Le ndaba ingahle ibonakale njengenganekwane uma bekungengenxa yangempela enhle. Eziqhingini ezilahlekile ezilahlekile oLwandlekazi i-Indian (iMauritius, uRodriguez kanye neReunion, eziziqhingi zaseMascarene), izinyoni zeDodo, abamele umndeni wakwaDodo, baphila ezikhathini zasendulo.
Ukuthembela dodo bird
Isiqhingi okwakuhlala kuzo izinyoni sasiyipharadesi langempela: kwakungekho bantu nje, kungekho zidli zezilwane, noma enye ingozi engaba khona kumaDodovites. Izinyoni ze-Dodo bezingazi ukuthi zingandiza kanjani, zibhukude futhi zigijime ngokushesha, kepha akunamsebenzi, ngoba akekho owacasulayo i-dodo. Konke ukudla bekungaphansi kwezinyawo zabo, okwakungakwenzi ukuthi kudingekile ukukuthola, kukhuphukela emoyeni noma ukuntanta kolwandle. Enye into ehlukile yenyoni eyi-dodo kwakuyisisu sayo esikhulu, sakhiwa ngenxa yokubakhona kakhulu, yavele yanyathela emhlabathini, okwenza ukuhamba kwezinyoni kuhamba kancane.
Indlela yokuphila yeDodo
Indlela yokuphila yodwa yayiyinyoni yezinyoni ze-dodo, ngababili bahlangana ukukhulisa inzalo. Isidleke, lapho kwakubekwa khona iqanda elimhlophe kuphela, sakhiwa ngendlela yendunduma yobumba ngokufakwa kwamagatsha namaqabunga esundu. Inqubo yokufakwa emzimbeni yenzeka ngaphezulu kwamaviki ayi-7, futhi zombili izinyoni (abesifazane nabesilisa) bezibandakanya kuyo. Abazali babeqapha isidleke sabo, bangavumeli abantu abangabazi ukuthi basondele kuwo ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-200. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uma idodo “langaphandle” lisondela esidlekeni, khona-ke umuntu wobulili obufana nobakhe angalixosha.
Ngokwemibiko yalezo zikhathi ezikude (ukuphela kwekhulu le-17), abakwaDodos, bebizana, bashaya amaphiko abo kakhulu, futhi imizuzu engu-4-5 benza amafulethi angama-20-30, okudala umsindo omkhulu owuzwakala ebangeni elingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-200.
Ukuqothulwa okunonya kwezinyoni zaseDodo
I-dodo idyll yaphela ngokufika kwabaseYurophu eziqhingini, ababona ukuthambeka okulula njengesisekelo esihle sokudla. Izinyoni ezintathu ezihlatshwe zazanele ukondla bonke abasebenza emkhombeni, futhi amadodos amaningana athatha usawoti athatha lonke lolu hambo. Kodwa-ke, inyama yabo ibonwa njengengemnandi ngabatilosi, nokuzingela okulula kwedodo (lapho inyoni ekhangayo yayanele ukushaya ngetshe noma ngenduku) yayingathandeki. Izinyoni, ngaphandle komlomo onamandla, azibonisanga ukumelana futhi azange zibaleke, ikakhulu ngoba ngesisindo ngokweqile. Kancane kancane, ukukhishwa kwe-Dodovites kube uhlobo lomncintiswano: "ngubani ozothola i-Dodo", engabizwa ngokuphephile ngokuthi ukuqothulwa kwezidalwa ezingenakulimaza nokungazethembi. Abaningi bazamile ukuthatha izinhlobo ezinjalo ezingejwayelekile, kepha izidalwa ezazibukeka zingenakuncipha ukugqilazwa ezazibekwe zona: bakhala, benqaba ukudla, futhi ekugcineni bafa. Umlando uqinisekisa ukuthi lapho izinyoni zithathwa zisuka esiqhingini zisiwa eFrance, zazehla izinyembezi, kwaba sengathi ziyabona ukuthi azisoze zabona umhlaba wazo.
Iminyaka eyi-100 enonya - futhi akukho dodo
Izinyoni zaba negama lazo elithi “Dodo” (elivela esiPutukezi) elivela kumatilosi afanayo lawo ayewabheka njengeziwula nezinhlanya. Noma ngabe kuleli cala bekungabantu bolwandle ababeyiziphukuphuku, ngoba umuntu ohlakaniphile wayengeke asenzele indalo isidalwa esingavikelekile futhi esiyingqayizivele.
Ukuhambisa amagundane, amakati, izinkawu, izinja, nezingulube ezilethwe eziqhingini ngabantu nakho kwabamba iqhaza ngokungaxoshwa ekuqothulweni kwezinyoni zaseDodo ngokudla amaqanda nam amaphuphu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidleke zazikhona emhlabathini, okwakwenza kube lula ukuqothula izinyamazane. Ngaphansi kweminyaka eyi-100, akukho dodo elilodwa eliye lasala eziqhingini. Umlando we-Dodo uyisibonelo esicacile sendlela impucuko engenamusa ibhubhisa ngayo yonke indlela enikezwa mahhala yiNdalo.
Njengophawu lokubhujiswa okuyizidalwa kwezidalwa zemvelo yiJersey Trust for the Protection of Animal, inyoni eyi-dodo yakhethwa njengophawu.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Photo: Dodo bird
Akukho mininingwane eqondile ngemvelaphi yenyoni eyi-dodo, kepha ososayensi banesiqiniseko sokuthi iMauritius Dodo iyidlozi elikude lamajuba asendulo ake afika esiqhingini saseMauritius.
Ngaphandle komehluko omkhulu ngokubonakala kwenyoni eyinqaba iDodo nejuba, izinyoni zinezici ezijwayelekile, njengoku:
- izindawo ezingenalutho ezizungeze isikhumba wamehlo zifinyelela esisekelweni somlomo,
- isakhiwo sonyawo oluthile
- ukuntuleka kwethambo elikhethekile (ohlanzayo) kugebhezi,
- ukuba khona kwengxenye eyandisiwe ye-esophagus.
Njengoba sesithole izimo ezanele zokuphila nokuzalanisa kulesi siqhingi, izinyoni zaba izakhamuzi zaphakade zaleyo ndawo. Ngemuva kokuvela eminyakeni engamakhulu ambalwa, izinyoni zashintsha, zikhula ngosayizi futhi zikhohlwa ukuthi zingandiza kanjani. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi zingaki amakhulu eminyaka inyoni yase-dodo ibikhona ngokuthula endaweni yayo, kodwa okokuqala ukuyiveza yavela ngo-1598, lapho amatilosi aseDashi efika okokuqala kulezi ziqhingi. Ngenxa yamarekhodi ommeli waseDashi, owachaza wonke umhlaba wezilwane ohlangana lapho esendleleni, iMauritius dodo yathola udumo emhlabeni wonke.
Photo: Dodo bird
Inyoni engajwayelekile, engenabhanoyi yathola igama lesayensi elithi dodo, kepha emhlabeni wonke ibizwa nge- dodo. Umlando wesidlaliso "dodo" awunembile, kepha kunenguqulo yokuthi ngenxa yobuntu bayo obunobungane kanye nokungakwazi ukundiza, amatilosi angamaDashi awubiza ngokuthi awubuphukuphuku futhi obabazekayo, okuhunyushwa ukuthi ayifane negama lesiDashi "duodu". Ngokuya kwezinye izinguqulo, igama leli lihambisana nokukhala kwenyoni noma ukulingiswa kwezwi layo. Kukhona namarekhodi omlando athi amaDashi ekuqaleni aqamba izinyoni igama, iWallowbird, kanye namaPutukezi ayevele azibize ngokuthi ama-penguins.
U-Alice eWonderland - incwadi lapho umhlaba wafunda khona ngenyoni ye-dodo
Umhlaba wafunda kanjani ngokuba khona kwale nyoni engajwayelekile? Yisiphi isiqhingi inyoni yedodo ehlala kuso? Futhi ingabe yaba khona ngempela?
Umphakathi ufunde ngezinyoni ze-dodo okungenzeka ukuthi zahlala isikhathi eside zibongekile ku-Lewis Carroll nangenganekwane yakhe ethi "Alice eWonderland". Lapho, inyoni ye-dodo ingesinye sabalingiswa, futhi izazi eziningi zemibhalo zikholelwa ukuthi emfanekisweni wale nyoni eyi-dodo, uLewis Carroll uzichaza ngokwakhe.
Emhlabeni bekunokwethuka kwe-dodo ikhophi elilodwa, ngonyaka we-1637 bakwazile ukuletha inyoni ephilayo eziqhamuka e-England, lapho isikhathi eside benza imali ngokukhombisa ikhophi engajwayelekile kangako. Ngemuva kokufa, isidalwa esigcotshisiwe senziwa isimanga esinemibala, safakwa eMnyuziyamu waseLondon ngo-1656. Ngo-1755, sase sonakaliswa yisikhathi, amabhu kanye nezimbungulu, ngakho umphathi womnyuziyamu wanquma ukusishisa. Ngomzuzu wokugcina ngaphambi kokuthi "kubulawe," omunye wabasebenzi bemnyuziyamu waklebhula umlenze nekhanda esilwaneni esasigxishwe (balondolozwe kahle), esaba izingcezu zomhlaba ezibalulekile zezilwane.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Isithombe: Dodo birds Mauritius
Naphezu kokuhlangana kwamajuba, i-dodo yaseMauritian yangaphandle ibukeka njengodoti onempilo. Ngenxa yesisu esikhulu, esicishe sadonsela phansi emhlabathini, inyoni leyo ayikwazanga nje ukundiza phezulu, kodwa futhi ayikwazanga ukugijima ngokushesha. Ngiyabonga kuphela ngamarekhodi omlando nemidwebo yabadwebi balezi zikhathi, kwakwazi ukuthola umbono ojwayelekile kanye nokubukeka kwale nyoni enomusa. Ubude bomzimba bufika kumitha eyi-1, futhi isilinganiso somzimba esijwayelekile sasingama-20 kg. Inyoni yedodo yayinobuhlalu obunamandla, obuhle, obuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ikhanda lalilincane, linentamo emfishane egobile.
I-plumage yayingezinhlobo eziningi:
- ngwevu grey noma brownish
- umbala wangaphambili.
Ama-paws aphuzi ayefana nama-paws ezinkukhu zesimanje, ezintathu zazo zitholakala ngaphambili nomunwe owodwa ngemuva. Izipikili zazifushane, zibunjiwe. Le nyoni yayihlotshiswe ngomsila omfishane, omfushane, ohlanganisa izimpaphe oqonde ngaphakathi, okunikeza ukubukeka okukhethekile nokugqama kweMauritian. Izinyoni zazinesitho sobulili esihlukanisa phakathi kwabesilisa nabesilisa. Owesilisa wayevame ukuba mkhulu kunowesifazane futhi abe noqhwaku olukhulu, alusebenzisa lapho elwela lowesifazane.
Njengoba kufakazelwa amarekhodi amaningi alezi zikhathi, wonke umuntu owayenenhlanhla yokuhlangana ne-dodo wahlabeka umxhwele kakhulu ngokubonakala kwale nyoni eyingqayizivele. Kwabonakala sengathi inyoni le ayinamaphiko nhlobo, ngoba zazincane ngosayizi futhi zihlobene nomzimba wazo onamandla, empeleni zazingabonakali.
Ihlala kuphi inyoni ye-dodo?
Photo: Inkukhu Dodo bird
Le nyoni yaseDodo ibiyisakhamuzi saseMascarene Islands, esolwandle i-Indian Ocean, eduze naseMadagascar. Lezi kwakuyiziqhingi ezilahliwe futhi ezinokuthula, ezazikhululekile hhayi kubantu kuphela, kodwa futhi nasezingozini nakwabazidlayo. Akukaziwa kahle ukuthi kuphi futhi kungani okhokho be-dodo yaseMauritiike batheleka bangene, kodwa izinyoni ezazifika kuleli pharadesi, zahlala eziqhingini kuze kube kuphela kwezinsuku zazo. Njengoba isimo sezulu kulesi siqhingi sishisa futhi sinomswakama, sifudumele ngokwanele ezinyangeni zobusika futhi singashisi kakhulu ehlobo, izinyoni zazizizwa zikhululekile impela unyaka wonke. Futhi izimila nezilwane ezicebile zalesi siqhingi kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuphila impilo enempilo nenempilo.
Lolu hlobo lwe-dodo lwaluhlala ngqo esiqhingini saseMauritius, noma kunjalo, isiqhingi sokuhlangana, okwakuyindlu yedodo elimhlophe nesiqhingi saseRodriguez, lapho kuhlala khona i-hermit dodges, kwakuyingxenye yesiqhingi. Ngeshwa, bonke, njenge-dodo yaseMauritius uqobo, baba nesiphetho esifanayo esidabukisayo, baqothulwa ngokuphelele ngabantu.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Abasolwandle baseGolan bazama ukuthumela abantu abadala abaningana emkhunjini oya e-Europe ukuyofundisisa okuningiliziwe nokuzala, kodwa cishe akekho owasinda ohambweni olude nolunzima. Ngakho-ke, ukuphela kwendawo yokuhlala isiqhingi saseMauritius.
Manje uyazi lapho kwakuhlala khona inyoni eyi-dodo. Ake sibheke ukuthi udleni.
Ngabe idlani inyoni yedodo?
Photo: Dodo bird
UDodo wayeyinyoni enokuthula edla ikakhulukazi izitshalo zokudla. Lesi siqhingi sasinothe ngazo zonke izinhlobo zokudla kangangokuba i-dodo yaseMauritius yayingadingi ukwenza noma yimiphi imizamo ekhethekile yokuthola ukudla, kodwa yavele yathatha konke okudingekayo ngqo emhlabeni, okwathi kamuva kwathinta ukubukeka kwayo nendlela yokulinganisa yokuphila.
Ukudla kwansuku zonke kwale nyoni kufakiwe:
- izithelo ezivuthiwe ze-latania yesundu, amajikijolo amancane ngesimo sethanga ngamamitha amasentimitha ambalwa,
- amaqabunga namaqabunga ezihlahla,
- ama-izimpande nezimpande,
- zonke izinhlobo zotshani
- amajikijolo nezithelo
- izinambuzane ezincane
- imbewu enzima yesihlahla.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ukuze okusanhlamvu kwesihlahla seCalvaria kuhlume futhi kunikeze amahlumela, kwakudingeka kukhishwe eshalofini eliqinile. Lokhu kwenzeka kanye lapho inyoni eyi-dodo idla okusanhlamvu, kungokubonga nje komlomo wayo ukuthi inyoni ikwazi ukuvula lezi okusanhlamvu. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokusabela kwe-chain, ngemuva kokunyamalala kwezinyoni, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izihlahla zeCalvaria nazo zanyamalala ezimfashini zesiqhingi.
Isici esisodwa sohlelo lokugaya ukudla kwenyoni ye-dodo kwakuwukuthi ukugaya ukudla okuqinile, kwagwinya ngokukhethekile amatshe amancane, okwaba nomthelela wokugaya ukudla okungcono ngezinhlayiya ezincane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Dodo bird, noma Dodo
Ngenxa yezimo ezinhle ezazikhona kulesi siqhingi, zazingekho izinsongo zangaphandle ezinyoni. Bazizwa bephephile ngokuphelele, babenomlingiswa omethembayo kakhulu nonobungane, okwathi kamuva wadlala iphutha elabulala futhi kwaholela ekuqothulweni okuphelele kwezinhlobo. Isikhathi sokuphila esilinganiselwe sasiyiminyaka eyi-10.
Ngokuyisisekelo, izinyoni zazigcina emihlanjini emincane yabantu abangu-10-15, emahlathini aminyene, lapho kwakukhona izitshalo eziningi nokudla okudingekayo.Ukuphila okulinganiselwe nokwenqenayo kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesisu esikhulu, esidonsela phansi emhlabathini, okwenza izinyoni zihambe kancane futhi zibambe.
Lezi zinyoni ezimangalisayo zazikhuluma zisebenzisa imisindo kanye nemisindo ephakeme eyayingasezwakala ibanga elingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-200. Bebizana, baqala ukushaya amaphiko abo amancane, benza umsindo omkhulu. Ngosizo lwale minyakazo nemisindo, ehambisana nakho konke lokhu ngemidanso ekhethekile phambi kowesifazane, kwaqhutshwa isiko lokukhetha umlingani.
Umbhangqwana phakathi komuntu nomuntu wadalelwa impilo yonke. Izinyoni zakha izidleke zazo ngenzalo yazo yesikhathi esizayo ngokucophelela nangendlela efanele, ngesimo sendlu encane, zengeza amaqabunga esundu nazo zonke izinhlobo zamagatsha lapho. Inqubo yokubopha yathatha izinyanga ezimbili, kanti abazali babeqapha kakhulu iqanda labo elikhulu kuphela.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Ngesikhathi senqubo yokubopha amaqanda, bobabili abazali babamba iqhaza, futhi uma kudlula idodo elivela esidlekeni, umuntu oyedwa wobulili obuhambisana nalo wayexoshwa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izinyoni zeDodo
Ngeshwa, ngenxa yezifundo zesimanje zethambo le-dodo yaseMauritius, ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola imininingwane eminingi ngokuzalaniswa kwale nyoni nohlobo lwayo lokukhula. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, cishe bekungekho lutho olwaziwa ngalezi zinyoni. Lezi zifundo zikhombisile ukuthi le nyoni yanda ngesikhathi esithile sonyaka, cishe ngoMashi, ngenkathi isilahlekelwa ngokuphelele izimpaphe zayo, isala emthambekeni obabayo. Leli qiniso laqinisekiswa yizimpawu zokulahleka kwenani elikhulu lamaminerali emzimbeni wesinyoni.
Ngokwesimo sokukhula emathanjeni, bekucacile ukuthi amachwane, ngemuva kokuqandusela emaqandeni, asheshe akhula aba amasayizi amakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokuthomba ngokuphelele babefuna iminyaka eminingana. Inzuzo ekhethekile yokusinda iqiniso lokuthi bahlasela ngo-Agasti, phakathi nesikhathi sokudla esithe xaxa nesinothile. Futhi kusukela ngoNovemba kuya kuMashi, izivunguvungu eziyingozi zahlasela kulesi siqhingi, zivame ukuphela ngokuntuleka kokudla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-dodo yabesifazane yabeka iqanda elilodwa kuphela ngesikhathi, okungenye yezizathu zokunyamalala kwabo ngokushesha.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi imininingwane etholwe ngocwaningo lwesayensi ihambisana ngokuphelele namarekhodi ababambi bamatilosi ababenenhlanhla yokuhlangana nalezi zinyoni ezihlukile mathupha.
Izitha zemvelo zezinyoni zeDodo
Photo: Inkukhu Dodo bird
Izinyoni ezithanda ukuthula bezihlala ngokuthula nokuvikeleka, kwakungekho noyedwa owazingela esiqhingini owayengazingela inyoni. Zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo nezinambuzane nazo azizange zibeke engcupheni i-dodo engenangozi. Ngakho-ke, phakathi neminyaka eminingi yokuvela kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, inyoni ye-dodo ayizange ithole noma yimaphi amathuluzi okuvikela noma amakhono angayigcina ngenkathi ihlaselwa.
Konke kuguquke kakhulu ngokufika komuntu kulesi siqhingi, eyinyoni ekhangayo futhi enelukuluku, lo dodo uqobo wahlangana nabaphathi abangamaDashi ngentshisekelo, engasoli yonke ingozi, waba yisisulu kubantu abanonya.
Ekuqaleni, amatilosi ayengazi ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi adle inyama yale nyoni, futhi ayenambitha kanzima futhi engathandeki kangako, nokho, indlala nokubanjwa okusheshayo, inyoni empeleni ayizange imelane, kwaba nomthelela ekubulaweni kwe-dodo. Futhi amatilosi aqaphela ukuthi ukukhishwa kwe-dodo kunenzuzo enkulu, ngoba izinyoni ezintathu ezihlatshwayo zazanele iqembu lonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho akukho monakalo omncane owalethwa yizilwane ezilethwe eziqhingini.
- izingulube zasendle ezichotshoziwe amaqanda dodoes,
- izimbuzi zidla izihlahlana lapho izinyoni zazakhe khona izidleke zazo, zizenza zibe sengozini enkulu,
- izinja namakati zichithe izinyoni ezindala nezintsha,
- amagundane adla amantshontsho.
Ukuzingela kwakuyinto ebalulekile ekufeni kweDodo, kepha izinkawu, izinyamazane, izingulube kanye namagundane akhishwe emikhunjini esesiqhingi, ngezindlela eziningi, kunqume isiphetho sazo.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Dodo bird Head
Eqinisweni, eminyakeni engama-65 nje kuphela, umuntu ukwazile ukuqothula ngokuphelele isibalo sabantu seminyaka emakhulu eminyaka salesi silwane esimhlophe esinemibala.Ngeshwa, abantu abagcinanga nje ngokubhubhisa bonke abamele lolu hlobo lwenyoni, kodwa futhi bahluleka nokugcina izinsalela zalo ngesithunzi. Kunemibiko yamacala ambalwa ahanjiswa eziqhingini zezinyoni ze-dodo. Inyoni yokuqala yathuthwa eNetherlands ngonyaka we-1599, lapho yenza khona indawo ebonakalayo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabadwebi ababevame ukuveza inyoni emangalisayo emidwebeni wabo.
Umuntu wesibili walethwa eNgilandi, cishe emva kweminyaka engama-40, lapho yabekwa khona obala ngomuntu omangele ngemali. Ngemuva kwalokho bakha inyoni eyayigxishwe emzimbeni ophelile, inyoni efile futhi babukisa ngayo e-Oxford Museum. Kodwa-ke, lesi silwane esigcwalisiwe asikwazanga ukusindiswa, ngisho nanamuhla, konke okusele kwakusemnyuziyamu, kuphela ikhanda nomlenze owomile. Izingxenye eziningana zesikhumba se-dodo nezinsalela zama-paws zingabonakala naseDenmark naseCzech Republic. Ososayensi bakwazile ukulingisa imodeli ephelele yenyoni ye-dodo, ukuze abantu babone ukuthi ibukeka kanjani ngaphambi kokuqothulwa. Yize izimo eziningi ze-dodo zigcine eminyuziyamu yaseYurophu, iningi lazo lalahleka noma lacekelwa phansi.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Le nyoni eyi-dodo yaziwa kakhulu ngokubonga ngenganekwane ethi "u-Alice ekamu lezimangaliso", lapho i-dodo ingenye yabalingiswa endabeni.
Inyoni yaseDodo ihlanganiswe nezici eziningi zesayensi nokuqagela okungenangqondo, kodwa-ke, isici seqiniso nesingaphikiswa isenzo esinesihluku futhi esingachazwanga somuntu, esiye saba yisizathu esiyinhloko sokuqothulwa kohlobo lonke lwesilwane.
I-State Museum-Reserve S.A. Yesenina
Sinqume ukuhamba nentombazane siye eRyazan ngempelasonto, njengoba sesizwile ukuthi ngoMgqibelo kuzoba nesimo sezulu esibi no-+5, sanquma ukuthi siphuthume endaweni yokubhuka, okuyindawo engamakhilomitha angama-50 ukusuka edolobheni futhi ayiphumelelanga. Ungachitha kalula usuku lonke lapho futhi isikhathi sizodlula, bekukhona ama-nuances ngokubuya emuva, kodwa bekufanele. Futhi kulabo abahlela uhambo olufanayo, zizwe ukhululekile ukuhlela izinsuku ezintathu, njengoba izinsuku ezimbili zinganele. Usuku edolobheni, usuku ezigabeni naseminyuziyamu phakathi kwedolobha, futhi usuku lonke luzokuyisa e-S.A. Yesenin.
I-Zoology: izinhlobo ezinobungane
Impilo yonke ingumshikashika, kepha kukhona indawo kuyo ukubambisana. Imvelo inikela ngezibonelo eziningi lapho uhlobo olulodwa kanye nolunye uhlobo lilingana, uma kungenjalo luthando, khona-ke okungenani ukubekezelelana, inzuzo nobunye. Amaxoxo nezicabucabu, izinkomo namagciwane - abamele amaqembu ahlukahlukene ngisho nemibuso yomhlaba ophilayo iyakwazi ukubambisana.
ICoyote + Badger = Ukuzingela
Izinganekwane zamaNdiya aseNyakatho Melika nokubhekwa kwesimanje kwezazi zezokwelapha kukhuluma “ngobungani” obuphakathi kwalezi zilwane. Eqinisweni, amakhono abo okuzingela ahambisana kahle ngokuphelele. Zombili lezi zilwane zidla ikakhulukazi izinduku ezincane: ama-squirrels odaka, ama-squirrel omhlaba, izinja zemihlambi. Ama-Coyotes ayakwazi ukubamba kalula isisulu, kepha alahlekelwe, kufanelekile ukucasha emgodini. Amabheji awasheshi kangako, kepha imilenze yawo yangaphambili enamandla ikuvumela ukuba ufike eqoqweni, noma ngabe wakwazi ukukhuphuka ngaphansi komhlaba okujulile.
Njengomthetho, ama-coyotes ahlala emaphaketheni anendawo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi awanandaba kakhulu nokubambisana okungaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, uma isilwane sodwa, khona-ke singangena ekubumbaneni kwesikhashana nebheji elifanayo elinesizungu. Lobu budlelwano abuhlali isikhathi eside kunokuzingela okukodwa - ubuningi bamahora ambalwa - kuze kube yilapho ibheji lithola isisulu liqhutshwa yi-coyote emgodini, noma i-coyote ibamba nesilo "esikhuliswe" yibhadi.
I-anemone yasolwandle + inhlanzi eshisayo = umakhelwane
U-Andrew Stanton, umqondisi wekhathuni i-The Finding Nemo, uvumile ukuthi uphefumulelwe ukudala isithombe esimangalisa ngesithombe sezinhlanzi ezi-clown ezifihliwe phakathi kwamatende e-anemone yolwandle. Njengoba bezinze futhi bengekho emthanjeni oqinile, ama-anemone olwandle angena kalula ebudlelwaneni obuzuzisayo nomakhelwane abahlukahlukene, besebenzisa amandla abo okuhamba nokusabalalisa ekuphenduleni amandla avuthayo amaseli abo ahlabayo. Izimpophoma zaseLydia zibamba ama-anemone olwandle ngemichilo futhi, uma zihlaselwa, zizuzisa ngokwesabisa, zixosha isitha.
Kepha izinhlanzi ezi-Clown zidlulele kakhulu kulobu bangani, njengoba sezifunde ukulingisa ukwakheka kwe-mucus of anemones, ngenxa yokuthi azizigwinyi.Lokhu kuvumela inhlanzi ukuba ifihle buthule phakathi kwamatende abulalayo. Njengoba esezinzile, uvikela ngogologo ulwandle “olwengamelayo” olwandle ekuthini kungene izimbangi zakhe, aluhlanze imfucumfucu yokudla futhi anikeze umoya, ahlinzeke ngamanzi amaningi kanye nokudla okunempilo.
Killer whale + dolphin = ubungani
Eminyakeni eminingana edlule, izazi zebhayoloji zaseNew Zealand zabika imiphumela ecishe ibe yiminyaka engama-20 yokubuka ukuxhumana kwezinyoni - imikhomo emincane yokubulala kanye namahlengethwa asemabhodleleni. Ukwakheka kwamaphini angenhla kwavumela ososayensi ukukhomba umuntu ngamunye futhi babone ukuthi sekuyiminyaka begcina ubudlelwane “bobuqu,” kwesinye isikhathi bephambukelana, behlangana futhi futhi futhi bebonana kulwandle olukhulu olwandle.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zingakhiqiza nzalo esebenzayo, ama-orcasphodelphins. Kepha isisekelo sobudlelwano babo ukuzingela ngokuhlangene. AmaDolphins ayayithanda i-salmon, kanti imikhomo ebulala abantu iyayithanda i-mackerel enkulu, evame ukugcinwa eduze. Ubungani babo obuhlangene abukhawulelwe kulokhu: Ososayensi baqophe izibonakaliso eziningi zokuziphatha okungathandeki ngokuphelele. Izilwane zingamane zibhukude futhi zihlanganyele eceleni, zithinte umngane kaningi kakhulu kunomakhelwane ongahleliwe.
I-Frog + Tarantula = Ukuvikelwa
Kulesi sivumelwano, konke "akufani nokwabantu": ifiddle yokuqala idlalwa ngama-arachnid amakhulu, kuyilapho izindima ezingemuva zidlalwa ngama-vertebrate, amancanyana amancanyana amafishane ama-Microhylidae. Awungeke uzibize ngosaziwayo bomhlaba we-amphibian, yize amakhulu ezinhlobo zalezi izimpungushe ezincane ezihlala ezindaweni ezifudumele nezinomswakama zomhlaba. Futhi amaningana awo angena kwi-typiosis enama-tarantulas anamandla we-genenes Xenesthis, izikhathi eziphindwe kabili kwezingu-2-3 kulawa maxoxo. Ngokuyisisekelo, isicabucabu esinjalo singambulala kalula futhi sidle umakhelwane uma bekungeyona ityhefu kuye.
Kodwa-ke, i-tarantula ayigcini ngokubekezelela ukuba khona kwamaxoxo esihlahla, kodwa futhi iyayivumela ukuba ihlale eduze kwesidleke sayo, isebenzise isivikelo sayo ezinyokeni nakwezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye. Futhi, amasele - isicabucabu singakwazi "ukuqala" eziningana ngasikhathi sinye - sidle izinambuzane ezincane (ngokuyinhloko izintuthwane) ezivele eduze, eziyingozi ngamaqanda wesicabucabu. Kuyamangaza ukuthi ukubambisana okunjalo kuphawuleka kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zalezi zinhlwathi kanye nama-tarantulas futhi kubhekwa yonke indawo lapho abamele lezi zinhlobo ezimbili bahlala eduze - ukusuka eNdiya kuye ePeru.
I-Darwinism eqondwe cishe imelela imvelo njengendawo yezimbangi zaphakade, umncintiswano onolaka, lapho okulunge kakhulu ukusinda khona - okusheshayo, okunamandla kunabo bonke. Kepha lokhu kude nokukhathala. Ukuncintisana nokwandula kulinganiselwa ngokulinganayo ngokubonisana nokubambisana, kuvamile ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo naphakathi kwabamele izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ngisho nemibuso yabaphilayo. Ubudlelwano obunjalo bungabizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo: ukuqunjelwa, izinyoni ziyafudumala futhi zibhekane nokubandayo okuthe xaxa, okushintshana ngokushintshana kwezakhi zofuzo, amagciwane aqala ukumelana nesenzo semithi elwa namagciwane. Ngokokulinganisa kwanamuhla, kuze kufinyelele kuma-98% ezinhlobo zamagciwane azikwazi ukuphila nokukhula zodwa, ngaphandle kwabamele ezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukusuka kuleli phuzu, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akubukeki njengempi ephelele, kepha indawo yezepolitiki eyinkimbinkimbi, egcwele izibopho nokuqonda okuqondayo. Noma ngabe munye kuphela wabahlanganyeli otshaliwe kulobu budlelwano, wonke umuntu uyazuza. Uhlobo olungenisa izindleko ezingezekile - ngokwesibonelo, ukwakheka kwamaprotheni adingekayo ukubuthisa ubuthi noma ama-antibiotics - aba "kungafinyeleleki" komakhelwane bawo abangaphansi. Ukubambisana okunjalo kungaya kude kuze kuhlanganiswe njalo kwezinto eziphilayo, njengoba kwenzeka ngama-polyps nejellyfish, ezakha "izikebhe zasePortugal." Futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kuphumela ekuhlanganiseni okuphelele - ngakho-ke, ngenxa yesifo esiseduze, i-nuclei ne-mitochondria kwavela kumaseli ethu.
Bacteria + clam = ukungabonakali
AmaCephalopods asondele ku-cuttlefish Sepiolida akakhuli isikhathi eside kunamasentimitha ambalwa. Abahlaseli bobusuku abanamakhono, bona ngokwabo bahlala bengavikelekile kubazingeli abakhulu, ngakho-ke ukumboza izindima kudlala indima ekhethekile empilweni.Amagciwane e-Bioluminescent ahlala emizimbeni yawo asiza ukufihla isithunzi sawo esimnyama ngokumelene nesizinda sokukhanya okusakazekile kwesibhakabhaka esinenkanyezi. Ama-Microbes athola indawo yokuhlala nokudla, ahlinzeka ngomthombo wokukhanya. I-Sepiolide idlula lo misebe ngokusebenzisa izihlungi ze-translucent, ikwengeza kakhulu izici zayo nemvelo, futhi icishe ingabonakali.
Ngokuvamile, abahlali basolwandle basebenzisana namagciwane kaningi. Ama-octopus amancane kodwa anolaka abhekwa njengesinye sezilwane ezinobuthi kakhulu emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ama-cephalopods awakwazi ukukhiqiza ubuthi obunobunzima bezinzwa ngokwawo. Ukuze benze lokhu, baphendukela ezinsizakalweni zezinhlobo eziningana zamagciwane angama-Symbiotic ahlala emithanjeni yabo yamathe.
I-Symbiosis uhlobo lobuhlobo be-Interspecific obuwusizo okungenani koyedwa wabahlanganyeli.
I-Parasitism luhlobo lwe-Symbiosis, yize ihlala ihlukaniswe yileli qembu, ilisondeza ekuqageleni.
I-Mutualism ubudlelwane obusondelene, ngaphandle kwabo akukho nohlobo lwezimpawu olungasinda.
I-Commensalism ubudlelwano obuzuzisa omunye kuphela wabalingani futhi bungathinti owesibili. Lokhu, ngokwesibonelo, ukusatshalaliswa kwembewu ezinweleni zezilwane (eriochoria) noma indawo yokuhlala yonke imiphakathi yezinambuzane emiseleni enama-syentkia (syneykia).
Ukubambisana kuyazuzisa, kepha akudingekile ekusebenzeni kwabangeneleli
Isithombe: NATURE PL (X3) / LEGION-MEDIA, I-ARDEA / IZWE ELISHA, ISTOCK
Lokhu okuqukethwe kwashicilelwa kumagazini "Around the World" No. 12, Disemba 2019
Chernobyl ingxenye 2. Isifunda saseChernobyl
Ochungechungeni lwedlule:
Siyaqhubeka nokubeka indawo yengozi. Kulokhu, amagama amabili mayelana nendawo leyo yashayiswa yingozi. Ngiyaxolisa ngokungazenzisi, kodwa noma kunjalo ngoPolesie ungakhuluma ngokungapheli. Lapha sigxila engxenyeni encane (engafani) yalesi sifunda, enomlando omude, eyashintsha ngo-1966 (futhi cha, lokhu akuyona i-typo).
USergey Mirny. “Amandla okuphila. Idayari ka-Liquidator
Kuwo wonke umngcele wase-Ukraine naseBelarusian, usuka ePoland uye eRussia, ukusakazwa kwePolessky Territory ebanzi kakhulu futhi kuyathakazelisa. Unomlando omude. Kukholakala ukuthi emfuleni iPripyat cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-3,5 edlule kwadlula umngcele osenyakatho wesiko lezemivubukulo lase-East Shinets, okuyinto, njengoba ososayensi besikisela, baba ngumthombo weqembu lobuzwe langaphambi kweSlavic. Ukhulunywa okokuqala kweqiniso lokuthi abantu bahlala kulesi sifunda kuseHerodotus, obabiza ngokuthi "ama-neurons." Kamuva, le ndawo yayivame ukushiwo ezincwadini ezahlukahlukene futhi yabona ukwakhiwa kweRussia. Ukwakheka kobuzwe lapha futhi kwahlukaniswa ngezinto ezinhlobonhlobo, njengoba izizwe zamaDrevlyans, Polyans and Dregovich zazihlala esifundeni.
Awu ngomqondo ojwayelekile
Ukuqalwa kokuqala kweChernobyl kwenzeka ngekhulu le-12. Ngo-1127, leli dolobha labizwa ngokuthi iStrezhev. Kamuva, lo muzi wakhanyiswa e-Ipatiev Chronicle, ngokusho kwendodana yenkosana yaseKenya uRurik Rostislavich ekuzingeleni kule ndawo ngo-1193, lapho (indodana yakhe ngomqondo) ayithola khona igama lakhe lamanje. Ngekhulu le-XIII, eduze nomlomo wePripyat, kwaba khona impi lapho, ngokusho kwabanye bezazi-mlando, amaMongols ahlulwa okokuqala ngqa eRussia. Kamuva, lesifunda sadlula kuqala ngaphansi kweLithuania, kwathi, ngekhulu le-15, amandla ePoland. Ngalezi zikhathi, kwakhiwa isigodlo eduze kwedolobha, saphinde sakhiwa kabusha saba inqaba.
Kunendaba eyodwa emnandi exhunywe nenkathi yePoland. EChernobyl ngo-1768, kwazalwa uRosalia Khodkevich-Lubomirskaya. Omncane engaziwa nathi, ukwazile ukuzihlukanisa nezenzo zakhe ezicacile zezepolitiki ku-Polokwen-Lithuanian Commonwealth neFrance okwabelwana ngakho. Le ntombazane kukholakala ukuthi ibimazi kahle uMarie Antoinette, futhi empeleni ibasekela obala abaphathi basebukhosini, okwakungaphetha kahle kuJacobin France. URosalia waboshwa ngo-June 21, 1794. NjengoRosalia Chernobyl, kukhulunywa ngaye emibhalweni yesikhathi nabazukulu.
URosalia Lyubomirskaya-Khodkevich aka Chernobyl. Ukuze abe-amateur.
Maphakathi nekhulu le-18, ngaphambi nje kokuba idolobha libe yingxenye yoMbuso WaseRussia (1793), lo muzi waba yisizinda seHasidism - umkhuba wobuJuda owawuvame kakhulu phakathi kwezikhonzi zamaJuda zeCommonwealth. Lapho-ke kwasungulwa umbuso wamakhosi waseChernobyl Hasidic. Ngesikhathi sokuvukelwa kanye nempi yombango, inani lamaJuda, iningi lezakhamizi zedolobha (kuma-10 800 amaJuda lalingama-7 200 ukusho kwangonyaka we-1898), lathinteka kanzulu ngamapharagrafu, ngemuva kwalokho ubukhosi baseChernobyl baphuma kuleli dolobha ngo-1920. AmaJuda asele abhujiswa phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Ngesikhathi sempi yaseSoviet-yasePoland, isikhathi esithile uChernobyl wadlulela ezandleni zePole, kodwa yaphendulwa yiRed Army, yabe isifakwa kwi-SSR yase-Ukraine.
U-Menachem Nachum waseTver, umsunguli wozalo lweChornobyl Hasidic. Kukholakala ukuthi kwakunguTverskys aqhamuka eChernobyl, okuthi kuze kube yilapho inguquko ithathe isikhundla esiphakathi kwabaJalimane base-Ukraine
Ngokwezindawo, iziqhingi zasePalesie ihlathi elinamaxhaphozi. Uma ubheka imephu esifundeni sasePripyat, ungabona ukuthi umfula ugeleza njalo, wenza izalukazi eziningi ezindala. Izimo ezinjalo zinqume ukuthi kube lula kwabahlanganyeli (imishini esindayo ayikwazi ukudluliselwa lapha). Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekungubuningi bamahlathi nezixhaphozi okuye kwavumela ukulondolozwa kwesiko elihlukile le-Polesie kuze kube namuhla. Abantu bendawo baphila kakhulu ukuzingela, ukudoba nokubutha. Inganekwane kaVovkulak, okuwukuthi, yewwwolf, yaqhamuka eKuprin izincwadi zasendulo. Ama-Polesie werewolves ayehlukile kubalingani bawo baseNtshonalanga Yurophu ngobunono obuncane, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi. Lapha, ngekhulu lamashumi amabili, amasiko wangaphambi kobuKristu ayegcinwa, ngokwesibonelo, isiko "lokudingiswa kukamufi".
Umnyombo walesi siko ususelwa ezinkolelweni zakudala zokuthi imiphefumulo yamantombazane angenacala ayazulazula emhlabeni wethu, futhi ngeviki laseRussia (kuZiqu-zintathu) lapho bathola khona ithuba lokufika 'kwelinye izwe'. Ukuqhuba "ama-mermaids", intombazane egqoke ngokukhethekile emigqonyeni yotshwala yathathwa kusihlwa, okokuqala, yadlula edolobhaneni, yaze yangena emkhakheni we-rye, yabe isilethwa emathuneni, lapho kwakudotshwa khona izingqinamba zaphonswa phansi.
USergey Paskevich, uDenis Vishnevsky. "I-Chernobyl. Umhlaba wangempela. ”
Ama-Mermaids ngokusho komculi uKonstantin Makovsky
Kungokwemvelo nje ukuthi uP Poieie wonakaliswa kakhulu ngesikhathi seMpi eyi-Great Patriotic War. Ngo-1941, impi yeKiev yenzeka, yaphela eKiev Cauldron. Ukuhlaselwa okuphathelene nozakwabo kwaqala ukuhleleka ngokushesha okukhulu, okwaziwa kakhulu ukuthi, ukukhululwa kukaSidor Kovpak. I-East Polesie isiphenduke isifunda sombusazwe wangempela.
Sawmill edolobhaneni laseVilcha. Kukude ngamakhilomitha angama-50 ukusuka lapho kufakwa khona amandla enuzi, manje sekuxazululiwe.
Ngemuva kwempi, ngokuya ngecebo loMkhandlu WabaNgqongqoshe ngo-1966, ukukhethwa kwesiza kwaqala kwesikhungo sokuqala samandla enuzi e-Ukraine. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhethwe indawo amakhilomitha amane ukusuka emzaneni waseKopachi. Kwakunezizathu eziningana zalokhu. Okokuqala, le ndawo yabonwa njengengakhiqizi kwezolimo. Okwesibili, bekukhona imigwaqo emikhulu emikhulu eseduze - lena yiPripyat ene-Dnieper, nesitimela saseChernigov-Ovruch esiteshini saseYanov eduze kwesiteshi samandla enuzi esizayo. Iminyaka embalwa elandelayo yachitha ekwakheni imigomo yesethenjwa, icacisa uhlelo nezinye izinto ezisemthethweni. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngoDisemba 14, 1970, lapho ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokuqala yamandla nedolobha lonjiniyela benuzi bekuvele sekuqalile, uMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe be-USSR wagunyaza (unyaka nesigamu kamuva) isisombululo ngokuhlanganyela soMnyango Wezamandla kanye noMnyango Wezemvelo ekusebenziseni i-RBMK-1000 reactionor station esiteshini. Kwakunezizathu ezimbili zokukhetha le ndlela yokuphendula: okokuqala, izwe alikwazanga ukuhlinzeka ngobuningi bemikhumbi edingekayo yama-Vever reactor, okwathi ngokwesibili, alikwazanga ukunika amandla e-1000 MW adingekayo kuyunithi ngayinye yesiteshi. Yingakho i-RBMK ibukeka iyindlela elula kunazo zonke yokwanda ngokushesha kwenani lamandla akhiqizwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla ayo angaba lula futhi akhule ngokushesha. NgoMeyi 1970, ukumakwa kwamayunithi kagesi wesikhathi esizayo kwaqala, kwathi ngoFebhuwari 4, kwaqala umsebenzi wokwakhiwa kwedolobha lonjiniyela be-nuclear - Pripyat.UViktor Bryukhanov waqokwa njengomqondisi wesiteshi.
Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa i-NPP nePripyat, izindawo ezintathu zanyamalala ebalazweni - amadolobhana aseNagorsy naseSemikhody nepulazi lePodlesny. Abokuqala nabokugcina bakhukhulwa ngenkathi kwakhiwa ichibi lokupholisa lesizinda samandla enuzi, kwathi iSemikhody yadliwa yidolobha lososayensi bezenuzi. Kodwa-ke, bashiye inkumbulo - manje izisebenzi zesikhungo samandla enuzi ziza esiteshini sesitimela segama elifanayo.
Ukwakhiwa bekulindeleke ukuthi kuhlangane nezinkinga ngendlela yokushoda kwezinto futhi kusekwe nezinhlelo ezingenakwenzeka. Kwafika ezingeni lokuthi unobhala wokuqala weCentral Committee ye-Communist Party yase-Ukraine uVolodymyr Shcherbitsky afake isimangalo kuSihlalo woMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe be-USSR u-Alexei Kosygin ngemuva kokuphazamisa uhlelo lokwethula uhlelo lokuqala lwamandla e-Chernobyl ngo-1975.
Izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngihlangane nabezindaba kanye nesikhungo samandla enuzi saseChernobyl, ngenxa yokulethwa zakuqala - ukwakhiwa nokufakwa kwekhwalithi ephansi Angazi. Ngafika esiteshini ngoSepthemba 1973. Esakhiweni se-canteen kwakukhona isiqubulo mayelana nokwethulwa kwebhulokhi yokuqala ngo-1975. Isikhathi esedlule - abayisihlanu baphinda babhalwa baba yisithupha. Eqinisweni, uphiko lokuqala lweChernobyl NPP lwethulwa ngoSepthemba 26, 1977. Iyunithi lesibili yethulwa ngoDisemba 1978, kodwa, kucatshangwa ukuthi, yabambezeleka ngenxa yokubambezeleka kwethulwa okokuqala. Kukhona futhi amabhlogo amabili alandelayo. Asikho isidingo sokukhuluma ngokuzinikela kusenesikhathi. Kuyamangaza ukuthi kuze kube nguDisemba 31, ukukhuluma ngokuzwakalayo ngokungenakwenzeka kokuqala lo nyaka akunakwenzeka. Kube sekufika umhlangano kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamasu amasha angenangqondo namashejuli kuqala. Kuhlanganiswe, kwasayinwa, izithunywa zahamba. Futhi lapha okokuqala kokuhlupheka kuqala ngenxa yokulawula okuqinile kokuqaliswa kohlelo, okungenakwenzeka kusukela ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa. Imihlangano yokusebenza engaguquki, izingcingo zasebusuku ukusebenza. I-backlog engenakugwenywa iyanda, ukulawulwa kuyawa, kuqala umsebenzi ojwayelekile. Kuze kufike ikhanda elilandelayo ...
Futhi ihluzo. Kuyavela ukuthi angenziwa nganoma yiziphi izizathu ezahlukahlukene, futhi konke lokhu ngaphandle kwezizathu zokuhlinzeka abasebenzi, izinto zokwakha nemishini. Kuphela ngesisekelo sethemu esichazwe yinduna esefikile. Ngokusobala, bebengahlonishwa. Ngaphezu kwebhulokhi yesibili, izingcezu eziyishumi ezisele yileso naleso sasinamashejuli wokuthenga izakhiwo. Inhloko yeGlavatomenergo Nevsky ifika bese kuvela uhlelo lokulethwa kwezinhlelo zamapayipi. Isheduli lakhiwa ngoJuni, futhi ngo-Agasti, ngokubheka usuku lokuqala lokuqalisa, umjikelezo oyisisekelo se-KMPT usuvele usuthungisiwe. Amapayipi wesekethe anobubanzi obuyi-800 mm, ama-welding anokwethenjiswa, yi-welders embalwa kuphela eqinisekisiwe. Kokuhlangana ngakunye okuhlanganisiwe, ubuchwepheshe buthatha izinsuku eziyisikhombisa. Futhi yini ethokozisayo: UNevsky, esikhathini esedlule esedlule, osifakile, ubengeke akwazi ukusiza ngaphandle kokubona isikhathi esingenangqondo. Umsebenzi weKomidi Elikhulu uMaryin ufika, kubonakala sengathi esikhathini esedlule wayengumuntu osebenza ngogesi, futhi sekuvele kwenziwa olunye uhlelo - ukulungiswa kwama-valve kagesi. Futhi nokunye.
Ngokubambisana, baqala ukuthethelela ukunwetshwa kwesiteshi baba amayunithi amane futhi bakhuphula inani laso laba ngu-4000 MW. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngoDisemba 14, 1977, kwasayinwa isitifiketi sokwamukelwa kwesikhungo sokuqala samandla, yize empeleni sathola amandla aphelele ngoMeyi 24, 1978. Ngemuva konyaka nezinsuku ezi-4, uphiko lwesibili lwafika ekwakheni amandla alo, kwathi ngo-Okthoba 5, 1979 womabili amayunithi alethwa ngokuphelele emandleni awo alinganiselwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, isiteshi sase sivele sakwazi ukukhiqiza ngaphezu kwe-10 billion kWh. Uphiko lwesithathu lukwazi ukuthola inani eliphelele le-1000 MW ngoJuni 9, 1982, namawele alo amane - ngoMashi 28 wonyaka olandelayo. Kakade ngo-Agasti walowo nyaka, uChernobyl wanqoba umugqa we-100 billion we-kWh. Ngokuhambisana, ukwakhiwa kwesihlanu (ukuqala kokwakhiwa - Januwari 1, 1981, ukwethulwa okulindelekile ngonyaka we-1986) kanye nebhlokhi lesithupha (ukuqala kokwakha - Januwari 1, 1983). Ngokwemiphumela yecebo leminyaka eyishumi nanye (1981-1985), isizinda samandla enuzi saseChernobyl sathunyelwa ukuthola i-Order of Lenin.
Ngaphansi kweminyaka
Ngamafuphi, ukwakhiwa kwakuqhubeka ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngokubambisana nesiteshi, kwakhiwa idolobha le-athomu. Isikhonkwane sokuqala kanye nebhakede lokuqala lesisekelo sakhiwo sokuqala kwasuswa ngoFebhuwari 4, 1970. Ukwakhiwa kwamenyezelwa njengokwakhiwa kwe-All-Union. Izakhamizi zokuqala zazingabakhi beKomomol efanayo, kanye nezisebenzi zeziteshi.Njengoba isemaphethelweni emizila eminingana yokuhamba, nokuba idolobha lesathelayithi lesikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke samandla enuzi eYurophu, leli dolobha lahlaselwa ukukhula ngokushesha futhi laba yimbukiso yobusoshiyali.
I-Pripyat, Abakhi Bethemba. Ngaphambi kwengozi wayengenaso isikhathi sokuqeda.
I-Pripyat yakhiwa ngokuya ngokuthi "uhlobo luni lwesakhiwo esingunxantathu" olwakhiwe. Ngokwalo mgomo, ngaphakathi ezifundeni ezincane ezinomumo onxantathu, izakhiwo kufanele zibe nokushintshana kwenombolo yezitolo. Imigwaqo emikhulu ibifanele ukuhlangana nemigwaqo eyindilinga, kunokuhlangana kwemigwaqo. Isikimu esinjalo bekukholelwa ukuthi sizosiza ekwenzeni ukuthambekela kwethrafikhi kungenzeki ngisho nesibalo esikhulu sabantu ababalelwa ku-80-90. Ama-Microdistricts, ngokwesibonelo, iTolyatti neVolgodonsk zakhiwa ngohlelo olufanayo. I-Pripyat yayihlotshiswe ngentshiseko ngamapaneli ahlukahlukene, ngisho nangezimpawu ze-neon. Abakhi nabaqambi bazame ukuvumelanisa kahle yonke indawo nesihlahla edolobheni, ngenxa yokuthi leyo ndawo yagcwaliswa ngezindawo ezinhle.
Futhi lokhu kwakhiwa kwe-microdistricts yokuqala ne-2 yedolobha, iLenin Avenue
Abazange bakhohlwe ngengxenye yesiko. Kwakhiwa indlu yamasiko, ihhotela, i-cinema, indlu yezincwadi, kanye nezindawo eziningi zezemfundo nezokwelapha edolobheni. Konke lokhu kuholele ekutheni intsha yasePripyat inabantu abaningi - isilinganiso seminyaka yezakhamizi ngesikhathi sengozi sasicishe sibe yiminyaka engama-26. Ngo-Ephreli 26, 1986, babengaphansi kwezinkulungwane ezingama-50 abantu ababehlala ePripyat ezifundeni ezinhlanu ezi-5, ngakho-ke abahlali bazizwa bekhululekile, yize bekukhula njalo ukwanda kwesibalo - kuwubuhlaya ukuthi minyaka yonke kuzalwa izingane ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane edolobheni. Idolobha lalilungiselela ukunweba ukwamukela abasebenzi besikhathi esizayo besigaba sesithathu sesikhungo samandla enuzi - ngaleso sikhathi sengozi, indawo eyayisetshenziselwa imicrodistrict yesithupha yayivele isilungile. NgoMeyi 1986, base behlela ukuvula isondo lomgwaqo epaki lokuzijabulisa. Ubuningi bentsha ehlakaniphile, ehambisana nengozi yokuphelelwa umsebenzi ohlonishwayo, kushiye umbono okhethekile empilweni yasemadolobheni. EPripyat kwakuvame ukuzola kunakwamanye amadolobha ezifundazwe e-USSR. Bukhona ubugebengu obuncane, izakhamizi zize zazivumele ukuthi zidedele izingane zazo ziphume zodwa zingakhiyi amakamelo abo, yize impahla yomuntu siqu eyebiwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Kwaphinde kwenzeka futhi ukubulawa kukaMurders, kwathi omunye waleli cala wabulala isigwebo sentambo. Ukushicilelwa okwenziwe ngabaziphikisi kwahamba edolobheni.
Kusihlwa, umphakathi uhambe ngomgwaqo wasendaweni u-Broadway - uLenin Street, wahlela ukubuthana endaweni yokudlela yasePripyat futhi waphuza ngokwesiko osebeni lomfula lapho kufikwa khona. Intsha yayizimisele kakhulu i-disco edume ngokuthi "Edison-2" ka-Alexander Demidov, eyenzeka esikhungweni sokuzijabulisa sendawo "Energygetik". Amathikithi ayevame ukunganele, bese kuthi isigodlo esingesihle sihlaselwe impela ngabathandi bomdanso oshisayo. Le disco yasinda ePripyat isikhathi esiyiminyaka emihlanu, ibuthana kakade eSlavutich entsha.
U-Arthur Shigapov. "I-Chernobyl, Pripyat, akukho kwenye indawo ..."
IPripyat ibisendaweni eyi-2 km ukusuka esiteshini, eChernobyl - 18 km. Futhi phakathi kwabo, beqedela unxantathu, amakhilomitha ayi-9 ukusuka endaweni yokuphehla amandla enuzi yaseChernobyl, kukhona isiteshi esikhulu sewarna yaseDuga. Umsebenzi wakhe bekuwukuthola ukwethulwa okukhulu kwemicibisholo yaseMelika engalawuleki. Ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-60, eduzane nedolobha laseLubech, kwakukhona owedlulisela owayethumela izimbangi zomsakazo ekamu lesitha okungenzeka ukuthi sasihle. Isakhiwo, esisedolobheni elivaliwe leChernobyl-2, sasiyisihambeli sodwa. Kwakuyinqwaba yezimpondo ezimbili ezinkulu ezazibonakala kuyo yonke indawo eyi-Exclusion Zone - imitha ephansi (ukuphakama kwezindondo kusuka kumamitha ayi-135 kuye kwangama-150, ubude - ukusuka kumamitha angama-300 kuye kwangama-500) nobude obuphakeme (cishe amamitha angama-250 ubude kuya kumamitha ayi-100 ukuphakama). Futhi eduzane kwakukhona enye i-radar eyakhelwe ukulandela amabhomu amasu esitha esingaba khona. Onke ama-radar basebenzise umgomo we-antenna yezigaba ezihlukaniswe ngezigaba. Ngo-1985, uDuga wema eqaphe ekuvikelweni komoya nge-USSR, kepha akazange aphumelele isivivinyo. Isizathu esiyinhloko kwakuwukuhlangana kwezikhathi zama-radar frequ frequency nemiphakathi yama-frequency. I-arc yabangenisa ngomsindo oyisimo, ayibiza ngegama lokuthi yi-Russianpecpecker.Ngo-1986, lesi siteshi sase sivuselelwa ngokuphelele futhi silungiselela ukubhala izivivinyo zikahulumeni. Eduze kwalapho kuyidolobha elincane elinomgwaqo owodwa okuyiKurchatov - eChernobyl-2.
Imininingwane iqoqwe kusuka ehlathini likaphayini, eminye yemithombo ikhonjisiwe ngaphakathi kwendatshana, eminye yayo ayikwazi ukubuyiselwa emuva kokubhalwe phansi kombhalo, kodwa sibonga ngokukhethekile kulaba bantu ngezithombe zikaPripyat: https://vk.com/chernobyl_world
I-hashtag yomuntu siqu yombhali ku-VK yi- # Starostin @ catx2, futhi lena ngeyethu I-Cat_Cat uhlu lokuqukethwe (12/31/2019)
I-Santa Helena. Ilukuluku liyonakala
NgoMashi 1980, iSt. Helens Stratovolcano (iSt. Helena), eseWashington State, eScamania County, yaqala ukubonisa umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba. Isimo sendawo sanyakaziswa uchungechunge lokuzamazama komhlaba okuncane.
Uhulumeni wayekhathazekile futhi waphendukela kososayensi ngombuzo wesakramente:
Batshaye ama-turnips abo futhi bangakhipha isakramente elingaphansi:
"Nokho, bekungafanele kube ..."
Vele, ososayensi abagcinanga nje bonyana baphendule ama-turnips abo. Kuqoqwe imininingwane eminingi, bese ifakwa kwenye intaba-mlilo yaseHawaii efundwe kahle. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni, ochwepheshe baphikisana nokuthi cishe ngoMeyi kuzoba nokukhipha okuncane kwelesa nomlotha wentaba-mlilo. Ngamafuphi, umbukwane bekulindeleke ukuthi ube nombala, kepha uvikelekile ikakhulukazi.
Isihloko sasikhuthele kwabezindaba, ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kososayensi, isixuku esikhulu sabavakashi safika bezosibona isimangaliso sendalo. Ipulatifomu yokubuka ababukeli elula ibekwe cishe ama-30 km. kusuka endaweni ehlongozwayo yokuqhuma, izikhala zesayensi zisondele - 8-10 km. Kulindelwe ukuthi ama-eateries avulwe kuleli kambi kubavakashi, abathengisi, abaculi kanye namanye ama-hippies eza ngobuningi. Sekukonke, cishe abantu abangamakhulu amathathu bahlangana ohlangothini lwentaba-mlilo.
Bonke bebengayazi imininingwane eyodwa ebalulekile. Njengoba kwenzeka kakhulu kamuva, isigodi sentaba-mlilo savalwa ngokhokho kusukela eluhlwini lwentaba eqandisiwe, olungazange lunikeze umfutho wegesi ngokweqile ngaphakathi kwentaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSt. Helens yayisihluke kakhulu ezihlotsheni zaseHawaii ngokubakhona kwendawo enkulu engenamandla emthambekeni osenyakatho.
Izazi zezentaba-mlilo zaseMelika zenza ucwaningo lokuqhathanisa
Zonke lezi zinto zingaholela enhlekeleleni engenakulungiswa. Babeletha.
NgeSonto, ngoMeyi 18 ngo-8: 32 a.m isishingishane sokuzamazama komhlaba esinamandla sokwehlisa udwala endaweni emthambekeni osentabeni wentaba-mlilo. Itholakala ku-8 km. kusuka ekhokhweni, udokotela wezintaba-mlilo uDavid Johnston wamemeza uzakwabo aseVancouver ngoyomsakazo - "Kuqalile!" (umchithi - leli kuzoba yizwi lakhe lokugcina).
Ngemuva kwemizuzwana, ingcindezi eqoqeke ngaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo yathola ukubambeka yaqhuma. Ingxenye esenyakatho yentaba-mlilo yamane yaqhuma ngamandla alingana nama-megaton angaba ngu-24 (amandla we- “Baby” eyehle e-Hiroshima acishe abe ama-KILON ayi-15). ICinema isifundisa ukuthi ingozi enkulu ngokushesha lapho kuqhuma ukuqhuma kwezulu, lapho ungaphunyuka khona ngokusuka ngokunqwabelana ngamatshe aphezulu. Eqinisweni, isikhali esiyinhloko sentaba-mlilo ukuqhuma kwe-pyroclastic. Le yingxube yamagesi ashisayo, umlotha namatshe amancane, ahamba ngejubane elikhulu, futhi izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi lingafinyelela kuma-700 degrees. Amathuba okusinda awekho zero. Ukucacisa kahle umdwebo wakudala - ungagijimisi ukugeleza kombuso, uzokufa ukhathele.
Izakhamizi zasePompeii ziyakuqinisekisa!
Phansi emthambekeni ngesivinini esingama-200-250 km / h, kugxiliwe ngodaka, izingcezwana ezishisayo zamatshe avuthayo kanye namafu amakhulu womlotha kwandiza phezulu. Labo ababesemthambekeni osenyakatho eduze kuno-10 km. endaweni yokuqhuma kwavela kwakungekho ithuba nhlobo. Labo abebehlala ekamu lezivakashi baba nenhlanhla - ukusakaza okuphezulu akubafinyelelanga amakhilomitha angama-3-4 futhi “babekhishwe” ngamatshe nje futhi bembozwe yifu lomlotha wentaba-mlilo ngokushisa kwama-100-150 degrees. Ngokomthetho, abantu abangama-57 bafa, bangaphezulu kuka-200 abalimala ngenxa yobunzima obahlukahlukene. Ngokunokwenzeka, bekukhona ukufa okuningana, ngoba abanye ababeneziphiwo kakhulu babehamba bezungeza uthango bakhuphukele phezulu emthambekeni. Ngenhlanhla, ukuqhuma akwenzekanga ngosuku lwesonto lapho abagawuli bendawo besebenza emithambekeni yentaba-mlilo.
Umthambeka osenyakatho weSt. Helens nezindawo ezizungezile ezinendawo ephelele yamamitha skwele angama-64. km yaphenduka indawo enenyanga lapho kwafa khona zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Imoto etholwe ngabatakuli i-12 km. kusuka ku-crater. Kufe abantu ababili ngaphakathi.
Ngisho nalapho ukuwa kungafikanga emfuthweni wokuqhuma kwehla yonke imithi.
Amachibi azungezile ayegcotshwe ihlathi elisusiwe. Izithombe 2002 (!) Unyaka.
Kwimizuzu nje embalwa, intaba-mlilo yajikijela umlotha ongaphezu kwamathani ayisigidi ukuphakama okungamakhilomitha ayi-17, okudala ukuthi kwakheke izulu elinamandla ngaphambili. Ukulahleka kwe-Ash kuqoshwe ezifundazweni eziseduze eziyi-11 naseCanada. Itholakala ku-130 km. kusukela intaba-mlilo, idolobha laseYakima ngehora laphenduka indawo yaseSilent Hill. Ukubonakala kwehla ngamamitha amathathu phakathi nosuku, futhi ungqimba lwesentimitha ayi-centimeter lulele kuyo yonke into. Umlotha abantu abaxhunyiwe, amanzi angcolile, ama-motors athukile, izinto zikagesi zishisiwe. Ukuphuma kwamandla, ukuphazamiseka emanzini kwaqala. Kuthiwa abantu abane bafa ngokusemthethweni ngemiphumela yokuqhuma kwale ntaba.
Usuku oluhle lwehlobo emigwaqweni yaseYakima
Ngokwezinga elithile noma elinye, amadolobha kulo lonke izwe athintekile ngomlotha. Isimo somlotha siphakamise amazinga wamanzi emifuleni nasemachibini, okwenza izikhukhula eziningi. Ngenxa yokungabonakali kahle, izindiza zamakhulu zamiswa, imigwaqo yavalwa. Kuthathe isikhathi esingaphezu kwesonto ukusula ingxenye yomgwaqo omkhulu osuka kuYakima uye eSeattle, futhi ngokuvamile, ukususwa komlotha esifundeni saseWashington kwaphela inyanga. Inani elikhulu lezilwane zasendle, imfuyo nezinkukhu, izinhlanzi emifuleni nasemachibini, izilimo zasemapulazini zabulawa. Umonakalo wonke osuka ekuqhekekeni ubungaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane zamaRandi.
Futhi iqhawe lomcimbi manje
Namuhla, cishe amadolobha amakhulu angama-60 ahlala eduze kwezintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona megacities ezifana Tokyo, Naples, San Salvador.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlando usuwazi amacala ambalwa lapho ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo okunamandla kushintsha isimo sezulu engxenyeni yomhlaba. Okokugcina kwenzeka lokhu ngo-1815, lapho ifu elikhulu lomlotha nesibabule ngemuva kokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo yaseTambora e-Indonesia, kumboze iningi laseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Unyaka we-1816 wehla emlandweni njengo “Unyaka Ongenalo Ihlobo”. Ubusika obukhulu, ukwehluleka kwezitshalo, ukufa kwezinkomo, ubuthi bemifula kanye namachibi. Ngenxa yalokhu - indlala, ubhubhane, amagagasi okufuduka (kufaka phakathi ukuphuma kwabantu abaningi eMelika), iziyaluyalu, ukuvukela umbuso. Angazi ukuthi indiza kanjani amaphiko uvemvane, futhi “ukushaqeka” endaweni ethile ngaphesheya kweplanethi kungaguqula umlando wokuthuthuka kwempucuko yabantu.
Ubusuku obuhle kuwe.
I-hashtag yomuntu siqu yombhali ku-VK - # Schumann @ catx2, futhi lokhu kungokwethu I-Cat_Cat uhlu lokuqukethwe (12/31/2019)
Mayelana nomfula, ipulazi, isigaxa kanye ne-squirrel.
Lolu hambo lokudoba ngemigwaqo eyingqayizivele lwaluyimincele, kepha lolu hambo ngilukhumbulile ngesakhiwo esithile esiyindida. Bengihlala nginaka kakhulu utshwala, kepha wonke umuntu uhlala ehlukile. Bengijwayele ukufelwa yi-hangover ngenduduzo, kepha nansi ukugqwala nokuqhaqhazela ngenxa yokwethuka. Lokhu kubi kakhulu kunokuziphatha. Ngokumsulwa ngokomzimba, ngendlela, kwakungokwaphezulu ngangokunokwenzeka, kepha umqondo wokusakaza okungapheli wawungavinjelwa. Ngazithela kude nezinyoni, emahlathini aqhekekayo ehlathini, ebusweni obujwayelekile babangane okwathi ngokweqiniso, kubukeka ngathi kunje. Futhi-ke, phakathi ne-hysteria yami, kwavela ukuthi othile wayephuze ukukhuphuka kwengcwele yama-holies, ngaphansi kwesihlalo semoto yami, lapho ngihlala ngiphethe khona ibhodlela likabhiya nepakethe likagwayi oseceleni. Futhi emvelweni, amakhilomitha angamashumi amahlanu ukusuka kwimpucuko eseduze kuyinhlekelele. Bengingafuni ukuphuza ubhiya noma ukubhema nhlobo, kepha ukuqaphela ukungatholakali kwasebenza ngezimangaliso nge-psyche yami, futhi ukuze ngingahlukumezi amakhaya asebedabukile, ngaya emfuleni ngamemeza kakhulu emanzini.
Ngawabukela phansi amakhono ami omculo futhi lapho ngibuya, kwasekuvele konke emgqeni. Amehlo abheke lapha nalaphaya, angibheka ngamehlo asendle futhi ngazibuza ukuthi konke kuhamba kahle kimi yini. Lokho amehlo ami akuvezile, angazi, kodwa ngisho nabanesibindi impela babenovalo lokungibuka. Futhi-ke omunye wabasakazi bethu abasebenza njalo uthola isiphakamiso sokuya epulazini ukuthola amanzi amnandi (hhayi ubhiya, kodwa okungenani okuthile) nogwayi, ngasheshe ngavuma.
Sasikhumbula ipulazi ngenkathi sintengantenga ngomgwaqo osehlathini sisendleleni eya lapho sifakwa khona. Singene emotweni.Wonke umuntu wayecabanga ukuthi imoto isivele iqalile, kepha cha, yangicindezela ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi imoto isivele yathuthumela. Mina, njengomuntu onomakadebona, ngiphume emotweni amahlandla amaningana ngifuna “ukuma umzuzu”, ngase ngihlala emuva ngasheshe ngahamba ngoba angikwazanga ukukhetha lapho kubi khona.
Ngokuvamile, ngosizi ngesigamu, safika epulazini futhi angikhipha ebuhleni bezimbali zasendaweni. Njengenkanyezi endala, enhle, bathumela i-bazaar ukuzongigcina nabantu bendawo. Ngiphume ngangena emotweni, ngazilulaza ngejubane ngisebenzisa ukhilimu futhi ngaphuma kakhulu kangangokuba kwakungekho moya osele kimi. Ngisho nginyakaze kancane. Kungazelelwe, kungazelelwe kuthulwe ihlathi elingafanele, iketanga lensimbi laqala ukusondela kimi ngokushesha okukhulu. Ubengagcini nje ngokuqonde ngqo, kepha ancibilika njengoba esondela. Noma ngabe kubi kangakanani, kodwa kusobala ukuthi iketanga lalingangiphuteleli kimi ngedwa. Ubuchopho busebenza kancane, kancane njengoba izinwele ezisemuva kwekhanda zazisukuma. Ngindizela emotweni, ngashayisa umnyango, futhi ngaso leso sikhathi, okuthile kwachofoza kanzima ngezinga lewindi elivulekile. "Futhi kulula kakhulu ukuluma ucingo," ngasho ngokungazelele. Akekho emotweni obonge ukuthonywa kokusebenziseka kwami. Inja yakhonkotha kakhulu futhi yagwaza ngomlomo. Kwakumethusa kakhulu ukuthi ngaphambi kwalokho, singasho ukuthi bekumnandi.
UFord Scorpio ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyi-tachil evumelekile. Inja ayikwazanga ukuyiluma imoto, ngakho wagijima wayijikisa ngamabomu wayisongela ngeketanga. Futhi sahlala ebumnyameni buthule bobuso bethu sabheka phambili ekusaseni elidabukisayo. Futhi akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukulinda. Ekugcineni, kwavuleka umnyango wendlu kwaqhamuka enye inja yaphuma. Kwakungathi le ndlu iyibhokisi lomlingo lapho izinja ezintsha zaziphuma khona umzuzu nomzuzu. Akuzange kufezeke, kepha ezimbili zazingaphezu kokulingene.
Uma owokuqala ubuncane ngandlela thile aboshwe ngeketanga, okuyinto engasizanga, elesibili, esebenzisa ithuba lokuntuleka kwe-ballast, wagxumela kwi-hood yethu futhi akazange anqabe lutho kithi. Kuzwakale sengathi bobabili babefana ngohlobo lokuhlunga olusanda kwenziwa. Yebo, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ngokwemvelo kukhiqizwe igwebu elingaka. Ngaze ngafuna ngandlela thile kubhavu, kodwa isikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Ekugcineni, umnikazi waphuma enesimo esihle nesibhamu. Izinja zazilolonga ukondla amabhola ayishumi kwabayisihlanu. Umlimi ubuze okuthile, kepha izinja zikhonkotha kakhulu. Ngiye ngazama ukuvula iwindi ukumtshela ukuthi sifike ngomsebenzi omuhle, kepha lesi sikhala esibi esinamamentimitha ngamasentimitha ebusweni bami sangincenga ukuthi ngivale ngokushesha iwindi. Futhi lesi simo siyisiwula - sifike endaweni yangasese ngemoto, sihlala kuyo futhi singaphumi. Uyophuma kanjani?! Well kuzokwazi ukufinyelela umnikazi wepulazi kuphela izingxenye. Futhi kufanele ngisebenze ngoMsombuluko, angikwazi. Sahlala isikhashana buthule sabona ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuhamba, kuze kube yilapho umnikazi wepulazi eqala ukuhlobisa amaphethini kusukela kwibhokisi ngezimbobo ezinhle zikasibhamu. Saqala injini futhi sabona ukuthi ngaphambi kwalokho, izinja zazimnandi kabi.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokuthi siphuze ukupholisa kahle amanzi futhi singabhemanga ugwayi wepulazi lezempilo, sahamba saya ekhaya. Ngenhlanhla, "izingane zakithi" zaziqhele ngamakhilomitha amahlanu, ngaphandle kwalokho ikhilomitha lokuqala lalihanjiswa yizinja, sikhathazekile ngokuthi mhlawumbe sizolahleka. Kwakumethusa kakhulu ukuthi ezindlebeni zami kwakhala ngokuqhubekayo kunothi olulodwa. G omncane, njengoba ngikhumbula njengamanje. Safika emathendeni ethu sanyakaza buthule yilowo nalowo kweyakhe. Njengoba angicelanga izinja ukuthi zingangiphuphi, azinandlela. Ngazama ukubhekabheka ngakwesokunene nangakwesobunxele nokuhlala, ngizama ukulala - i- nifiga, ngamemeza ngensimbi yomlilo ukuze kuthi lapho ngivuka, ngibe nesikhathi sokuzwa ukuthi ngikhala kanjani.
Imoto ibibukeka sengathi bonke abalandeli bakaSpartak emlandweni wale kilabhu bamphindiselile ngakho konke ukuhlulwa. Okubi kakhulu ukuthi ibhomu lalilunywa ezindaweni eziningana. Angiyena umlingani oyisiwula, kodwa onomqondo. Ngenkathi kungekho obonile, ngazama ukukhulisa i-havalnik futhi ngayibona ukuze ngikwazi ukubhoboza umshini. Ngeke ngikwazi ukwenza okubi ukwedlula lokhu, kodwa isikhunta kanye nokusula kwakusemahlombe ami. Ukungenanjongo okunjalo ekhanda kungcono kunokwesaba okungavikelekile.Ngokuvamile, kufanele kudakwe ngokulinganisela ukuze ungabaleki eqenjini elihamba ngamahlathi elihlikihla amagatsha, futhi nangaphezulu ukuze kungabikho sifiso sokuluma abashayayo.
Lesi sithombe sinokuqukatha: imoto nasemgwaqweni
Isifunda saseKaluga, IsiFunda iBorovsky, iPetrovo Village
Thina e-ETHNOMIR siyaqiniseka ukuthi izilwane zasendle zikufanelekela ukuhlonipha nokucophelela. Kungakho sinqume ukudala epaki "EthnoFarm", lapho izingane nabantu abadala bangajwayelana nezinyoni - zasendle futhi zihlala ezindlini. Amakheji akhethekile anomoya ovulekile enzelwe ukudala indawo yokuphila yemvelo yezilwane ezifuywayo, ngakho-ke ungabuka izinyoni endaweni yazo evamile.
Izivakashi ze- "EthnoFarm" zethu: ama-pheasants - isiliva, igolide, idayimane, inkosi yasebukhosini kanye ne-pheasant Svayno, ihhashi leHimalayan, ipigogo laseNdiya, ama-turkeys, izinkukhu zase-China ezi-silky, ama-bullfinches, ama-siskin kanye ne-carduelis.
Amasu wekusasa we-EthnoFarm afaka ukubuthwa okuvela kuwo wonke amazwekazi abamele abanezimfanelo ezivelele kakhulu abakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu saseRussia. Futhi, abasebenzi basepaki bakha “ama-bird canteens” (abondli bezinyoni ezihlukile) ehlathini futhi balengise izidleke zokufakelwa lapho kuzoba lula khona ngezinyoni ukusinda kubanda basebusika.
Izivakashi ze-ETNOMIR zingabona impilo yehlathi nezinyoni ezifuywayo kusuka kubude bengalo.
1.1. Indawo yokuhlala yezilwane
I-dodo yatholakala eziqhingini ezisempumalanga yeMadagascar, namuhla ezibizwa ngokuthi iMascaren Archipelago. Iziqhingi ezintathu kodwa ezinkulu ezakha lesi siqhingi zeluleke ngaseceleni kwama-20 ziyafana ngaseningizimu yekhwetha. Manje sebebizwa ngeReunion, neMauritius neRodriguez.
Amagama abatholwe kulezi zindawo ahlala engaziwa. Kuyacaca ukuthi imikhumbi yabathengisi abangama-Arabhu yahamba lapha ngomkhumbi, kepha ayizange ibheke kakhulu ukutholakala kwabo, ngoba iziqhingi bezingakahlalwa muntu, futhi ukuhweba eziqhingini ezingagcinwanga kwakunzima kakhulu.
AmaPutukezi ayengabathobuli abangamaPutukezi, yize, ngokumangazayo, ukuthi, kusukela ocingweni lwesibili kuphela lapho umsunguli wePortugal anikeza iziqhingi amagama azo.
Indoda le kwakunguDiogo Fernandish Pereira, owahamba kulamanzi ngomkhumbi ngonyaka ka-1507. NgoFebhuwari 9, wathola isiqhingi esiseduze kwamakhilomitha angama-400 empumalanga yeMadagascar, wasiqamba ngokuthi yiSanta Apollonia. Kufanele kube ukuhlangana kwesimanje. Kungekudala, umkhumbi uPereira "Serne" wakhubeka kwiMauritius yamanje. Amatilosi afike futhi aqamba lesi siqhingi ngegama lomkhumbi wawo - u-Ilya do Serna.
UPereira wathuthela eNdiya, kwathi ngonyaka ofanayo, emuva kwesikhashana, wavula uRodriguez. Ekuqaleni, lesi siqhingi saqanjwa ngokuthi uDomingo Frieze, kodwa futhi no-Diego Rodriguez. AmaDashi, ngokusobala, athola leli gama lingaphenduki, futhi akhuluma ngesiqhingi esibizwa ngokuthi yi-DiegoRay, esabekwa gallicil futhi saphenduka i-Dygarroys, kodwa amaFulentshi ngokwawo abiza isiqhingi sase-Il Marianne.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha, “umphenyi” wesibili wafika, uPedro Mascarenias, wavakashela iMauritius neReunion kuphela. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, iMauritius ayizange iqanjwe kabusha, kodwa iSant Apollonia (Reunion) yabizwa ngokuthi iMascarenhas noma iMascaragne, futhi kuze kube namuhla lezi ziqhingi zibizwa ngeMascaren (http://www.zooeco.com/strany/str-africa-10.html).
AmaPutukezi athola iMauritius, kepha ayizange igxile kukho. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-1598 amaDashi afike lapho futhi amemezela lesi siqhingi njengelaso (iLeopold, 2000). Iziqhingi zaseMascarene zazimele isiteshi esivumelana nokudlula kwabantu sisendleleni eya eNdiya, futhi ngokushesha izixuku zabaduni bezikhukhula (Akimushkin, 1969).
1.2. Umlando wokutholwa kanye nokubhujiswa kwe-dodo
Ngo-1598, ngemuva kokuba amabutho amaningi emikhumbi engu-8 efika eMauritius, umgcini wamaDashi, uJacob van Nek, waqala ukubhala uhlu lwencazelo yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezake zahlangana kulesi siqhingi. Ngemuva kokuba amanothi ommeli ehunyushelwe kwezinye izilimi, izwe lesayensi lafunda ngale nyoni engajwayelekile, eyinqaba futhi eyinqaba, eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke njenge-dodo (Fig. 2.), yize ososayensi beyibiza njalo ngokuthi yi-dodo (Bobrovsky, 2003 )
U-fig. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kokubonakala kwe-dodo (http://www.google.ru/imghp?hl=en)
Babesho ukuthi ama-dodoes enza umqondo wokuthi bacishe babe tiles, yize kungenakugcinwa bekudingisiwe."... Basondela kumuntu ngokuzithemba, kepha ngeke balawulwa ngandlela thile. Lapho nje sebethunjiwe, baqala ngenkani ukudla noma nini uma sebefa."
Impilo ezolile yama-dodos yaphela lapho nje umuntu eqala ukungenelela ngentshiseko empilweni yemvelo yesiqhingi.
Amatilosi emikhumbi aqeda ukuletha ukudla kulezi ziqhingi, ngale njongo kucekela phansi yonke into ehlala emahlathini esiqhingi. Amatilosi adla zonke izimfudu ezinkulu, abese esetha ukugcwala izinyoni.
Eziqhingini ezincane zasolwandle lapho kungekho zidli zomhlaba, ama-dodos kancane kancane, ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, alahlekelwe amandla okundiza. UKoki wezinkantolo zamaDashi wayengazi ukuthi ingadliwa yini le nyoni etholakala kalula nenyama enzima. Kepha ngokushesha amatilosi alambile abona ukuthi i-dodo iyadliwa futhi inenzuzo enkulu ngayo. Izinyoni ezingavikelekile, zizulazula zivela ngapha nangapha futhi zibeka uphawu “lweziqu” zamaphiko kabi, zizame ngempumelelo. Zintathu kuphela izinyoni ezazanele ukondla izisebenzi zomkhumbi. Amadodo ambalwa kasawoti anele ayenele uhambo olude. Baze bajwayela ngakho ukuthi izinto zomkhumbi zazigcwaliswa phezulu ngamachashaza aphilayo nalawa ashonile, futhi amatilosi okuhamba kwemikhumbi edlulayo nemigarago amane ancintisana ngenhloso yezemidlalo yokuthi ngubani ongazibulala ngalezi zinyoni ezixakile. Kusukela kulowo mzuzu, i-dodo yaseMauritii kwadingeka ukuthi ihlale emvelweni isikhathi esingaphansi kweminyaka engama-50 (Green, 2000, Akimushkin, 1969, Bobrovsky, 2003, http://erudity.ru/t215_20.html).
Ama-dodos angenazindiza awasizi ngalutho ebusweni bezitha ezintsha, futhi amanani abo aqala ukuncipha ngokushesha. Ngokushesha banyamalala ngokuphelele. Ngokubambisana, abantu nezilwane, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 baqothula wonke ama-dodos (Akimushkin, 1969, Leopold, 2000).
Ngokusobala, izinhlobo ezintathu ezahlukene ze-dodo zazihlala eziqhingini ezintathu zesiqhingi saseMascarene - iMauritius, Reunion neRodriguez.
Ngo-1693, ngokokuqala ngqa, i-dodo ayizange ibe sohlwini lwezilwane eMauritius, ngakho-ke ngalesi sikhathi, singafunga ukuthi yayivele inyamalale ngokuphelele.
I-Rodriguez dodo, noma i-hermit, yagcina ukubonwa ngo-1761. Njengakwamanye amacala, akekho noyedwa umsebenzi wakhe owasala, futhi isikhathi eside ososayensi babengenalo nelilodwa ithambo lawo. Isikhathi sokubuza: bekuyilona dodo? Ngaphezu kwalokho, uFrancois Lega, umbhali wencazelo eningiliza kakhulu ngeRodriguez dodo, kwesinye isikhathi wabizwa ngokuthi umqambimanga wekhulu, futhi ezinye izazi zabheka incwadi yakhe ethi The Journey and Adventures kaFrancois Lege nabangane bakhe ... (Akimushkin, 1995, http: // www. bestreferat.ru/referat-6576.html).
I-dodo yokuhlangana kwakhona yaqothulwa kamuva. Okokuqala ngqa, kwakhulunywa ngo-1613 ngukaputeni wamaNgisi uCastleton, owafika eReunion nezilwane ezifuywayo. Ngemuva kwalokho umdashi waseDashi uBontekoevan Horn, owachitha izinsuku ezingama-21 kulesi siqhingi ngo-1618, washo le nyoni, wasibiza ngokuthi "umsila oshisiwe". Umhambi wokugcina owabona futhi wachaza le nhlobo wayengumFulentshi uBorde de Saint-Vincent, owavakashela eReunion ngo-1801. Izilwane ezifuywayo nabantu nazo zaba yisizathu sokunyamalala kwalolu hlobo. Kwakungekho skeleton esisodwa futhi kwakungekho dodo elilodwa elimhlophe eligciniwe (iBobrovsky, 2003).
Ithebula libonisa ijubane le-anthropogenic lokubhujiswa kwama-dodoes (Ithebula 1).
Ngakho-ke, ukuthi okokuqala ukukhuluma le zinhlobo kwenziwa ngo-1598, kanti kwakamuva kakhulu - 1801. Ngakho-ke, singaphetha ngokuthi izinhlobo zazinyamalala eminyakeni engaba ngu-200.
Lapho ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 izazi zemvelo zangena ezinyathelweni ze-dodo, futhi ukuseshwa kwaholela esiqhingini saseMauritius, wonke umuntu aphendukela kuye ukuze anikeze izeluleko anikine amakhanda ngokungabaza. “Cha, mnumzane, asinazo izinyoni ezinjalo futhi asikaze sibe nazo,” kusho abelusi nabantu abampofu.
1.3. Dodo eYurophu
Amatilosi azame kaningi ukuletha ama-dodos eYurophu ukuze amangaze abaseYurophu ngenyoni engajwayelekile. Kodwa, uma i-godo yaseMauriti grey kwesinye isikhathi ikwazile ukuthutha iphila iye ezindaweni eziphakeme zasenyakatho, khona-ke ngokuhlangana kwayo okumhlophe kokuhlangana nalokhu akuzange kusebenze. Cishe zonke izinyoni zafa phakathi nohambo. Njengoba abhala ngo-1668umpristi waseFrance ongaziwa ovakashele esiqhingini saseMauritius: "Ngamunye wethu wayefuna ukuthatha izinyoni ezimbili nathi ukuze azithumele eFrance futhi azidlulisele kuMbuso Wakhe, kodwa emkhunjini izinyoni kungenzeka zafa ngokulangazelela, zenqaba ukudla noma ukuphuza" ( ekhonjiwe nguV.A. Krasilnikov, 2001).
Inganekwane ithi ama-dodo amabili avela eReunion Island, athathwa ngomkhumbi aya eYurophu, empeleni abeka phansi izinyembezi lapho ehlukana nesiqhingi sabo sendabuko (iBobrovsky, 2003).
Yize kwesinye isikhathi lo msebenzi usaphumelela futhi, ngokusho kwesazi semvelo saseJapan uDkt Masaui Khachisuk, ofunda ngokuningiliziwe umlando wale nyoni engenabhano emangazayo, ngabantu abayi-12 kuphela bale nyoni engenamaphiko abalethwa eYurophu bevela eMauritius. Amakhophi ayi-9 edodo alethwa eHolland, 2 eNgilandi kanye no-1 e-Italy (Bobrovsky, 2003).
Kukhona futhi okushiwo okungahleliwe ukuthi enye yalezi zinyoni yathunyelwa eJapan, kepha, naphezu kwemizamo eminingi ososayensi baseJapan, akwenzekanga ukuba kukhulunywe ngalokhu ezincwadini nasezincwadini zaseJapan (http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks /Science/lei/01.php).
Ngo-1599, u-Admiral Jacob van Nek waletha idodo lokuqala eYurophu. Ezweni lakubo le-Admiral eHolland, inyoni eyinqaba yenza isiyaluyalu esinomsindo. Abakwazanga ukusunduzelwa kuye.
Abaculi bakhangwa ikakhulukazi ukubukeka kwakhe okungathandeki. Futhi uPeter-Holstein, noHufnagel, noFranz Franken, nabanye abadwebi abadumile bathathwa "ngokudweba i-dronograph." Ngaleso sikhathi, zithi, zazingaphezu kweshumi nane izinto ezidwetshiwe ezazise dodo ezazibanjiwe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isithombe sombala we-dodo (enye yalezi zithombe) satholakala kuphela ngo-1955 nguProfesa Ivanov eLeningrad (manje eyiSt. Petersburg) Institute of Oriental Study!
Enye i-dodo ephilayo yafika eYurophu isigamu seminyaka eyikhulu kamuva, ngo-1638. Indaba ehlekisayo yenzekile nale nyoni, noma kunalokho, ngesilwane sayo esasigxishwe. UDront walethwa eLondon futhi lapho bakhombisa wonke umuntu owayefuna ukumbheka efuna imali. Futhi lapho le nyoni ifa, bayihluza bese beyifaka ngotshani. Ukusuka eqoqweni eliyimfihlo, is scarecrow yawela komunye weminyuziyamu yase-Oxford. Kwaphela iminyaka yonke kukhula imifino ekhoneni lothuli. Futhi ebusika bango-1755, umphathi womnyuziyamu wanquma ukwenza uchungechunge olujwayelekile lwemibukiso. Isikhathi eside, wabheka isikwati esidliwayo esidliwayo senyoni e-surreal enombhalo ongenangqondo kwilebula: "Umkhumbi" (umkhumbi?). Futhi wabe eseyalela ukuthi aphonswe kudoti.
Ngenhlanhla, umuntu ofunde kakhudlwana ngephutha wadlula kuleyo mfumba. Emangazwe inhlanhla yakhe angayilindele, wakhipha inhloko ye-dodo-ne-edakiwe yodonga - konke okwakusele - futhi ngokuthola kwakhe okuthe xhaxha wamphangisela umthengisi wezinto ezingahambi kahle. Kusindisiwe futhi kwagoqeka, futhi kwaphinde kwahamba ikhanda kamuva, kepha kulokhu ngokuhlonishwa okukhulu, bayiswa emnyuziyamu. Lezi ukuphela kwezimpawu zomhlaba ezasala ku “juba” elingene kuphela, ”kusho uWilly Ley, ongomunye wochwepheshe emlandweni odabukisayo wama-dodos. Kepha uDkt James Greenway waseCambridge, esimweni esihle kakhulu sezinyoni ezingapheli, uthi iMnyuziyamu yaseBrithani inomlenze owodwa futhi, nekhanda eCopenhagen, ngokungangabazeki lingelinye idodo elake lahlala eMauritius (Akimushkin, 1969).
U-fig. Imidwebo yokuqala ye-Dodo (kwesobunxele), ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-dodo (kwesokudla) (http://www.google.ru/imghp?hl=en)
Izithombe zesiko le-dodo ijuba eliwugqinsi eliqinile, kepha lo mbono uphikisiwe muva nje. Ososayensi bakufakazisile ukuthi imidwebo yakudala yaseYurophu ibonisa izinyoni ezidlula ngokweqile ekuthunjweni. Umdwebi uMaestro Mansour dodo upendiwe eziqhingini zomdabu zoLwandlekazi i-Indian (Fig. 4.) Futhi waveza izinyoni ezinombala omfushane. USolwazi Ivanov wafunda imidwebo yakhe futhi wakufakazela ukuthi le midwebo inembile kunayo yonke. Amasampula amabili “aphilayo” alethwa eziqhingini zoLwandlekazi i-Indian ngeminyaka yo-1600, amasampula apendwe ahambisana nencazelo. Njengoba kuphawuliwe eMauritius, ama-dodo adla izithelo ezivuthiwe ekugcineni kwenkathi yemvula ukuze akwazi ukusinda ngenkathi eyomile lapho kunokudla okuncane. Azange kube nazinkinga ekudingisweni ngokudla futhi izinyoni zanda ngokweqile (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo).
I-Dodo ku-Astronomy
Ama-Dronts adumile ngisho nakwezinkanyezi. Kuhlonishwa idodo elivela kuRodriguez, kwaqanjwa enye yezinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni.NgoJuni 1761, isazi sezinkanyezi saseFrance uPingre wasebenzisa isikhathi esithile kuRodriguez, ebuka iVenus ngemuva kwesizinda sediski yelanga (ngaleso sikhathi yayisiwela nje). Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, uzakwabo uLe Monnier, ukuze agcine amakhulu eminyaka inkumbulo yokuhlala komngane wakhe kuRodriguez kanye nokuhlonipha inyoni emangalisayo eyayihlala kulesi siqhingi, waqamba iqembu elisha lezinkanyezi ezitholwe nguye phakathi kweDrark ne-Scorpio iqoqo leHerit. Efuna ukumaka emephini, ngokwesiko lakulezo zikhathi, ngomfanekiso ongokomfanekiso, uLe Monnier waphendukela usizo ku-Ornithology yaseBrisson eyayidumile ngaleso sikhathi eFrance. Wayengazi ukuthi uBrisson akazange afake i-dodo encwadini yakhe, futhi, lapho ebona igama elithi solitaria, okungukuthi, “hermit,” ohlwini lwezinyoni, kabusha kabusha ngokwethembeka kwesilwane esibizwa kanjalo. Futhi wahlanganisa yonke into, kunjalo: esikhundleni se-dodo ehlaba umxhwele, i-constellation entsha emephini egcotshwe ngesibalo sayo esingameleli kakhulu i-thrush itshe eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - iMonticolasolitaria (usahlala eningizimu yeYurophu, nalapha eTranscaucasia, eCentral Asia kanye naseningizimu yePrimorye) (Akimushkin, 1969 .).
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- UDodo ukhonjiswe emfanekisweni kazwelonke weMauritius
U-fig. Amalahle wezingalo zeMauritius (http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en) - Olimini lwesiNgisi kukhona i-aphorism: i-asdeadas a dodo, okungukuthi, "efile njengedodo", ikhombisa ukushesha kokubhujiswa kwalezi zinyoni ngomuntu.
- UDodo ungomunye wabalingiswa encwadini edumile kaLewis Carroll ethi “Alice in Wonderland” (Fig.). Kwakungenxa yale ncwadi ukuthi i-dodo yaziwa kabanzi eYurophu, kepha ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi ukuba khona kwale nyoni kwakuyinganekwane. Inyoni yaseDodo emsebenzini yi-Dodgson eveziwe. Kulesi ndima, kanye nenyoni yakwaDodo, kwavela ezinye izinyoni nezilwane ezazinemibono yangempela. Isidlaliso sivele ngenxa yokuxineka kombhali.
U-fig. Umfanekiso wencwadi ethi "Alice in Wonderland" - Imvelaphi yegama elithi "dodo" namanje ayikacaci. Kungenzeka ukuthi kwaqhamuka egameni elithi duodu, elisho ukuthi "idiot" - ababizwa ngamatilosi abangamaDashi ababiza le nyoni. Mhlawumbe babekholelwa ukuthi njengoba le nyoni ingazi ukuthi ingandiza kanjani, yabe isiyisiwula. Wayengakwazi ngisho nokugijima ngokushesha, ngoba isisu sakhe esikhulu sicishe sadonsela phansi emhlabathini. Noma leli gama lingabangelwa ukukhala kwale nyoni. Kukhona futhi isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi igama elithi “dodo” lihambisana nokulingiswa kwezwi labo. (Bobrovsky, 2003, http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphidae).
2.1. Imiqondo ye-Dodo systematics nokuvela kwazo
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ulwazi ngesikhundla esisehlelekile sama-dodos saphikisana kakhulu. Ekuqaleni, ngokusho kwamahemuhemu nangemidwebo yokuqala, i-dodo ibiyiphutha ngezinyoni ezinamazinyane amfishane, ngoba ukulahleka kwendiza ngisho nokuncishiswa okunamandla emthanjeni wephiko yinto eyenzeka njalo kuleli qembu lezinyoni. Ngakho-ke ekuqaleni uKarl Linney wabuye wacabanga, ebhekisa i-dodo kuhlelo lwayo lwe-10 lweSistimu Yezemvelo ngo-1758 kuhlobo lwezintshe. Kwakunemibono eyinqaba. Ezinye izazi zemvelo zabheka i-dodo njengohlobo lwenyoka elahlekile ngamaphiko ayo; abanye bathi le dodo yaziwa ngokuthi ama-albatrosses, ngisho nama-sandpipers kanye nabaphangi. Ngama-30s wekhulu le-XIX, i-dodo yaze yahlukaniswa njengesihlahla sekhanda ngenxa yekhanda elingenalutho nekhonkco eligobile. Lo mbono obabazekayo wasekelwa nguRichard Owen uqobo - igunya elalingavunyelwe ngaleso sikhathi, i-morphologist yesiNgisi kanye ne-paleontologist, esimkweleta igama elithi "dinosaur". Noma kunjalo, ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi, umbono wososayensi uthambekele ekuthandeni iqiniso lokuthi ama-dodoes uhlobo oluthile lwezinyoni zenkukhu eziye zaphelelwa amandla okundiza, njengoba kuvame ukutholakala eziqhingini.
Iqiniso lokuthi ososayensi manje babheka ukusondela kwe-dodo njengejuba kuqala lavezwa ngokufunda ngogebhezi lwe-dodo, isazi semvelo saseDenmark uJ. Reinhard. Kepha yena, ngeshwa washeshe washona, umbono wakhe wesekwa ngusosayensi waseNgilandi uH. Strickland, owafundisisa ngokucophelela zonke izinto zokuqoqa ezazikhona, kubandakanya nemidwebo. IStrickland yabiza idodo ngokuthi "ijuba elikhulu elinamandla, elivundile." Leli phuzu lamukelwa kabanzi kwisayensi lapho amajuba akhona (i-Didunculusstrigirostris) aqala ukungena amaqoqo aseYurophu aqhamuka eziqhingini zolwandle zaseNtshonalanga Samoa.Ijuba elihlawuliswe nge-hook lincane, usayizi wekesari ojwayelekile, kodwa futhi linomlomo omuhle kakhulu ophela ngegwegwe elibukhali nangomlomo ogobekile ogobekile, eceleni kwalo kukhona izinto zokuhlanza. Uqhwaku lwalo myalezo ovela esiqhingini saseSamoa ngokushesha ukuvumela ukuba "uthole" kulo uhlobo lobhangqa obumangalisayo beDodo. Futhi yini ephawuleka, imilomo enezinwele, ngokusho kwabathumbi bokuqala, nayo isidleke emhlabathini yabeka iqanda elilodwa kuphela. Eziqhingini eziningi, lapho izingulube, amakati kanye namagundane kwavela kanye nomuntu, amajuba asemanzini aqala ukunyamalala ngokushesha, kodwa eziqhingini ezimbili - i-Upolu neSawaii, atshintshana nokudla izidleke ezihlahleni, ezazisindisa. Ngeshwa, i-dodo ayikwazanga ukundizela ezihlahleni (uBobrovsky, 2003).
Onke amajuba anamuhla, futhi angama-285 awo ayaziwa, andiza kahle. Eqenjini elinjengejuba (iGolumbiformes), ngaphezu kwemindeni yamaPigeon neDrontov, kukhona nomndeni wakwaRyabkov (Pteroelidae). Kepha zona (izinhlobo eziyi-16 emhlabeni) zindiza ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwe-dodo kanye nabazala bayo, abatholakala eMauritius nakwezinye iziqhingi zaseMascarene bathola izinhlobo eziningi zezangempela lapho, i.e. amajuba endizayo. Kungani bengalahli amaphiko abo? Kuyavela ukuthi alukho nohlobo lwenjiwa olulodwa, oluthi kwesinye isiqhingi olungakhethi (ngaphandle kwesidleke), lungabaleka.
Ngo-1959, e-International Zoological Congress eLondon, isazi sezemvelo saseJalimane uLuttschwager saqala saveza umbono omusha ophathelene nemvelaphi nokusondelana kwezidumbu. Wathola ukwehluka okuningi ekwakhekeni kwekhanda le-dodo nejuba. Ngemuva kwalokho abanye ababhali bamjoyina, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuqhathanisa amathambo kanye namathambo noMauritius noRodriguez. Encwadini yakhe ethi Drones (1961), uLuttschwager wagxeka isithombe esithi “ijuba” ngemvelaphi yalezi zinyoni ezinkulu. Esakhiweni sokuhlangana kwamathambo e-hip, amathambo aqinile nama-dodoid, uthole okuningi akufani namajuba, kodwa ngamakhaza angawomndeni wezinyoni zikamalusi. UKorosteli undiza kabi futhi osengozini uzama ukungasuki, kepha abaleke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-coriostles ahlala eziqhingini ezingazodwa alahlekelwa amandla okundiza, futhi ama-birdgirls amaningi angena ezindizayo (umelusi waseMauritius, iMotcaren, ezinye izindawo zomdanso kanye nama-moorhen - izinhlobo eziyi-15 kuphela) ezife njengama-dodoes (http://www.mybirds.ru/forums /lofiversion/index.php/t58317.html).
Ngo-2002, kwahlaziywa ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo ezenziwa nge-cytochrome b kanye ne-12S rRNA, ngokwesisekelo lapho kunqunywa khona ukuthi ijuba le-maned ephilayo (i-Fig.) Liyisihlobo esiseduzane kakhulu se-dodo (http: //ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronty).
Ngokwesihlukaniso sanamuhla, umndeni we-dodo uyingxenye yeqembu elinjengejuba.
- UMbuso: Izilwane
- Uhlobo: Chordates
- I-Subtype: Ama-vertebrates
- Isigaba: Izinyoni
- Isishimane: Ukuzalwa kabusha
- I-oda: Njengejuba - izinyoni ezinomzimba omningi omkhulu, imilenze nentamo amafushane, amaphiko mude futhi abukhali, avumelaniswa ukundiza okusheshayo. Amapayipi awugqinsi, awugqinsi, izimpaphe zinengxenye ekhule kahle eyenziwe phansi. Uqhwaku lufushane kunalokho, amathumbu ambozwe ngezigqoko ezinesikhumba ngaphezulu. Ukudla kucishe kube yimifino futhi ikakhulukazi imbewu, okuvame kakhulu ukuba nezithelo kanye namajikijolo. Onke amajuba anejwabu elikhuliswe kahle, elisebenzela ukunqwabelana kokudla nokuthambisa, ngaphezu kwalokho, amajuba adla amathole “ngobisi” olukhiqizwe ku-goiter.
- Umndeni: iDront (iRaphidae) ifake izinhlobo ezi-3:
- IDodo yaseMauritian. IDodo, noma iMauriti Dodo, iyidodo elimpunga. Lolu hlobo lwaluhlala esiqhingini saseMauritius - isiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke saseMascarene Islands eLwandlekazi i-Indian. Lo mbono wachazwa okokuqala nguKarl Linney ngokwakhe.
- Reunion dodo. Esiqeshini semvula sesiqhingi saseReunion, kwavela enye inhlobo yezilwane ezimhlophe - noma ezimhlophe, noma i-bourbon, i-dodo (iRaphusborbonicus), ecishe ibe mhlophe, incane kakhulu kune-dodo. Abanye ochwepheshe bayangabaza ukuba khona kwale nhlobo, ngoba yaziwa kuphela ngokuchazwa nezibalo.
- URodriguez dodo. Esiqhingini saseRodriguez kwakuhlala ummeleli wesithathu womndeni - i-hermit dodo (Pezophapssolitarius). Emuva ngo-1730, i-hermit dodo yayivame kakhulu, kepha ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 lolu hlobo lwenhlobo lwalusenqabe ukubakhona.Akukho lutho olwasala kuye - eminyuziyamu akukho zikhumba noma amaqanda ale nyoni (http://www.ecosystema.ru/07referats/01/dodo.htm).
2.2. Incazelo yokubukeka
Kuwo wonke umuntu owake wabona i-dodo, ukubukeka kwakhe kwaba nomqondo ongenakuphikwa. Nakhu ukukhunjulwa kofakazi bokuzibonela abaye bafinyelela ezinsukwini zethu: "... ngaphezu kosaziwayo bethu, benekhanda elikhulu, isigamu simbozwe izimpaphe, njengokungathi sine-hood. Le nyoni ayinamaphiko (zazinjalo, kepha zazincane, azikwazi ukundiza). Umsila uqukethe izimpaphe ezimbalwa ezithambile ezinemibala e-ashy ezigoqwe ngaphakathi .. ", (ekhonjiwe ngu-VA Krasilnikov, 2001).
“Kwakuyinyoni eyinqaba, enkulu kune-turkey enkulu ngobukhulu. Izidladla zakhe zazinjengemilenze yesudu, kepha iqine futhi ibe mnene. Isifuba sakhe sasidwetshwe njengogobongo osemncane, umhlane wakhe ubuncane. ” (kukhonjiwe ngu-E. Fuller, 2000). “Kule ndawo ngabona inyoni engingakaze ngiyibone. Wayezobukeka njengesikibha, uma kungenjalo ngemilenze yakhe emide. Iplamu lakhe elihle lijabulisa iso. Umbala wakhe ushintsha njalo, wenza igolide. ”
"... Vuma ngokuzithandela lapho behamba phansi. Ukubukeka kwabo okuhle kwakuvame ukusindisa izimpilo zabo. ”
"... Balwa izimpiko zabo kuphela bese bezulazelana, bebizana. Lawa mafuphu ashesha futhi alandela ngokulandelana izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili noma amashumi amathathu imizuzu engama-4-5, ukunyakaza kwamaphiko kwakha umsindo ofana nomsindo owenziwe yizihlabani. Ungazwakala ebangeni elingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-200. Isigaxa sephiko siqinile engxenyeni engaphandle futhi sakha ukukhula okuncane okujikelezayo ngaphansi kwezimpaphe zenyoni, kufana nenhlamvu yesikhumba, okuthi, kanye nomlomo, kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuvikela. Ehlathini kunzima kakhulu ukubamba, kepha obala, lokhu akuyona into enkulu, ngoba umuntu ugijima ngokushesha okukhulu. Kulula ukusondela kubo. ” (kukhonjiwe nguV.A. Krasilnikov, 2001) (Bobrovsky, 2003).
Ngempela, i-dodo yayinkulu futhi inamafutha kakhulu. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izinyoni ezindala zazinesisindo esingu-20-25 kg. AmaTurkeys, ngokuqhathanisa, anesisindo esingu-12-16 kg. Babemude kunesudu, ibanga elingamamitha ayi-1. Umzimba wabo odumbile, ohlanganiswe namaphiko amancane kakhulu, ukhombisa ukungakwazi ukundiza. Imilenze kaDodo yayimfushane futhi iqinile. Futhi ama-paws akhe anezici ezine afana ne-turkey paws. Umsila omfushane walezi zinyoni wawunezimpaphe ezimbalwa nje ezinamathele esixukwini.
UDrones wathuthela emhlabathini futhi wayehamba kancane. Ngokwencazelo, lapho kufanele abaleke engozini, imizimba yabo yathuthuka ngenkathi begijima, nesisu esikhulu sanamathela ematsheni. Amawele weminwe emunwe amane afana ngempela ne-turkey paws. Kepha ekhanda leqhawe lethu akukho siketi, noma i-crest, nentamo yinde. Isifuba, ngokusho kwencazelo yalofakazi bokuzibonela, empeleni sidwetshiwe kahle - njengamaphikili.
Babenenwele egobile, ebambe ongezansi, emangazayo, eshaya ngomlomo inwebu futhi inesikhumba esisontekile esizungeze umlomo kanye namehlo. Ukuma komlomo wabo kwakukhumbuza ngandlela-thile uqhwaku lwe-albatross, kungani ekuqaleni abanye bezazi zezokwelapha bevuma ukuhlangana phakathi kwezinyoni ezingafani. Lezi zibonakaliso zaholela ososayensi abathile ukuqagela ukuthi ama-dodos angawezinyoni ezidla inyama. Isibonelo, ezinsumeni ezidla u-carrion futhi ezinesikhumba esingenalutho, emakhanda aso. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinyoni ezidla iminenke nezinsuku nazo zinomlomo ogobile (http://www.mybirds.ru/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t58317.html, http://rcio.pnzgu.ru/personal/ 39/2/7 / dodo.htm).
I-Mauritius Dodo (Fig.).
Incazelo yokuthi ibukeka kanjani i-dodo yaseMauritiiti kungcono ukuqala ngoqhwaku, ngoba imangalisa kakhulu. Ubude bawo buba malunga nama-20 cm noma ngaphezulu! Isiphelo somlomo siguqelwe phansi, njengakwezinyoni ezidla inyama, umbala woqhwaku unombala omnyama, uluthuthu olubomvana phezulu. UJames Greenway, ongumhlaziyi omkhulu wezinyoni eziqothulwe nezisengozini, uchaza ukubukeka okusolwa njengedodo: “Ingaphambili lekhanda, indawo ezungeze amehlo nezihlathi ayinqunu futhi isikhumba saso simlotha okhanyayo ngombala. Izimpaphe ezisemzimbeni zimpunga noma ziphunga, zicishe zibe mhlophe ngaphansi esifubeni futhi zimnyama okhalweni. Izimpiko zimhlophe qwa futhi zimbozwe mhlophe ngezimpaphe ezimnyama emaphethelweni, emsileni zikhululekile futhi zigobile. "
Kufanele wengezwe ukuthi i-dodo uqobo lwayo belingenamaphiko kanjalo, kepha kwakukhona into eyayakhiwe ngaphansi, efana nezibuko zayo (empeleni, hhayi iziqobosho, kodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi, "izinsalela" kuyizihlonipho). Njengoba amaphiko e-dodo engakaze angenise isenzo esifanele, okungukuthi, awazange andize, ayengenayo imisipha eyenziwe kahle eyamisa amaphiko uma iqhubeka, kanti i-keel ese-sternum enamathiselwe kuyo, futhi leli thambo uqobo lilo liyicwecwe elicishe lacaba. I-dodo evela eMauritius ishiye “ifa” elibaluleke kakhulu labezazi zezilwane: amathambo amaningi, i-paw noqhwaku (noma, ngokusho kweminye imithombo, ama-paws amabili kanye nemilomo emibili), manje oseigcinwe eMnyuziyamu waseBrithani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenziwa imidwebo nemidwebo eminingi ehlukahlukene ebonisa idodo elimnyama (http://erudity.ru/t215_21.html, Bobrovsky, 2003).
Reunion Dodo (Fig.). Olunye uhlobo lwe-dodo olwaluhlala eReunion Island lwaziwa kuphela kuma-akhawunti wokuzibonela kanye nezithombe ezinembile noma ezingatheni. Ezihlotsheni ezivela eMauritius, zazingafani ngombala okhanyayo wenani labo. Umbala omhlophe, noma oyibhungane, i-dodo (Raphusborbonicus), ucishe umhlophe impela, mncane kakhulu kune-dodo. Abanye ochwepheshe bayangabaza ukuba khona kwalesi sidalwa (iBobrovsky, 2003, http://erudity.ru/t215_21.html, http://www.megabook.ru/Article.asp?AID=630785).
URodriguez dodo (Fig.). Esiqhingini saseRodriguez bekuhlala ummeleli wesithathu womndeni - i-hermit dodo (Pezophapssolitarius), onomzimba omuhle kakhulu kunowedodo. Izimpiko noma, noma, okwasala zazo, zazinde kunezezinye i-dodo, futhi emikhawulweni yazo zazibopha imimese eyindilinga eyinqaba, eyodwa ephikweni ngalinye. Bekubuye kuhluke kubalingani bayo ngentamo ende, ikhanda elincane elinomlomo omncane nomlomo osimeme ngaphezulu. Ngalezi knuckles, udodo empini washaya walwa nezitha. Umbala weplamu labo wehluka kusuka ku-brownish kuya ku-grey noma kucishe kwaba mhlophe (i-Bobrovsky, 2003, Ilyichev, 1986, (http: //www.megabook.ru/Article.asp?AID=630785).
2.3. Izici zesikhathi sokuzalela nokuziphatha kwezidleke
Ngokujwayelekile, le nyoni inakho konke, ngokwesibonelo, indlela yokuziphatha kwendlwane. Ngokwencazelo yabantu ababephila ngaleso sikhathi, lo dodo wakha isidleke esesimweni sendunduma yomhlaba, amacembe esundu namagatsha futhi wabeka khona iqanda elilodwa elikhulu elimhlophe. Washiswa amaviki awu-7 ngowesifazane nowesilisa, yena. Ngalesi sikhathi esibucayi (ukukhahlela nokudla kwahlala izinyanga ezimbalwa), abazali abaze bavumele muntu ukuthi asondele esidlekeni kuno amamitha ayi-100. Uma idodo “lomfokazi” lizama ukusondela esidlekeni, khona-ke umuntu wobulili obufana naye lalijaha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho owesilisa ehleli esidlekeni futhi ebona intokazi yomuntu isondela kuye, akazange asheshe alwe impi.
“Inkosi” yesidleke yaqala ukushaya amaphiko ayo ngokushesha, yenza imisindo yokuheha insikazi yayo. Ngakho waxosha "dodict" womunye umuntu. Izithokazi ezingomama eziqaphele owesilisa ongaziwa zenze into efanayo. Waxoshwa ngumyeni kamama. Ngemuva kokuxoshwa komfokazi, izinyoni zazigijima zizungeza isidleke, ngoba umfokazi wayengahambi ngaso leso sikhathi indawo ayithandayo (uBobrovsky, 2003, http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printout/Dodo.shtml).
2.4. Izici zamandla
Ama-dodoes adla izithelo ezivuthiwe zomuthi wesundu we-latania, owawa phansi, kanye namahlamvu kanye namaqabunga, cishe okuwukuphela kokudla kwe-dodo. Izinyoni zithande kakhulu izithelo ezinkulu zesihlahla esibizwa nge-Dodo Tree (Ice Age 2010, http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Dodo.shtml).
Ukutholwa kwamatshe esiswini kungasebenza njengobufakazi bohlobo lokudla kwalezi zinyoni. Ikhathalogu endala yesiNgisi yonyaka ka-1656, enombhalo othi “Dodo ovela esiqhingini saseMauritius, ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu, ayikwazi ukundiza,” kubhekisele esibonelweni sezinyoni esasaziwa ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaphambi kokuba yokwethuka, le dodo yayiboniswa isikhathi eside kuwo wonke umuntu owayefuna ukubona isimangaliso sendalo futhi yamangaza kakhulu abaseLondon ngokuziphatha kwayo. Isibonelo, ngokugwinya amathenta ngokuzithandela. Kweminye imithombo yemibhalo, kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi amatshe atholakala esiswini sedodo, ebamba iqhaza ngokusobala enqubweni yokugaya ukudla.
UFrancois Lega wabhala ukuthi itshe elikhishwe esiswini sedodo lalinsundu, lilukhuni futhi linzima, ubungako beqanda lezinkukhu. Ngaphandle, lalinendawo eyindilinga, eyindilinga ngapha nangapha. ULega nozakwabo bafika esiphethweni, "... ukuthi leli yitshe lokuzalwa, ngoba litholakala ezinyangeni nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiteshi esiholela kusuka kusiwe esiswini sinciphile kakhulu ukuba into ingadlula kuyo ngisho nengxenye incane njengetshe. Silisebenzisele ngokuzithandela ukujikisa imimese ”(http://www.mybirds.ru/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t58317.html).
2,5. Izitha nezici zokunciphisa umkhawulo
Esiqhingini lapho kwakuhlala khona i-dodo, kwakungekho izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu ezazizoyizingela. Lesi sidalwa esikhohliseka kalula, esinokuthula ngokweqile salahlekelwa ngokuphelele yikhono lokubona izitha. Ukuphela kokuvikela i-dodo kwakunguqhwaku. Ngo-1607, u-Admiral Verguven wavakashela iMauritius, ebingowokuqala ukubona ukuthi ama-dodoes, kuvela ukuthi, angalimaza kakhulu (Darrell, 2002, http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-6576.html).
Ngemuva kokutholakala kwalezi ziqhingi, abantu baqala ukuzishabalalisa ngentshiseko izinyoni ezihlaselayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingulube zichotshoziwe zangena eziqhingini, zichotshozwe amaqanda edodo, izimbuzi, ezazihlanzwa ngamabhasi, lapho ama-dodo akha izidleke zazo, izinja namakati zichithe izinyoni ezindala nezincane, nezingulube kanye namagundane kudle amantshontsho azo (iLeopold, 2000).
2.6. Umphumela wemvelo wokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane
Iqiniso elijabulisayo maqondana nama-dodos latholakala ngo-1973, lapho ososayensi beveza iqiniso lokuthi kukhona izihlahla ezindala esiqhingini saseMauritius - ikhalvariometer engavuseleli nhlobo. Izihlahla zalolu hlobo esikhathini esidlule nazo bezingajwayelekile kulesi siqhingi, futhi manje sekungakhuli amakhalori angaphezu kweshumi nesigamu kuyo yonke indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-2045. Kwavela ukuthi iminyaka yabo idlula iminyaka engama-300. Izihlahla bezisanikeza amantongomane, kepha akukho neyodwa yamakha evele yahluma, kwavela izihlahla ezintsha. Kepha cishe eminyakeni engama-300 edlule ngo-1681 idodo lokugcina labulawa esiqhingini esifanayo. Isazi semvelo saseMelika uStanley Temil wakwazi ukuthola ukuxhumana phakathi kokunyamalala kwe-dodo nokuqothulwa kwe-calvary. Uveza ukuthi lezi zinyoni zaziyinto ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezihlahla. Ubuye waphakamisa ukuthi amantongomane angeke aqhume aze ancibilikiswe yi-dodo futhi adlule emathunjini akhe. Amagagasi adonswa yidodo esiswini sakhe aqothula igobolondo elinzima lamantongomane, kwaqhuma amacalva. UTemil uphakamisa ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kukhule igobolondo eliqinile ngoba imbewu yaseCalvary yagwinya amajuba eDodo ngokuzithandela.
Ukuhlola i-hypothesis, amantongomane ayondliwa ama-turkeys ngesisu esifanayo, futhi izihlahla ezintsha zakhula kusuka kuwo ngemuva kokudlula ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla. Ngokunyamalala kwe-dodo, ayikho enye inyoni eMauritius engabhubhisa igobolondo elinzima lamantongomane, futhi lezi zihlahla zabekwa engcupheni (iBobrovsky, 2003, http://km.ru:8080/magazin/view.asp?id=C12A7036E18E469CAA6022BE1699E434).
2.7. Izinsalela ezibonakalayo zezinhlobo
Isikhathi eside ngemuva kokubhujiswa kwedodo, akekho noyedwa owathola ubufakazi bokuba khona kwale nyoni. Abazingeli beDodo, bedumazekile futhi benamahloni, babuya ngalutho. Kepha uJ. Clark (Umdeni 11.), Ngokungakholelwa emasikweni endawo, ngenkani waqhubeka nokufuna amakhamera akhohliwe. Wakhuphuka izintaba nezindawo zokubhukuda, ezingaphezu kwesisodwa sekhamera edabula emahlathini anamahloni, wemba umhlaba, wagcwala izintaba ezinothuli emaweni nasemifuleni. Inhlanhla ihlala ifikelwa yilabo abaphikelela ukuyifinyelela. Futhi lapha uClark wayenenhlanhla: kwesinye isigamu wagebha amathambo amaningi enyoni enkulu. URichard Owen (isazi sezilwane saseNgilandi kanye ne-paleontologist) bahlolisisa la mathambo ngokuningana futhi wakufakazela ukuthi ngele-dodo.
U-fig. Ukwembiwa kukaJ. Clark kwisitembu sokuposa (http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en)
Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, uhulumeni wakulesi siqhingi saseMauritius wayala ukumba okuningana okwenziwe esigcawini esatholwa nguClark. Sithole amathambo amaningi e-dodo nezithambo eziningi ezigcwele ezihlobisa amahholo ngamaqoqo abaluleke kakhulu eminyuziyamu ethile emhlabeni.
Ngemuva komlilo eMnyuziyamu wase-Oxford ngo-1755, kwashiswa amathambo okugcina.
Iqembu lesazi sembali yamaDashi ngo-2006 lathola ingxenye yamathambo edodi esiqwini saseMauritius (Fig.). Phakathi kwezinsalela ezitholakalayo yingxenye ye-femur, paws, umlomo, umgogodla kanye namaphiko e-dodo. Amathambo enyoni eyanyamalala atholakala enkambini eyomile yaseMauritius. Abaphenyi baseDashi baqhubeka nokusesha futhi banethemba lokuthola wonke amathambo.
Amathambo e-Dodo akavamile njengamaqanda akhe, yize kungokutholakele okubaluleke kakhulu kwesayensi.
Njengamanje, iqanda le-dodo elilodwa kuphela eligcinwe. Ezinye izazi zezilwane zibheka leliqanda elikhulu elinombala okhilimu njengombukiso obaluleke kakhulu wesayensi yayo. Kufanele ibe ngamakhulu amakhilogremu abiza kakhulu kuneqanda eliphakeme eliluhlaza okotshani omkhulu noma iqanda lezinyo lendlovu le-Madagascar epiornis, inyoni enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni wasendulo (Fedorov, 2001).
I-Dodo idala intshisekelo enkulu ezweni lesayensi. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi amathemba wokubuyiselwa kwale nhlobo ngezindlela zobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo kuxoxwe ngakho nawo eminyakeni yamuva (Green World, 2007).
2.8. Imibono yokubuyiselwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane
Iqembu lezazi zezinto eziphilayo zaseMelika lakwazi ukwahlukanisa iDNA (Fig.) Izinyoni ezivela egobolondeni leqanda elilodwa.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Paleo-DNA (isb. I-DNA evela ezinsalela zasendulo) kwenziwe isikhathi eside. Kepha kuze kube manje, abacwaningi basebenzise ubuchwepheshe bokukhishwa kwezinto zofuzo emathanjeni ezilwane zasendulo, ikakhulukazi izinyoni.
Ngo-1999, ososayensi baseBrithani baqala uhlelo lokuzijabulisa besebenzisa izinto ezigciniwe zofuzo ezivela ezilwaneni ezingasasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inyoni edumile ye-dodo yakhethwa njengento yokuqala.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi eMoscow, e-State Darwin Museum, kunesinye sezikebhe ezimbalwa ze-dodo. Ososayensi bazi amayunithi ambalwa wamathambo (i-Fig.) Namathambo edodo, nekhophi eligcinwe eMnyuziyamu weDarwin ukuphela kweRussia.
Abaphenyi eMnyuziyamu waseDarwin bazwakalise ukungabaza okukhulu ngomphumela ophumelelayo walokhu kuhlolwa, okhethwe ngososayensi abangamaNgisi. Izimpikiswano zazinjalo. Okokuqala, akunakwenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi okunezici ezintathu njengama-DNA kulondolozwe kahle. Ngokusho kwabasebenzi bemnyuziyamu, ngisho nezidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo, ezihlala endaweni evulekile, akunakwenzeka ukubahlukanisa i-DNA engabonakali - bonke "baphukile". Okwesibili, iDNA uqobo lwayo ayiziphindi. Ukuqala inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwaso, udinga imvelo efanelekile - i-cytoplasm namanye ama-organelles asendaweni yeseli ephilayo.
Lokho yikho kanye ukuphumelela kwamanje kwezazi zesayensi yemvelo zaseMelika ukuthi bakha ubuchwepheshe bokwehlukaniswa kwezinto zofuzo (i-DNA) hhayi amathambo, kepha kusuka kumaqanda amaqanda. Ababhali balo msebenzi omusha bathola ukuthi kungale ngxenye lapho inqwaba ye-DNA ikhona - kubonakala sengathi ivaliwe emgungundlovu we-calcium carbonate. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, ngesikhathi sokukhishwa emathanjeni, iningi le-calcium lalivele lihlanzwe ngaphandle kokuqala. Ngemuva kwakho konke, njengoba bekwenza ngaphambili, bakhipha izinsalela zezinsimbi zamathambo besebenzisa izindlela ezikhethekile, bakubeka ku-saline yezomzimba futhi bakhipha konke okweqile. Ngemuva kwalokho, kwakhethwa amaseli alondolozwe kahle futhi ama-nuclei "abhalwa" kuwo (khumbula ukuthi yi-nuclei equkethe i-DNA).
Impumelelo ibinkulu kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelwe. Kwakungenzeka ukuthi ungatholakali i-DNA yenuzi kuphela, kodwa futhi ne-DNA yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-mitochondria - organelles esebenza njengeziteshi zamandla eselula. I-Mitochondrial DNA incane kune-nyuklea, ngakho-ke ilondolozwa kangcono kumasampula futhi kulula ukuyikhipha. Kodwa-ke, inolwazi oluncane kakhulu ngesidalwa esiphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu lwazi ludluliselwa enzalweni kuphela ngentambo yowesifazane.
Ngokusho kososayensi, igobolondo liwumthombo ofanele we-DNA, hhayi ngoba kulula ukukhipha kuwo ama-nucleic acid kulo. Enye inzuzo “ukuheha” okuphansi kwegobolondo lamagciwane ane-DNA engcolisa iDNA yezinhlobo ozifunayo futhi kwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisana nakho.
Noma kunjalo, umbuzo othakazelisa kakhulu uhlala uvulekile: kungenzeka yini ukuthi usebenzise i-DNA etholakele ukuphinda wenze izilwane ezivele zingapheli?
Kubonakala sengathi akukho ukulinganiselwa okuyisisekelo kwinqubo yokuhlangana. Isisekelo esiyisisekelo sicacile: sithutha iseli le-nuclei etholakele liye kumaqanda ezinkomo, ngaphambilini elancishwa ama-nuclei endabuko (kulula kakhulu ukusebenza ngamaqanda ezinkomo: zikhulu ngobukhulu, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqizwa kwabo buqaliwe, kukhona amabhange ezinto ezinjengamaseli), bese kuba ngumama "wohlobo oluphelele" wohlobo oluhlobene nalo ophethe umbungu ... Kuhlala kunjalo vele ulinde. Endabeni yezimvu ezibunjiweyo zikaDolly, izinga lokuphumelela lali-0,02% (Morozov, 2010).
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