komsila omfushane, oqukethe izimpaphe ezingamashumi amabili ezinzima: inyoni iphumula kuyo uma kunesidingo.

Elinye iqiniso elithokozisayo ngama-penguins - skeleton sawo akuyona amathambo e-tubular angenalutho, okuvame ukuthi kube yimpawu yezinyoni. Amathambo abo akhumbuza ukwakheka kwamathambo ezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle.Ekufakweni okushisayo, ama-penguin anokudla okukhulu kwamafutha; ungqimba lwawo lufinyelela amasentimitha amathathu.

Ubuningi bamapenguins bunobukhulu futhi buwugqinsi: izimpaphe ezimfishane, ezincane zimboza umzimba wale nyoni njengethayile, zivikele ukuthi zingangeni emanzini abandayo.

Indlela yokuphila

Amabhugozi angaphansi kwamanzi efuna ukudla isikhathi eside, agibela amamitha amathathu ajulile futhi amboza amabanga angamakhilomitha angamashumi amathathu. Kuyamangaza ukuthi ama-penguins ashesha kangakanani ukubhukuda - angafika ku-10 km ngehora. Abamele ezinye izinhlobo bangantshonela ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-130. Lapho ama-penguin engangeni ngenkathi yokuzalela futhi angayikhathaleli inzalo yawo, asuka ogwini ngenxa yamabanga amakhulu amakhulu (afinyelela ku-1000 km).

Ukuze isheshise ukuhamba emhlabeni, ipenguin ilele esiswini sayo futhi ngokushesha ishibilika eqhweni noma eqhweni, iqhubukusha ngamalunga. Le ndlela yokuhamba ivumela izinyoni ukufinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-6 km / h. Ku-vivo, ipenguin ihlala iminyaka engaba ngamashumi amabili nanhlanu. Ekudingisweni, ngokunakekelwa okufanele, leli nani lenyuka laya emashumini amathathu.

Adlani ama-penguin?

Kokuzingela okukodwa, ipenguin yenza ukusuka ku-190 kuya ku-900 dives. Inani eliqondile lincike ezimweni zezulu, uhlobo wepenguin, izidingo zokuphakelwa. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziselwa ngomlomo ezinyoni zakhiwe ngokuya ngomgomo wepompo: inca inyamazane ephakathi nendawo ngomlomo wayo. Ngesikhathi sokudla, ngokwesilinganiso, izinyoni zibhukuda cishe amakhilomitha angamashumi amathathu futhi cishe imizuzu engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ngosuku ekujuleni kwamamitha angaphezu kwamathathu.

Isisekelo sokudla kwama-penguins izinhlanzi. Kepha adlani ama-penguin (ngaphandle kwenhlanzi)? Le nyoni idla ama-squid, ama-octopus amancane kanye nama-clams amancane ngobumnandi. Amankomazi adla ukudla okugaywe ngogayi, okukhishwa ngabazali babo esiswini.

Amapenguins alala kanjani?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo iyathandeka kubafundi bethu abaningi. Ama-penguins alala emi, egcina ukushisa komzimba wawo lapho elele. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngama-penguins nawo ahambisana nalesi simo sezinyoni. Isikhathi abasichitha ekulaleni ngqo sincike ekushiseni komoya - kwehlisa izinga lokushisa, kufushane ukulala. Izinyoni zilala isikhathi eside ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa: Ngalesi sikhathi zidla okuncane, kanti ukulala okuthe xaxa kuvumela ukunciphisa izindleko ezisetshenzisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-penguins alala ngenkathi eqandusela amaqanda.

Kuyavela ukuthi akuwona wonke amapenguins ayizidalwa ezinhle futhi ezingenangozi. Isibonelo, ama-penguins amatshe anikezwa isimo sokuhlukumezeka. Bangakwazi ukuhlasela noma yini abangayithandanga.

Ama-penguin awadingi manzi amasha - aphuza amanzi olwandle ngoba anezindlala ezikhethekile ezihluza usawoti.

Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, eveza imizwa yakhe emnene, izingilazi zepenguin besilisa zishaya iphiko lakhe eliyithandayo ekhanda.

Izinyawo zepenguins azibandeli, ngoba zinenombolo encane yokuphelela kwezinzwa.

Lezi zinyoni zithembela kubantu, ngoba azizange zibe nezitha ezivulekile e-Antarctica yeminyaka eyinkulungwane. Yebo, yebo. Kumayelana ama-penguin . Yizo kuphela izinyoni ezibhukuda kodwa ezingandizayo.

OKUNGCONO NOKUFUNDILE

Owokuqala wabaseYurophu ukubabona wayengumatilosi odumile wasePortugal uVasco da Gama namatilosi akhe ngo-1499. Hhayi e-Antarctica: ngaphambi kokutholakala kwaleli zwekazi bekude, futhi ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika, amaphinifa amangalisayo ahlala lapho. Kuyiqiniso, elinye lamalungu eqembu elikhulu lamaPutukezi lizichaze ngokwedayari yakhe lathi: “Sabona izinyoni, zikhulu njengamarhanisi, kanti ukukhala kwazo kufana nokukhala kwezimbongolo.”

Ama-penguins ama-Emperor yiwona amakhulu amakhulu

Ubufakazi obulandelayo obulandelayo bushiywe ngonyaka ka-1520 ngu-Antonio Pigafetta, owahamba noFernand Magellan ekuphumeni kwakhe emhlabeni jikelele. Ubuye waqhathanisa namaphengwini, kulokhu abonwa ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika, enenkukhu: "Amarhanisi aluhlaza ahlala emile futhi angazi ukuthi angandiza kanjani."

Ngale ndlela, kwakunguPigafetta owabonisa ukuthi izinyoni ezihambahamba zondlekile kahle, futhi lokhu kwazimisela igama labo: ngesiLatin, "fat" - pinguis (penguis), ngakho-ke ama-penguins.

Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo eziyi-18 zezinyoni eziqwini ze-penguin, kepha sizogxila kwezimbili kuphela - lezo ezihlala e-Antarctica. Kuyinto Emperor penguins futhi Adelie penguins .

Zonke ezinye izihlobo zahlala ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika naseNingizimu Melika, kanye naseNew Zealand nase-Australia. Ahlala ngisho nasenkabazwe eseGalapagos Islands. Kepha ngokwesiko penguins "zinqunyelwe" e-Antarctica, yize zimbili kuphela zazo.

Adelie Penguin Colony

Ngaphezu kokukhuluphala, ukuhamba kancane kubhekwa njengophawu lwesimo samaphaphu wamakhosi. Shono nje: ukuphakama kwabo kufinyelela amasentimitha ayi-120, futhi isisindo sawo singama-45 kilos. Emhlabeni, ama-penguin ahamba ngokukhulu ukucophelela, alondoloze ibhalansi ngosizo lwamaphiko amafushane.

Ngendlela, zona, hhayi ama-paws, uma kunesidingo, zisebenza njengenjini enkulu. Lapho udinga ukusheshisa, izinyoni zilele esiswini eshelelayo futhi ngokushesha nangokuphindayo ziphenduka eqhweni noma emhlabathini. Lezo izigaxa ezimnyama nezimhlophe!

Kepha emanzini, ama-penguin agugile kakhulu - angababhukudi abahlukahlukene futhi abahlukahlukene. Amagagasi asike ebusweni ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angama-35 ngehora, kuthi "ngemuva kokushiswa", bezama ukubamba inhlanzi ngokushesha okukhulu, bagwinya bonke abangama-50! Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-penguins angakwazi ukungena ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-20 futhi ahlale ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyi-10.

Ama-penguins e-Adelie acwila emanzini

Ukuhlala isikhathi eside entweni yolwandle akuyona nje kuphela ukudla - kuwuhlobo lwegumbi lokushisa. Ngesithwathwa esijwayelekile se-Antarctic sokususa ama-degree angama-50-60 nama-gales aqinile, amanzi aqinile kubo kufana neseshini eshisayo kumuntu: phela, ayinakubanda kune-zero degrees.

NGICELA UKUZE UQUKETHWE

Kungani ama-penguin ehamba emhlabathini? Abahloli bamazwe abasezindongeni bavame ukubuza lo mbuzo lapho behlangana nezinyoni kude nolwandle. Ukuhamba ibanga elide kwaqoshwa isazi sezilwane saseBrithani u-Edward Wilson ngo-1911: wabona amathikithi openguins eshalofini i-Ross ice, amakhilomitha ayi-110 ukusuka ogwini.

Uhla lwamarekhodi lubhalwe phansi ngabahloli bamazwe baseMelika ngobusuku bango-1958: bathola umkhondo wepenguin amakhilomitha angama-400 ukusuka olwandle! Kuthathe amasonto ambalwa lolu hambo ngesivinini sokuhamba amakhilomitha angama-5- 10 ngehora.

Vele, leyo mizila yebanga elide iyindlela etholakalayo. Kepha amahora amaningi okuhamba ama-Emperor penguin amabanga amafushane ogwini futhi ajulile ezweni elikhulu yinto evamile. Benza umsebenzi wokuzivocavoca ngokucula noma ngababili.

Ama-penguin afisa ukwazi kakhulu

Ngasikhathi sinye, bafana kakhulu nabantu abaxoxa ngezinkinga ezithile lapho behamba - kubukeka sengathi kuyahlekisa. By the way, izithiyo ezisendleleni ehlelelwe ama-penguin akusona isithiyo: naphezu kokuqhuma kwangaphandle, bashaya izihloli eziphindaphindayo ngekhono lazo lokwehluleka ukukhuphuka imigwaqo noma ukunqoba ama-hummocks e-ice.

Zihlanze, yini engingayisho. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi bakwenza ngokungenanjongo: bachitha ihlobo elifudumele olwandle, nobusika baseningizimu-polar obunamafrimu amabi ogwini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungalesi sikhathi esibonakala singafaneleki kakhulu ukuthi bashada futhi bathole inzalo.

Ama-penguin ama-Emperor ayizinto ezesabekayo: uma esethole owesilisa, awabheki omunye umuntu. Babheka umakoti lapho ngo-Ephreli kusuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu kuya kweziyishumi behlangana eqhweni ngasogwini. Ipenguin encane, ihamba ogwini, manje bese ikhala kakhulu lapho intokazi iphendula. Kwesinye isikhathi umkhwenyana uthatha amahora ambalwa ukwenza ucwaningo olunjalo, kepha uvame ukuthola umbhangqwana. Uma i-penguin ngaphambili yayinentombi, imemeza futhi ithola yena kuphela.

Ukunakekela izingane yisihloko esehlukile nesifundisa kakhulu. Lapho sekuphele inyanga ngemuva komshado, ipenguin yabesifazane ebeka iqanda elilodwa (enesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-500 ubude obungamasentimitha ayi-12!), Lapho-ke abashade naye akazange azibeke eqhweni - bagcina izingcekeza ngaso sonke isikhathi (ngemuva kwakho konke, abazitholi izidleke zomndeni).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyanga zokuqala ezimbili ezinzima kakhulu ebusika ama-hatches amaqanda, noma kunalokho, penguin acindezela esifubeni. Sonke lesi sikhathi akasadli - uhlala emafutheni aqoqekile ehlobo ehlobo aze alahlekelwe yisisindo sakhe.

Ngemuva kwalokho iguqulwa ngowesifazane, owahamba namafutha ezinyangeni ezimbili.Kuliqiniso, akudingeki ukuthi ahlukumeze neqanda isikhathi eside kakhulu: kuzalwa inkukhu, unina ayondlayo cishe inyanga. Ngemuva kwalokho kuza ubaba ophumule, onakekela ingane sonke isikhathi esisele aze akhule.

Uhlobo lwesibili lwe-Antarctic, ama-penguin e-Adélie (mancane: kufika kumasentimitha angama-80), inendlela ehlukile. Ababheki umakoti ngokukhala, kepha bethula itshe kothandekayo wakhe. Uma engayiniki imvume yakhe, uyafulathela, umkhwenyana onobubi afune omunye umakoti.

Njengoba sebakhe umndeni, amaphinifa akha isidleke - lona kanye amatshe aba yinto yokuqala yokwakha. Ababili abanalo elilodwa, kodwa amaqanda amabili. Baboshwa ngokushintshana ngokushintshana - amasonto amabili lilinye.

Amachwane nawo aphakwa ndawonye - isikhathi esingangenyanga, bese ama-penguin athunyelwa kuhlobo lwenkulisa: zonke izingane ezizalwa koloni ziqoqelwa epulatifomu ehlukile. Ngakho-ke babambisana, futhi nabazali babo babaphathela ukudla. Umkhombe uyavuleka lapho ama-penguins eyeve eshumini nambili ekwazi ukuzitholela ukudla.

Ama-penguin ama-Adelie maningi kakhulu kunalawo okwasebukhosini. Banelukuluku futhi banobungane ngabantu. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngesikhathi somdlalo webhola phakathi kwabahloli bamakhaza esiteshini saseMirny, ipenguin eyodwa yavele yaphumela enkundleni futhi yaqala ukugijima ngemuva kwebhola - kwakunzima ukwehlisa isidlali sebhola esingajwayelekile. Umfowabo wazihlukanisa ngendlela ehlukile: wenza indawo yokuhlala ophahleni lukathreyi futhi akafuni kushiya lutho.

ISICELO SESIQINISO

Okuncane ngokudabukisayo. Abanye babuza: kungani kunamapengu amaningi kangaka e-Antarctic, futhi akukho lutho olunjalo ezimweni zezulu ezifanayo ze-Arctic? Ngempela, ingabe imvelo inikeze “ukuntanta, kepha kungenazindiza” kuphela kwiNyakatho Nenkabazwe?

Ngesinye isikhathi, inyoni enkulu enkulu enamaphiko amahle futhi yazulazula ngasogwini futhi igeleza emanzini e-Arctic. Ngisho umbala ohambelana nepenguin umnyama nomhlophe, ngaphandle kokuthi uqhwaku olwedluliselwe phambili lwalunamandla ngokwengeziwe. Le nyoni - ungenantambo .

Kuze kufike emuva ngekhulu le-17, ukwahlulela ngemibhalo egciniwe yematilosi, endaweni yesimo sezulu esenyakatho kwakuyinto eyayivame kakhulu - izigidi zabantu. Kepha maphakathi nekhulu le-19, akusalanga nyoni eyodwa: eyokugcina yabonwa eduze kweGreat Newfoundland Bank ngo-1852.

Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi ngumsebenzi kabani: inyama emnandi kanye ne-fluff ethambile kunazo zonke emhlabeni zenze i-eelless engenantambo yaba inyamazane efiselekayo yabazingeli. Kepha uma umuntu wasendulo ebekelwa umkhawulo ngenombolo edingeka kakhulu yezinyoni, khona-ke uhla lokudoba olwalandela lwabantu baseYurophu abafika eFar North bayiphelisa i-biography yama-penguins asenyakatho.

Lesi sakamuva saba nenhlanhla: abantu ababethuthuke ngokwengeziwe bathola i-Antarctic, eyaphetha ngokufanele kusukela esiphelweni esidabukisayo somuntu ongenantambo. Kancane kancane sifunda ukuvikela imvelo. Noma kunjalo, izinhlobo ezintathu ezihlala kude nezwekazi lesithupha (i-crested, enhle ne-Galapagos penguins) zabonwa njengezisengozini ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, kanti ezinye eziyisikhombisa zithathwa njengezisengozini.

Uma kukhunjulwa nge-eiderless widerless - eyokuqala yezinyoni zase-Europe nezaseMelika ezabhujiswa ngokuphelele ngumuntu - iphephabhuku le-American Society of Ornithologists laqanjwa ngo-The Auk - "The Eider".

I-penguin ukuphela kwenyoni ebhukuda kepha engakwazi ukundiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphela kwenyoni ehamba ime. Kulomucu ngizokutshela ngalezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo. Ama-penguins angamanzi angenantambo ahlala endaweni yemvelo kuphela emazweni aseningizimu ye-hemisphere. Ama-penguin amaningi achitha ingxenye yokuphila kwawo olwandle kanti enye ingxenye esemhlabeni. Ngokuyisisekelo, izinhlobo eziningi zamaphengwini zihlala e-Antarctica nakwezinye izindawo ezibandayo kakhulu hemisphere. Ezinye izinhlobo ezimbalwa zingaphila ezindaweni ezibandayo noma ezishisayo. Ngokuvamile, ama-penguin adalelwa ukuphila olwandle. Ezinye izinhlobo zichitha cishe ama-75% ezimpilo zazo emanzini, emhlabeni zikhethwe kuphela ukubeka amaqanda bese zilinda inzalo.Amathambo asindayo, anzima asebenza emanzini njengebhande le-diver esindayo, avumela amaphinifa ukuthi uhlale ngaphansi kwamanzi. Izimpiko zazo, ezenziwe njengamaphiko, zibasize “ukulawula” ukuhamba ngaphansi kwamanzi ngesivinini esifinyelela ku-15 mph. Umzimba olungiselelwe, njengephedi, ungqimba olufakayo lwamafutha nezimpaphe ezingangeni manzi, konke kusebenza njengendlela ephumelelayo nenethezekile yokuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi. Futhi banekhono elihle lokuntywila ngokujulile (okuningi kulokho kamuva). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kungaphelelwa ukushisa, ama-penguin anezimpaphe ezilukhuni, ezikhulukazi (ezifika ku-70 in sq. Cm), ezihlinzeka ngokuvimbela amanzi.

Amapengu amboza izimpaphe zawo ngo-gland kawoyela eduze nomsila ukuze andise ukufakwa ngaphakathi. Imibala emnyama nemhlophe ibenza bacishe bangabonakali kubazingeli bobabili ngenhla nangaphansi. Njengezinyoni eziningi, ama-penguin anomqondo obuthakathaka noma awunawo nhlobo wephunga (muhle kubo emakholoni abo agcwele). Njengezinye izinyoni, ama-penguin anamaqabunga amancane wokunambitha. Kukholakala ukuthi ukubuka kwabo Amehlo kungcono uma engaphansi kwamanzi. Ososayensi basola ukuthi ama-penguin kungenzeka abonwa emhlabeni. Ama-penguin, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi, izinyoni zomphakathi kakhulu. Amakoloni angaba nezinkulungwane zabantu. (Amapenguins afinyelela ezigidini ezingama-24 avakashela i-Antarctica!) Ngisho nasolwandle, ajwayele ukubhukuda futhi ondle ngamaqembu. Iningi lezilwane ezifuywayo zakha izidleke, kepha izidleke kuphela zingahlanganisa inqwaba yamadwala, iseshizi, noma izimbobo odakeni. Ama-penguin ama-Emperor awazakheli izidleke; agcina iqanda phakathi kwemilenze ngaphansi kwesibaya samahhala sesikhumba esibizwa ngokuthi yi-brood ephaketheni.

Umzimba wonke wepenguin umbozwe izimpaphe ezincane ezifana ne-scaly, iningi lazo liqukethe izinduku kuphela, ngaphandle kwabalandeli. Ikhanda lezinye izinhlobo lihlotshiswe ngezihlakala zezimpaphe ezinde, ezimise okomhluzi, kanti ezinye zinezimpaphe zomsila nazo ezinde.Ikhanda lincane, uqhwaku lungamakhanda ubude, buqondile, buqinile, buqinile, bufakwe kamuva, intamo inobude obuphakathi, idlulela emzimbeni ocishe ufane, imilenze imfushane, icishe ahlanganiswe ngokuphelele esikhunjeni somzimba, ngenxa yalokho avumela izinyathelo ezimfishane kuphela, iminwe yathuthukiswa ngokuqinile, konke ezine kuqondiswa phambili, kepha zintathu kuphela zazo ezixhunywe ulwelwesi. Emhlabathini, le nyoni iphumula ibheke phezulu, iphumule ngemuva kwe-metatarsus, kepha lapho ihamba eyokugcina yema cishe ibheke phezulu. Amapengu ahamba ngobunzima obukhulu, eqaqaqa, efuna ukugwema ingozi, alale ngesisu futhi acwenge ngosizo lwamaphiko nemilenze ngokushesha okukhulu kangangokuba kunzima ukuwabamba, ikakhulukazi endaweni embozwe yiqhwa. Amapengu abhukuda futhi agxibhe kahle futhi ngokumangazayo anqobe amaza esivunguvungu solwandle oluvulekile - umkhakha wawo wangempela. Ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni, amapengu zibhukuda ngosizo lwamaphiko kuphela, zibeke isinyathelo ngasinye, imilenze isebenza njenge-helm futhi yelulwa iqonde emuva. Ukudla kwe-penguin kuqukethe izinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans futhi anempilo enempilo. Ama-penguins anikela ngengxenye enkulu yonyaka ngokuzalanisa, futhi ngalesi sikhathi, amashumi namakhulu ezinkulungwane babuthana eziqhingini ezisolwandle ezivulekile kakhulu zolwandle i-Antarctic. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngisho nezinyoni ezihudulayo azihlali emhlabeni. Bahlala esidlekeni, njengoba behlala ngokujwayelekile - emiphakathini. Zalela amaqanda amabili amhlophe noma aluhlaza okotshani, agcinwa ngokuhlukahluka ngabazali bobabili, ngoba ipenguin inomkhuba othuthuke kakhulu wokweba amaqanda abanye abantu. Lokhu kuchaza iqiniso elijwayelekile lokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamachwane esidlekeni esisodwa. Ama-nestlings abopha ngokuqinile embozwe phansi futhi akhule ngokushesha, ngenxa yokudla okuningana okuqhubekayo okulethwa ngabazali. Ngasekupheleni kokukhishwa, izinsalela zamuva zinqunyelwa emikhawulweni yokugcina bese ziqala ukuncibilika, zivame ukubuyela ezingubeni nakuma-crannies. I-Shedding, ukwahlulela ngokubonwa ekuthunjweni, kuhamba ngokushesha okukhulu, kuphela emasontweni amabili. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ama-penguin awangeni emanzini futhi, ngenxa yalokho, awadli, okuyinto ngokusobala angabekezelela kalula, ngenxa yesendlalelo samafutha ashubile.
Inyama yepenguin ayinambitha kakhulu.Umngcele osenyakatho wokusatshalaliswa kwamaphengwini usuka olwandle lwe-Atlantic ulwedlula esiqhingini saseTristan d "Akunya, oLwandlekazi i-India udlula esiqhingini sase-Amsterdam, nasePacific ngokusebenzisa isiqhingi saseGalapagos, nawo atholakala ogwini lwaseNew Zealand, eSouth Australia, empumalanga eseningizimu ye-Afrika kanye ogwini lwePacific lwaseNingizimu Melika, lo mndeni ungahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu, aboniswa kahle hhayi kuphela ngokwangaphandle kepha nangezici ze-anatomical.Izokuqala zifaka amafomu amakhulu, obude obude, obuncane, obunomphetho obuncane futhi obeka u-ro I-Aptenodyte ne-Pygoscelis, okubandakanya i-Patagonian penguin (A. patagonica) ne-penguin ekhokhiswa isikhathi eside (A. longirostris) .Iqembu lesibili, uhlobo i-Eudyptes, linomlomo omfishane, kepha lide futhi libonakala kalula ngamabhungane alo aphuzi amahle ezimpaphe. i-penguin enamakhanda egolide (E. chrysocome). Eqenjini lesithathu, uqhwaku lufushane kakhulu, licindezelwe ngokuqinile kusukela ezinhlangothini, umhlathi ongaphezulu ulukiwe, umhlathi ophansi utshaliwe, awukho umdwebo. inyakatho yazo zonke izinhlobo zeSpheniscus mendiculus ezivela eziqhingini zaseGalapagos. Izinsalela ze-penguin ezisetshenzisiwe zimbalwa ngenombolo, kepha ifomu elikhulu le-P (Palaeeudyptes antarcticus) liyaziwa kusukela ezingqimbeni zase-Upper Eocene zaseNew Zealand, okufakazela ukwenziwa kwaleli qembu lezinyoni.

I-penguin yase-Afrika, iSpheniscus demersus, ibizwa nangokuthi i-Blackfoot Native American Penguin. Le penguin itholakala ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Afrika. Ama-penguins ase-Afrika angabhukuda ngejubane elingaba ngu-4.3 kuya ku-15 mph (7-24 km / h), futhi enza nemisindo efana nezimbongolo. Isibalo samapengu we-Afrika (imbongolo) sehle kakhulu kangangokuba sekuyisikhathi sokuthatha izinyathelo eziphuthumayo. Ngonyaka ophelile, bekukhona kuphela amabhulukwe ayizinkulungwane ezingama-26 ama-penguin eNingizimu Afrika, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkulungwane eziyi-121 ngonyaka we-1956, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule inani lalezi zinyoni lafinyelela ezigidini ezimbili. Ososayensi bafuna isenzo esiphuthumayo - okuwukuphela kwendlela yokumisa ukwehla okuqhubekayo kwabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ochwepheshe kumele basungule ukuthi yini ebangela ukwehla okubukhali kangako kwesibalo sepenguins. Ngokusho kukaPeter Barham, obemele iNyuvesi yaseBristol (UK), into esemqoka lapha kungaba ukwehliswa kwezinsiza kusebenza zokudla. Ikakhulu, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ukugcwala ngokweqile kwama-sardine nama-anchovies noma ukuhamba kwezinhlanzi kwezinye izindawo ngenxa yokushisa komhlaba okuholele kulokhu. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi i-penguins imane ibe buthaka ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwemvelo, okuthinte amandla abo okuthola ukudla. Ezinye izinto ezingezinhle zifaka izimbambo zohlanga zokuzingela ipenguin, ukuchitheka kawoyela, kanye nokwehliswa kwenani lezindawo ezipholile ezifanele ukuzalaniswa emakoloni ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Falkland Islands Penguins

IMagellanic Penguin iyisakhamuzi sasehlobo esihlala kulezi ziqhingi (esilinganiselwa ku-100,000), efikelwa ukuzalanisa kulezi ziqhingi ngoSepthemba. Lezi penguins sidleke emiseleni ezijule ngokujula kwamamitha amane kuya kwayi-6. Uthole igama lesidlaliso lendawo “imbongolo” ngenxa yokukhala kakhulu nangokubukhali, wayevame ukusho emnyango wegodi, futhi wayevame ukuzwa ngezinyoni zibhukuda olwandle kude kude nolwandle. Le nhlobo idla ama-crustaceans amancane, izinhlanzi ezincane nezinhlobo ezincane ze-squid kunalezo ezibanjwa ngabantu bezithengiswa. Kodwa-ke, ukudla kwabo kungenzeka kube yimbangela yokungezwani okungaba khona kwezokudoba kanye neminye imisebenzi yasolwandle. Amapengu kaMagellan ashiya izidleke zawo ngo-Ephreli, ngokusobala ukuthi aya ebusika emanzini eshalofini lasePatagonia, noma mhlawumbe athuthela enyakatho eBrazil. Lapha bahlangabezana nezinkinga ezinjengokuzingela nokungcola kawoyela. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abadala abangama-20,000 kanye nentsha engama-22,000 bafa minyaka yonke ogwini lwase-Argentina.Ucwaningo e-Falkland Islands muva nje luveze ukwehla okungu-10% kwinani lama penguins aseMagellan unyaka ngamunye, kepha njengoba le nhlobo inendawo enhle yokucasha yabantu bayo, inani labo linzima kakhulu ukulinganisa. I-Falkland Islands ingesinye sezidleke zezinyoni ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni futhi, ngenxa yezinkinga ezibhekene nabamele balesi silwane eChile naseArgentina, ukusinda kwezindawo ezinempilo zeziQhingi zaseFalkland kungahle kube okubalulekile ngokungasindi ekusindisweni kwabantu abathile bale nhlobo.

I-Galapagos penguin ihlukile kwamanye ama-penguin ngoba indawo yayo akuyona indawo ye-Antarctic ne-Subantarctic, hhayi ngokulingana, kepha itholakala emashumini ambalwa amakhilomitha ukusuka e-equator ye-Galapagos Islands. Izinga lokushisa lomoya ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo lisukela ku-18- + 28 ° С, amanzi - + 22- + 24 ° С. Cishe ama-90% amapenguins ahlala eziqhingini zaseFernandin nase-Isabela. Abantu abadala bafika ekuphakameni okungama-50 cm nesisindo esingama-2,5 kg. Ukudla okuyinhloko izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-crustaceans. Ama-penguins aseGalapagos anamakhanda amnyama nezingemuva; kunomugqa omhlophe ogeleza kusukela umphimbo kuye ekhanda futhi ufinyelela emehlweni, ngaphambili ama-penguins amhlophe. I-mandible kanye nesiqobelo se-mandible simnyama, i-mandible nesikhumba esizungeze amehlo ngopinki. Izinyoni zidonsela amaqanda amaqanda izinsuku ezingama-38- 40, ngokuhlukile owesilisa nowesifazane. Eminyakeni engu-60-65 yezinsuku, amaphuphu aya olwandle nabantu abadala. Ama-penguins ama-Galapagos esidlekeni eduze namanzi. Isibalo sabantu ngamunye silinganiselwa ku-1500-2000 bird bird. Bheka i-PENGUIN GALAPAGOSSKY ebhalwe ku-International Red Book.

I-penguin inhle kakhulu. I-penguin enhle kakhulu ibizwa nangokuthi-ophuzi. Ungowomndeni wepenguin. Yaziwa nangokuthi i-Antipode Penguin noHoijo.

I-Emperor penguin yizinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke ze-penguin. Uma emane nje emile emhlabeni, manje ukukhula kwakhe kuzoba ngamasentimitha angama-90. Uma ehamba, khona-ke ukukhula kwakhe kungangamasentimitha ayi-110-120. Isisindo saleli penguin sifinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-20-45. Ama-penguin e-Emperor anokuhlukahluka okulandelayo ngombala: uhlangothi lwasemuva lubumnyama noma bumpunga, ekhanda lo umbala uvame ukuphenduka ube mnyama. Eduze kwezindlebe kukhona izindawo eziyindilinga ephuzi eziwolintshi ezidlulela ohlangothini olungaphansi lwentamo, futhi eziba mhlophe kancane. Lapho kuzalwa i-Emperor penguin. Isidumbu sakhe simbozwe ngombala omhlophe noma onsundu. Ama-Emperor penguins esidlekeni sogu lwe-Antarctica, eningizimu kuya kuma-78 degrees eseningizimu eningizimu. I-nesting ye-Emperor penguins, ngokungafani nezinye, yenzeka ngenkathi enzima kakhulu - ubusika base-Antarctic, futhi sekupheleni kwehlobo lase-Antarctic kuqala ama-penguins ama-Emperor. Imvamisa ekuqaleni abasebenzisi kakhulu, ukulala. Bahola indlela yokuphila nje, kepha-ke isimo siyashintsha, kanti vele ngo-Ephreli amapengu we-penguin aqala ukwakheka.

I-penguin yegolide (lat.Eudyptes crysolophus) - uhlobo lwe-penguin eyaziwayo. Isimilo. Ukuba, njengoba kunesimo sawo wonke ama-penguins, uhlangothi olumnyama lwenkohliso olunenhloko ecishe imnyama nesisu esimhlophe, zihlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwezixhaxaka zezimpaphe zegolide eziphuzi ezakha i-crest ngaphezu kwamehlo. Ubude bomzimba wamapengu anezinwele zegolide angamasentimitha angama-65-76. Ama-penguin anezinwele agcwele yonke indawo eningizimu yezilwandle zase-Atlantic naseNdiya. Ama-penguins anezinwele ezigolide eSouth Georgia, eSouth Shetland, eSouth Orkney nakwezinye iziqhingi eziphansi. Amakoloni abo maningi kakhulu - afinyelela kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-600 abazalanayo. Ngokuvamile, kunamapenguins abantu abadala abanezinwele okungenani ezimbili emaphethelweni nasezigodini zaseMacquarie Island kuphela. Amapenguins anezinwele ezigolide, ahlela izidleke zakudala kakhulu. Amaqanda ama-2 abekwa, owesibili ngemuva kwezinsuku ezine. Womabili la maqanda avundiswa, kodwa awokuqala ahlala emancane kunawesibili, futhi ngokuvamile inyoni ayawafukameli.Isikhathi sokufuduka siyizinsuku ezingama-35, ngezinguquko eziguqukayo kubazali bepenguin. Izinyoni ezindala ziphakamisa amantshontsho azo cishe amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu, emva kwalokho kwakhiwa "izithombo zezinsana", zilandelwa ukuncibilika bese zihamba olwandle ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari. Isici esithile semikhonto yamaphengu anezinwele zegolide ngiphunga elinamandla, elisikhumbuza iphunga lezinhlanzi ezibolile, ezingazwakala amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka koloni. Izinhlobo Penguin Gold-zezinwele ezisohlwini lweNcwadi Ebomvu yaphesheya.

IHumbolt Penguin. Lolu hlobo lwe-penguin lutholakala kuphela ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika, endaweni yethonya lePeruvian yamanje (Fock Island). Ikoloni elihlukile lawa penguins likhona eziqhingini zasePuniuil. Sekukonke, cishe ama-12,000 ngazimbili asasele emhlabeni wabantu balolu hlobo. Abangu-8 kuzo izidleke eChile, ezi-4 ePeru. IHumboldt Penguin ibhalwe ku-Red Book njengenye yezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuphela. Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlanzi ziyadotshwa, usayizi walesi sizwe sehliswa kakhulu. Futhi, ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu kusenziwa futhi ukuthi ezinye izinyoni zimane zibanjiswe ngamanetha okudoba futhi zifele lapho. Ubungako be-Humboldt penguin cishe amasentimitha angama-70. Isisindo saso singamakhilogremu amane. IHumboldt Penguin ifana kakhulu neMagellanov Penguin. Umbala wepenguins sowesifazane iHumboldt ufana nombala wesilisa, kepha izintokazi zincanyana ngosayizi kunabesilisa. Ama-penguin alolu hlobo aqanda amaqanda kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuDisemba. Ngokuya ngokuthi ikoloni itholakala kuphi, inani eliphakeme lingavela ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, noma ngoSepthemba - Okthoba. Isimo kungenzeka. Lapho ama-Humboldt Penguins ngokushesha ephakamisa ama-broods amabili ngonyaka, uma lokhu kusenziwa izimo zezemvelo.

King penguin (IsiLatini: i-Aptenodytes patagonicus) iyinyoni engenabhanoyi evela emndenini wepenguin (Spheniscidae). Inkosi penguin ifana ne-Emperor penguin, kepha incane ngosayizi futhi ikhanya ngombala. Ubude bomzimba wenkosi penguin busuka ku-91 kuya ku-96 cm. Izinyoni ezindala zinemuva grey, amabala amakhulu e-orange agqamile ezinhlangothini zekhanda elimnyama nasesifubeni. Isisu simhlophe. Amachwane ansundu. Ukusatshalaliswa. Izidleke ze-King penguin eziqhingini eziseduze naseTierra del Fuego: ISouth Georgia, iSouth Sandwich Islands, iMarion, iCrozier, iKerguelen (isiqhingi), iHurd, neMacquarie.

I-penguin ingabhekwa njengesilwane ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu ngokungajwayelekile futhi engaqondakali, futhi ngenxa yalokho akumangazi ukuthi idonsela ukunaka kwabantu abaningi. Ngakho-ke i-penguin ingatholakala emisebenzini eminingi yezemibhalo, kufaka phakathi uGorky noSemenov-Spassky. Futhi, kudutshulwa amafilimu amaningana opopayi, ngokwesibonelo, "Ama-Adventures weLolo Penguin" ne "Catch the Wave!", Ngoba amaphinifa ayekujabulela ukunakwa okukhethekile okuvela ezinganeni. Phakathi kwamanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo, kufanele kuphawulwe ubukhona beqembu lePittsburgh Penguins hockey, lidlala kwiligi enamandla kakhulu ye-hockey emhlabeni, kanye neqiniso lokuthi ipenguin ingenye yezimpawu ezisemthethweni zeLinux.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngama-penguins:
Onke ama-penguin bahlala endaweni eseningizimu ye-hemisphere, kwesinye isikhathi bekhuphuka enyakatho ekude (eziqhingini zaseGalapagos, cishe e-equator) noma emadolobheni anabantu abaningi (iNyakatho yeTheku eSydney, e-Australia). Izwe lakubo kaCody yiShiverpool e-Antarctica, kodwa uyakujabulela ukuhlala esiqhingini esishisayo sasePen Gu.

Ama-penguins ama-King - anjengoJick - ahlukene kakhulu. Ukucinga izinhlanzi nokunye ukudla, zihlala zigobhozela ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-100, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kube ngamamitha angama-200. Kodwa-ke, uJick uyavilapha futhi ubenokulinda aze uLani amlethele izinhlwayi ezidliwayo.

I-Cody ingeyezinhlobo zamadwala penguins ezinamadwala, abonakala ngokushisa okuthe xaxa kanye nezimpaphe ezinde eziphuzi emehlweni uqobo.Zigcwele amandla futhi zivame ukweqa emadwaleni - leyo yindlela abalithole ngayo igama labo!

Amapenguins wePapuan, okungelakhe iLani, ukubhukuda ngokushesha kunawo wonke amanye amapengu, kwesinye isikhathi kufinyelela ngesivinini esingama-36 km / h. Ijubane leli lisiza uLani ukuba abe ngumqaphi omkhulu wempilo.

Amachwane wamakhosi we-King penguin - anjengeKatie noChumaz - adonsa amaqanda awo enqunu futhi akhula izimpaphe amasonto ambalwa. Inkukhu ayinakuphila ngaphandle kwabazali kuze kube yilapho izimpaphe ezingangeni manzi zikhula futhi, futhi lokhu kungenzeka ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-13 luzelwe.

Uyakwazi ukubhukuda, kepha awukwazi ukundiza. I-penguin ukuphela kwenyoni ebhukuda kepha engakwazi ukundiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphela kwenyoni ehamba ime.

Izimpaphe zika-penguins zikhula ngokulinganayo. Izimpaphe zezinyoni ezimbalwa kuphela ezikhula ngokulinganayo emzimbeni wonke, imvamisa lezi yizihlobo ezingenabhanoyi, njengamapengu.

Imiphi imilenze yokuhamba phezu kwamanzi? Izinyoni ezihamba emanzini angajulile, njenge-heron futhi zihlanganisiwe, zinemilenze emide. Kwizinyoni ezihamba emaphepheni ezinamaqabunga asezintanjeni nasemabeleni, iminwe emide nezinzipho kufaka uphawu, ukuze zingaweli. Ama-penguin anemilenze emifushane futhi eminyene etholakala kude ngemuva enkabeni kwamandla adonsela phansi. Ngalesi sizathu, bangahamba kuphela bebambe umzimba uphakeme ngezinyathelo ezimfushane. Uma kunesidingo sokuhamba ngokushesha, alala ngesisu futhi acwengeke ngathi ngesinqe, ahudule kude neqhwa ngamaphiko nemilenze eshayayo.

I-diver enhle kakhulu. Athini ama-penguins ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha elilodwa nesigamu? Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zaseJapan zifake amakhamera ngemuva kwezilwane ezihlala isikhathi eside ekujuleni kolwandle. Njengoba abalobi bephrojekthi bechaza, imisebe yelanga ingena kuphela kumamitha ayi-150 ekujuleni kolwandle, ngakho-ke akukaziwa ukuthi benzani ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha, ngokwesibonelo, ama-Emperor penguins noma uphawu lwezindlovu olungangena amakhilomitha elilodwa nesigamu.

Ukubhukuda amasonto amathathu. IPatagonian penguin ingabhukuda amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu futhi imboze ibanga elingafika ku-1,500 km.

Ukubhukuda okushesha kakhulu. I-Papuan penguin (Pygoscelis papua) ingabhukuda ngejubane elingafika ku-27 km / h.

Yehla ebusweni bamanzi. Amapengu, ama-loons Gavia agxila, ama-grebes, amadada adonsela phansi uClangula hyemalis nezinye izinyoni eziningi zishiya phakathi kwamanzi. Njengoba bengenayo i-inertia yokudonsa kwe-diving, basebenzisa ukucwilisa ukuhamba kwemilenze yabo (noma) namaphiko. Ezinhlotsheni ezinje, imilenze imvamisa itholakala ekugcineni komzimba, njengesikhafu ngaphansi komhlane womkhumbi. Uma ucwiliswa, banganciphisa ukubambeka ngokubamba izimpaphe ngokuqinile nangokufaka izikhwama zomoya.