Ngendlela yokuphila, isilinganiso semvukuzane sifana nemvukuzane: ihlala kuphela ngaphansi komhlaba, igaya amasistimu amade wokuhamba, icindezele inhlabathi eyeqile, yakha izindunduma ezingemahle. Kepha ngokwejwayelekile, lesi isilwane esihluke ngokuphelele, esihlukaniswa ukubukeka kwaso, ukwakheka komzimba, ukuziphatha, ngisho nesimo saso sokulimaza ...
Amagundane Mole (Spalax) - uhlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo zamagundane omndeni weRodents ye-oda, ehola indlela yokuphila engaphansi komhlaba. Inezinhlobo ezi-4.
Amagundane ama-Mole ayizilwane ezincane, ubude bawo bube ngama-30 kuya kwangama-32 cm kuphela, ngaphandle kwezindlebe, ngaphandle kwentamo ebekiwe, ngamehlo atrophied afihlwe ngaphansi kwesikhumba, umsila omncane kakhulu ongabonakaliyo noboya obufushane obumpunga. Ngokungafani nezimvukuzane ezidla izinambuzane, izilwane zidla ekudleni kwezitshalo - zidla ama-rhizomes, izimpande, ama-tubers kanye nama-bulbs. Ukufika engxenyeni esemoyeni yezitshalo, kudonsele ngempande emgodini. Ubhontshisi, isambulela, ne-asteraceae ziyithanda kakhulu. Iziqu namaqabunga kudliwa ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo.
Uhlelo lokuhamba kwamagundane aluhlaza luyachazwa. Ihlosi lokuqala ukudla, okutholakala ekujuleni kwama-20- 25 cm ukusuka ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi. Eyesibili, ifaka imigudu yokuxhuma, izidleke zasehlobo nobusika, izitolo zokuhlinzeka, zitholakala ekujuleni kuka-3-4 m.
Uma izimvukuzane zithukulula inhlabathi ngama-paws awo angaphambili, khona-ke amagundane angama-molecene anezinto ezinamandla ezinamandla. Yebo, nezinqwaba zezwe ku "mathuthuki" angaphezu kwama-moles. Inhlabathi ekhishelwe phezulu ifinyelela enobuningi obungafika ku-10 kg bese akha izindunduma ezinobubanzi obungu-50 cm.
Amagundane angamaMole akhetha ukuhlukaniswa. Ngokushayisana, abesilisa balwa kuze kube yilapho kusale oyedwa ephila. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, kowesilisa ngamunye kukhona abesifazane abangu-1 - 2 abaseduze nabo esikhathini sokuzalela. Indawo eyihektha ayi-1 ngesikhathi esifanayo ingahlalwa yizilwane ezi-3 kuye kwezingu-20 (futhi kwesinye isikhathi).
Isikhathi esisebenza kakhulu empilweni yezilwane ngoMashi, Ephreli noMeyi. Ehlobo, bese kuthi ebusika, umsebenzi wabo obalulekile uncishiswe kakhulu, kepha abazenzisi.
Habitat
Endaweni yakhe yokuhlala, uvame ukukhetha amasimu, izitebhisi, ibhande lasehlathini, ugodo, izindawo zezintombi.
Izinhlelo zasemanzini ngaphansi kwamagundane zinamahlathi amabili. Esokuqala sitholakala ekujuleni okungadluli ku-25 cm ukusuka ngaphezulu futhi kungukudla, owesibili usekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-3-4. Eyesibili inezidleke zokuphila ehlobo nasebusika, kanye nokugcinwa kwempahla yokudla.
Imvukuzane igaya inhlabathi ngosizo lwezinsalela zangaphambili, kanti igundane elijwayelekile elihamba nqunu lisebenzisa izisusa eziqinile. Izinqwaba zomhlaba zinkudlwana kunezidumbu. Ama-knoll ayakwazi ukuba nobubanzi obufika ku-50 cm, futhi umhlaba ophonswa phansi kwesinye isikhathi uba nobunzima obungaphansi, kepha obungamakhilogremu ayi-10.
I-mole rat iyakwazi ukudala ingozi enkulu, futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuyicekela phansi, ngoba lesi silwane singaphansi komhlaba impilo yakhe yonke.
Indlela yokuphila
I-mole mole ihola indlela yokuphila engaphansi komhlaba, eza ebusweni ezimweni ezingavamile. Wakha uhlelo oluhlotshiswe kakhulu lwezimbambo ezimbili. Eyokugcina kunazo zonke inkambo ephezulu “yokuphaka,” ebangeni elingaba ngu-20-25 cm. Ngaphezu kwesendlalelo sokudla, isigaxa semvukuzane sihlela uhlelo lokudla kwendle lasehlobo nobusika, kanye nesitoreji sokuphakelwa. Zixhunywe ngamaphawundi ngesigaxa sesibili, esijulile, esinobude obungafika ku-4 m.
Ukusuka kuhamba, imvukuzane igudluza inhlabathi ngezinsimbi ezinamandla, bese ihambisa ebusweni, lapho kuqalwa izinqwaba zomhlaba, okubizwa ngokuthi "amagundane". Isisindo somhlaba olahliwe ku "rat elilodwa" lesisindo singadlula i-10 kg kanye nobubanzi obungamasentimitha angama-50. Ubude bokuhamba kwesilinganiso esisodwa se-mole lifinyelela ku-450 m.
Amareyithali ejwayelekile adla izitshalo, isisekelo sokudla kwaso ngama-rhizomes, ama-bulbs kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Entwasahlobo nasekuqalekeni kwehlobo, idla ezingxenyeni zasemoyeni zezitshalo (iziqu namaqabunga). Isigaxa semvukuzane sithanda i-asteraceae, isambulela namagamu.
Amagundane ama-Mole nawo ayasebenza ebusika. Ukuze angafi yindlala, wenza ukonga ubusika. Ama-acorns, ama-rhizomes, ama-bulbs wezitshalo zasendle, nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane, kanye nama-beet ashukela ezindaweni zokugcina ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqolobane zamagundane molec ziyacatshangelwa - isisindo sazo kwesinye isikhathi sifinyelela ku-14 kg.
Kodwa-ke, kukhona izidalwa eziphilayo ezizuza kumagundane. Ama-Gophers, ama-voles asensimini, ama-hamsters nezinye izilwane ahlala emihubheni yamagremu eshiywe.
Njengoba imvukuzane ihlala ngaphansi komhlaba, inezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo, eyinhloko i-steppe ferret, angathola amagundane ngemigodi yawo. Izimpungushe, izinja, izinyoni ezidla inyama kanye namaqhude ngezinyamazane ekukhuleni komhlaba omncane.
Isikhathi sokuphila salokhu sethala elingaphansi komhlaba sifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-9.
Okudingayo
Uma isiza sakho singavuni, khona-ke ungasoli lonke icala ku-mole. Udinga ukunquma ukuthi isiphi isiko elishodayo. Uma kungamazambane, ama-beet kanye nezaqathe, khona-ke lokhu akunangqondo - umsebenzi "wamazinyo" wegundane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi silwane asinandaba nokudla izitshalo zika-anyanisi, ngakho-ke izimbali ezinama-corms esikhundleni sezimpande zingahlupheka. I-rat rat kanye nengxenye yesitshalo kudla, kudonsa isihlahla ngaphansi komhlaba.
Ama-greens ayintandokazi kulawo ma-pest yi-peas, ubhontshisi, ubhontshisi, iziqathi ze-karoti. Uma isilo sijabulele utshani, khona-ke siyozitholela isivuno esiyimpande esizayo.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi umuntu omdala uyakwazi ukudla okuphakelayo ngosuku njengoba enesisindo, ngakho-ke lapho bemba amasheya akhe ebusika, bathola, naseminyangweni ehlukene kuze kube ngu-18 kg wamazambane nezinye izitshalo zezimpande. Amasheya ebusika angaba amajikijolo omisiwe, amantongomane.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwamagundane
Amagundane amancane ayizilwane ezihlala zodwa. Inethiwekhi yomhubhe yomuntu oyedwa ayixhumeki nemisele yomunye.
Abantu abathandana nobungqingili batholakala kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzalela. Isikhathi sokukhwelana ngamagundane amancane aqala entwasahlobo futhi siqhubeka kuze kube ihlobo. Kepha kuze kube manje, ososayensi abazi ukuthi amagundane angama-mole abheka kanjani abalingani futhi adale imibhangqwana.
Izimbumbulu ziletha inzalo kanye ngonyaka. Owesifazane oyedwa kudoti angaba namathole afinyelela kwayi-6, kodwa, njengomthetho, kuzalwa izingane ezi-3-4. Isimpumputhe esiyisithulu sondla inzalo yaso amasonto amane.
Mayelana nesikhathi sokuphila kwamagundane amancane, nangokuphathelene nokuziphatha kwawo kokukhula, akukho lutho olwaziwayo.
Kusukela emsebenzini walesi sinambuzane kunendinyana ende emahlathini ambalwa engadini, kanye nama-pantries angaphansi komhlaba, lapho isilwane sigcina ingxenye yesilimo esitshalwe ngabanikazi ezingadini zabo. Njengomthetho, udla ngokuyinhloko isisindo esiluhlaza, bese engeza izimpande zezitshalo ebusika. Noma isilinganiso esisodwa semvukuzi sikwazi ukuthatha ingxenye enkulu yesitshalo. Uma kuvela abantu abaningi esizeni, khona-ke ungakhohlwa ngamanani aphezulu ezitshalo ezinjengamazambane, u-anyanisi, ama-beet kanye nezaqathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, wemba izindinyana ezinkulu impela, ezinobubanzi obuyi-5 kuya ku-15 cm, ngenxa yalokho alimaze ezinye izitshalo esizeni. Amahlosi aphansi angaba ekujuleni okufika kumamitha ayi-3, kanti lawo angaphezulu ekujuleni okungamasentimitha ayi-10. Uhlelo olunjalo lwamaphasi angaphansi komhlaba ngokuvamile alunikezi ukuthuthukiswa okujwayelekile ezitshalweni eziningi ezitshaliwe.
Ungayishayela kanjani i-rat mole
Umbuzo munye kuphela ovela lapho kukalwa imvukuzane ejwayelekile entshalweni yezwe - ungasusa kanjani inkathazo? Kwabaningi, lokhu kuba umsebenzi ongenakwenzeka. Ngemuva kwakho konke, lesi silwane sihlala sicashe emhlabathini kanye nokuba khona kwaso, sakha izindunduma ezintsha futhi sichitha izitshalo ezitshaliwe, ebusuku kuphela.
Kungcono ukuzama ukudala izimo ezinjalo lapho isilwane sishiya umhlaba ngokuzimela. Izindlela eziningi zenzelwe lokhu, kepha ayikho neyodwa yazo eqinisekisa ukuthi isilwane siyobalekela unomphela. Kepha noma kunjalo, kuyasiza ukwenza yonke imizamo yokususa i-rat mole ngaphandle kokuchitha igazi layo.
Enye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ukugcwalisa umhubhe ngamanzi. Kepha lokhu kungadinga amanzi amaningi, njengoba izindlwana zesilwane zingaphansi komhlaba zihlotshiswe kakhulu. Futhi uma inhlabathi ibamba umswakama ngokushesha, le ndlela ayisebenzi ngokuphelele. Abanye bazama ukubhema umakhelwane onezinyawo ezine ngentuthu, bathela iparafini noma izingxube ze-fetid emgodini. Enye indlela ukudala umsindo oqhubekayo endaweni ahlala kuyo, okuyinto isilinganiso semali ejwayelekile esingayibekezeleli. Ngenye indlela, ungasebenzisa ukufakwa kwe-repeller ye-ultrasonic.
Lapho kuhlala khona
Isilinganiso semvukuzi sisatshalaliswa emaphethelweni aseduze kweDnieper, phakathi kweVolga neNyakatho Caucasus. Le nduku ihlala lapho kunotshani obuningi khona, ayingene shí emahlathini, yize ivame ukwenzeka emaphethelweni ehlathi, emabhandeni amahlathi, ekucaceni nasezindleleni zehlathi.
Izihlisi ezinkulu ze-incisor zitholakala phambi kwezindebe
Isilonda esinonya
Izindawo azizithandi ngempela lezi zilwane eziyimfihlo - ngoba amagundane omgwaqo abhubhisa imigwaqo yasolwandle, izilimo zotshani obusika.
Amagundane Mole
Emasimini asekhaya, amagundane alimaza izilimo (ezithinteka kakhulu amazambane, izaqathe, u-anyanisi nezimbali ze-bulb). Lawa ma-rayisi alimaza izilimo zommbila, umdumba, izitshalo ezinamahlahla (zidla imbewu emila nezitshalo ezincane). Ukukhishwa komhlaba - "amagundane" - kuphazamisa ukutshala kwensimu. Izilwane zasendle azithandiwe ngamagundane noma - emahlathini ama-steppeies ama-rodent-digger abhubhisa ama-acorns nezimpande zezithombo ze-oki.
Indlela elula yokuthola utshani bangaphambili obuhle
Wena, vele, ubone utshani obuhle ku-cinema, kwi-alley, futhi mhlawumbe etshanini elingumakhelwane. Labo okungenani abake bazama ukukhulisa indawo eluhlaza endaweni yabo, akungabazeki ukuthi lo msebenzi omkhulu. Utshani budinga ukutshala ngokucophelela, ukunakekelwa, umanyolo, ukuthambisa. Kodwa-ke, abalimi abangenalwazi kuphela abacabanga kanjalo, ochwepheshe kudala baziwa ngethuluzi elenza izinto ezintsha - utshani obunamanzi u-AquaGrazz.
Izinhlobo eziningana ziyaziwa. Isilwane, izakhamuzi zasehlobo ezicasulayo, kungenzeka kube yigoli elijwayelekile. I-Giant - inhlobo eyivelakancane kakhulu ebhalwe kuNcwadi Ebomvu. Kutholakala ezansi kweCaucasus Range, Moldova naseningizimu ye-Ukraine. Inani labantu balesi zinhlobo nezindawo ezihlala kuzo ziyancishiswa, lokhu kungenxa yomsebenzi wezolimo owenziwa umuntu. Akuvamile ukuba kutholakale ezintabeni zezintaba zaseCaucasus. Ukubukeka kwesihlabathi kunombala okhanyayo, okuvumela ukuthi ihlangane nenhlabathi, kusatshalaliswe emigwaqweni ephansi ye-Dnieper. Ukuphila kuma-steppes omile, ama-chernozems wemvelo.
Incazelo
Cishe akukhuphuki ebusweni bomhlaba. I-rodent enkulu enesisindo esingaba khilogremu, engaba ngama-30 cm ubude, ikhanda lithambile, amehlo wesilwane atrophied ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo njengengadingekile. Ayinamsila, umzimba wesilwane umbozwe izinwele eziminyene, eziqinile. Izimbobo zezimbobo zisebenzisa izisusa zokubukeka okunamandla. Ukukhula kwamazinyo angaphambili akuyeki yonke impilo. Ukwakheka kwezindebe kuhlukile, kuklanyelwe ngendlela yokuthi lapho umgaya umgodi emlonyeni ungaweli emhlabathini.
Ukubhebhetheka
Indawo yokuhlala yemvelo yigxathu kanye ne-steppe. Ukusatshalaliswa kabanzi e-Ukraine, kubhekwe njengezwe lakubo, kubhalwe encwadini ebomvu yase-Ukraine. Ikhetha izigaba ze-steppe ezinemifino eminyene; ayihambi iye ehlathini, ikhetha imiphetho yehlathi noma amabhande amahlathi emasimini.
Ubudlelwano Babantu
Amagundane angama-Mole izinambuzane zomhlaba wezolimo, ngakho ukubeka kancane, isimo somuntu kubo siyinkimbinkimbi. Ukubhubhisa izilimo zamazambane, izaqathe kanye namabhele kulinywe ezingadini nasemakotini. Akudeleli izimbali ezinama-rhizomes akhe ama-bulbs. Entwasahlobo, lapho kungekho kudla okwenele, kuyadla ngezimbewu amahlumela amasha ezitshalo. Ngabe omunye umuntu angaxhumana kanjani nesilwane esingabhubhisa izithelo zomsebenzi obunzima obunzima?
Ukulimala engadini
Ukuvela kwenduku engadini noma endaweni engaphansi kwedolobha kuyinkinga yangempela. Lesi sidalwa singakubamba amazambane, izaqathe kanye namabhungane. Kuphakama umbuzo onengqondo: indlela yokuqeda i-rat elibi lemvukuzane endlini yezwe noma engadini. Udla iziqongo zezitshalo, agcine izithombo zezimpande ebusika. Umuntu oyedwa osekhulile angonakalisa umsebenzi wesikhathi sonke sasehlobo. Kutholakala ngaphezu kwez kg ezili-10 zezilimo ezimpandeni ezimbotsheni, kanti esitolo semifino esingaphezu kwesisodwa sihlela i-rodent. Lapho insimu ilungiswa kahle, kuba lula isifiso salezi zilwane ukuhlala kuyo.
Izindlela ezihle zokuqeda amagundane
Ngokushesha nje lapho kuvela igundane lengadi engadini, abahlali basehlobo baqala ukucabanga ukuthi bangaqeda kanjani ubushokobezi basehlobo. Kunzima ukukhipha ingadi yakhe, ngoba cishe lesi silwane asibonakali ebusweni, futhi ngenxa yomqondo owakheke kahle, izicupho ezifakwe kuso zingagwenywa. Ukulwa naye kuphenduka impi yokuvunwa.
Ubuntu obukhulu bunganciphisa umsebenzi wesizini yonke. Ungasebenzisa ubuthi uma ungesabi ukuqothula izilwane ezifuywayo. Setha izicupho ezikhethekile, yize izilwane zikhombisa izimangaliso zokusebenzisa ubuhlakani, zidlula izicupho eziyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa isicupho, kungakuhle ukuthi udambise iphunga lomuntu, ngokwesibonelo: i-anyanisi. Ithemba lokuthi isilinganiso semvukuzane ngeke lidlule yisicupho liyakhula.
Amadivayisi okwesabisa okwenziwa ekhaya
Ungasebenzisa ngokunakekela kwemvelo kwesilwane nomuzwa omuhle wokuhogela. Beka izimbaza ezanyiswe uketshezi olunephunga elingathandeki, elimnandi kumasiphu avulekile. Isibonelo: uphethiloli kadizili, upharafini, njll. Lokhu kuzodala ukungakhululeki, kusabise isilwane futhi mhlawumbe kuzoshiya isiza sakho. Abanini bezivande baqaphela ukuthi i-rodent ayithandi umsindo.
Indlela elula kakhulu: izingcezu ezinde zamamitha okuqinisa zithunyelwa emhlabathini ukuze ama-30-40 cm asale ebusweni. Insimbi engenalutho ingafakwa ngaphezulu kwephini. Umoya, uhamba uzungeza indawo, unyakazisa amabhange nomsindo usakazeka nge-armature emhlabathini. Ezitolo zempahla zasehlobo, banikela ngokukhupha umusi ophuma enjini yemoto. Le ndlela iyingozi enhlabathini, ukuqeda kuqukethe izinsimbi ezisindayo ezingafaka ubuthi emhlabeni kakhulu, futhi ngayo "isivuno sakho" esisindisiwe.
Faka amadivaysi ekhalayo, ahlekisayo, kanye namadivayisi enziwe ashukumisayo
Izinambuzane azibekezeleli imisindo ephakeme, kepha omakhelwane bakho abasendaweni engaphansi kwedolobha bazosabela kabi ekuqhubekeni “komshini” wokumemeza osamshini. Amadivayisi abangela ukudlidliza komhlaba athandeka kakhulu lapha, kepha kunzima ukuthola amandla adingekayo okuvikela isiza sonke.
Ukulwa kwamanzi
Uma uthatha isinqumo sokukhipha i-rodent emgodini, njengoba ugcwale izindinyana, ungathemba ukuthi amabhakede amaningana akwanele. Bumba izimbobo (eziningana) bese ugcwalisa nge-hose yokunisela ngamanzi. Kuhle uma ukwazi ukuletha amanzi ngasikhathi sinye kumaphoyinti ambalwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi silwane sizofika phezulu - ungagxeki lapha.
Ukufaka i-repeller ye-ultrasonic
Uma izindlela zobunzima zomzabalazo zingamukeleki kuwe, awufuni ukusebenzisa imicibisholo noma izithiyo ezinobuthi; ikhona enye indlela. Kuvele umshini we-elekthronikhi oxosha izinduku kwinethiwekhi yezitolo. Indlela isuselwe ekusakazweni kokudlidliza kwe-ultrasonic, ibangela ukukhathazeka, ukwesaba kuma-rodents, kanye nokuqhekeka endaweni.
Okubi ukuthi ukuze uzuze umphumela wedivayisi eyodwa noma ezimbili kusayithi akwanele, udinga ukuthenga eziningana. Lawa madivayisi okulawula ayasebenza futhi awadingi ezinye izindlela. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, izinambuzane zizoshiya isiza, esivele singakhululeki, noma ngabe isiza sinokudla okuhle. Indlela ye-ultrasonic izosusa amagundane amancane nezinye izinambuzane zezolimo esizeni lakho. Le ndlela inobuhle ngokwengeziwe, futhi akudingeki ukuba ubulale lezi zilwane ezinhle.
Isiphetho
Isikhathi sokuphila kwesilokazane engadini yiminyaka engama-5-7. Impela, awudingi umakhelwane onjalo esizeni.Noma ungafuni ukusibulala isilwane, futhi esikhundleni samazambane namabhungane ukutshala isiza sezimbali ukuze, uma esele ngaphandle kokudla, uyofuna indawo entsha yokuhlala, cishe akakwazi ukukushiya wedwa. Udinga ukuthi ucabange ukuthi ungabhekana kanjani nayo engadini ukuze isivuno sakho siye kuwe, hhayi kuma-rodent akhazimulayo.