I-anatomy yezinyoni * Ama-vertebrates

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I-bird Anatomy - Ukwakheka komzimba wenyoni, okubonakala ngezimo ezihlukile, okuhloswe ngokuyindiza. Izinyoni zathuthukisa isikhumba esikhanyayo kanye nesistimu yemisipha ekhanyayo kodwa enamandla, enamandla, yokujikeleza nokuphefumula evumelaniswa nezinga eliphakeme le-metabolic kanye nezinga eliphakeme lokulethwa komoya-mpilo, okuvumela izinyoni ukundiza. Ukuthuthukiswa komlomo kuholele ekwakhelweni kohlelo lokugaya ukudla okunezici. Zonke lezi zinto ezikhethekile eziholela ekuholeni kwazo ziholele ekuhlukaniseni phansi kwezinyoni ngezinqubo zendabuko futhi ezijwayelekile zokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba se-vertebrates esihlukile.

Uhlelo lokuphefumula

Ukuqinisekisa imetabolism enkulu ngenkathi indiza, izinyoni zidinga inani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo. Ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izinyoni zathuthukisa uhlelo oluhlukile, olubizwa ngokuphefumula okuqhubekayo. Ukuphefumula kwamaphaphu kwenzeka ngosizo lomoya, lapho kumanje zitholakala kuphela ezinyonini (mhlawumbe zazisekudayineni).

Izikhwama zomoya azibambi iqhaza ekushintshisaneni ngegesi, kepha gcina umoya futhi usebenze njengama-furs, okuvumela amaphaphu ukuthi alondoloze umthamo wawo ngokugeleza okuqhubekayo komoya omusha ngawo.

Lapho umoya ugeleza ngohlelo lwezikhwama namaphaphu, akukho ukuxubaniswa komoya onothile komoya-mpilo, ngokungafani nohlelo lokuphefumula lwezilwane ezincelisayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ingcindezi engafani yokuthola umoya-mpilo emaphashini ezinyoni ihlala ifana nasemoyeni, okuholela ekushintshanisweni kwegesi okusebenza kahle kakhudlwana komoya-mpilo naku-carbon dioxide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umoya udlula emaphashini womabili ugqozi kanye nokuphefumula, ngenxa yezikhwama zomoya ezisebenza njengendawo yokugcina umoya elandelayo ingxenye yomoya.

Amaphaphu wezinyoni awanayo i-alveoli, njengakwezilwane ezincelisayo, kodwa aqukethe izigidi zama-parabronchae athambile axhumeke emaphethelweni nge-dorsobronchuses kanye ne-ventrobronchs. I-capillary idlula parabronch ngayinye. Igazi kubo nomoya nomoya ku-parabronchus uhamba ngezindlela eziphambene. Ukushintshwa kwegesi kwenzeka ngomgoqo obangelwa umoya.

Uhlelo lokujikeleza

Izinyoni zinenhliziyo enamakamelo amane, njengezilwane eziningi ezincelisayo nezinye ezihuquzelayo (ngokwesibonelo, izingwenya). Lokhu kuhlukanisa kukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi, ukuhlukanisa igazi eligcwele i-oksijini nezakhi kanye negazi eligcwele imikhiqizo ye-metabolic. Ngokungafani nezilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni zigcina i-arch efanele. Ukuze ulondoloze umsebenzi, inhliziyo yenza ukushaya okuningi ngomzuzu, ngokwesibonelo, ku-hummingbird ene-ruby enomphimbo, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo lingafinyelela ku-1200 ngomzuzu (ukushaya okungu-20 ngomzuzwana).

Uhlelo lokugaya

I-avian esophagus iyanda kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kulezi zinyoni eziphoqelelwa ukuba zigwinye ukudla okukhulu (ngokwesibonelo, inhlanzi) ngendlela yokuphila. Ezinyoni eziningi, i-goiter ivame ukutholakala - ukunwetshwa kwe-esophagus, ecebile kwizindlala. I-Goiter isebenza njengendawo yokudla yalezi zinyoni ezidla inani elikhulu lokudla ngokushesha, bese ibulawa yindlala isikhathi eside. Kuzinyoni ezinjalo, ukudla kungena i-goiter, bese kungena kancane kancane esiswini. Kwezinye izinyoni (inkukhu, upholi), i-goiter iqala ukuhlukaniswa kokudla okuyisisekelo, futhi ingena esiswini ngendlela yokugaya. Ezinyoni ezidla inyama, i-goiter iqongelela izinhlayiya zokuphakela ezingatholakali - izimpaphe, amathambo, uvolo, njll., Ezihlakazwa ngendlela yemigqomo. Izindlala ze-goiter zezinyoni ezithile (ngokwesibonelo, amajuba) zikhiqiza imfihlo ekhethekile ye-curd - "ubisi lwenyoni" (ubisi lwe-goiter), olusetshenziselwa ukondla amachwane. Ubisi lwakhiwa kwabesilisa nabesilisa. Kuma-flamesos namaphengwini, izindlala ze-esophagus nesisu zenza imfihlo efanayo.

Ingxenye yangaphandle yesisu senyoni ibizwa ngokuthi isisu esiswini, ikuphatha ukudla ngamakhemikhali, futhi ingxenye engemuva, isisu semisipha, isebenza ngokudla.

Ingxenye yesisu esiswini ithuthukiswa kakhudlwana futhi ingcono kulezo zinyoni ezigwinya inani elikhulu lokudla ngasikhathi. Lapha, kukhululwa ama-enzymes ahlukahlukene emithanjeni, asize ukuncibilikisa ukudla okufike lapha. Imfihlo yezithako zokugaya zezinyoni isebenza kahle. Ezinyoni eziningi ezidla inyama, incibilikisa ingxenye yamathambo, futhi kwabadli izinhlanzi, isikali senhlanzi. Kodwa-ke, izikhova nama-shrikes awagayi amathambo. I-Chitin, i-keratin kanye ne-fiber azigaywanga kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinyoni (zitholwa kuphela ngamajuba, izinkukhu namadada ngenxa yamagciwane ahlala emathunjini).

Ingxenye yemisipha yesisu ihlukaniswe amathumbu yi-sphincter, izicubu zomzimba ezi-annular ezivimbela ukungena kwezicucu zamathambo nezinye izinhlayiya ezingafakwanga emathunjini. Isisu esinemisipha sezinyoni ezondla inyama ye-granivorous and arthropod (amajuba, izintshe, amakhreyithi, ama-passerines, amahansi, izinkukhu), njengoba negama laso lisho, kubonakaliswa yi-musculature ethuthukisiwe, eyakha ama-tendon disks. Ngisho nezindonga zesisu zibamba iqhaza ekusebenzeni kokudla. Kwezinye izinyoni (ama-carnivores kanye nabadli izinhlanzi), izicubu zesigaba semisipha esiswini azikhiqizwa kahle, futhi ingxenye enkulu ukucubungulwa kwamakhemikhali kokudla ngosizo lwama-enzyme avela lapha esiswini se-glandular iyaqhubeka. Izinduna ze-tubular zesisu semisipha yezinyoni eziningi zakha i-cuticle: igobolondo le-keratin eliqinile, futhi elisiza ukucubungula ngomshini ukudla (gaya). Ezinye izinyoni ziginya amatshe abilayo, ingilazi, amathambo, njll.

Izinyoni ezidla izinhlanzi nazo zine-pyloric sac, ingxenye yesithathu yesisu, lapho ukudla kufakwa ngaphansi kokucutshungulwa ngokuphelele.

Ukudla okugaywe esiswini kungena kwi-duodenum, bese kungena emathunjini amancane. Izinyoni eziningi nazo zine-cecum enemisebenzi yokugaya ukudla, kepha kwezinye izinyoni i-cecum ibuye ibe rudimentary. I-cecum ithuthukiswa kakhulu ezinyoni ezinamakhambi.

I-rectum iqongelela imfucumfucu yokudla engafakwanga, idlula ingene e-cloaca. I-Cesspool - isitho esivame kwizinyoni nakokhokho babo abaphindayo. Imigqa ebabazekayo yezinhlelo zokuchama nezokuzala nazo iyavuleka i-cesspool. Ngasohlangothini lwesidwaba se-cesspool yisikhwama sendwangu, isitho sincishiswe kakhulu ezinyangeni ezindala (kusukela ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili ubudala), kepha kuvame ukusebenza ezinyangeni ezincane. Isikhwama seFabrice sakha ama-lymphocyte namaseli amhlophe wegazi.

Isibindi sezinyoni sikhulu ngokulingana nosayizi womzimba wazo, izinhlayiya zazo ze-bile zingena kwi-duodenum. Izinyoni eziningi nazo zinesifo senyongo, esihlinzeka ngamanani amaningi e-bile emathunjini ukuze kusebenze ukudla okunamanzi nokuningi okunamafutha.

Ama-pancreas ezinyoni anezinhlobo ezihlukile futhi ahlala akhula kahle, amakhudlwana kunesitho esifanayo kwizilwane ezincelisayo maqondana nosayizi womzimba wazo. Ama-pancreas makhulu kuma-carnivores futhi mncane kuma-carnivores.

Inqubo yokugaya izinyoni iyashesha futhi inamandla. Inyama nezithelo kugaywa ngokushesha, imbewu nezinhlamvu - kuhamba kancane. Emini, inyoni ingadla kakhulu, futhi idlule kakhulu ubuncane bezakhi zomzimba. Ngakho-ke, izikhova ezincane, ngokwesibonelo, zigaya igundane ngamahora ama-4, ama-passerines anamanzi ngemizuzu engama-8-10. Izinhlamvu zenkukhu zigaywe kungakapheli amahora ayi-12- 24. Izinambuzane zigcwala amahlandla ama-5-6 ngosuku, granivivorous kabili. Izinyoni ezidla inyama zidla kanye noma kabili ngosuku. Izinyoni ezincane zidla cishe ngo-1/4 wesisindo sazo ngosuku, izinyoni ezinkulu cishe nge-1/10. Ama-Tikhu adla kaningi kunezinyoni ezindala. Ngakho-ke, i-tit enkulu iletha ukudla amachwane cishe izikhathi ezingama-350-390 ngosuku, kanti amaMelika wren cishe izikhathi ezingama-600. Ngakho-ke, ukubaluleka kwezinyoni ezingavikeleki emvelweni nasekuphileni komuntu kuyacaca. Ngokwezibalo zika-E. N. Golovanova (1975), umndeni onenkanyezi udla ama-70-80 g ezinambuzane ngosuku. Esikhathini sokudlekwa kwezimbotshana, izithombo zezinkanyezi zihlanza izihlahla ezingama-70 kwizimbungulu zesilika ezingafakwanga, izihlahla ezingama-40 eziphuma emithini yamahlumela.

Isidingo samanzi enyoni yezinyoni siphansi. Ukuhwamuka kwezikhumba zezinyoni akunakwa, ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi avela kumchamo abanjwa emuva lapho umchamo usengxenyeni engenhla ye-cloaca. Ama-carnivores nama-carnivores awaphuzi nakancane.

I-Integument

Umzimba wale nyoni cishe umbozwe ngokuphelele ngezimpaphe, okuwukutholakala kwezikali ezihuquzelayo futhi, ezigabeni zokuqala, ukhula ngendlela efanayo. Izindawo zesikhumba ezimbozwe izimpaphe (imivimbo evame kakhulu) yi-pterillia, izikhala zamahhala phakathi kwazo i-aptheria. Izimpaphe zihlukile ngesakhiwo ngokuya ngomsebenzi nendawo yomzimba. Umbala oyinhloko yi-melanin, enikeza yonke imibala kusuka kokumnyama kuya kokuphuzi, kepha kukhona neminye eyengeziwe (ama-carotenoids), ngokwesibonelo, ama-pheasants ekugqokeni kokuhlobisa ane-astaxanthin ebomvu, i-zooxanthin inikeza umbala ophuzi ophuzi, ngokwesibonelo, kuma-canaries, ngaphezu kwalokho kune-carotenoids eyingqayizivele I-Turaco yase-Afrika (i-porphyrin (ebomvu) ne-turacoverdin (eluhlaza) yehlukile ngethusi nensimbi, ngokulandelana).

Ukuhlanza ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinyoni ezindala kwenzeka kabili ngonyaka: ngaphambi nangemva kokuzalela, kodwa kunezindlela eziningi. Umshini ukuhlukaniswa kwe-epidermis, okulandelwa ukulahleka kwezimpaphe, kanti i-epidermis nayo iyaphuma kakhulu endaweni ye-aptheria (izindawo ezingenanawo umbala). Ukushintshwa kwezimpaphe ku-oda elithile, ngenxa yamahomoni e-pituitary and gland yegilo. Ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokuzalela, kuphela ukuvela okungaphansi okubangela ukuthi ingubo yokuzalela iguquke, futhi emva kokuzala kabusha ushintsho oluphelele (futhi ngokwephethini ethile: njengomthetho, ukusuka esiqwini kuya emaphethelweni omzimba ukuze kungalimazi indiza). Ezingxenyeni ezincane kuvame ukuhamba ngokushesha, ngamakhulu kungahamba unyaka wonke (izinkozi). I-Waterfowl ichitha ngokushesha okukhulu, ngakho-ke ngemuva kwesikhathi sokuzalela abakwazi ukundiza, baphoqeleka ukuba bacashe.

Uhlelo lweSkeleton

Izinyoni zinamathambo amaningi angenalutho (ama-pneumatised) anezimpawu ezihlanganayo noma ama-rafter amandla aqukethe amandla. Inani lamathambo angenalutho lihlukahluka ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene, yize izinyoni ezinkulu ezinyakazayo futhi ezikhuphukayo zivame kakhulu. Ama-airs aphefumulayo avame ukudala amaphakethe omoya ngaphakathi kwamathambo angenalutho okuyinyoni yamathambo. Amathambo e-waterfowl avame ukungabi nalutho kunasezinhlotsheni, hhayi ekumbizeni. Ama-penguin, amalogi kanye nama-puffin ahlanganiswa ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwamathambo. Izinyoni ezingenazintambo ezinjengezintshe kanye ne-emus, ezihlotshwe insikazi futhi, esimweni se-emu, i-pneumatic cervical vertebrae.

Amathambo e-Axial

Inyoni yamathambo ivumelaniswa kakhulu nendiza. Kukhanya kakhulu, kepha kwanele ukubekezelela izingcindezi ezinzima ukuthatha, ukundiza, nomhlaba. Enye yezindlela eziphambili zokuguquguquka kwamathambo ukufakwa kwamathambo ama-ossication owodwa, njenge-pygostyle. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinyoni zivame ukuba namathambo ambalwa kunamanye ama-vertebrates asemhlabeni. Izinyoni nazo zishoda ngamazinyo noma umhlathi wangempela, futhi esikhundleni salokho zibe nomlomo, okulula kakhulu. Imilomo yamachwane amaningi inomugqa obizwa ngezinyo leqanda, esiza ukuphuma kwawo eqandeni le-amniotic, elihlinzeka ngokushesha lapho esewenzile umsebenzi wakhe.

Isipinashi

Umgogodla uhlukaniswe izigaba ezinhlanu ze-vertebrae:

Isibeletho (11-25) (intamo)
Isiqu (umgogodla noma i-thorax) ye-vertebrae sivame ukuhlangana sibe yi-notarium.
I -lexum eyinkimbinkimbi (i-vertebrae ehlangene yemuva nokuhlanganiswa okhalweni / pelvis). Lesi sifunda sifana ne-sacrum ezilwaneni ezincelisayo futhi ihlukile emajuba ngoba yi-fusion ye-sacral, lumbar kanye ne-caudal vertebrae. Inamathele kwi-pelvis futhi isekela ukuhamba komhlaba kwemilenze yejuba.
I-Caudal (5-10): Le ndawo iyefana ne-coccyx esezwaneni ezincelisayo futhi isiza ukulawula ukuhamba kwezimpaphe ngenkathi indiza.
I-Pygostyle (umsila): Le ndawo iqukethe ama-vertebrae ama-4 kuye kwayi-7 futhi iphuzu lokunamathiselwa kwepeni.

Intamo yenyoni iqukethe i-13-25 yomlomo wesibeletho evumela izinyoni ukuba zikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Intamo eguquguqukayo ivumela izinyoni eziningi ezinamehlo agxilile ukuba zihambise amakhanda azo ngokuthe xaxa futhi maphakathi nendawo zibheka izinto eziseduze noma kude kakhulu. Izinyoni eziningi zinama-vertebrae wesibeletho aphindwe kathathu njengabantu, okuvumela ukwanda okuqinile ngesikhathi sokunyakaza okusheshayo njengokundiza, ukugibela nokuhamba. Umlomo wesibeletho ubamba iqhaza ekushayweni kwekhanda, okukhona okungenani kuma-oda angu-8 kwezingu-27 zezinyoni, kufaka phakathi iPigeon, Inkukhu neGruiformes. I-Head-wiggle iyimpendulo ye-opokinetic eqinisa ukuhlelwa kwezinyoni njengoba zishintshana phakathi kwesigaba sokudonswa phansi nesigaba sokugcinwa. Qondisa ikhanda kanye nemilenze njengoba ikhanda lihamba ngokuhambisana nomzimba wonke. Ubufakazi obuvela ocwaningweni obuhlukahlukene bukhombisa ukuthi imbangela eyinhloko yokushayeka ekhanda kwezinye izinyoni ukuqinisa indawo ezikuyo, yize kungacaci ukuthi kungani ezinye, kodwa hhayi yonke imiyalo yezinyoni ekhombisa ubhontshisi wekhanda.

Izinyoni yizo kuphela izidakamizwa ezine-clavicles ezihlanganisiwe ne-keel sternum. I-keel sternum isebenza njengendawo yokunamathisela imisipha esetshenziselwa ukundiza noma ukubhukuda. Izinyoni ezingenazindiza, ezinjengezintshe, zintula i-keel sternum futhi zinemithambo emincane namathambo amakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinyoni ezindizayo. Ama-Waterfowl anama-sternum abanzi, izinyoni ezihambahamba zinama-sternum amade, kanti izinyoni ezindizayo zine-sternum ecishe ilingane nobubanzi nokuphakama.

Isifuba sakhiwe ngemfoloko (levers) ne-coracoid (clavicle), okuthi, kanye nesikhafu, sakheke ibhande lamahlombe. Uhlangothi lwesifuba lwakhiwa ngezimbambo eziphendula i-sternum (midline esifubeni).

Igebhezi

Isigaxa sakhiwe ngamathambo amakhulu amahlanu: i-frontal (engxenyeni engenhla yekhanda), i-parietal (emuva kwekhanda), i-premaxillary ne-nasal (umlomo ongaphezulu) nomhlathi ophansi (umlomo ongaphansi). Igebhezi lenyoni ejwayelekile livame ukuba nesisindo esingu-1% wesisindo somzimba wenyoni. Iso lithatha inani elikhulu likakhanda futhi lizungezwe yindandatho yeso eliyisikhafu, indandatho yamathambo amancane. Lesi sici siyabonakala nakwizilwane ezihuquzelayo.

Ngokokukhuluma nje, izithungo zezinyoni zakhiwa ngamathambo amaningi amancane, ahlekisayo. I-Paedomorphosis, ukugcinwa kwesimo sofuzo kubantu abadala, kukholelwa ukuthi kube nomthelela ekudalekeni kwesikhumba se-avian. Ngamafuphi, ama-skulls amadala abantu abadala azofana neentsha uhlobo lwamadayinas abo e-anthropod. Lapho izinhlobo zezinyoni sezithuthukile futhi kwenzeka i-paedomorphosis, alahlekelwe ithambo lomlomo wesibeletho ngemuva kwamehlo, kwi-ectopterygoid ngemuva kwasesandleni namazinyo. Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali nazo zishintshwa kakhulu ngoshintsho, ikakhulukazi izakhi zomzimba ezibonwa kumathambo e-ptyergoid, palatine kanye ne-zygomatic. Ukwehla kwamangqamuzana okuhola nakho kwenzeka. Zonke lezi zimo zibonakala ngendlela yokhokho babo. Ithambo elenza incisor libuye libe ne-hypertrophied ukuthi yakhe uqhwaku ngenkathi i-maxillary iqala ukwenza inkontileka, njengoba kwaphakanyiswa kuzo zombili izifundo zokuthuthuka kanye ne-paleontological. Lokhu kunwetshwa komlomo kungenzekile kuhambisana nokulahleka kohlangothi olusebenzayo, nasendaweni yokuthuthukiswa kwephuzu elingaphambi komlomo olufana “nomunwe”. IRgaytaghaga yaziwa futhi ukuthi idlala indima enkulu ekuziphatheni okunempilo kwezinhlanzi.

Ukwakheka kwesigebhezi sale nyoni kunomthelela obalulekile ekuziphatheni kwawo. Izinyoni zikhombisa ukuhamba okuzimele kwamathambo kaswazi, owaziwa ngokuthi yi-cranial kinesis. I-cranial kinesis ezinyoni yenzeka ngezindlela eziningi, kepha zonke izinhlobo ezihlukene zonke ziye zaba ngenxa yesimo seseyili. Izilwane ezinamathambo amakhulu agqagqene (kufaka phakathi okhokho bezinyoni zesimanje) zinezikhumba ze-akinetic (non-kinetic). Ngalesi sizathu, kuye kwahlongozwa ukuthi i-paedomorphic bird beak ingahle ibonwe njengokuqamba kwemvelo.

Izinyoni zinezithende zogebhezi, njengakwezirhubuluzi, ezinefossa ngaphambili (ezifumaneka kwezinye ezihubhayo). Isigaxa sine-condyle eyodwa ye-occipital.

Umthambo wesithasiselo

Ihlombe liqukethe i-scapula (i-scapula), i-coracoid ne-humerus (umphambili). I-humerus ijoyina i-radius ne-ulna (i-forearm) ukwakha i-elbow. Esihlakaleni kanye ne-metacarpus bakha i- “wist” kanye “nesandla” senyoni futhi izinombolo ziyahlangana. Amathambo asephikweni akhanya kakhulu, ngakho-ke inyoni indiza kalula.

Izinkalo ziqukethe i-pelvis, efaka amathambo amathathu ayinhloko: lapho ubhalisa i-ilium (ithanga elingaphezulu), ischium (uhlangothi lwethanga), ne-pubis (ngaphambili kwethanga). Bahlanganiswe baba munye (ithambo elingaziwa). Amathambo angenamagama anencazelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngoba avumela izinyoni ukuba zibekele amaqanda azo. Zitholakala ku-acetabulum (ithanga) kanye nasesidlekeni se-articular nge-femur, okuyithambo lokuqala lomlenze wesibeletho.

Umlenze ongenhla uqukethe i-femur. Kuhlanganiswe edolweni, i-femur ihlangana ne-tibiotarzus (umlenze ophansi) ne-fibula (ohlangothini lomlenze ophansi). Ingalo yakha ingxenye engenhla yonyawo, izinombolo zakha iminwe. Amathambo emilenze yezinyoni asindayo, anikela endaweni ephansi yamandla adonsela phansi, asiza endizeni. Isikhumba sezinyoni sakha cishe ama-5% wesisindo somzimba sisonke.

Zine-pelvis ephakeme kakhulu ye-tetradiate, efana nesilwane esithile sasekhaya. Izimbambo zangemuva zinokuhlanganiswa kwangaphakathi kwangaphakathi kutholakala nakwezinye ezihuquzelayo. Kukhona ukuhlanganiswa okubanzi kwesiqu se-vertebral, kanye nokuhlanganiswa ngebhande lamahlombe.

Izinyawo zezinyoni zihlukaniswa njenge-anisodactyl, i-zygodactyl, i-heterodactyl, i-syndactyl noma i-pamprodactyl. I-Anisodactyl ilungiselelo lezinombolo elivame kakhulu ezinyangeni, elineminwe emithathu phambili nelinye emuva. Ihlala itholakala kwizinyoni zezingoma nezinye izinyoni ezilengayo, kanye nezinyoni ezizingelayo ezinjengezinkozi, izinkozi namanga.

Nge-Syndactyly, njengoba kwenzeka ezinyoni, ubude obufanayo beminwe ehambisanayo, ngaphandle kokuthi iminwe yesithathu neyesine (ukukhomba iminwe kwangaphandle naphakathi), noma iminwe emithathu, kuhlanganiswe ndawonye, njengasebhande likaKingfisher Ceryle alcyon . Lokhu kujwayelekile kumaRakshoobraznyh (ama-kingfishers, abadla izinyosi, ama-roller, njll.).

IZygodactyl (kusuka esiGrekini ζυγοí, ijoka) imilenze inezinzwane ezimbili ezibheke phambili (izinombolo ezimbili nezithathu) kanye nama-back back (isibalo sokuqala nesine). Leli lungiselelo livame kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zasendle, ikakhulukazi lezo ezikhuphuka iziqu zemithi noma zigibela ngamahlamvu. IZygodactyly yenzeka emaphashini, kuma-woodpeckers (kufaka phakathi ama-scintillators), amakhukhamba (kufaka nabasebenza emigwaqweni), nezinye izikhova. Ukutholakala kwe-Zygodactyl kutholakala kusuka ku-120-110 Ma (i-Early Cretaceous), iminyaka engama-50 million ngaphambi kokulahleka kokugcina kwama-zygodactyl.

I-Heterodactyly, njenge-zygodactyly, ngaphandle kokuthi izinombolo zingamaphuzu amathathu namane kuya phambili nezinombolo zilandelana nokubuyela emuva. Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela kuma-trogons, ngenkathi i-pamprodactyl iyindlela lapho yonke iminwe emine ingakhomba phambili, noma izinyoni zijikeleze iminwe emibili yangaphandle ibuyela emuva. Lesi yisimo se-swaps (i-Apodidae).

Uhlelo lomsipha

Izinyoni eziningi zinemisipha ehlukene cishe engu-175, ikakhulukazi elawula amaphiko, isikhumba nemilenze. Imisipha emikhulu kakhulu yenyoni yi-pectoralis noma izicubu zesifuba, ezilawula amaphiko futhi zakha cishe u-15-25% wesisindo somzimba sabaqashi bezinyoni. Banikeza isiteleka esinamaphiko anamandla esidingekayo sendiza. Umsipha we-medial K (ngezansi) nge-pectoralis yi-supracoracoideus. Uphakamisa iphiko phakathi kwamaphiko. Womabili la maqembu emisipha anamathiselwe ku-keel ye-sternum. Lokhu kuyamangalisa ngoba amanye ama-vertebrate anemisipha yokuphakamisa izinyawo ezingenhla, imvamisa inamathele ezindaweni ezingemuva lomgogodla. Ama-Supracoracoideus namaphiko we-pectoral ndawonye ahlanganisa cishe i-25-35% yesisindo somzimba senyoni.

Imisipha yesikhumba isiza inyoni indize ngokulungisa izimpaphe zayo ezinamathiselwe emsipha wesikhumba futhi isize inyoni ekuhambeni kwayo lapho indiza.

Kunemisipha embalwa nje yesiqu nomsila, kepha inamandla kakhulu futhi ibalulekile ezinyoni. I-pygostyle ilawula konke ukuhamba emsileni futhi ilawula izimpaphe emsileni. Lokhu kunikeza umsila indawo enkulu engaphezulu esiza inyoni emoyeni.

Izikali eziphansi

Ngokwesilinganiso sezinyoni, akhiwa i-keratin, njengezintshebe, izelamani, kanye ne-spurs. Zitholakala ikakhulukazi ezinzwaneni nasezindongeni (umlenze ophansi wezinyoni), zivame ukufika kuma-tibio-metatarsal joints, kepha zitholakala ngokubheka phezulu kwezinye izinyoni. Kwizinkozi eziningi nezikhova eziningi, izinyawo zazo zifakwe phansi (kepha hhayi kufaka phakathi). Izisindo eziningi zezinyoni azimbozi kakhulu, ngaphandle kwe-kingfishers ne-woodpeckers. Isikali nezicucu zezinyoni ekuqaleni bekucatshangwa ukuthi ziyasekhaya nalezo ezihuquzelayo .Kodwa, ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi izikali ezinyoni ziphinde zakhiwe ngemuva kokuvela kwezimpaphe.

Imibungu yezinyoni iqala ukukhula ngesikhumba esibushelelezi. Emilenzeni, kusendlalelo, noma ungqimba lwangaphandle, lesi sikhumba singakhahlaze, siqhume bese sakhe indishi yezikali. Lezi zikalo zingahlelwa ngaphakathi,

I-Cancella - izikali zemizuzu, empeleni okukuqina nokuqina kwesikhumba, kugcwele imifantu.
Izihlangu - isikali esingesikhulu njengezihlangu, njengaleso se-caudal noma emuva, metatarsus yenkukhu.
Izihlangu ziyisikali esikhulu kunazo zonke, imvamisa ebusweni bangaphezulu be-calcaneus kanye nendawo engaphakathi yezinzwane.

Imigqa yemikhawulo engaphambili kwe-calcaneus ingabizwa ngokuthi "yi-acrometatarsium" noma "i-acrotarsium".

Le meshes itholakala phezu kwendawo e-lateral kanye nezindondo (ezinhlangothini) zonyawo futhi ekuqaleni bekucatshangwa ukuthi zingama-flakes ahlukile. Kodwa-ke, ukukhula kwezomlando nokuvela kwemvelo komsebenzi kule ndawo kukhombisile ukuthi lezi zinhlaka azinayo i-beta-keratin (uphawu lwezikali ezihuquzelayo) futhi zakhiwa ngokuphelele i-alpha-keratin. Lokhu, kanye nesakhiwo sabo esiyingqayizivele, kwaholela ekusikiseleni ukuthi empeleni yizinso zezimpaphe ezaziboshwe ekuqaleni kwentuthuko.

I-Rhamphotheca ne-podotheca

Izikweletu eziningi zanyoni zinamakhompiyutha eHerbst azisiza ukuba zithole inyamazane efihlwe ngaphansi kwesihlabathi esimanzi ngokuthola amaconsi amancane kakhulu emanzini. Zonke izinyoni ezifinyelele kithi zingahambisa izingxenye zomhlathi ongenhla ezihlobene nomzimba wengqondo. Kodwa-ke, ibonakala kakhulu kwezinye izinyoni futhi itholakala kalula kumaphalishi.

Indawo ephakathi kwamehlo kanye nokubalwa ohlangothini lwekhanda lenyoni ibizwa ngokuthi ibhuloho. Lesi sifunda kwesinye isikhathi kwesinye isikhathi siyizimpaphe, kanti nesikhumba singadotshwa, njengoba kusenziwa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zomndeni o-cormorant.

I-scaly coating ikhona ezinyaweni zenyoni ebizwa ngokuthi i-podotheca.

Uqhwaku, umthethosivivinywa, noma iRostrum yisakhiwo sangaphandle sezinyoni, esetshenziselwa ukudla nokwenza ukuzilolonga, ukukhohlisa izinto, ukubulala inyamazane, ukulwa, ukuphenya ukudla, ukuzilungiselela nokondla amawundlu. Yize uqhwaku luhlukahluka ngosayizi, ukwakheka nombala, banesakhiwo esifanayo esiyisisekelo. Ama-protonyion amabili we-bony ayizimpawu ezingaphezulu nangaphansi ezimbozwe ngesendlalelo se-keratinized epidermis, esaziwa ngokuthi i-rhamphotheca. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, ukuvuleka okubili, okwaziwa ngokuthi impumulo kuholela ohlelweni lokuphefumula.

Uhlelo lwenhliziyo

Izinyoni zinezinhliziyo ezinamagumbi amane ezivamile nezilwane ezincelisayo, nezinye ezihuquzelayo (ikakhulukazi amaCrocciles). Le divayisi ivumela izakhi ezisebenza kahle nokuthuthwa komoya-mpilo emzimbeni wonke, inikeze inyoni amandla ukundiza nokugcina izinga eliphakeme lomsebenzi. Inhliziyo ye-ruby umphimbo we-hummingbather ishaya izikhathi ezingama-1200 ngomzuzu (ukushaya okungu-20 ngomzuzwana).

Isikhumba sezinyoni

Kumathambo wezinyoni, izinhlamvu zingafani nokuqina okulula nokukhanya. Ukukhululeka kwe-Skeleton kutholwe ngenxa yokuthi izinto eziningi zancishiswa (ngokuyinhloko emaphethelweni ezinyoni), futhi nangenxa yokuthi izindiza zomoya zavela ngaphakathi kwamathambo athile. Ubulukhuni bunikezwe ngokuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo eziningi.

Ukuze kube lula ukuchaza, ithambo lezinyoni lihlukaniswe isikhumba samathambo e-axial skales. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-sternum, izimbambo, umgogodla kanye nogebhezi, kanti okwesibili kuqukethe ihlombe le-arcuate ne-pelvic femathambo ngamathambo endluzelekazi nangaphambili.

Isakhiwo samathambo enyoni.

Ukwakheka kwesigebhezi sezinyoni

Izisekelo ezinkulu zamehlo zinkulu kogwayi lwenyoni. Ubukhulu bawo bukhulu kakhulu kangangokuba ibhokisi lobuchopho eliseduze nabo kusuka emuva linjengokungathi ligcotshwe emuva izisekelo zamehlo.

Amathambo aqhakaza kakhulu enza umhlathi ongenhla futhi ophansi ngaphandle kwamazinyo, ohambelana noqhwaku noqhwaku lwangaphansi. Ngaphansi komphetho ophansi wezisekelo zamehlo futhi cishe eduze kwazo kukhona izimbobo zezindlebe. Ngokungafani nengxenye ephezulu yomhlathi kubantu, umhlathi ophezulu wale nyoni uyasebenza, ngenxa yokuthi unokunamathiselwa okukhethekile, okunamathiselwe ebhokisini lobuchopho.

Umgogodla wezinyoni uqukethe amathambo amaningi amancanyana abizwa ngokuthi ama-vertebrae, atholakala ngokulandelana, kusukela esisekelweni sede kuya ekugcineni komsila. Ama-vertebrae womlomo wesibeletho ahlukile, ahamba kakhulu, futhi okungenani aphindeke kabili kunakwizilwane eziningi ezincelisayo, kufaka phakathi abantu. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinyoni zingavele zinciphise amakhanda bese ziziguqula cishe kunoma iyiphi indlela.

Ama-vertebrae wesifunda se-thoracic akhuluma ngezimbambo futhi, ezimeni eziningi, ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile nomunye. Esifundeni se-pelvic, ama-vertebrae afakwa emathanjeni amade, abizwa nge-oblium eyinkimbinkimbi. Lezi zinyoni zibonakaliswa umhlane ongajwayelekile. Ama-vertebrae we-caudal asele angamaselula impela, ngaphandle kwabambalwa bokugcina, afakwa ethanjeni elilodwa elibizwa ngokuthi yi-pygostyle. Ngefomu labo, bafana nesabelo sokulima futhi bayisisekelo samathambo ngezimpaphe zomsila ubude obude.

Isakhiwo sezinyoni.

Isifuba senyoni

Inhliziyo namaphaphu ezinyoni zivikelekile ngaphandle futhi zizungezwe izimbambo kanye ne-veracic vertebrae. I-sternum ebanzi ngokwedlulele, ekhule yaba yi-keel, ihlala ezindlini zezinyoni ezindiza ngokushesha. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukunamathiswa okusebenzayo kwezicubu ezinkulu ezindizayo. Ezimweni eziningi, lapho kukhula inhlwathi enkulu yenyoni, indiza yayo iqina ngokwengeziwe. Ezinyoni ezingabhadli nhlobo, i-keel ayikho.

Ibhande lehlombe elixhumanisa izimpiko kwisikebhe ohlangothini ngalunye lakhiwa ngamathambo amathathu, atholakala njenge-tripod. Umlenze owodwa walokhu kwakheka (i-crow bone - coracoid) uhlala phezu kwenyoni, ithambo lesibili, okuyi-scapula, lisemaphethelweni wesilwane, kuthi owesithathu (i-clavicle) uhlangane ne-clavicle ephambene ibe yithambo elilodwa elibizwa ngokuthi "imfoloko". I-scapula ne-coracoid endaweni lapho ihlangana khona yakha i-cavity ye-articular, lapho ikhanda le-humerus lijikeleza khona.

Isikhumba sezinyoni senziwe lula ngokwengeziwe futhi sakhiwa ukukhanya namathambo aqinile.

Ukwakheka kwamaphiko ezinyoni

Ngokuvamile, amathambo ezimpiko zezinyoni afana namathambo esandla somuntu. Njengasebantwini, okuwukuphela kwethambo lezinyawo ezingenhla yi-humerus, ehunyushwa emlenzeni kuhlangene namathambo amabili (ulnar ne-radial) engaphambili. Ngezansi kwe-brashi kuqala, eziningi zezakhi zazo, ngokungafani nabalingani bazo abangabantu, zihlanganiswa nomunye noma zilahlekile ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunamathambo amabili kuphela esihlaka esiqinile, i-ballet eyodwa (ithambo elikhulu le-caracal carpal) namathambo amane e-phalanx ahambelana neminwe emithathu.

Iphiko lale nyoni lilula kakhulu kunelilunga lanoma iyiphi enye i-vertebral yasemhlabeni, efana ngosayizi nenyoni. Futhi lokhu akubangelwa ukuthi ibhulashi lenyoni lifaka izinto ezimbalwa. Isizathu futhi ukuthi amathambo amade engaphambili nehlombe lenyoni awasho lutho.

Isakhiwo nezinhlobo zezimpaphe zezinyoni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ku-humerus kune-air sac ethile, ebhekisela ohlelweni lokuphefumula. Usizo olwengeziwe lunikezwa iphiko iqiniso lokuthi izicubu ezinkulu azikho kulo. Esikhundleni semisipha, ukunyakaza okuyinhloko kwamaphiko kulawulwa yi-tendon yemisipha ekhule kakhulu ye-sternum.

Izimpaphe ezindizayo ezisuka esandleni zibizwa ngokuthi izimpaphe zokuqala (ezinkulu) ezindizayo, futhi lezo ezinamathele esifundeni samathambo e-ulnar wangaphambili zibizwa ngokuthi izimpaphe eziphakeme (ezincane). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthunyelwa ezinye izimpaphe ezintathu zephiko, ezixhunywe emunweni wokuqala, kanye nezimpaphe ezimboze kahle, ezifana namathayela, zilele ngaphansi kwezimpaphe zezimpukane.

Ngokuqondene nebhande le-pelvic lezinyoni, ohlangothini ngalunye lomzimba luqukethe amathambo amathathu ahlanganisiwe. Lawa ngamathambo e-iliac, ama-pubic kanye ne-ischial, anama-Ilium afakwa ku-oblium, ayinkimbinkimbi ngesakhiwo. Lo mklamo oyinkimbinkimbi uvikela izinso kusukela ngaphandle, ngenkathi zinikeza ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwemilenze nesigaxa sehlombe. Lapho amathambo amathathu okuhlangana kwe-pelvic girdle ehlangana, kukhona i-acetabulum ebanzi. Ikhanda lowesifazane liyajikeleza kulo.

Isakhiwo se-anatomical sepiko lezinyoni.

Idivayisi yemilenze ezinyoni

Njengabantu, i-femur yezinyoni ingumgogodla wengxenye engenhla yemikhawulo ephansi. Kuhlanganiswe edolweni, kufakwa i-shin kuleli thambo. Kepha uma kubantu i-tibia ifaka i-tibia encane nekhulu, khona-ke ezinyangeni zihlanganiswa, kanye nethambo elilodwa le-tarsus noma nge eziningana. Ngokubambisana, le nto ibizwa ngokuthi yi-tibiotarzus. Ngokuqondene ne-tibia, kuphela ubunqunu obufishane obufushane ne-tibiotarsus obusala bukhona kuwo.

Idivayisi yezinyawo ezinyoni

Kuhlanganiswe i-intra-tarsal (ankle), unyawo lunamathele kwi-tibiotarzus, enamathambo amade, amathambo emunwe kanye nengalo yangaphambili. Lesi sakamuva sakhiwa yizakhi ze-metatarsus, ezihlanganiswa ndawonye, kanye namathambo ambalwa aphansi we-tarsal.

Isakhiwo se-anatomical semilenze yezinyoni.

Izinyoni eziningi zineminwe emine, ngayinye inamathiselwe engxenyeni yokuqala bese iphetha ngohlaka. Umunwe wokuqala wezinyoni ubuyiselwe emuva. Iminwe eseleyo ezimweni eziningi iqondiswa phambili. Ezinye izinhlobo zinomunwe emuva (njengowokuqala) umunwe wesibili noma wesine. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezihlafunweni umunwe wokuqala uqondiswa, njengeminye iminwe, uye phambili, ngenkathi ku-osprey ungaphenduka kuzinhlangothi zombili. Ama-bird wezinyoni awaphumuli emhlabathini, futhi ahamba kuphela ngeminwe, engaphumuli emhlabathini ngesithende.

Uhlelo lwezinzwa ezinyoni

Isistimu yezinzwa ephakathi yezinyoni iqukethe intambo yomgogodla nobuchopho obakhiwa ngama-neurons amangqamuzana ezinzwa.

Uhlelo lwezinyoni.

Ingxenye ephawuleka kakhulu yobuchopho bezinyoni ama-hemispheres we-cerebral, amelela isikhungo lapho kwenzeka khona ukusebenza okukhulu kwemizwa. Ingaphezulu lalezi zinongo azinawo ama-girus noma imisele efana nezilwane eziningi ezincelisayo, futhi indawo yalo incane ngokwanele, ehambelana nobuncane bezentaka obuncane obuthuthukisiwe. Ngaphakathi ezinhlangeni zamabele

Okuthakazelisa kakhulu yi-cerebellum yenyoni, etholakala ngokushesha ngemuva kwezikhwebu zokubeletha, futhi embozwe ngokhonkolo kanye nemisele. Usayizi wayo omkhulu nesakhiwo sivumelana naleyo misebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ehambisana nokugcina ukulingana emoyeni kanye nokuxhumanisa ukunyakaza okuningi okudingekayo endizeni.

Uhlelo lokugaya ezinyangeni

Sekukonke, singasho ukuthi uhlelo lokugaya kwezinyoni luyishubhu eliyimbumba elisuka kuqhamuko laze lafika ekuvuleni kwe-cloaca. Lehubhu yenza imisebenzi eminingi ngasikhathi sinye, idla ukudla, ikhipha ama-juices ngama-enzyme aqeda ukudla, amukele izinto, futhi ikhiphe nezinsalela zokudla ezingaphanjwanga.Kodwa-ke, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kuzo zonke izinyoni ukwakheka kohlelo lokugaya, kanye nemisebenzi yalo, ziyefana, kweminye imininingwane kukhona umehluko ohambisana nemikhuba yokuphakelwa, kanye nokudla kweqembu elithile lezinyoni.

Ukwakheka kohlelo lokugaya izinyoni.

Inqubo yokugaya iqala ngokufakwa kokudla emlonyeni. Ubuningi bezinyoni zinezindlala zokuthambisa ezenza amathe angamanzi amise okuphakelayo, futhi ukugaya ukudla kuqala ngakho. Kwezinye izinyoni, njengeSwaps, izindlala zamathe zisuka uketshezi olunamathele olusetshenziselwa ukwakha izidleke.

Imisebenzi nokwakheka kolimi, kanye noqhwaku lwenyoni, kuya ngokuthi hlobo luni lwempilo oluholwayo noma oluholwa yizinhlobo zezinyoni. Ulimi lungasetshenziswa zombili ukubamba ukudla emlonyeni, nokuzenzisa ngalo emgodini womlomo, kanye nasekunqumeni ukunambitheka kokudla nembala yakhona.

Ama-Hummingbird nama-woodpeckers anolimi olude kakhulu olungakhipha ngaphandle komlomo wawo. Amanye ama-woodpeckers asekupheleni kolimi anezinothi ezibuyela emuva, ngenxa yokuthi inyoni ingadonsela izinambuzane nezibungu zazo ebusweni begxolo. Kepha ulimi lwe-hummingbird, njengomthetho, lugcotshwe ekugcineni bese lugoqwa lube yishubhu, elisiza ukuncela umpe ezimbali.

Kusebenzisa ulimi lolimi lokuhlanza, ukhipha umpe omnandi ezimbali.

Amajuba, ama-pheasants, ama-grouse nama-turkeys, kanye nakwezinye izinyoni, ingxenye ye-esophagus ihlala yandiswa (ibizwa ngokuthi yi-goiter) futhi isetshenziselwa ukuqongelela ukudla. Ezinyoni eziningi, i-esophagus iyanwebeka futhi isikhathi esithile ingaqukatha inani elithile lokudla ngaphambi kokungena esiswini.

Isisu ezinyoni sihlukaniswe izingxenye ze-glandular and muscular ("inkaba"). Ingxenye yeglandular iqala ukuhlukaniswa, ihlukanise ukudla ezintweni ezilungele ukumuncwa okulandelayo, ujusi wesisu. Ingxenye yemisipha yesisu ibonakala ngezindonga eziwugqinsi kanye nama-crests aqinile angaphakathi, agaya ukudla okutholakala esiswini se-glandular, enza umsebenzi wokunciphisela lezi zilwane ezinamachashazi. Izindonga zemisipha zikhulu ikakhulukazi kulezi zinyoni ezidla ngembewu nokunye ukudla okuqinile. Njengoba ingxenye yokudla okungene esiswini ingancishiswa (ngokwesibonelo, izingxenye eziqinile zezinambuzane, izinwele, izimpaphe, izingxenye zamathambo, njll.), Ama-raptors amaningi asefomini le- "inkaba" ajikeleza amafulethi agobile aqhuma ngezikhathi ezithile.

Ngenxa yomsebenzi ohlanganisiwe wesistimu yokugaya ukudla, amaphuphu amancane akhula futhi abe yizinyoni ezinhle.

Indlela yokugaya iyaqhubeka nesisu esincane, esilandela ngokushesha isisu. Yilapho ukugaya kokugcina kokudla kwenzeka khona. I-colon ezinyoni iyishubhu eliqondile eliqondile eliholela ku-cloaca. Ngaphezu kwakhe, imiphuzo yohlelo lwezitho zofuzo nayo ivulwa ngaphakathi kwe-cesspool. Ngenxa yalokhu, zombili izinto eziyinqaba nesidoda, amaqanda nomchamo kungena ku-cesspool. Futhi yonke le mikhiqizo ishiya umzimba wenyoni ngalena umgodi owodwa.

Uhlelo lwezakhi zezinyoni

I-genitourinary tata inezinhlelo ezilandelanayo nezokuzala, ezixhumene kakhulu. Uhlelo lwe-excretory lusebenza ngokuqhubekayo, kanti olwesibili lwenziwa ngesikhathi esithile sonyaka.

Uhlelo lwezinyoni lwe-genitourinary.

Uhlelo lwe-excretory luqukethe izitho eziningana zezitho zomzimba, phakathi kwazo, okokuqala, kunezinso ezimbili, ezikhipha imfucuza egazini futhi zakhe umchamo. Izinyoni azinaso isigaxa, ngakho umchamo udlula kuma-ureters ngqo uye e-cloaca, lapho inqwaba yamanzi iphinde ingene emzimbeni. Insalela emhlophe esele ngemuva kwalokhu, efana nephalishi, kuhlangene indle enombala omnyama ovela ekholoni iphonswa ngaphandle.

Uhlelo lokuzala ezinyoni

Lolu hlelo luqukethe ama-gonads (gonads) namashubhu asuka kubo. Ama-gonads abesilisa amelelwa ngama-testes lapho kwakhiwa khona ama-gametes (amaseli wegciwane lesilisa) - i-spermatozoa. Ukwakheka kwezivivinyo kungahle kube kokuzungeza noma okusaqanda, kuyilapho i-testis yangakwesokunxele imvama ukuba mkhulu kunakwesokunene. Ama-testes atholakala emgodleni womzimba eduze nomaphethelo wangaphambili weso ngalinye. Ngokusondela kwesikhathi sokuzalela, ama-pituitary mahomoni, ngenxa yomphumela wawo ovuselelayo, andisa ama-testes amahlandla ambalwa. Ngokucindezela okuncane, okokuqothula, ama-vas deferens duct, isidoda esivela ku-testis ngayinye siwela kwi-semic vesicle. Yilapho beqongelela khona, bephikelela kuze kube yilapho ukubophela nokwanda kwenzeka ngalesi sikhathi. Ngaso leso sikhathi bawela ku-cloaca baphumele ngaphandle ngomgodi wayo.

Uhlelo lokuzala lwezinyoni.

Amaqanda (ama-gonads abesifazane) akha amaqanda (ama-gametes abesifazane). Inqwaba ine-ovary eyodwa (kwesobunxele) kuphela. Iqanda, uma liqhathaniswa nesidoda esibonakhulu, likhulu. Ngokuya ngobuningi, ingxenye yayo eyinhloko i-yolk, okuyi-okunomsoco we-umbungu, eyaqala ukukhula emva kokukhulelwa. Iqanda elisuka esibelethweni lingena oviduct, izicubu zazo ezicindezela isibeletho esidlule kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo ze-glandular ezisezindongeni ze-oviduct. Ngosizo lwabo, i-yolk izungezwe yiprotheni ngaphansi kwamagobolondo egobolondo futhi iqukethe kakhulu igobolondo le-calcium. Ekupheleni, kufakwa imibala yemibala egobolondweni ngombala owodwa noma kwenye. Kuthatha cishe usuku ukuthi iqanda likhiqize iqanda elilungele ukubekwa.

Izinyoni zibonakaliswa ngumanyolo wangaphakathi. Ngesikhathi sokukopishwa, isidoda faka i-cloaca yowesifazane bese unyusa i-oviduct. Imidlalo yabesifazane nabesilisa (okungukuthi, ukumanyelwa okufanele) kwenzeka engxenyeni engenhla ye-oviduct ngaphambi kokuba iqanda limbozwe ngamaprotheni, ulwelwesi lwamagobolondo namagobolondo.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Amanzi okuphuza

Kunezindlela ezine izinyoni ezingaphuza ngazo amanzi.

Iningi lezinyoni ziyakwazi ukugwinya amanzi “ngokumunca” besebenzisa ukunyakaza kwezindonga ze-esophagus (njengoba izilwane ezincelisayo), futhi ngezikhathi ezithile zigcwalisa imilomo yazo ziphakamise amakhanda, zivumele amanzi ukuba agele ngamandla adonsela phansi. Okuhlukile ngaphandle kwalesi simiso iningi labamele imigqa yamajuba abunjwe njengama pogo, nabanye abamele amanye amaqembu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoni ezikhuluma ngokudla kompe, njengama-nectarines kanye nama-hummingbirds, ziphuza zisebenzisa ulimi olude, olunolaka, olungamanzi ngamanzi amaningi, futhi ama-Parrots abamba amanzi, awadonsa ngolimi lwawo.

Izici

Isikhumba sezinyoni sishintshwa kakhulu ukundiza. Kukhanya kakhulu, kepha kuqinile ngokwanele ukubekezelela izingcindezi ezivele ngesikhathi sokuthatha uhambo lokundiza, indiza kanye nokufika komhlaba. Enye yezimo eziguqukayo ukufakwa kwamaqembu athile wamathambo esakhiweni esisodwa, njenge-pygostyle. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinyoni zivame ukuba namathambo ambalwa kune-vertebrates yomhlaba. Izinyoni nazo azinamazinyo noma imihlathi yangempela, ethathelwa indawo ngumlomo, inesisindo esiphansi kakhulu. Imilomo yezinyoni eziningi ezincane inenqubo, okuthiwa izinyo leqanda kusiza amaphuphu ukuphuma eqandeni.

Amathambo amaningi ezinyoni awanalutho noma anama-striptru ukuqiniswa kwesakhiwo. Inani lamathambo angenalutho lihlukahluka kakhulu ezinhlotsheni kuya ezinhlotsheni, yize izinyoni ezinkulu ezikhuphukayo zivame ukuba nesibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke. Imvamisa, imithambo yethambo ihlotshaniswa nama-sacs omoya, ekhulisa umthamo wawo. Ezinye izinyoni ezingenabhanoyi, njengamapengu kanye nezintshe, zinamathambo aqinile ngokuqinile, okubonisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwamathambo angenalutho nokundiza.

Izinyoni zibuye zibe ne-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho kunanoma yisiphi esinye isilwane; ngenxa yalokho, izinyoni eziningi zinentamo eguquguqukayo kakhulu equkethe ama-vertebrae ayi-13-25. Futhi, phakathi kwawo wonke ama-vertebrates, izinyoni kuphela ezingaba ne-collarbone eyinkimbinkimbi (okuthiwa imfoloko) nesifuba esine-keel. I-keel isebenza njengendawo elukhuni yemisipha esetshenziselwa ukundiza, noma, esimweni sepenguins, ukubhukuda. Izinyoni ezingenazindiza, ezinjengezintshe ezingenayo imisipha ye-pectoral ekhule kakhulu, ayinayo i-keel ehlukile kwi-sternum. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi izinyoni ezintantayo zinesifuba esibanzi, izinyoni ezigijimayo zinesifuba eside (noma eziphakeme), kanti isifuba sezinyoni ezindizayo sinobude nobubanzi obufanayo.

Izinyoni nazo zinamahlumela obomvana obunjiwe ezimbanjeni zazo. Lezi zinhlaka zenzelwe ukuqinisa isifuba, zichichima izimbambo ngemuva kwazo. Izinhlaka ezifanayo zokutholakala kwezithambo zatholakala ku-Tuatari lizard. Futhi, i-patas ine-pelvis ende kakhulu, njengama-repitles. Imilenze yawo yangemuva inezitho eziphakathi kwezangaphakathi, futhi ezitholakala kwezinye izirhubuluzi. Ama-vertebrae omzimba afakwa kakhulu komunye nomunye nangamathambo entambo yesifuba. Isigaxa simpawu diapsid, has a uxhumano olulodwa occipital.

Ukwakheka kweSkeleton

Ugebhezi lwenyoni luqukethe amathambo ayisihlanu ayisihluthulelo: ithambo langaphambili (inhla engenhla yekhanda), ithambo le-parietal (emuva kwekhanda), ithambo le-premaxilla nethambo lamakhala (ngqo ngenhla komlomo) nethambo le-mandibular (ngqo ngaphansi komlomo). Ugebhezi lwezinyoni eziningi lunesisindo cishe esingu-1% wesisindo somzimba wazo.

Umgogodla uqukethe i-vertebrae futhi uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: i-cervical (13-16 vertebrae) ye-oblium eyinkimbinkimbi (eyakheka ngenxa yokukhula kwe-vertebrae yasemuva namathambo e-pelvic), ne-pygostyle (umsila).

Ibhande lembombo langaphambili liqukethe imfoloko, i-coracoid ne-scapula. Izinhlangothi zesifuba zakhiwa izimbambo, zihlangana ndawonye esifubeni (maphakathi nesifuba).

I-humerus ixhuma emisebeni nase ulna, okwakha umkhondo. Izihlakala nezandla zakha “ukuxubha” kwezinyoni, amathambo eminwe yawo ahlanganiswa ndawonye. Izimpiko zamathambo zilula kakhulu, okwenza ukundiza kube lula.

Ibhande lesinqe esingemuva liqukethe amathambo e-pelvic futhi lifaka phakathi amathambo amakhulu amathathu: i-illium (ilium), gluteus (ithanga lamuva) nethambo le-pubic (ngaphambili kwethanga). Onke la mathambo afakwa ku-munye (ithambo elingaziwa). Amathambo angenamagama abalulekile ngokuvela kwemvelo ngoba avumela izinyoni ukuba zibekele amaqanda azo. Amathambo la ahlangana ndawonye e-acetabulum, lapho axhuma khona nge-femur, ithambo lokuqala lomlenze wangemuva.

Ithambo eliphambili lomlenze ongenhla yi-femur. Kuhlanganiswe edolweni, i-femur ihlangana ne-tibiotarsus (umlenze ophansi) ne-tibia (ohlangothini lomlenze). I-metatarsus kanye ne-tarsus ziyahlanganiswa (isikhunta) ukuze kwakheke ingxenye engezansi yonyawo, lapho kufakwa khona amathambo eminwe. Amathambo emilenze yezinyoni asindayo, okuholela enkabeni ephansi yesisindo futhi asize ukundiza. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile, ithambo lingama-5% kuphela esisindo somzimba.

Ngokuhlelwa kwezinzwane zezinyoni, izinyoni zihlukaniswa njenge-anisodactyl, i-zygodactyl, i-heterodactyl, i-syndactyl ne-pampodactyl.

Usihlalo

Izinyoni zivame ukuba namehlo abukhali kakhulu, ikakhulukazi izinyoni ezidla ubhedu ezinesinqumo esingcono kunesishiyagalombili kunabantu - ngenxa yobuningi obuphakeme bama-photoreceptors e-retina (afinyelela esigidini esi-1 ngeyodwa mil bu ku-buzzards yangempela, kuqhathaniswa nezinkulungwane ezingama-200 ngomuntu ngamunye), ezinkulu inani lemicu yezinzwa ye-optic nerve, isethi eyengeziwe yemisipha yeso engekho kwezinye izilwane, futhi, kwezinye izikhathi, i-fossa ephakathi nendawo, inyusa ingxenye ephakathi yenkundla yokubuka. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni, ikakhulukazi ama-hummingbird nama-albatross, zinemigodi emibili ephakathi iso ngalinye. Futhi, izinyoni eziningi ziyakwazi ukubona ukuhlukaniswa kokukhanya. Imvamisa iso libamba ingxenye enkulu yesigebhezi futhi lizungezwe yindandatho ye-sclerotic eyenziwe ngamathambo amancane. Isakhiwo esifanayo samehlo sibonisa okuphindaphindayo.

Izindebe zezinyoni eziningi ezisogwini zinemizimba yeHerbst ebasiza ukuba babone inyamazane efihlwe ngaphansi kwesihlabathi esimanzi ngenxa yokungafani kwengcindezi yamanzi. Zonke izinyoni zanamuhla zingahambisa izingxenye zomndeni ongenhla wesihlobo kuya kwisisekelo sekhanda. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kunyakaza kuyabonakala kwezinye izinyoni, ikakhulu ama-parrots.

Izinyoni zibuye zibonakale ngesilinganiso esikhulu sobuchopho besisindo somzimba, esibhekele ukucabanga kwezinyoni nokuziphatha kwazo okuyinkimbinkimbi.

Indawo ephakathi kwamehlo kanye noqhwaku ibizwa ngokuthi yibhuloho. Le ndawo imvamisa ayinazimpaphe, futhi isikhumba esingaphezulu sayo singadaywa, njengoba kwenzeka ezinhlotsheni eziningi zomndeni wakwaBalanov.

Ukuzala

Yize izinyoni eziningi zingenazo izitho zangasese zangaphandle, eyeduna inezinhlobo ezimbili zokuhlola ezikhulisa amakhulukhulu ngezikhathi zokuzala, lapho iqala ukukhiqiza isidoda. Amaqanda esifazane nawo anda ngosayizi, noma imvamisa kuphela i-ovary yesinxele esebenza ngokugcwele. Kodwa uma i-ovary yesobunxele ilimele ngenxa yokugula noma ezinye izinkinga, i-ovary efanele ingathatha umsebenzi wayo. Uma engakwazi ukubuyisa ukusebenza, izinsikazi zezinhlobo ezithile zezinyoni zingahlakulela izimfanelo zocansi zesilisa zabesilisa, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nokushintsha kwezwi.

Izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni azinayo i-penis, zinomthungo wokuvuthwa okugcinwe kuzo glomeruli yembewu ngaphakathi kwe-bulge bulge. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, insikazi yilahla umsila wayo ohlangothini, bese indoda ihlala kowesifazane ukusuka phezulu, ibekwe ngaphambili ( I-Notiomystis cincta) noma ngenye indlela isondela kakhulu kuye. Izingubo zezinyoni zithintwa ngendlela yokuthi isidoda singangena emzimbeni wobulili. Imvamisa kubanjiswa ngokushesha, esikhathini esingaphansi kwengxenye yesibili.

Emzimbeni wesifazane, isidoda sigcinwa kumashubhu enzelwe le nhloso, lapho singaba khona isonto kuze kube unyaka, kuya ngezinhlobo zezilwane. Iqanda ngalinye livundiswa ngokuhlukile lapho lishiya i-ovary, kodwa ngaphambi kokubekwa. Ngemuva kokudonswa, iqanda liyaqhubeka nokukhula ngaphandle komzimba sowesifazane.

Izinhlobo eziningi zamanzi kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezinjengezimpungushe ne-turkey, zinepipi. Ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokukhwelana, ufihliwe ku-proctodeumi, umnyango we-cloaca.

Ngemuva kokubopha amaqanda nokuqandusela amachwane, abazali babanikeza amabanga ahlukahlukene wokunakekelwa nokuvikelwa. Izinyoni ezingama-Brood ziyakwazi ukuzithola cishe ngokuzimela emizuzwini embalwa ngemuva kokuqunjelwa. Amachwane wezinyoni eziningi ezidla phansi emhlabathini, njengezinyoni ezifuywayo kanye nezinyoni zasogwini, zivame ukukwazi ukugijima ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokubanjwa. Ngokuphambene, izidleke zezinyoni ezidlekayo azisizi ngalutho ngemuva kokubamba, zingaboni futhi zinqunu, zidinga kakhulu imizamo yabazali yokubanakekela. Ikakhulu, izinyoni ezidla imbobo ezisele zaleli qembu.

Ezinye izinyoni, njengamajuba, amahansi kanye nojantshi, zidala ngazimbili impilo futhi ziyakwazi ukuzala amathole unyaka wonke, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalela echazwe ngokucacile.

Isikali

Isikali sezinyoni siqukethe i-keratin efanayo engaphandle njengemilomo, uzipho kanye ne-spurs. Zitholakala ikakhulu eminwe nasezisekelweni zemilenze, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala ngaphezulu nangaphezulu, kufinyelela emaqakaleni kwezinye izinyoni. Isikali sezinyoni eziningi empeleni asizimbozi, ngaphandle kwesikali sabadobi bamakhosi kanye nezinkuni. Isikali sezinyoni kucatshangwa ukuthi siyanelisa izilwane ezihuquzelayo nezilwane ezincelisayo.

Imibungu yezinyoni iqala ukukhulisa isikhumba esibushelelezi. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ungqimba lwangaphandle lwesikhumba semilensi, i-stratum corneum, ingahle ikeratinize, ilule bese ibeka esikalini. Lezi zikalo zisebenzisa ithuba lokuhlelwa ngezinhlobo eziningana zezakhiwo:

UCancella - izikali ezincane, okukuqina nje kwesikhumba nokwakheka kwama-grooves ngaphezulu kwaso.
I-reticula - Izikali ezincane kodwa ezihlanzekile futhi ezihlukile. Izinsimbi ezitholakala ngaphakathi ngaphakathi ngaphandle.
Scutella - Isikali esiphakathi esiphakathi sitholakala ngemuva kwe-metatarsus.
Isikali - Isikali esikhulu kunazo zonke, imvamisa ngaphambili kwe-metatarsus nangemuva leminwe.

Ezinyaweni zezinyoni ezithile, isikali sishintshana ngezimpaphe.Izimpaphe zezimpaphe zingaba phakathi kwama-flakes noma ngqo ngaphansi kwazo, ezingxenyeni ezijulile zesikhumba. Kulokhu, izimpaphe zingaqhamuka esikalini.

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