I-Coral polyps yekilasi ingeyasesibelethweni samathumbu futhi ifaka izinhlobo zezinkulungwane eziyisithupha. Asikho isigaba se-jellyfish emjikelezweni wabo wokuphila. Ama-coral polyps, ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo, angaba eyodwa noma amakoloni. Amasayizi amafomu olulodwa angafinyelela kububanzi bamamitha noma ngaphezulu, futhi amasampula ngamanye amakoloni angaba ngaphansi kwesentimitha.

Ama-coral polyps ikakhulukazi ahlala olwandle olushisayo ezindaweni ezijulile.

Isici esibonakalayo semakholoni we-coral colyps ukuba khona kwesithambo esinama-calcareous noma horny. Ama-polyps we-Lime skeleton akha izixhobo zamakhorali. Ama-coral polyps awodwa akanaso isikhumba esinjengalesi, angakwazi ukuhamba ngaphansi kwawo, agobeke kuma-benthos aze abhukude nokugoba okuncane.

Ama-coral abizwa ngokuthi yi-skeleton of form colonies. Ama-coral asendulo akha imali enkulu eyenziwe nge-limestone, manje esetshenziswa ekwakheni.

Izinhlaka zamathambo ze-coral polyp zakhiwa ezingxenyeni ezingezansi ze-ectoderm noma ye-mesogley. Njengomphumela, kuvela ukuthi abantu abathile bekholoni bahlala ezindaweni zokuhlala emthanjeni ojwayelekile. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-polyp kungenxa yesendlalelo sezicubu eziphilayo ebusweni bekhorale.

Esibelethweni samathumbu kukhona ama-radial septa angapheleli (ayisishiyagalombili, noma amaningi ayisithupha). I-cavity ine-symmetry yangaphakathi kwezwe, hhayi emisebezi. Ukuvula umlomo kuzungezwe amatende amaningi. Izinhlobo zamaKoloni zondla nge-plankton (crustaceans namanye ama-arthropods). Ama-coral polyps angawodwa, njengama-anemone olwandle, adla izilwane ezinkulu (izinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans).

Ama-coral polyps anamaseli emisipha nesistimu yemisipha.

Eduze komlomo ovulekile kukhona i-denser plexus of cell nerve cell.

Ama-coral polyp azala ngokwawo nangokobulili. Ukuzala kabusha kwe-Asexual kwenziwa ngokuhluma. Kwamanye ama-polyps olulodwa, ngaphezu kokuhluma, ukwahlukaniswa okude komuntu ngezigaba ezimbili kungenzeka. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, uchungechunge lwamagciwane lakha ku-endoderm, imvamisa ekuhlukaniseni umthambo wamathumbu. ISpermatozoa ishiya owesilisa bese ibhukuda ingene emathunjini esibeleni sowesifazane, lapho kuvela khona umanyolo. I-larva elintantayo (i-planula) ikhula kusuka ku-zygote, ekhephuka ngaphandle futhi ngemuva kwesikhashana ihlale endaweni entsha, okunikeza i-polyp entsha.

Ama-anemone asolwandle ahlahlaza ama-coral polyps, ikakhulukazi angawodwa. Ziyahluka ngokwakheka komzimba, ukungabikho komthambo wamaminerali, amatende amaningi, kanye nemibala egqamile ehlukahlukene. Amanye ama-anemone olwandle angena ekujuleni kolwelwesi kanye nokudla okuvela emgodini okuhlala kumagobolondo ashiywe kuma-mollusks. Kulesi sifo, umdlavuza usebenzisa i-sea anemone njengendlela yokuzivikela ezilwazisayo (ukugwaza amaseli wethambo lamathumbu). I-Actinia ihamba ngosizo lomdlavuza, okukuvumela ukuthi kubambe ukudla okuningi.

Ama-polyps e-coral azwela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi. Ngakho-ke ukwehla komoya-mpilo emanzini kuholela ekufeni kwabo.

Umsebenzi obalulekile wamakhorali

Igatsha ngalinye lama- coral liyinqwaba yama polyps amancane abizwa ngokuthi ikoloni. Isidalwa ngasinye esinjalo sakha ulwelwesi olunenhliziyo zizungeze uqobo, olusebenza njengesivikelo salo. Lapho kuzalwa i-polyp entsha, inamathela ngaphezu kwengaphezulu bese iqala ukwakha igobolondo elisha. Lokhu kukhula kancane kancane kwamakhorali, okuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kube ngu-1 cm ngonyaka. Ukugxiliswa okukhulu kwalezi zinto zasolwandle kwakha izixhobo zamakhorali.

Isigaba sama-coral polyps afaka lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

1. Ukuba namathambo we-calcareous. Babambe iqhaza kwinqubo yokwakhiwa kwamadwala.

2. Ukuba namathambo wamaprotheni. Lokhu kufaka amakhorali amnyama nama-gorgoni.

3. Kuthathwe kunoma yisiphi isikhumba esiqinile (i-sea anemone).

Ochwepheshe bahlukanisa cishe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha zama-coral polyps. Igama elithi Anthozoa ngesiLatini lisho "imbali yezilwane." Ama-coral polyps abukeka kahle kakhulu. Bahlukaniswa ngemibala ehlukahlukene. Amatende abo ashukumisayo afana nezinsimbi zezimbali. Ama-polyps amakhulu amakhulu akhula aze afike ku-1 m ukuphakama. Imvamisa ububanzi bawo buba ngama-50-60 cm.

Habitat

Abameleli abaningi bama-coral polyps bahlala cishe kuwo wonke amanzi olwandle. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, iningi lazo ligxile olwandle olushisayo olushisayo. Akhula kahle emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwe-20 ° C. Ama-coral polyps ahlala ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-20. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-plankton nezilwane ezincane ezidla ngalezi zinto eziphilayo zihlala kule kholamu yamanzi.

Indlela yamandla

Ama-coral polyps, njengomthetho, ayacindezelwa ngesikhathi sasemini, kuthi lapho sekuqala ubumnyama athule amatende abo abawabamba edlula ngakubo. Ama-polyps amancane adla ngeplankton, kuyilapho ama-polyps amakhulu akwazi ukugaya izilwane ezincane. Imvamisa, ama-polyps amaningi amaningi adla izinhlanzi ne-shrimp. Phakathi kwalesi sigaba sezinto eziphilayo, kukhona nabamele abanjalo abakhona ngenxa ye-Symbiosis ene-unicellular algae (autotrophic protozoa).

Ukwakha

Ama-coral polyps, isakhiwo sawo sihluke kancane ngokuya ngohlobo lwawo, anamaseli emisipha. Bakha izicubu zomzimba ezinqamula futhi ezinde. Ama-polyp anesistimu yezinzwa, okuyi-plexus eminyene endaweni yediski yomlomo yalezi zinto eziphilayo. Amathambo abo angaba ngaphakathi, abunjwe ku-mesoglya, noma ngaphandle, okwakhiwa yi-ectoderm. Ngokuvamile, i-polyp ihlala endaweni ebunjiwe eyenziwe inkomishi kule makhorali, ephakeme ngaphandle. Njengomthetho, ukwakheka kwama-polyps kuyikholamu. Ngaphezulu kwabo, kuvame ukubekwa idiski eyingqayizivele, okuvela kuyo amatende alesi sidalwa. Ama-polyps awashukunyiswa angaguquki esikebheni esivame koloni. Zonke zixhunyaniswe yisikhunta esiphilayo esimboza wonke amathambo e-coral. Kwezinye izinhlobo, wonke ama-polyps axhumene ngamapayipi angena nge-limestone.

Umthambo we-coral polyp uvunyelwa yi-epithelium yangaphandle. Okuningi kwako konke kuyiveza (isisekelo) sale "sakhiwo" yasemanzini. Ngenxa yale nqubo, abantu abaphilayo bakhula ebusweni bekhorali, futhi ikhula ngokuqhubekayo. Iningi lama-coral polyps ayisishiyagalombili ane-skeleton engeke yathuthukiswa kahle. Ishintshwa yi-hydroskeleton ebizwa ngokuthi yi-hydroskeleton, ekhona ngenxa yokugcwaliswa komgodi wesibeletho ngamanzi.

Udonga lomzimba we-polyp luqukethe i-ectoderm (ungqimba lwangaphandle) ne-endoderm (ungqimba lwangaphakathi). Phakathi kwabo kunesendlalelo se-mesogley engenasakhiwo. Ku-ectoderm kukhona amaseli okugwinya abizwa ngokuthi ama-cnidoblasts. Ukwakheka kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-coral polyps kungahluka kancane. Isibonelo, ama-anemone olwandle ayindilinga. Ukuphakama kwawo kungama-4-5 cm, futhi ubukhulu bawo bungama-2-3 cm. Lesi silinda siqukethe umgqomo (ikholamu), uphansi (imilenze) nengxenye engenhla. I-anemone yolwandle ithweswa umqhele idiski lapho umlomo (we-peristome) itholakala khona, futhi enkabeni yayo kuyindawo ebambekayo.

Eduze kwalo kukhona amatende akhiwe ngamaqembu. Bakha imibuthano eminingana. Eyokuqala neyesibili ine-6, eyesithathu ibe no-12, eyine ibe no-24, eyesihlanu inama-tentery angama-48. Ngemuva kuka-1 no-2, umbuthano ngamunye olandelayo unazo izikhathi eziphindwe kabili kunezokuqala. Ama-anemones olwandle angathatha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene (imbali, utamatisi, i-fern). I-pharynx iholela emgodini wesibeletho, ihlukaniswe yi-radial septa ebizwa ngokuthi i-septa. Zifanekisela imphetho yamuva ye-endoderm, enezingqimba ezimbili. Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-mesogley enamaseli emisipha.

I-Septa yakha isisu se-polyp. Ukusuka phezulu, zikhula ngomphetho wamahhala kuye umphimbo wakhe. Amaphethelo we-tombta ahlanganisiwe, aqine futhi ahlaliswe ngamangqamuzana okugaya ukudla nawokugwaza. Babizwa ngokuthi ama-mesenteric filaments, futhi iziphetho zabo zamahhala zibizwa ngokuthi ama-accentuations. Ukugaya ukudla nge-polyp kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ama-enzyme agcinwe yiwo.

Ukuzala

Ukuphindiselwa kabusha kwama-coral polyps kwenziwa ngendlela ekhethekile. Inani labo lihlala likhuphuka njalo ngenxa yokuvela kabusha kwe-asexual, okubizwa nge- budding. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-polyp azala ngokocansi. Izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zinto eziphilayo zihlukahlukene. Isidoda sabesilisa ngokusebenzisa amakhefu ezindongeni zama-gonads singena ngaphakathi emgodini wesibeletho futhi siphume. Ngemuva kwalokho zingena emgodini womlomo wesifazane. Ngemuva kwalokho amaqanda ayahlanganiswa futhi akhula isikhashana ku-mesoglysis ye-septum.

Ngenqubo yokukhula kombungu, kutholakala izibungu ezincane ezibhukuda ngokukhululekile emanzini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ahlala ezansi futhi abe ngabasunguli bamakholoni amasha noma abantu abangashadile bama-polyps.

Ama-corals njengabakhiqizi bamadwala

Inani elikhulu lama polyp asolwandle ayabandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwezixhobo. Ama-coral ajwayele ukubizwa ngokuthi izinsalela zamathambo zamakholoni ahlala ngemuva kokufa kweziningi zalezi zinto ezincane. Ukufa kwabo kuvame ukucasulwa ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwezinto ezi-organic emanzini kanye namathumbu aphansi. Okubangela le nqubo ngamagciwane. Indawo enothile ngezinto eziphilayo iyindawo enhle yokuthuthuka okusebenzayo kwama-pathogenic microorganisms, ngenxa yomsebenzi obalulekile lapho i-acidity yamanzi nokuqukethwe komoya-mpilo kuyehla. "I-cocktail" enjalo inomthelela olimazayo kuma-polyps ama-coral angashadile nawekoloni.

Izizinda ezingezansi kwamaPolyps

Ochwepheshe bahlukanisa izimbotshana ezi-2 zama-polyps, afaka ama-oda ahlukene alezi zinto zasolwandle:

1. Uhlaka lwesishiyagalombili (Octocorallia), ezibandakanya ama-coral athambile (i-Alcyonaria) kanye nophondo (Gorgonaria). Kubandakanya izimpaphe zolwandle (Pennatularia), stolonifera (Stolonifera), polyp Helioporacea eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Zine-mesentery eziyisishiyagalombili, ithambo langaphakathi le-spicular, kanye ne-cirrus tentpentern.

2. Uhlaka lwesithupha (Hexacorallia), phakathi kwawo iCorallimorpharia, ulwandle i-sea anemones (Actiniaria), ceriantharius (Ceriantharia), zoantharias (Zoanthidea), madreporic (Scleractinia) namakhorali amnyama (Antipatharia).

Ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya

Amanye ama-coral polyps akhiqizwa ngempumelelo ama-aquarists ezimweni zokufakelwa. Umthambo we-calcareous wezinye izinhlobo zalezi zinto zasolwandle usetshenziselwa ukwenza ubucwebe. Kwamanye amazwe lapho ama-coral polyps engakavinjelwe khona, izinsalela zawo zisetshenziselwa ukwakha izindlu nezinye izakhiwo. Zisetshenziswa futhi njengokuhlobisa izindlu nezingadi.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwama-coral kanye nama-coral polyps?

Ama-coral polyps - izidalwa eziphilayo. Lawa ama-invertebrates asolwandle noma angawodwa ahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi afudumele asezindaweni ezishisayo. Zihlobo Ukuhamba, ebonakala ngokuba khona kwamaseli okugwaza asetshenziselwa ukuzingela. Ama-polyps amaningi anes skeleton esiqinile se-calcareous. Yiso lesi skeleton esahlala ngemuva kokufa kwekoloni lama-coral polyps, abizwa nje ngokuthi amakhorali. Lowo mehluko. Kepha imvamisa, igama elithi "amakhorali" liyaqondakala njengama-invertebrates aphilayo, kanye namathambo abo, kanti kwesinye isikhathi nemihlobiso eyenziwe nge-corals eyenziwe ngombala omuhle kakhulu.

Ama-coral atholakala kuphela emanzini olwandle anosawoti. Amanzi ahlanzekile ayingozi kubo. Zibuye zife ngokushesha emoyeni, kepha kunezinhlobo ezithile zamakhorali eziphila ngohlobo “lwegobolondo” elifana negobolondo lama-mollusks. Ekujuleni okuphansi, amanzi olwandle ahlala kuwo, ogcina impilo ye-polyp kuze kube yilapho ibuye ibuye.

Indlu yamakhorali - amanzi afudumele asezindaweni ezishisayo nasendaweni eshisayo ngokukhanya okuhle kanye nokushisa kwamanzi + 20 ° C. Iningi lezinhlobo zonke lihlala ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-50. Yizinhlobo eyodwa kuphela ezinkulu ezingahlala ekujuleni lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kungangeni khona.

Indawo yamakhorali. Ama-coral kanye nama-coral polyps.

Izinhlobo kanye nezigaba

Ama-polyps ama-coral ahlukaniswe izifunda ezi-2 ezinkulu: ugongolo lwesithupha futhi ugongolo lwesishiyagalombili.

Ama-coral polyps anezici eziyisithupha (I-Hexacorallia) - Izilwane zasolwandle ezihlala zodwa noma zamakoloni ezinenombolo yama-tentacle amaningi ka-6. Akuvamile ukuthi kube nama-polyps anokuphindaphindeka okuhlukahlukene kokuphindaphindwe ngamatende (5, 8 noma 10). Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezingama-4 300 zama-coral polyps angenasici. Abameli abaziwayo kakhulu balesi siqhingi esingaphansi kwama-sea anemones. Abanayo skeleton eqinile futhi ababambi iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwamadwala. Ama-anemone olwandle avumelaniswe nokuphila ukuze aqhubeke nokuphila esixekweni engena ekufanekisweni nezinye izilwane zasolwandle.

I-Clown fish ihlala emahlathini ama-tentpentron olwandle anemones. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlanzi ngayinye ihlala ne-anemone yolwandle ekhethiwe yempilo. Izinhlanzi ezingama-Clown ziphekwe nge-mucus ekhethekile, ebenza bavikeleke ebugqilini bama-anemone olwandle. Ngokunembile, amaseli e-polyp agwazayo awasebenzi uma ehlangene nesikhumba senhlanzi esishelelayo. Ngakho-ke, i-anemone ivikela inhlanzi e-clown ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, futhi ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile ihlanze kusuka ezilwaneni.

Indawo yamakhorali. Ama-coral kanye nama-coral polyps.

Esinye isibonelo sokusebenzelana okuhle okuzuzanayo i-anemones yasolwandle enomdlavuza we-hermit. I-polyp ihlala egobolondweni lomdlavuza futhi uyayibonga ihamba olwandle. Ukushintsha lokhu, umhluzi we-hermit uthola isivikelo esisebenzayo ezitheni eziningi.

Iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke ama-coral polyps anezimpawu eziyisithupha madreporic noma amadwala amatsheI-Scleractinia) Njengamanje, kuchazwa izinhlobo ezingama-3,600. Baphawuleka ngokuba khona komthambo one-calcareous. Lawa makhorali angumbenzi owakha kabusha amadwala. Ama-coral ama-single stony angafinyelela kubukhulu obungu-50 cm ububanzi futhi ahlala ekujuleni okukhulu kuze kufike ku-6 km. Kepha iningi labamele lokhu kukhipha lincane (kufika ku-5 mm.) Ama-Polyps. Bahlela ikoloni elikhulu, elinamakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-polyps futhi afinyelela isisindo samathani amaningi.

Ama-Coral Polyps ayisishiyagalombili (Octocorallia) Ingabe i-subclass yamakhorali ama-coral aqukethe i-corolla equkethe amatende ayisishiyagalombili. Le yinhlobo endala kunayo yonke, izinsalela zezinsalela zazo ezitholakala emalini, iminyaka yazo ilinganiselwa eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-145. Cishe bonke bavela kukhokho oyedwa. Lawa ma-polyps amancane kakhulu - ubukhulu bawo ngokuvamile abudluli ku-1 cm.

Iningi lama-coral polyps ayisishiyagalombili ane-skeleton eqinile ye-calcareous. Bamba iqhaza ekwakheni amadwala.

Indawo yamakhorali. Ama-coral kanye nama-coral polyps.

I-Symbiosis ye-anemone yasolwandle nomdlavuza we-hermit

Siphawula ikakhulukazi isibonelo se-typiosis (i-Greek Symbiosis - ukuhlala ndawonye) - ukubumbana ngokusondelana kwezinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, okuthi (njengomthetho) kube lusizo futhi kudingekile kumlingani ngamunye.

I-Symbiosis yenzeka phakathi komdlavuza wolwandle ne-hermit cancer. Umbala onomzwangedwa onesizungu, esethole i-anemone, uqala ukuwushaya. Kuyamangaza ukuthi, ekuphenduleni kulokhu, i-anemone ayibeki umdlavuza - indlela enjalo iye yathuthukiswa ngokuziphendukela kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane edlule. Esikhundleni salokho, i-anemone ivele etsheni (substrate) bese iya kumdlavuza osegobolondweni layo.

I-Hermit crab idla izilwane ezincane ezikhubazekile ngokugwaza amaseli we-anemone yolwandle. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-anemone ihlala ihamba, ngenxa yokuthi inyamazane ivame kangakanani. Inomsebenzi wokuzivikela maqondana nomdlavuza.

Ama-coral Reef and Reef Formation

Ama-corals abandakanyeka enqubweni yokwakhiwa kwamadwala. Ukwakhiwa komhlanga - inqubo yokwakhiwa kwezixhobo zamakhorali ngokususelwa kwezinsalela zamakholoni ekoloni, kanye nolwelwe oluthile olungakhipha ulamula emanzini olwandle. Izinsimbi zamakhorali zakhiwa emanzini angajulile kuze kufike ku-50 m, emanzini ahlanzekile futhi afudumele (+ 20 ° C).

Iningi lazo zonke izixhobo zamakhorali zanamuhla zaqala ukwakheka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-10 ezedlule, ngemuva kweminyaka yokugcina iqhwa. Ukuncibilika kweqhwa kuholele ekuphakameni kwezinga lolwandle kanye nezikhukhula ezigudle ugu lwamazwekazi naseziqhingini.Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kwezilwandle kudala izimo ezinhle zokukhiqizwa kwama-coryp polyps, agcwalisa ishalofu yezwekazi futhi aqala ukukhula, lafinyelela phezulu. Abuye agcwalise amanzi azungeze ama-atoll kanye neziqhingi ezishisayo, iningi lawo lisuka ngentaba-mlilo.

Isazi semvelo esidumile nesihambi UCharles Darwin emsebenzini wakhe wesayensi "Isakhiwo nokusatshalaliswa kwezixhobo zamakhorali"Uchaze izinqubo zokwakhiwa kwamadwala esibonelweni sesiqhingi sentaba-mlilo. Ngokomqondo wakhe, izinqubo zimi ngalendlela elandelayo:

• Ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Kulesi sigaba, isiqhingi esinemithambeka emaweni "sikhula" siphuma emanzini.
• "Ukuhlala" kwesiqhingi. Njengoba isiqhingi sikhula, sicwila size ngaphansi ngaphansi kwamandla ayo. Isiqhingi ngokwaso siba ngaphansi, futhi indawo engaphansi kwamanzi ezungezile iba mncane - igcwele amadwala. Indawo engasogwini enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi "i-fringing reef". Ngalesi sikhathi, kuzoba khona iziziba ezungeze lesi siqhingi.
• Umhlanga wokugcoba ugcotshwa ngama-coral polyps, agcina eshintsha umhlanga waba yi-coryp polyp - uqukethe izinsalela zezinsalela zamakholoni amaningi. Isihlabathi samakhorali sifinyelela ngaphezu kwamanzi, futhi isiqhingi ngokwaso siqhubeka sicwila size sibheke phansi.
• Isiqhingi sifihlwe ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwamanzi. Isihlabathi samakhorali sibonisa amamitha ambalwa ngaphezu kwamanzi. Kungembozwa ngesihlabathi esisele ukusuka ekulesi siqhingi. Ingxenye emaphakathi iyanyamalala ngokuphelele, ishiye lagoon engajulile. Isixhobo esinjalo somgoqo esine-lagoon ephakathi siyabizwa atoll.

Indawo yamakhorali. Ama-coral kanye nama-coral polyps.

Izixhobo zamakhorali zihlala ngaphansi kwe-0,1% yolwandle emhlabeni, kepha zihlala ikota yazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane zasolwandle.

Njengamanje, cishe isigamu (cishe i-45%) yazo zonke izixhobo zamakhorali zitholakala olwandle lwePacific esifundeni sase-Asia. Lawa ngamanzi ePhilippines, Indonesia, Thailand namanye amazwe. Kuyo yonke indawo yolwandle iPacific Ocean, kutholakala amaphesenti ayi-18 ezimbiwa. ENdiya - 17%. E-Atlantic - 14%. Ulwandle olungamakhorali olothile kunabo bonke uLwandle Olubomvu (cishe u-6% wesamba).

Idwala lamakhorali elikhulu kunawo wonke - IGreat Barriers Reef etholakala oLwandle lwaseCoral oLwandle iPacific ngasogwini olusenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Australia. Isuka kumakhilomitha angama-2 500. futhi ihlanganisa indawo ecishe ibe ngu-400 km². Le nto enkulu yemvelo eMhlabeni, eyakhiwa izinto eziphilayo. Ubukhulu bayo bukhulu kakhulu kangangokuba bubonakala ngisho nasendaweni.

Ngokokulinganisa kwanamuhla, indawo yezixhobo zamakhorali ingamakhilomitha angama-284 000,000. Emuva ngo-1980, leli nani lalilikhulu kakhulu - cishe ama-600 000 km 600. Uma lo mkhuba ungaguquki, khona-ke emva kweminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-20, ezinye izihla zamakhorali zizoshabalala ngokuphelele.

Indlela yokuphila

Iningi lamakhorali ama-coral ahlala olwandle olufudumele olushisayo, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lingaphansi kwe-20% C, futhi kumazinga angeqi ngamamitha angama-20, ezimeni zamapulankton amaningi, abawondla kuwo. Imvamisa phakathi nosuku ama-polyps ayaxinwa, futhi ebusuku amatende akhishwe aqonde, ngosizo lwawo abambe izilwane ezincane ezahlukahlukene. Ama-polyps amakhulu amakhulu ayakwazi ukubamba izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu: inhlanzi, i-shrimp. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-coral polyps ziphila ngenxa ye-typiosis ene-unicellular algae, ehlala ku-mesoglye yazo.

I-Corclass Eight-Beam Coral (i-Octocorallia)

Ama-coral ayisishiyagalombili anama-tentpaper ayisishiyagalombili, ukuhlukaniswa okuyisishiyagalombili emgodini wesibeletho kanye nomthambo wangaphakathi. Lesi siqhingi sihlukaniswe ngama-oda: 1) I-Alcyonaria (Alcyonaria), 2) ama-corals Horny (Gorgonacea), njll.

Ama-alcyonaria amaningi angamakhorali athambile angenawo umthambo obekiwe. Amanye ama-tubipores kuphela anomthambo owakhiwe kahle onakekela izingane. Ku-mesoglayer yalezi zamakhorali, kwakheka amashubhu athengiswa komunye nomunye ngamapuleti anqamulelayo. Amathambo wesimo akhumbuza isitho sangasese, ngakho-ke ama-tubipores anelinye igama - i-organica. Izindikimba zomzimba zibandakanyeka enqubweni yokwakhiwa kwamakhorali.

Ama-corals e-Horn, noma ama-gorgonia, anesikhumba sangaphakathi sophondo. Le oda ifaka ama-coral abomvu, noma ahlonishwayo (i-Corallium rubrum), okuyindaba yokudoba. Ubucwebe benziwa ngamathambo wamakhorali abomvu.

I-Subclass Six-Coral (Hexacorallia)

Amakhorali anezici eziyisithupha aneziningi eziningi, inani lazo liphindwe kasithupha. I-gastric cavity ihlukaniswe yisistimu eyinkimbinkimbi yama-partitions, isibalo sawo siphindaphindwe kasithupha. Iningi labamele linesikhumba sangaphandle se-calcareous skeleton, kunamaqembu entula i-skeleton.

Ukwahlukaniswa okulandelayo kungokwesithupha se-Six-Beam Coral: 1) I-anemones yolwandle, 2) ama-correp aseMadrepore, njll.

Ama-anemone olwandle angamapulangwe amaningi amakhulu angenamathambo. Banombala ohluke kakhulu, ovame ukugqama, okubizwa ngawo ngokuthi ama-anemone olwandle (Fig. 3, 4). Ziyakwazi ukuhamba kancane ezintanjeni zemisipha. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-anemone zasolwandle ziba yi-typiosis ngama-hermit crabs. I-Hermit crab isebenza njengemoto ye-sea anemone, kanti i-anemone yasolwandle enama-tentacle ayo anamaseli okugwaza ivikela umdlavuza ezitheni.

Ama-correp aseMadrepore womabili ama-polyps angashadile nawamakholoni, abonakala ngokuba khona komthambo onamandla we-calcareous skeleton. Ekujuleni okukhulu (kuze kufike ku-6000 m) kuvame ukufakwa izinhlobo ezincane ezincane, ama-polyps amakhulu atholakala ngasogwini, kanye nezindawo ezinamagatsha aqhelelene (kufinyelela ku-1 m ukuphakama), akha izingxenyana - amabhange wamakhorali. Abamele lokhu kukhiqizwa bangabakhi bezindlela eziyinhloko. Lokhu kufaka ubuchopho, amakhorali abunjwe ngamakhowe, njll.

Izixhobo zamakhorali - kwakheka ngenxa yomsebenzi obalulekile wama-coral polyps ane-skcareton skcare. I-reef iqukethe ikakhulukazi amakhorali we-madreporic, amanye amakhorali anezici eziyisithupha nezinye izilwane ezinamathambo (ama-mollusks, isipanji, ama-bryozoans).

Amakhorali akha ama-Reef ahlala kuphela ezindaweni ezishisayo zoLwandlekazi Lomhlaba, ngoba adinga izinga lokushisa lamanzi elihlala njalo, anaka izimo zokukhanya, usawoti wamanzi nokugcwala kwawo nomoya-mpilo. Ukuxhomekeka kokusatshalaliswa kokukhanyisa kungenxa yesimpawu sama-coral polyps nge-unicellular algae (zooxanthellae).

Izinsika zezinhlobo ezintathu: ugu, umgoqo kanye nama-atoll. I-atoll iyisiqhingi esenziwe ngesendandatho. Ngokusho kwe-hypothesis kaC. Darwin, uhlobo lokuqala yidwala lasogwini. Izinsimbi zomgodi kanye nama-atoll akhiwa ngenxa yokuncipha kancane kancane komhlaba.

► Incazelo yamanye amakilasi ohlobo lwe-Enterocarpal:

Indawo yamakhorali

Isihlabathi samakhorali siyisakhiwo se-calcareous geological esakhiwe ngama-polyps wamakholoni kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze-algae ezikhiqiza lime - i-calcium carbonate. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-coral polyps ngamanye ayafa, kepha amathambo abo ahlala - ngenxa yalokhu, isihlahlubo sikhula futhi sikhule.

Izixhobo zamakhorali ziyindlela yokuzivumelanisa nezimo: ukunamathiselwa phansi kuphikisana namagagasi olwandle, ukuze kuvikeleke kwabazingelayo.

Lo mbhalo wabhalwa nguBellevich Yuri Sergeyevich futhi uyimpahla yakhe yobuhlakani. Ukukopisha, ukuhambisa (kufaka phakathi ukukopisha kwamanye amasayithi nezinsizakusebenza kwi-Intanethi) noma okunye ukusetshenziswa kolwazi kanye nezinto ngaphandle kwemvume yangaphambili yomnikazi welungelo lobunikazi kuyajeziswa ngumthetho. Ukuze uthole izinto zokwakha izindatshana nemvume yokusebenzisa, sicela uthinte I-Bellevich Yuri.

Umjikelezo wempilo nokuzala

Ama-corals azalaniswa ngokuqunjelwa nangokobulili. Ama-polyps ajwayele ukwahluka. Izidoda ezidabula odongeni lwe-gonad ziphuma zingene emgodini wesisu, bese ziphuma zingene ngomlomo zingene emgodini wesifazane. Amaqanda agcotshwe isikhathi esithile ku-mesoglysis ye-septum. Imvamisa, ngesikhathi sokukhula kombungu, kwenziwa izibungu ezincane ezingena ezintanjeni - uhlelo, oluthi ngemuva kwesikhashana luhlale phansi luze lukhiphe abantu abasha noma amakoloni. Emapopini amaningi wamakhorali, intuthuko iqhubeka ngaphandle kwe-metamorphosis futhi izibungu aziqali.

Ukufa kwamakhorali

Ochungechungeni lokuhlola okwenziwe kumakhorali weGreat Barrier Reef, kwatholakala indlela yokubhebhezela okwabangela ukubulawa kwamakhorali. Ukufa kwabo kuqala ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-organic emanzini nase-sediment, futhi ama-microbes angumlamuli walezi zinqubo. Isimo esicebile sendalo sikhonza njengesisekelo esihle sokukhula okusheshayo kwamagciwane; ngenxa yalokho, okuqukethwe kwe-oxygen ne-pH yokuncipha okuphakathi. Le nhlanganisela iyabulala amakhorali. Ukushesha kokunciphiswa kwe-sulfate, usebenzisa izicubu ezifile njenge-substrate, kuphakamisa kuphela ukufa kwamakhorali.