Umbuso: | Izilwane |
Uhlobo: | Chordate |
Ibanga: | Omama |
Isigcawu: | Ama-Rodents |
Umndeni: | Isikwele |
Ubulili: | I-Groundhogs |
Buka: | Tarbagan |
URadde, 1862
Izinhlobo ezisengozini IUCN 3.1 Usengozini: 12832 |
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Tarbagan, noma IsiMongolia (isiSiberia) simbi (lat. Marmota sibirica) siyinyamazane yezimbali zemvelo ezihlala eRussia (emaqeleni eTransbaikalia kanye neTuva), iMongolia (ngaphandle kweningizimu), kanye neNyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina.
Ubude - kufika ku-60 cm.Umthwali wesifo se-pathogen.
Into yokuzingela. Ezinsukwini zakudala, kwakudliwa ngabantu abangabazekayo baseCentral Asia: abakwaHuns, amaMongols, njll.
Habitat
ETransbaikalia, izinsalela zemmondiya encane evela kuLate Paleolithic, okungenzeka ngeyakhe Marmota sibirica. Ezindala kakhulu zatholakala eNtabeni iTologa eningizimu ye-Ulan-Ude.
ITarbagan isondele kakhulu ezicini ze-baibak kunezohlobo lwe-Altai; ifana kakhulu nefomu eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeKamchatka landhog.
Isilwane sitholakala kulo lonke IMongolia nezindawo eziseduzane NgeRussia, futhi enyakatho-mpumalanga nasenyakatho nentshonalanga Nge China, eHuronomous Okrug Nei Mengu (ebizwa ngokuthi i-Inner Mongolia) emngceleni weMongolia neSifundazwe saseHeilongjiang, esinqamula iRussia. ETransbaikalia ungahlangana ngaselwandle lwesobunxele leSelenga, ukhuphukela echibini leGoose, ezintabeni eziseningizimu yeTransbaikalia.
E-Tuva, itholakala esigodini saseChuiskaya, empumalanga yoMfula iBurhei-Murey, empumalanga eseningizimu ntshonalanga yeZ Sayan enyakatho neLake Khubsugul. Imingcele eqondile yebanga ezindaweni zokuxhumana nabanye abamele ama-marmots (grey eSouthern Altai naseKamchatka ezintabeni zase-Sayan zase-Eastern) ayaziwa.
Eminyakeni yama-90 yekhulu lamashumi amabili, inani labantu lehle ngamaphesenti angama-70 ngenxa yokuzingela okungalawulwa.
E-Russia, i-tarbagan ibhalwe ku-Red Book.
Incazelo
Tarbagan isilwane esikhulu impela sezimbaza zohlobo oluthile. Ubude bomzimba wezilwane zabantu abadala bungu-50-60 cm, nomsila ungama-25-30 cm. Ngokwesilinganiso, isisindo sesilwane siyehluka kusuka kumakhilogremu amahlanu kuya kwayi-7. Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane futhi banemihlathi ethuthukisiwe.
Ama-Tarbagans wezindawo ezisenyakatho zobubanzi azincane ngosayizi.
Ikhanda ngesimo ingafana nogwaja futhi itshalwe entanyeni emfishane. Ikhala elibanzi elimnyama. Izindawo ezimnyama zitholakala eduze kwamehlo. Izindlebe zincanyana futhi ziyindilinga. Zinezindlebe ezinhle kakhulu zokuzwa, ukuhogela nokubuka.
Isembozo soboya I-landhog yaseMongolia ayinaphethini elilodwa futhi ihlala ingxube yesihlabathi esikhanyayo nensundu emnyama. Ngokuwa, zikhanya kancane. Isihloko somsila, imilenze nezindlebe zibomvu.
Indlela yokuphila
Indlela yokuphila yetarbagan ifana nokuziphatha nempilo yemarmot, i-grey groundhog, kepha imisele yayo ijule kakhulu, yize inani lamakamelo lincane. Kaningi kunalokho, lokhu kuyikhamera eyodwa enkulu. Ezintabeni, uhlobo lwendawo yokuhlala lugxile futhi luyindilinga.
Ama-marmot aseSiberia ahlala ezindaweni ezinobuningi bezitshalo ezinotshani noma ezinotshani. Ihlala emaqeleni, ihlathi-isisekelo, ogwadule, izihosha nemifula eseduze. Zitholakala ezintabeni endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-3.8,000 ngaphezu kolwandle. m., kepha ungahlali emameleni aluhlaza impela. Ama-solonchaks, imigodi emincane nembobo kuyanqandeka nazo.
Izintandokazi Indawo yokuhlala - kuyizintaba zezinyawo nezintaba. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, ukuhlukahluka kwendawo kuhlinzeka izilwane ngokudla isikhathi eside. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kwezindawo lapho utshani bujika buhlaza ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kanye nezindawo ezinomthunzi lapho izimila zingashisi khona ehlobo isikhathi eside.
Ngokuhambisana nalokhu kwenzeke ukufuduka kwesizini kwama-tarbagans. Isikhathi senkambiso yezinto eziphilayo sithinta umsebenzi wokuphila kanye nokuzala kwezilwane.
Imarmot yaseSiberia ithanda isiphephelo:
- okusanhlamvu kwezintaba nodaka, umhlonyane ongavamile,
- ama-forbs (umdanso),
- izimpaphe, notshani, ezixubene ne-sedge kanye nemfoloko.
Phakathi kwazo izilwane ziyaxhumana ngamasignali azwakalayo. Lapho inyamazane isondela, enye yazo ikhala kakhulu. Lapho izwa i-alamu ebukeka ngayo, lonke leli koloni liphuthuma liye emashalofini angaphansi komhlaba ngaphandle kokungabaza.
AmaTarbagans ahlala emvelweni iminyaka engaba ngu-10, ekuthunjweni angaphila iminyaka engama-20.
Umsebenzi wesikhathi sonyaka
Ubusika ngokuya ngendawo nendawo yokuhlala, kuyizinyanga eziyi-6 - 7.5. I-hibernation enkulu eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTransbaikalia yenzeka ekupheleni kukaSepthemba, inqubo ngokwayo inganwetshwa izinsuku ezingama-20-30. Izilwane ezihlala eduze kwemigwaqo noma lapho umuntu ebakhathaza khona azihambi kahle fat futhi zihlala isikhathi eside hibernation.
Ubusika obubandayo obungenabo iqhwa, ama-tarbagan angaqoqani amanoni ayafa. Izilwane ezilahliwe ziyafa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kanti kunokudla okuncane noma ngenkathi kuneziphepho zeqhwa ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Okokuqala, laba ngabantu abasebasha ababengenaso isikhathi sokupompa amafutha.
Entwasahlobo AmaTarbagans akhuthele kakhulu, achitha isikhathi esiningi ebusweni, aya kude nemisele, lapho utshani buphenduke buhlaza ngamamitha ayi-150 ukuya kwangama-200.
Izinsuku zasehlobo izilwane zisemiseleni, akuvamile ukuthi ziye phezulu. Bayaphuma bayodla lapho ukushisa kuncipha.
Ukuwa Ama-marmots aqatha aseSiberia alele emamotweni, kepha lawo angatholanga amadlelo akhuluphele ngenxa yokudangala. Ngemuva kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, ama-tarbagan akuvamile ukuba ashiye umgodi, futhi nangaleso sikhathi, kuphela emahoreni ntambama. Emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokushiswa, izilwane ziqala ukuvuna imfucumfucu yegumbi lasebusika.
Isikhathi sokuphila kwe-tarbagan endle cishe siyiminyaka eyi-13.
Kuyiqiniso elaziwayo ukuthi lesi silwane singaba yisithwali se-pathogen yesifo.
Umsoco
Entwasahlobo, lapho izilwane ziphuma emigodini, kuzofika isikhathi sokuncibilika kwehlobo kanye nesigaba esilandelayo sokuzala nokuphakela. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ama-tarbagans kudingeka abe nesikhathi sokuqongelela amafutha ngaphambi kwesimo sezulu esibandayo esilandelayo. Lezi zilwane zidla ngenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zotshani, izihlahlana, izitshalo ezinamahlahla.
Imvamisa azondli ezitshalweni, ngoba azihlali emasimini. Amakhambi ahlukahlukene we-steppe, izimpande, amajikijolo aya ukuwondla. Imvamisa idla uhleli, imilenze yangaphambili ibambe ukudla.
Izithelo zezitshalo, imbewu ayigaywa yizimbotshana zaseSiberia, kodwa ziyahlwanyelwa, futhi kanye nomanyolo wezinto eziphilayo zifafazwe ungqimba lomhlaba, lokhu ithuthukisa isimo se-steppe.
Entwasahlobolapho kusele utshani obuncane, ama-tarbagan adla ikakhulukazi ama-zezitshalo kanye nama-rhizomes awo. Esikhathini sokukhula ehlobo okusebenzayo izimbali namakhambi, izilwane zikhetha amahlumela amasha, kanye namahlumela aqukethe amaprotheni adingekayo.
ITarbagan ingaginya kuze kufike ku-1.5 kg ngosuku. izitshalo.
Ngaphezu kwezitshalo, ezinye izinambuzane - amakhethini, izintethe, amacimbi, iminenke kanye nepupae - zingena emlonyeni. Izilwane azikukhethi ngokukhethekile lokho kudla, kepha zenza ingxenye yesithathu yokudla okuphelele ngezinsuku ezithile.
Lapho ugcina ama-tarbagans ekudingisweni, bayondliwe nenyama, abayidonsa ngokuzithandela. Ngokudla okunjalo okusebenzayo, izilwane zithola cishe ikhilogremu yamafutha ngesizini. Abadingi manzi; baphuza kancane.
Ukuzala
Isikhathi sokuzala samaTarbagans siqala ngo-Ephreli. Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-42. Abancane, abayizimpumputhe nabangenazinwele bayazalwa Ama-marmot angama-4-6okuthi ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, baqale ukuvula amehlo abo. Umama upha ubisi lwezingane kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyi-1,5, emva kwalokho angahambi eyedwa.
Ngenxa yokungazi kwabo ngalesi sikhathi, abaseTarbagans abasebasha bavame ukuwela ezandleni zabazingeli.
EMongolia, abazingeli bezingane zonyaka babiza "okwejwayelekile", Izingane ezineminyaka emibili -"obhulayo", Izingane ezineminyaka emithathu -"sharahazzar". Owesilisa Omdala - "burkh", Owesifazane -"mthungi».
Bobabili abazali, kwesinye isikhathi isizukulwane esedlule, bahlala bekhulisa inzalo. Amanye amalungu emindeni eyandisiwe nawo ahlanganyela ekukhuliseni izingane, ikakhulukazi ngesimo se-thermoregulation ngesikhathi se-hibernation. Ukunakekelwa okunjalo kukhulisa ukusinda okuphelele kwezinhlobo.
Ikholoni yomndeni ngaphansi kwezimo ezizinzile iqukethe Abantu abangu-10-15, ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle kusuka ku-2-6. Babamba iqhaza ekuzaleni cishe 65 % abesifazane abavuthiwe ngokobulili.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha ezinkulu zemvelo zamaTarbogans yizinyoni ezidla inyama nezilwane ezincelisayo. Izisulu zabo zivame ukuba ngabaseTarbagans abancane kunazo zonke, abathanda ukudlala ngokungakhathali eduze nezimbobo zabo futhi basabele emuva kusiyeleliso.
Kuma-raptors, ukhozi oluyigolide luyingozi kakhulu kuma-marmot aseSiberia, yize lungajwayelekile eTransbaikalia. Ama-Steppe ukhozi adla abantu abagulayo kanye nezimbaza, futhi adle namagundane afile. Kuma-tetrapods we-carnivorous, izimpisi zibanga ingozi enkulu kumamongikazi aseMongolia, futhi isibalo semfuyo singancipha ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yizinja ezidukayo. Izingwe zeqhwa namabhere ansundu angazizingela.
Izimpungushe zivame ukulala zilinde izimbaza ezincane. Ngokuphumelelayo bazingelwa yi-corsac ne-steppe Ferret.
I-Tarbaganov isebenzisa inani labantu bendawo ukudla. E-Tuva naseBuryatia, akusikho kaningi manje (mhlawumbe kungenxa yokuthi isilwane sesiye savamile), kodwa eMongolia yonke indawo. Inyama yesilwane ibhekwa njengemnandi. Amafutha eTarbagan, anezakhiwo eziwusizo, ayigugu lomuntu. Bangalapha isifo sofuba, ukusha kanye ne-frostbite, i-anemia.
Izikhumba ze-Rodent bezingaziswa kakhulu phambilini, kepha ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokugqoka nokudaya bungalingisa uboya babo ngoboya obubaluleke kakhulu.
Isimo sokuLondolozwa
In Incwadi ebomvu yaseRussia isilwane, njengasohlwini lwe-IUCN, esigabeni "esengozini"Ingabe inani labantu liseningizimu-mpumalanga yeTransbaikalia, esigabeni" sokuwohloka "endaweni yaseTuva, eNortheast Transbaikalia.
Isizathu sokunyamalala kwe-tarbagan kwakuyisidingo esikhulu sangaphambili samafutha, uboya nenyama yalezi zilwane, kanye nokwehliswa kwendawo yayo yokuhlala.
Isilwane sigadiwe ngaphakathi Borgoyskiy futhi I-Orotsky izindawo ezingcwele ngaphakathi Sokhondinsky futhi Daursky izindawo zokuhlala, kanye naku Buryatia futhi I-Transbaikal Territory.
Ukuvikela nokubuyisa inani lalezi zilwane, kuyadingeka ukudala izinqolobane ezikhethekile futhi uthathe izinyathelo zokuphila.
Ukuphepha kwalezinhlobo zezilwane nakho kufanele kubhekwe ngoba umsebenzi obalulekile wama-tarbagans unomthelela omuhle ekubonakaleni komhlaba. Ama-marmots aseMongolia ayizidalwa ezisemqoka ezidlala indima ebalulekile ezindaweni ezi-biogeographic.
EMongolia ukuzingela izilwane kuvunyelwe ukusuka ngo-Agasti 10 kuya ku-Okthoba 15, kuye ngezinguquko enanini lezilwane. Ukuzingela kwavalwa ngokuphelele ngonyaka we-2005, 2006. ITarbagan isohlwini lwezilwane ezingandile zaseMongolia.
Tarbagan isilwane izikhumbuzo eziningana:
- Omunye wabo ungene I-Krasnokamensk futhi iyi-composition yezinombolo ezimbili ngesimo somvukuzi nomzingeli, kuwuphawu lwesilwane esacishe sabhuqwa eDauria.
28.02.2019
ITarbagan, noma iMongolia marmot (lat.Marmota sibirica) ingeyomndeni we-squirrel (iSururidae). Ngokubambisana ne-pallassic pika (i-Ochotona pallasi), kubhekwa njengomunye wabasabalalisi abayinhloko besifo eMongolia. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-marmot yaseSiberia.
Inyama yeTarbagan idliwa ngabantu abaningi base-Asia. AmaMongol alungisa isidlo sikazwelonke kusuka esilwaneni, esibizwa ngeBoodok.
Basusa isikhumba kuso, basishise ngomlilo noma basicofe ngamanzi abilayo bese besicoca kahle. Ukufakwa kuyasuswa, inyama namathambo kuxutshwe no-anyanisi oqoshiwe namakhambi anephunga elimnandi. Kufakwa amatshe ashisayo kule ngxube ephumayo. Ngemuva kwalokho kuthungathwa esikhunjeni esitshiwe bese sithosiwe, bese sijika umlilo ovulekile.
Ngemuva kokwakheka kokuqothuka kwegolide, kuqhuma ukwenziwa isisu esiswini bese kuthi cishe isigamu selitha lamanzi sithululelwe. I-Delicacy iyaqhubeka ukuthosa cishe isigamu sehora. Umhluzi uthelwa ezinkomishini, kukhipha amatshe, bese kusikwa inyama kube yizicucu.
ESiberia, inyama iyabhakwa noma ibilisiwe, isetshenziselwa ukwenza ophaya ne-ravioli. Amafutha eTarbagan asetshenziswa emithini yesintu ukwelapha ukusha, umkhuhlane, isifo sofuba kanye ne-anemia. Uboya busetshenziselwa ukuthunga imikhiqizo yoboya.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Izimbaza zaseMongolia zitholakala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, njengazo zonke izihlobo zazo, kepha indawo leyo ifinyelela engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeSiberia, iMongolia nenyakatho yeChina. Kuyisiko ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwama-subspecies amabili we-tarbagan. I-Orginary noma Marmota sibirica sibirica sihlala eTransbaikalia, e-Eastern Mongolia, e China. I-Khangai ibheka iMarmota sibirica caliginosus itholakala eTuva, ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga nezisenkabeni neMongolia.
ITarbagan, njengezinhlobonhlobo eziyishumi nanye ezihlobene futhi ezinhlanu ezanyamalala zezimbaza ezikhona emhlabeni namuhla, zaqhamuka egatsheni lohlobo lweMarmota oluvela eProspermophilus eLate Miocene. Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo e-Pliocene zazibanzi. I-European isalokhu ivela kwi-Pliocene, kuthi abaseNyakatho Melika baqale ukuphela kweMiocene.
Ama-marmot anamuhla agodle izici eziningi ezikhethekile zesakhiwo se-axial skull Paramyidae yesikhathi se-Oligocene kunabanye abamele abameleli bamaqembu asemhlabeni. Hhayi ngokuqondile, kepha izihlobo ezisondele kakhulu zemarmond yanamuhla kwakungu-American Palearctomys Douglass no-Arktomyoides Douglass, ababehlala eMiocene emamadayini nasehlathini elikhexekile.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Indawo le ihlanganisa izifunda eziseningizimu-mpumalanga yeRussia, iMongolia nenyakatho yeChina. E-Russia, i-tarbagan ihlala eSiberia naseTransbaikalia, nase China endaweni yesifundazwe saseHeilongjiang kanye ne-Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
Ama-marmot aseSiberia ahlala ezindaweni ezinobuningi bezitshalo ezinotshani noma ezinotshani.
Ihlala emaqeleni, ihlathi-isisekelo, ogwadule, izihosha nemifula eseduze. Itholakala ezintabeni emithambekeni yezintaba nezintaba ze-alpine ezindaweni eziphakeme aze afike ku-3800 m ngaphezu kolwandle.
Uhlobo lwachazwa okokuqala ngonyaka we-1862 ngusosayensi wemvelo waseRussia uGustav Radde. Okwamanje, subspecies ezimbili ziyaziwa. Ukuxhaswa okuqokiwe kujwayelekile ezindaweni eziphansi, kanti uMarmota sibirica caliginous uhlala ezindaweni eziphakemeyo.
Eminyakeni yama-90 yekhulu lamashumi amabili, inani labantu lehle ngamaphesenti angama-70 ngenxa yokuzingela okungalawulwa. ITarbagan ibhalwe ku-Red Book eRussia Federation.
Ukuziphatha
Ama-marmots aseMongolia ahlala emikhakheni emincane, ehlanganisa umbhangqwana wokuzalela nenzalo yawo, owazalwa eminyakeni engama-2-3 edlule. Ngokuya ngokutholakala kwesisekelo sokuphakelwa, indawo yesakhiwo sasekhaya isukela 2 kuya ku-6 ha. Lapho kunokudla okuningi, izilwane ezifika ku-18 zihlala kule koloni, kanti uma incipha, inani lazo liyancipha izikhathi ezi-3-4.
Imvamisa, abantu abadala abanesizungu bajoyina umbhangqwana oshadile, ovumelana namazinga aphansi emkhakheni wezenhlalo futhi onqabayo ukuzala kabusha.
AbakwaTarbagans ekunikezelweni kokudla bavikela ngenkani imingcele yezinto zabo ekuhlaselweni ngabantu abangabazi. Zibonisa ubutha obukhethekile kuma-marmots ama-grey (Marmota baibacina). Ngokudla okuningi, bayabekezelela omakhelwane futhi abakhombisi ulaka kubo.
Phakathi kwazo izilwane ziyaxhumana ngamasignali azwakalayo. Lapho inyamazane isondela, enye yazo ikhala kakhulu. Lapho izwa i-alamu ebukeka ngayo, lonke leli koloni liphuthuma liye emashalofini angaphansi komhlaba ngaphandle kokunqikaza
Izitha eziyinhloko zemvelo yizimpisi, izimpungushe, izimpisi, amabhere, izingwe zeqhwa nezinkozi. Izisulu zabo zivame ukuba ngabaseTarbagans abancane kunazo zonke, abathanda ukudlala ngokungakhathali eduze nezimbobo zabo futhi basabele emuva kusiyeleliso abasizwayo.
Ama-marmot aseSiberia akha uhlelo olubanzi lwezinto ezingaphansi komhlaba, akha izindunduma zangempela phezu kwazo. Ngokuvula umhlabathi, baba nesandla ekukhuleni kwezitshalo okungcono esimweni sezulu esomile.
Ebusika, i-tarbagan iwela ekubandakanyeni ubusika. Ngaphambi kweziqalo zokuqala, ufaka umgodi ngaphakathi ngamahlamvu owomile bese uvala ngokuqinile ukungena okungaphakathi usebenzisa udaka, utshani, umchamo wakhe kanye nendle. Ngaphambi kokucwaswa, izinduku zidla kakhulu ukuze zithole inani elikhulu lamafutha. Zonke zihlala ndawonye, zinamathela eduze.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani iTarbagan
Ubude besidumbu bungu-56,5 cm, umsila ungama-10,3 cm, okulinganiselwa ukuthi angama-25% ubude bomzimba.Isigaxa singama-8.6 - 9.9 mm ubude futhi sinebunzi elincane futhi eliphakeme namachashazi abanzi. Ku-tarbagan, i-tuborcle ye-postorbital ayikhulunywa njengezinye izinhlobo. Ijazi, mfushane, lithambile. Umbala uphuzi ngokuphuzi, ophuzi, kepha uma usubhekisisa kahle, amathiphu amnyama obuthi bomsipha wangaphandle wezinwele. Ingxenye engezansi yesidumbu ibomvu-grey. Ezinhlangothini, umbala uyasa futhi uqhekeka ngawo wonke umhlane nesisu.
Ingaphezulu lekhanda limnyama, libukeka njengesigqoko, ikakhulukazi ekwindla, ngemuva kokuncibilika. Awudluleli ngaphandle komugqa oxhumanisa phakathi kwezindlebe. Izihlathi, i-vibrissae zilula futhi umbala wazo uhlangana. Isikhala esiphakathi kwamehlo nezindlebe siyakhanya. Kwesinye isikhathi izindlebe zibomvu kancane, kepha kaningi, grey. Le ndawo imnyama kancane ngaphansi kwamehlo, futhi imhlophe izungeze izindebe, kepha kunomngcele omnyama emakhoneni nasesilevini. Umsila, njengombala wangemuva, umnyama noma onsundu ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba nalo uhlangothi lwalo luphansi.
Izifiso zaleli pende zithuthuke kangcono kakhulu kunama-molars. Ukuvumelana nezimo kwempilo ngemijondolo kanye nesidingo sokumba ngayo nge-paws yazo kunomthelela ekunciphiseni kwazo; izitho zomzimba wasemuva zashintshwa ikakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa namanye ama-squirrel, ikakhulukazi ama-chipmunks. Umunwe wesine we-rodent ukhuliswa uqine kunesithathu, kanti i-forelimb yokuqala kungenzeka ukuthi ayikho. AbakwaTarbagans abanazo izikhwama zezihlathi. Isisindo sezilwane sifinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-6,5, sifinyelela ku-9.8 kg, kuthi lapho kuphela ihlobo 25% wesisindo sikhuluphele, cishe yi-2-2.3 kg. Amafutha we-subcutaneous angama-2-3 ngaphansi kwamafutha wesisu.
Ama-Tarbagans wezindawo ezisenyakatho zobubanzi azincane ngosayizi. Ezintabeni, kutholakala abantu abakhulu nabanombala omnyama. Izinhlobo zaseMpumalanga zilula, kudlulela entshonalanga, umbala mnyama wezilwane. UM. i-sibirica incane futhi ilula ngosayizi nge "cap" emnyama ebukhali. UM. i-caliginosus inkulu, ingaphezulu ipendiwe ngemibala emnyama, ukuze itshokolethi nsundu, kanti cap ayikhulunywa kangako njengoba kusencwadini edlule, uboya bude obude.
Ihlala kuphi i-tarbagan?
Isithombe: I-tarbagan yeMongolia
AmaTarbagany atholakala ezinyaweni kanye nasezintabeni ze-alpine meadow steppes. Izindawo abahlala kuzo ezinotshani obanele bokudla amadatha: izihlahla ezinkulu, izihlahlana, izintaba zezintaba, imithambeka yezintaba, izitebhisi ezivulekile, izitebhisi zamahlathi, imithambeka yezintaba, iziwombe eziwugwadule, amadlanzana emifula nezigodi. Zitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-3,8 ngenhla yolwandle. m., kepha ungahlali emameleni aluhlaza impela. Ama-solonchaks, imigodi emincane nembobo kuyanqandeka nazo.
Enyakatho yebanga, bahlala khona emithambekeni eseningizimu, efudumele, kepha ingahlalwa yimiphetho yamahlathi emithambekeni esenyakatho. Izindawo ezithandekayo ziyizitezi zamagquma nezintaba. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, ukuhlukahluka kwendawo kuhlinzeka izilwane ngokudla isikhathi eside. Kunezindawo lapho utshani bujika buhlaza ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo nezindawo ezinomthunzi lapho izimila zingashisi khona ehlobo isikhathi eside. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, ukufuduka kwesizini kwama-tarbagans kwenzeka. Isikhathi senkambiso yezinto eziphilayo sithinta umsebenzi wokuphila kanye nokuzala kwezilwane.
Lapho ukushisa kwezitshalo kuqeda, ukufuduka kwe-tarbagan nakho kuyabukwa, okufanayo kungabhekwa ezintabeni, ngokuya ngokushintsha konyaka kwebhande lokunyusa, ukudlula kokufuduka kwendabuko. Ukuhamba okumile kungamamitha ayi-800-1000 ukuphakama. Ama-Subspecies ahlala ezindaweni eziphakeme ze-M. s. i-sibirica ithatha ama-steppes angaphansi, noM. S. i-caliginosus ikhuphuka phezulu ezintabeni nasemithambekeni.
Imarmot yaseSiberia ithanda isiphephelo:
- okusanhlamvu kwezintaba nodaka, umhlonyane ongavamile,
- ama-forbs (umdanso),
- izimpaphe, notshani, ezixubene ne-sedge kanye nemfoloko.
Lapho ukhetha indawo yokuhlala, ama-tarbagans akhethwa yilawo anokubuka okuhle - ezindaweni ezinotshani obuphansi. ETransbaikalia nasempumalanga yeMongolia, kuhlale izintaba kanye nama-gorges abolile, kanye nasezintabeni eziphakemeyo. Esikhathini esedlule, imingcele yendawo yokuhlala yayifika endaweni yehlathi. Manje isilwane sigcinwe kangcono esifundeni sezintaba esingafinyeleleki saseHentei nasezintabeni zasentshonalanga kweTransbaikalia.
Manje uyazi ukuthi itholakala kuphi i-tarbagan. Ake sibheke ukuthi kudliwa yini umhlabathi.
Ngabe kudlani i-tarbagan?
Isithombe: Marmot Tarbagan
Izimbaza zaseSiberia ziyabulala ukhula futhi zidla izingxenye eziluhlaza zezitshalo: okusanhlamvu, i-asteraceae, amabhu.
ETransbaikalia yasentshonalanga, ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-tarbagans yile:
- tansy,
- umpheme,
- i-kaleria
- utshani bephupho
- buttercups
- I-Astragalus
- scutellaria,
- dandelion
- i-scabiosis
- i-buckwheat
- ziboshwe
- cymbaria
- ukhula
- ukugcwala,
- insimu
- ama-breadcrumbs
- kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zo-anyanisi wasendle nomhlonyane.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Lapho zigcinwa ekudingisweni, lezi zilwane zidle izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingama-33 kusuka ezingama-54 ezikhula emaqeleni eTransbaikalia.
Kukhona ushintsho kokuphakelayo ngesizini. Ngentwasahlobo, ngenkathi kungekho luhlaza okwanele, lapho ama-tarbagan eshiya izimbobo, adla i-turf ekhulayo kusuka okusanhlamvu kanye nama-sedges, ama-rhizomes kanye nama-bulbs. Ukusuka ngoMeyi kuye maphakathi no-Agasti, ukudla okuningi, angazondla ngamakhanda akuthandayo e-Asteraceae, aqukethe amaprotheni amaningi nezinto zokugaya kalula. Kusukela ngo-Agasti, nangaseminyakeni eyomile nangaphambilini, lapho sekushiswa uhlaza lwe-steppe, okusanhlamvu okuphekwe ngamagundane kuyeka ukukudla, kepha emthunzini, ekucindezelekeni kokukhululeka, utshani kanye nomhlonyane kusalondoloziwe.
Njengomthetho, ama-marmot aseSiberia awadli ukudla kwezilwane, ekudingisweni anikezwa izinyoni, ama-squirrel omhlaba, izintethe, amabhungane, izibungu, kepha ama-tarbagans awakwamukelanga lokhu kudla. Kepha mhlawumbe, uma kunesomiso nangokuntuleka kokudla, badla ukudla kwezilwane.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Izithelo zezitshalo, imbewu ayigaywa yizimbotshana zaseSiberia, kepha ziyahlwanyelwa, kanye nomanyolo wezinto eziphilayo zifafazwe ungqimba lomhlaba, lokhu kuthuthukisa isimo se-steppe.
I-Tarbagan idla ukusuka kwelinye kuya kwelinye nohhafu kg wesisindo esiluhlaza ngosuku. Isilwane asiphuzi amanzi. Ama-groundhogs atholakala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ephethe cishe uwoyela ongafakwanga esiswini, njengamafutha angenasisekelo, aqala ukudliwa ngokunyuka komsebenzi. Amafutha amasha aqala ukuqongelela ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi - Julayi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Indlela yokuphila yetarbagan ifana nokuziphatha nempilo yemarmot, i-grey groundhog, kepha imisele yayo ijule kakhulu, yize inani lamakamelo lincane. Kaningi kunalokho, lokhu kuyikhamera eyodwa enkulu. Ezintabeni, uhlobo lwendawo yokuhlala lugxile futhi luyindilinga. Izitolo zasebusika, kepha hhayi izindima eziphambi kwegumbi lokudlela, zixakwe ngejamu yobumba. Amathafa anamagquma, ngokwesibonelo, njengaseDauria, esigodini saseBargoy, izindawo zemarmot zaseMongolia zisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo endaweni enkulu.
Ubusika, ngokuya ngendawo nokuma kwendawo, kuyizinyanga ezi-6 - 7.5. I-hibernation enkulu eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTransbaikalia yenzeka ekupheleni kukaSepthemba, inqubo ngokwayo inganwetshwa izinsuku ezingama-20-30. Izilwane ezihlala eduze kwemigwaqo noma lapho umuntu ebakhathaza khona azihambi kahle fat futhi zihlala isikhathi eside hibernation.
Ukujula komgodi, inani lemfucumfucu kanye nenani elikhulu lezilwane kukuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze izinga lokushisa egumbini elingaphansi kwamadigri ayi-15. Uma kwehla ku-zero, khona-ke izilwane ziba sesimweni sokuinza futhi ngokunyakaza kwazo zishiselana kanye nendawo ezungezile. Imisele, ebikade isetshenziswa yizimbaza zaseMongolia iminyaka, ikhulisa ukuphuma komhlaba okukhulu. Igama lendawo yalowo marmots li-butan. Amasayizi awo mancane kunawamabaks noma ama-marmot asentabeni. Ukuphakama okuphezulu imitha eyi-1, cishe amamitha ayi-8. Kwesinye isikhathi ungathola izimbumbulu ezinkulu kakhulu - kuze kufike kumamitha angama-20.
Ubusika obubandayo obungenabo iqhwa, ama-tarbagan angaqoqani amanoni ayafa. Izilwane ezilahliwe ziyafa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kanti kunokudla okuncane noma ngenkathi kuneziphepho zeqhwa ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Okokuqala, laba ngabantu abasebasha ababengenaso isikhathi sokupompa amafutha. Entwasahlobo, ama-tarbagans akhuthele kakhulu, achitha isikhathi esiningi ebusweni, aya kude nezimbobo, lapho utshani buphenduke buhlaza ngamamitha ayi-150 ukuya kwangama-200. Imvamisa idla imifino, lapho izimila ziqala khona ngaphambili.
Ngezinsuku zasehlobo, izilwane zisemiseleni, kuyaqabukela zize ebusweni. Bayaphuma bayodla lapho ukushisa kuncipha. Ekwindla, izimakethe zaseSiberia ezikhuluphele zilele kumammot, kodwa lezo ezingatholanga ziklaba ngamafutha lapho zidangala. Ngemuva kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, ama-tarbagan akuvamile ukuba ashiye umgodi, futhi nangaleso sikhathi, kuphela emahoreni ntambama. Emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokushiswa, izilwane ziqala ukuvuna imfucumfucu yegumbi lasebusika.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Tarbagan from the Red Book
Izilwane zihlala emakoloni emaqeleni, zikhulumisana ngemisindo futhi zilawule ukubona insimu. Ukuze benze lokhu, bahlala emilenzeni yabo yangasemuva, bebuka umhlaba wonke. Ngokubuka okubanzi, anamehlo amakhulu e-convex, abekwe phezulu emqhele futhi aye phambili ezinhlangothini. AmaTarbagans athande ukuhlala endaweni engamahektha amathathu kuya kwayi-6, kepha ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle azophila kumahektha ayi-1.7 - 2.
Ama-marmots aseSiberia asebenzisa imijikelezo ezizukulwaneni eziningana, uma kungekho ozihluphayo. Ezindaweni ezinezintaba, lapho inhlabathi ingavumeli ukumba imigodi eminingi ejulile, kunezimo lapho abantu abafinyelela ku-15 befihliwe egumbini elilodwa, kodwa ngokwesilinganiso izilwane ezi-3-4-5 zobusika zivula. Isisindo sokungcola esidlekeni sasebusika singafinyelela ku-7-9 kg.
Umbungu, futhi maduze wokukhulelwa, kwenzeka emabhumeni aseMongolia ngemuva kokuvuka emiseleni ebusika, ngaphambi kokuba zifinyelele phezulu. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-30-42, ukukhulelwa kugcina ngokufanayo. USachat, ngemuva kwesonto elilodwa bangancela ubisi futhi badle uhlaza. Kukhona izingane ezingama-4-5 kuletha udoti. I-sex ratio icishe ilingane. Ngonyaka wokuqala, u-60% wenzalo uyafa.
Ama-marmot amancane aze afike eminyakeni emithathu ubudala awazishiyi izibopho zabazali bawo noma kuze kube isikhathi lapho ukuvuthwa kwenzeka. Amanye amalungu emindeni eyandisiwe nawo ahlanganyela ekukhuliseni izingane, ikakhulukazi ngesimo se-thermoregulation ngesikhathi se-hibernation. Ukunakekelwa okufana nalokhu kuthuthukisa impilo yonke yezinhlobo. I-colony yomndeni ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzile iqukethe abantu abangu-10-15, ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle kusuka ku-2-6. Cishe i-65% yabesifazane abavuthiwe ngokobulili ababamba iqhaza ekuzaleni. Le nhlobo yezimbaza iba ilungele ukwenziwa kabusha ngonyaka wesine wokuphila eMongolia nakwesithathu eTransbaikalia.
Iqiniso elihehayo: EMongolia, abazingeli bezingane zonyaka babiza "ama-mundal", izingane ezineminyaka emibili - "i-cauldron", izingane ezineminyaka emithathu - "uSharakhazzar". Indoda endala - "burkh", insikazi - "tarch".
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani nge-tarbagan
Inani labantu be-tarbagan lehlile kakhulu kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule. Lokhu kuyabonakala ikakhulukazi eRussia.
- inyamazane engalawulwanga yesilwane,
- ukutshalwa kwezindawo zobuntombi eTransbaikalia naseDauria,
- Ukuqothulwa okukhethekile ukuze kungafakwa ukuqhuma kwesifo (i-tarbagan ngumenzi wesifo lesi).
Eminyakeni engama-30 ukuya kwengama-40 yekhulu lokugcina eTuva, ogwini lwaseTannu-Ola, kwakukhona abantu abangaphansi kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi. ENtshonalanga Transbaikalia, inani labo kuma-30s lalibuye libe yizinkulungwane eziyishumi zezilwane. Eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTransbaikalia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. kwakukhona ama-tarbagans ayizigidi eziningana, futhi maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka ezindaweni ezifanayo, ikakhulukazi ekuqoqweni kokusatshalaliswa, inani labantu belingaphakeme kunabantu abayishumi nge-1 km2. Kuphela enyakatho yesiteshi saseKailastui endaweni encane lapho kwakuyindawo yabantu abangama-30. 1 km2. Kepha inani lezilwane lalihlala lincipha, njengoba amasiko okuzingela eqinile phakathi kwabantu bendawo.
Inani elilinganisiwe lezilwane emhlabeni licishe libe yizigidi eziyi-10. Ku-84, ikhulu lamashumi amabili. E-Russia, bekunabantu abangafika ku-38,000, kufaka phakathi:
- eBuryatia - 25,000,
- e-Tuva - 11000,
- eSoutheast Transbaikalia - 2000.
Manje isibalo sesilwane sehlile kaningi, sisekelwa kakhulu ukunyakaza kwamaTarbagans avela eMongolia. Ukuzingela izilwane eMongolia ngeminyaka yama-90s kunciphise inani labantu lapha ngama-70%, nokususa le nhlobo kusuka “kungaphazamisi” kuya “kusengozini”. Ngokusho kwemininingwane yokuqopha yokuzingela ka-1942-1960. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1947 ukuhweba okungekho emthethweni kwafinyelela inani eliphakeme lamayunithi angama-2,5 ezigidi. Esikhathini esisuka ku-1906 kuya ku-1994, okungenani izikhumba eziyizigidi ezingama-104,2 zalungiswa ukuba zithengiswe eMongolia.
Inani langempela lezikhumba ezithengiswayo lidlula inani lokudinga izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezintathu. Ngo-2004, zathathwa izikhumba ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane nezingama-117. I-boom ukuzingela yenzekile selokhu inani lentengo lezikhumba lenyuka, futhi izici ezinjengemigwaqo nezindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokuhlinzeka ngokuzingela zifinyelela kakhulu kubazingeli ukucinga amakoloni anentaba.
Ukuvikelwa kweTarbagan
Photo: Tarbagan from the Red Book
Encwadini ebomvu yaseRussia, lesi silwane, njengoba sisohlwini lwe-IUCN, esigabeni “esisengozini” - lokhu kunabantu abaningi eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTransbaikalia, esigabeni “sokwehla” eTyva, eNortheast Transbaikalia. Isilwane sivikelwe ezindaweni ezigcinwe eBorgoysky naseOrotsky, ezindaweni ezingamaSokhondinsky naseDaursky, kanye naseBuryatia naseTrans-Baikal Territory. Ukuvikela nokubuyisa inani lalezi zilwane, kuyadingeka ukwakha izindawo ezikhethekile zezilwane zasendle, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphinda kwenziwe kabusha, kusetshenziswa abantu abavela ezindaweni ezithuthukayo.
Ukuphepha kwalezinhlobo zezilwane kufanele futhi kubhekwe ngoba impilo yama-tarbagans inethonya elihle ekubonakaleni komhlaba. I-Flora kum marmot ine-saline ethe xaxa, ithambekele ekuphethweni ngamandla. Ama-marmots aseMongolia ayizidalwa ezisemqoka ezidlala indima ebalulekile ezindaweni ezi-biogeographic. EMongolia, ukuzingela izilwane kuvunyelwe kusuka ngo-Agasti 10 kuya ku-Okthoba 15, kuye ngezinguquko enanini lezilwane. Ukuzingela kwavalwa ngokuphelele ngonyaka we-2005, 2006. ITarbagan isohlwini lwezilwane ezingandile zaseMongolia. Kwenzeka ezindaweni ezivikelwe kulo lonke uhla (cishe u-6% wobubanzi).
Tarbagan leso silwane, esinezikhumbuzo eziningi. Elinye lazo litholakala eKrasnokamensk futhi liwukuqanjwa kwezinombolo ezimbili ngesimo somvukuzi nomzingeli, lokhu kuwuphawu lwesilwane, esacishe saqothulwa eDauria. Kwafakwa esinye isithombe sasemadolobheni e-Angarsk, lapho ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka edlule kwenziwa khona izigqoko ezivela ku-tarbagan fur. Kunokuqanjwa okukhulu okunamanani amabili eTuva eduze kwedolobhana laseMugur-Aksy. Kwakhiwa izikhumbuzo ezimbili ze-tarbagan eMongolia: eyodwa e-Ulan Bator, nenye, kwenziwa ngezicupho, empumalanga yezwe laseMongolia.
Ukuvela kwe-tarbagan
ITarbagany - izimbaza ezisindayo nezinkulu. Inemilenze emifushane nomsila omude, oqinile, owenza cishe ingxenye yesithathu yomzimba. Abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane.
ITarbagan ibukeka njenge-baibak.
Ubude bomzimba besilisa cishe ngamasentimitha angama-60, futhi abamele abakhulu bezinhlobo bafinyelela amasentimitha angama-65.
Ubude bomzimba besifazane buyehluka phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-55-58. AmaTarbagans anesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-6-8 ekwindla nangesikhathi hibernation.
Uboya balezi marmots abusebenzi, kodwa bunokubukeka okuhle. Ubude bezimpisi buphakathi, ukuthungwa kunwebekile. Umbala woboya wehluka kusuka kokugqwala okukhanyayo kuya kokusansimbi okukhanyayo. Isikebhe esimnyama simnyama. Imilenze ibomvu. Ingxenye engenhla yekhanda nesihloko somsila mnyama. Izindlebe zinombala onsundu. Entwasahlobo, uboya bukhanya kunekwindla.
Izimbhangqwana ezimbalwa zama-tarbag.
Tarbagan Habitat
UTarbagan uhlala esifundeni saseRussia, eTransbaikalia naseTuva. EKazakhstan naseTrans-Urals, i-marmot-baibak ihlala. Izingxenye ezisempumalanga nezisemaphakathi neKyrgyzstan, kanye nezindawo eziphansi zaphansi kwe-Altai, zakhethwa yizinhlobo ze-Altai.
Izinhlobo zeYakut zihlala eningizimu nasempumalanga yeYakutia, entshonalanga yeTransbaikalia nengxenye esenyakatho yeMpumalanga Ekude. Olunye uhlobo - uFerghana Tarbagan, olusatshalaliswa eCentral Asia.
Izintaba iTien Shan zaba ikhaya leTalas Tarbagan. Imarmot enamakhanda amnyama ihlala eKamchatka, ebizwa nangokuthi yi-tarbagan. Indawo enhle yokuhlala lapho kuhlala khona imithambeka yezintaba, amathafa asemaqeleni, ihlathi lesitebhisi, iziqongo zezinyawo nezigodi zemifula. Bahlala ngamamitha ayi-6,6-3 ngaphezulu kwenhla yolwandle.
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
AmaTarbagans ahlala emakoloni. Kepha, umndeni ngamunye unenethiwekhi yakhe yama-minks, ahlanganisa umgodi wokudlela, ubusika nehlobo "zokuhlala" zasehlobo, izindlu zangasese nemigwaqo enamamitha amaningi, ophela ekuphumeni okuningana.
Ngakho-ke, hhayi isilwane esisheshayo kakhulu, singazicabangela ekuphepheni okuhlobene - uma kwenzeka usongo, ingahlala icashe. Ukujula komgodi kuvame ukufinyelela kumamitha ayi-3-4, futhi ubude bokuhamba bungamamitha angama-30.
Ukujula komgodi we-tarbagan ngamamitha ayi-3-4, futhi ubude bubalelwa ku-30 m.
Mndeni, leli yiqembu elincane ngaphakathi koloni, eliqukethe abazali namawundlu angekho ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-2. Umkhathi ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuhlala unobungani, kepha uma abantu ongabazi bangene kuleyo ndawo, bayaxoshwa.
Lapho kunokudla okwanele, ikoloni liba ngabantu abangu-16-16, kepha uma izimo zokusinda zinzima kakhulu, khona-ke inani labantu lingancishiselwa ku-2-3 amasampula.
Izilwane zihola impilo yansuku zonke, ziphuma minks cishe ngehora lesishiyagalolunye ekuseni, futhi cishe eziyisithupha kusihlwa. Ngenkathi lo mndeni umatasa ngokumba izimbobo noma ukondla, abanye bame egqumeni futhi uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi bazoxwayisa isifunda sonke ngekhwela elibhobozayo.
Ngokuvamile, lezi zilwane zinamahloni kakhulu futhi ziyaqapha, ngaphambi kokusuka emgodini, zizobheka futhi zihlwitheke isikhathi eside kuze kube yilapho ziqiniseka ngokuphepha kwezinhlelo zazo.
Lalela isisekelo seTarbagan
Lapho kuqala ikwindla, ngoSepthemba, izilwane zifihla umzimba wonke, zicashe ngokujulile emiseleni yazo izinyanga eziyisikhombisa ezinde (ezindaweni ezifudumele, indawo yokuhlala hibernation incane, ebandeni isikhathi eside).
Vala umnyango wokungena umgodi ngezindunduma, umhlaba, utshani. Ngenxa ungqimba lomhlaba neqhwa ngaphezulu kwabo, kanye nokushisa kwalo, ama-tarbagan acindezelwe kakhulu komunye nomunye alondoloze izinga lokushisa elifanele.