I-Newt entsha | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Owesilisa we-newt ejwayelekile ngengubo ejwayelekile neyokukhwelana | |||||
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi | |||||
Umbuso: | Eumetazoi |
Subfamily: | I-Pleurodelinae |
Buka: | I-Newt entsha |
- I-Lacerta vulgaris ULinnaeus, 1758
- ILacerta aquatica ULinnaeus, 1758
- I-Lacerta palustris ULinnaeus, 1758
- I-Triton palustris ULaurenti, 1768
- I-Triton parisinus ULaurenti, 1768
- Salamandra exigua ULaurenti, 1768
- IGecko triton Meyer, 1795
- I-Gecko aquaticus (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- Salamandra taeniata Schneider, 1799
- Salamandra palustris (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- Salamandra abdominalis ILatreille, ngo-1800
- Salamandra punctata ILatreille, ngo-1800
- ILacerta triton I-Retzius, 1800
- Salamandra elegans UDaudin, ngo-1803
- I-Molge punctata (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- I-Molge palustris (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- Molge cinerea Merrem, 1820
- I-Triton taeniatus (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- Lacerta taeniata (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- I-Triton abdominalis (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- Triton vulgaris (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- I-Triton aquaticus (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- I-Triton punctatus (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- Molge taeniata (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- Salamandra vulgaris (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- I-Salamandra lacepedii Andrzejowski, 1832
- I-Triton exiguus (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- I-Lissotriton punctatus (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- I-Lophinus punctatus (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- I-Triton laevis IHigginbottom, ngo-1853
- I-Pyronicia punctata (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- I-Molge vulgaris (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- UGekko uzame Schreiberi, 1912
- Triton hoffmanni ISzeliga-Mierzeyewksi ne-Ulasiewicz, 1931
- Lophinus vulgaris (ULinnaeus, 1758)
- I-Triturus vulgaris (ULinnaeus, 1758)
I-Newt entsha (lat. Lissotriton vulgaris) - uhlobo olujwayelekile kakhulu lolo hlobo oluvela kunhlobo lwama-newts amancane (I-Lissotriton) i-oda yama-amphibians we-caudate. Uhlobo lwachazwa okokuqala ngo-1758 ngusosayensi wemvelo waseSweden uKarl Linnaeus.
Incazelo
I-Ortinary newt ingenye yezinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke zama-newts, ubude bomzimba kusuka ku-7 kuye ku-11 cm, kufaka nomsila, okuyingxenye yobude bomzimba wonke. Abesilisa bavame ukuba bakhulu kunabesifazane, ikakhulukazi umehluko osayizi uboniswa ngesikhathi sokuzala. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa be-newt ejwayelekile bavele ku-dorsal crest. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abesilisa nabesifazane bahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye.
Isikhumba sibushelelezi noma sibunjiwe kancane. Umbala womzimba unsundu-onsundu noma umnqumo, isisu siphuzi noma siwolintshi okhanyayo namabala amnyama, abesilisa banombala omnyama.
Isici esibonakalayo se-newt evamile umucu omude omude odlula ngamehlo ezinhlangothini zombili zekhanda kunezinye izindawo. Izinto ezintsha ezijwayelekile zivame ukudidaniswa nama-nitrous tritons (ILissotriton helveticus), kungenzeka ukuthola ngokungenakuphikiswa izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokuthi kube khona amabala amnyama emqaleni - azikho ku-newt ethwele i-nitrite. I-crest ye-newt ejwayelekile ayinamobha phansi komsila, ngokungafani ne-newt entsha.
Isikhathi sokuphila esimweni semvelo sifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-6 futhi siyiminyaka engama-20 ekudingisweni.
Umjikelezo wempilo
Entwasahlobo yokuqala, ngo-Mashi kuya ku-Ephreli, ama-newts aqala emzimbeni wezidumbu zamanzi. I-Ortinary newt imelana kakhulu namazinga okushisa aphansi. Kwesinye isikhathi abamele le zinhlobo bangatholakala emizimbeni yamanzi namanje embozwe ingxenye yeqhwa.
Cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvuka, ama-newts aqala ukwanda. Ukuvela kwezinto ezintsha ngesikhathi sokushintshana kokuzalela - umbala wezinsikazi uyagqama, abesilisa ngemuva ngemuva kwekhanda kuze kube sekupheleni komsila bahlakulela i-wavy evele obala noma i-crest engavamisile ukugcwala, ecebile emikhunjini eyi-capillary futhi isebenza njengento eyengeziwe yokuphefumula. Umsebenzi ofanayo wenziwa ngama-membranes kuma-paws. Ulayini ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ugijimela ezansi kwephansi.
Owesilisa udonsela ukunakekela kowesifazane ngesiko eliyingqayizivele - wenza ukunyakaza okufana nokwamaza njengomsila wakhe. Ethakazelisa insikazi, ikhipha i-spermatophore, yona ethatha isigaxa. Ukutshala kwenzeka ngaphakathi komzimba wowesifazane.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, izinsikazi ziqala ukubeka amaqanda zodwa, cishe amaqanda ayi-10 ngosuku, ngesikhathi sokuzalela, amaqanda angamakhulu amaningana (ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, ukusuka ku-60 kuye ku-700). Ubungako bamaqanda busuka ku-2 kuye ku-3 mm, ijamo lingama-oval. Iqanda ngalinye linanyathiselwe eceleni kwamaqabunga ezitshalo ezingaphansi kwamanzi.
Ngemuva cishe kwamaviki amabili ukuya amathathu (ngokuya ngokushisa kwamanzi), izibungu ezinobukhulu bengxenye yesenti kuphela. Izibungu zidla omiyane kanye nama-crustaceans amancane. Ngokungafani nendlela yabantu abadala be-newt, ukuphefumula kuzibungu kwenzeka ngosizo lwama-gill angaphandle. Imvamisa, izibungu zithola isigaba se-metamorphosis ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, kepha kunezimo lapho izibungu zihlala emizimbeni yamanzi kuze kube yintwasahlobo elandelayo, kanye nezimo zokukhula okubukhali kwezibungu.
Ama-tritons amasha angancibilika kaningi phakathi nehlobo. Iyasebenza ebusuku, icashe phakathi nosuku.
Ukuthomba ku-newt evamile kwenzeka eneminyaka engu-3. Ubusika, abasha bachitha ukufihla ukucasha emaqabungeni awile, emiseleni, ezingaphansi.
Indlela yokuphila
Ihlala ikakhulu emanzini, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzalela - ezindlini ezingajulile ezinamanzi agelezayo noma abuthaka kancane (amachibi, izihosha, imisele). Kuyatholakala emapaki, ezigodini zemifula. Izinhlobo zingena ezihlahleni ezigcawini ezinezikhukhula ezikude namahlathi aqinile futhi ahlanganisiwe. Kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala okusha emasimini ezolimo, ezingadini ngisho nasezivandeni zemifino. Emhlabeni, abantu abadala bachitha usuku bedoti lwehlathi, ngaphansi kwamagxolo ezihlahla, amatshe nezinkuni, njll. Phakathi nosuku bangabonakala kuphela esimweni sezulu esinethayo noma ngesikhathi sokufudukela ezindaweni zokuzalela.
Esigabeni samanzi okuphila, i-newt ejwayelekile idla kuma-crustaceans amancane, izibungu zezinambuzane, kanye nezimbaza zasemanzini. Emhlabeni, izakhi zokudla eziphambili zingamabhungane, izibungu zezimvemvane, imijondolo, izimbuzane zegobolondo, izicabucabu kanye neminyundu. Izibungu zidla imiphambuka, izibungu zomiyane nezinye izilwane ezingenamsoco ze-planktonic invertebrate.
Izitha zemvelo ze-newt ejwayelekile izinambuzane zasemanzini ezidla inyama, izibungu zazo, inhlanzi, amasele nohlobo oluthile lwezinyoni.
Ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobo
Incwadi ebomvu yaseRussia inani labantu liyancipha | |
Bheka Ulwazi I-Newt entsha kuwebhusayithi ye-IPEE RAS |
Isizathu sokuqala sokwehla kwesibalo sabantu abasha bezilwane ukubhujiswa nokuvalwa kwezidumbu zamanzi - okuyindawo yemvelo yalolu hlobo. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, eSwitzerland ngeminyaka yama-1950s, cishe amaphesenti angama-70 ezindawo zokugcina amanzi ezinamakhaza zakhishwa, ngenxa yalokho ngo-1972 inani le-newt ejwayelekile eSwitzerland lehle kaningi.
Ukulandela okulandelayo
Njengamanje, izinkomba ezi-7 ze-newt ejwayelekile zithathwa njengezamukelwe emhlabeni jikelele [ umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku eziyi-1926 ] :
- ILissotriton vulgaris ampelensis Fuhn, 1951 - Ampel Newt, noma Grape Triton [umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku eziyi-1926], etholakala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRomania. I-dorsal crest iphansi, ifinyelela ku-2-5 mm ukuphakama endaweni ephakeme maphakathi maphakathi.
- I-Lissotriton vulgaris graecus - I-Areca evamile newt [umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku eziyi-1926], Kuhlala indawo yaseGrisi (kufaka phakathi i-Ionia Islands), i-Albania, neMasedonia, kutholakala eBulgaria.
- I-Lissotriton vulgaris kosswigi - I-Kosswig Common Triton [umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku eziyi-1926], Kuhlala ugu oluseningizimu ntshonalanga yoLwandle Olumnyama (Turkey).
- Lissotriton vulgaris lantzi - Ordinary Newt Lanza [umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku eziyi-1926], Kuhlala ugu olusempumalanga yoLwandle Olumnyama - izifunda eziseningizimu yeRussia, iGeorgia, inyakatho ye-Armenia, neAzerbaijan. Kutholakala eRussia ezindaweni zaseKrasnodar naseStavropol Territories, eKabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia naseNyakatho Ossetia.
- I-Lissotriton vulgaris meridionalis - I-Southern Common Newt [umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku eziyi-1926], EDwell eningizimu yeSwitzerland, enyakatho ye-Italy, eSlovenia.
- I-Lissotriton vulgaris schmidtlerorum - Schmidtler Common Triton [umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku eziyi-1926], Kutholakala entshonalanga yeTurkey.
- ILissotriton vulgaris vulgaris iyi-subspecies yokuqokwa, inebanga elibanzi kakhulu lazo zonke izingosi ezintsha ze-newt - ukusuka e-Ireland kuye e-Western Siberia. E-Russia, ama-subspecies ahlala endaweni esentshonalanga yezwe, kufaka phakathi uKarelia noCaucasus. Ihluka kolunye u-subspecies yi-dorsal dorsal ephakeme futhi enejagging, ifinyelela ukuphakama okuphezulu endaweni ye-cloaca. Ukuphela komsila kuyakhonjwa.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala ye-newt ejwayelekile
I-Newt entsha kuthiwa isigaba ama-amphibians. Ngoba impilo yakhe yenzeka ezintweni ezimbili: amanzi nomhlaba. Lolu hlobo lwesigcilikwane se-amphibian seludlangile kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ungomncane kunakho konke okutholakala eRussia.
Ubukhulu be-triton buyehluka phakathi kuka-9-12 cm, kanti uhhafu wawo ngumsila. Umzimba umbozwe okumnandi ekuthintweni, isikhumba esinzima kancane. Umbala wayo ungashintsha impilo yonke: khanyisa noma okuphambene nalokho kube mnyama.
Umbala wangemuva uqobo, uvame onsundu, onemikhonto emide emide. Emadodeni, amabala amakhulu amnyama angabonakala emzimbeni, abesifazane abangenawo. Ukuhlanza kwenzeka emisha masonto onke.
Kulesi lizard, isikhumba sikhipha ubuthi be-pungent. Kumuntu, akayena usongo, kepha uma engena emzimbeni wesilwane esinegazi efudumele, kungadala ukufa. Ubhubhisa ama-platelet egazini, futhi inhliziyo uyama kanjalo i-newt evamile uyazivikela.
Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, i-crest ephezulu iqala ukukhula emadodeni, ihlanganiswe ngemivimbo ye-orange ne-Blue iridescent. Yenza umsebenzi wesitho esengeziwe sokuphefumula, njengoba singena ngemithambo yegazi eminingi. Ikamu lingabonakala ku isithombe owesilisa i-newt evamile.
Yonke imilenze emine yamazibuko ithuthuke kahle futhi wonke anobude obufanayo. Iminwe emine itholakala ngaphambili, kuthi emihlanu emuva. Ama-Amphibians abhukuda kahle futhi asheshe agijime ngaphansi kwendawo yokugcina amanzi, emhlabeni ngeke akwazi ukuziqhayisa ngalokhu.
Iqiniso elihehayo kunjalo newts ezejwayelekile ayikwazi ukubuyisa hhayi izitho ezilahlekile kuphela, kodwa futhi nezitho zangaphakathi noma amehlo. Ama-tritons aphefumula esikhunjeni kanye nama-gills, ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona "isibaya" emsileni, ngosizo lapho i-lizard ikhipha oksijini emanzini.
Babona kabi kakhulu, kepha lokhu kususwa ngumqondo owakhiwe kahle wephunga. Ama-Tritons angazizwa izisulu zawo ebangeni elingamamitha angama-300. Amazinyo abo ayahlukahluka engangeni futhi abambe ngokuthembekile inyamazane.
I-newt ejwayelekile ihlala eNtshonalanga Yurophu, eNyakatho neCaucasus. Ungahlangana naye ezintabeni, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-2000. Yize kujwayelekile kuye ukuthi aphile emahlathini aseduze namachibi. Uhlobo olulodwa lwezikhonkwane lungabonakala ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama, lolu newt evamile yeLanza.
Uhlobo nendlela yokuphila ye-newt ejwayelekile
Impilo izibankwa ezintsha ingahlukaniswa ebusika nasehlobo. Lapho kufika kuqala isimo sezulu esibandayo, ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, uhamba aye ebusika. Njengesiphephelo, ukhetha izinqwaba zamagatsha namaqabunga.
Ukuthola umgodi oshiyiwe, ngentokozo, kuzowusebenzisa. Imvamisa ukucasha ngamaqembu abantu abangama-30-50. Indawo ekhethiwe ibekwe eduzane nedamu "lendabuko". Ngokushisa kwe-zero, ibhungane liyayeka ukuhamba futhi likhululeke.
Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, vele ngo-Ephreli, ama-newts abuyela emanzini, izinga lokushisa lawo lingaphansi ngisho nangaphansi kwe-10 ° С. Zijwayelekile kahle nezimo ezibandayo futhi zikubekezelela kalula. Ama-tritons ayizibungu ezihamba ebusuku, azithandi ukukhanya okukhanyayo futhi azikwazi ukubekezelela ukushisa, zigwema izikhala ezivulekile. Emini zivele zibonakale emvuleni. Kwesinye isikhathi bahlala emhlambini omncane wezingcezu eziningana.
Ungaqukatha i-newt evamile in izimo zasekhaya. Akunzima, udinga i-terrarium, njalo ene-lid ukuze ibhungane lingakwazi ukuphunyula. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izomane ife.
Umthamo wayo kufanele okungenani ube amalitha angama-40. Lapho udinga ukwenza isigaba samanzi nesiqhingi esincane somhlaba. Maviki onke, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuguqulwe amanzi futhi kugcinwe amazinga okushisa okungenani angama-20 ° C.
Ukugqamisa ngokukhethekile nokushisa i-terrarium akudingekile. Lapho abesilisa ababili behlala ndawonye, izimpi ngenxa yendawo zingenzeka. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukuthi zigcinwe ezitsheni ezihlukile, noma zandise usayizi we-terrarium kaningana.
Umsoco we-triton ejwayelekile
Isabelo sokudla okusha liqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-invertebrates izilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba isemanzini, idla ama-crustaceans amancane nezibungu zezinambuzane, iya ezweni, ngentokozo, idla izilwanyane zasendle kanye nama-slugs.
Izisulu zayo kungenzeka kube ama-tadpoles, izibungu zamagobolondo, izicabucabu, izimvemvane. I-caviar yezinhlanzi etholakala emanzini nayo iyokudla. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, ngokuba semanzini, ama-newts aqhakaza kakhulu, futhi agcwalisa kakhulu isisu sawo. Izibungu ezifuywayo zondliwe ngama-gerworms, i-aquarium shrimp kanye ne-Earthworms.
Yini triton
Ama-tritons angama-amphibians ahlanganiswe emndenini we-salamander. Ibuye ihlukaniswe yimindeni emithathu engezansi. Omunye wabo ubizwa ngePleurodelinae noma amaTritons. Leli yiqembu lama-amphibians afakiwe. Igama ngomqondo obanzi alinayo i-garter ehlelekile, futhi igama lingafakwa egameni lezilwane ezivela kuhlobo oluhlukile. Kwavela ezinganekwaneni zasendulo.
Lama-amphibians afinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha angama-20, yize inani elijwayelekile lingama-9 cm kuphela. Umhlane weduna uvame ukuba nsundu noma umnqumo ube nsundu onamabala amnyama, kuthi kwabesifazane kube nombala ogqamile ngamathoni aphuzi anesihlabathi.
Imvamisa isikhumba sabo sibushelelezi, kepha kunezinhlobo ezinesikhumba esimnyama, esinamafutha.
Izinhlobo zezinto ezintsha ziningi, futhi phakathi kwazo ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi zande kakhulu, ezizodingidwa kamuva esihlokweni.
Comb Newt
Ama-Amphibian anobude bomzimba obungu-10 kuya ku-18 cm (abesilisa bakhulu). Isidumbu esingaphezulu nomsila simnyama noma simnyama-nsundu. Isisu sinombala osawolintshi anemibala emnyama ehlukile.
Ubumfihlo balolu hlobo lwe-newt yi-crest ye-serated, evame ukukhula kubo phakathi nenkathi yokuzalela.
Njenge-triton ejwayelekile echazwe ngenhla, i-crest ihlala emazweni amaningi aseYurophu; ayikho enyakatho yePeninsula yaseScandinavia kanye nasePyrenees. Ensimini yaseRussia, indawo ehlala kuyo ifinyelela engxenyeni eseningizimu yesifunda saseSverdlovsk. Izindawo zokuhlala kwe-newt elahliwe zingamahlathi anqabayo futhi axubile, kanye nokutshala kwamahlathi atshaliwe.
I-Alpine Newt: Incazelo
Le nhlobo, mhlawumbe, ingenye enhle kakhulu phakathi kwama-amphibians afakiwe. Isikhumba esingemuva kwabesilisa sinsundu onsundu ngombala onsundu. Ezinhlangothini zezinyawo kukhona amabala amnyama aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Isisu sinombala o-orange obomvu ngombala, umsila engxenyeni engenhla ungwevu ngombala oblue, futhi engxenyeni engezansi ine-tint yomnqumo.
Ubude bomzimba womuntu omdala bungafinyelela ku-13 cm, kepha, njengomthetho, cishe ngamasentimitha ayi-11. I-Alpine newt ijwayelekile emazingeni aphansi ezansi nasezintabeni zaseDenmark, Greece, Italy naseSpain. Ama-Amphibians alezi zinhlobo awatholakali eRussia.
IMarble Triton
Abamele le nhlobo banombala oluhlaza okhanyayo onamabala amnyama, okunikeza isikhumba umbala omuhle wemabula. Kukhona amabala amhlophe akhiwe ngokungahleliwe esiswini esimnyama. Izinsikazi zihlukaniswa umucu omncane obomvu noma owolintshi ngombala ogeleza emzimbeni. Ama-new Adult anobude bomzimba ofinyelela ku-17 cm.
Amathikithi emabula ahlala ezindlini ezinamanzi agobhozayo noma emifuleni ngokuhamba kancane nangokuqinile. Indlela yokuphila ye-marble triton ijwayelekile impela, ithanda izindawo eziseduze namachibi okuma noma imifula enenqubo ehamba kancane.
Abamele lolu hlobo bahlala ePortugal, eFrance naseSpain.
I-Asia Minor Newt
Le nhlobo ifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha ayi-14. Isici esihlukile se-amphibian sidalulwa ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yokuzalanisa - emadodeni, isikhumba sinombala okhanyayo wethusi-lomnqumo ngemivimbo yesiliva namabala amnyama amnyama. Futhi bane-crest ecijile, yokugoba ephezulu ngemuva kwabo, abangaguquki emsileni.
Abamele le nhlobo bahlala emizimbeni yamanzi egelezayo, emahlathini aqatha futhi axubile. Zidla ama-mollusks ahlala emanzini, izibungu zezinambuzane, izibungu nama-arachnids. Sisatshalaliswa e-Iraq, eTurkey, eGeorgia, kwa-Israyeli, eRussia (eKrasnodar Territory), e-Abkhazia.
I-Sparkling Newt
Le triton inombala onsundu futhi inezindawo ezibomvu zewolintshi ezingafani. Umthunzi onsundu ophuzi wesisu umbozwe ngezinhlamvu ezincane zomnyama. Isici esivelele salaba bantu abamele ukungabikhona kwe-crest ngemuva kwabesilisa ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kanye nezimbambo eziphuma ngezimbobo esikhunjeni. Lezi zokugcina ziqukethe into enobuthi. Abantu abadala kwesinye isikhathi bakhula babe ngama-23 cm.
Lolu hlobo, ngokungafani nezihlobo zalo, luyakwazi ukuhola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini neyasemhlabeni. Zizwa zizinhle zombili ezindaweni zokugcina zemvelo, nasezindongeni nasezimanzini ezimanzi. Kusatshalaliswa ePortugal, eMorussia naseSpain.
Ezinye izinhlobo
Yini i-triton? Leli gama alisho i-amphibian ehlukile, kepha izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo ezimangalisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu okuchazwe ngenhla, kunezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zalezi zinto eziphilayo.
- UTriton Karelina. Ubude - 13-18 cm. Lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo ezinkulu zangaphansi. Indawo yokuhlala: Izindawo zezintaba zaseGeorgia, iBulgaria, iSerbia, iTurkey, iCrimea kanye nogu loLwandle Olumnyama lwaseRussia.
- Ussuri ushaye i-newt. Ubude bomzimba onomsila bufika ku-18,5 cm. Umsila wawo mude kunomzimba uqobo. Indawo yokuhlala - amahlathi ahlangene futhi ahlanganisiwe aseKorea, empumalanga yeChina, eningizimu eseMpumalanga Ekude yeRussia.
- I-Yellow-belued Triton. Ubude bomzimba - bufika kuma-22 cm. Izindawo zokuhlala - ugu olusentshonalanga ye-USA neCanada. Njengezinhlobo eziningi ezintsha, i-tetrodotoxin (ubuthi obunamandla) buyaphuma.
- California Triton. Ingafinyelela ubude obufika kuma-20 cm. Indawo yokuhlala yi-United States eseningizimu ntshonalanga (Izintaba zaseSierra Nevada).
- I-Dwarf Triton. Ukubukeka okweqisa kakhulu, ukuba nelinye igama - i-new-fire-beled newt. Kuhlotshaniswa nokuphonswa kombala obomvu okhanyayo wesisu. Habitat - China (empumalanga nephakathi nezwe). Imvamisa igcinwa emanzini.
Ukuziphatha nokudla okuyisisekelo
Impilo yesilozi samanzi ihlukaniswe ngokwezimo ezimbili: ihlobo nobusika. Lesi sakamuva sibonisa ngokuhamba kwe-amphibian ebusika. Ukuze wenze lokhu, abantu abadala bafuna indawo ephephile futhi ecashile noma umgodi olahliwe. Newts hibernate ngamaqembu angahle aqukethe abantu abangama-50. Lapho izinga lokushisa lifinyelela zero, lizard lamanzi iqina, ukuvimba ukunyakaza ngokuphelele.
p, blockquote 7,1,0,0,0 ->
Kusekuqaleni kuka-Mashi-Ephreli, abasha bavuka futhi baqale imidlalo yokuphelisa. Izilwane azithandi ukukhanya kwelanga okukhanyayo, isimo sezulu esishisayo, ngoba iningi lesikhathi esisebenzayo senziwa ebusuku.
p, blockquote 8,0,0,0,0 ->
Ama-Amphibians adla ama-invertebrates. Emanzini, ama-newts adla izibungu, ama-crustaceans, i-caviar kanye nama-tadpoles. Emhlabeni, ukudla kwabo kuhlukahluka ngemisundu yomhlaba, izibungu zamagobolondo, ama-slgs, izicabucabu, izimvemvane. Ukuba echibini, isifiso sokudla sikhula emithini entsha, futhi bazama ukugcwalisa isisu sabo ngangokunokwenzeka.
p, blockquote 9,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 10,0,0,1,0 ->
Izinhlobo zeTritons
Kunezinkomba eziyisikhombisa zabantu abasebenza kuleli qembu:
p, blockquote 11,0,0,0,0 ->
- okwejwayelekile - kubonakaliswa ubukhona be-crest ephakeme ephezulu ngemuva,
- UTriton Lanza - uthanda ukuhlala emahlathini axubile futhi anobuhlakani,
- enkulu (amagilebhisi) - abantu abadala bane-dorsal crest emfushane efinyelela ku-4 mm ukuphakama,
- IsiGrikhi - sitholakala ikakhulukazi eGreece naseMasedonia,
- UKossvig Triton - ubonakale eTurkey kuphela,
- eningizimu
- Schmidtler Triton.
Ezimweni eziningi, ama-newts ajwayelekile afuna indawo yokuhlala enezitshalo ezicebile, ngakho-ke, atholakala cishe emhlabeni wonke.
p, blockquote 12,0,0,0,0 ->
Ukuzala
Lapho beneminyaka emibili ubudala, abasha bathola ukuthomba. Kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuJuni, banemidlalo yokubhincisana, ehambisana nemidanso ekhethekile futhi bathinte ubuso besifazane. Ukumangaza okhethiwe, abesilisa bame emajikeni abo angaphambili futhi ngokushesha benza ijerk eqinile, ngenxa yalokho kugudluzwa umfudlana wamanzi kowesifazane. Abamele abesilisa baqala ukushaya umsila wabo ezinhlangothini babuke insikazi. Uma umngani ehlabeka umxhwele, uyahamba, abambe okhethiweyo.
p, blockquote 13,0,0,0,0 -> p, blockquote 14,0,0,0,1 ->
Izinsikazi ngosizo lwe-cesspool yazo ziginya ama-spermatophores ashiywe ngabesilisa ematsheni, bese kuqala ukwenziwa komanyolo ngaphakathi. Izinsikazi ziyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda afinyelela kuma-700, okuvela kuzo ngemuva kokuvela kwamabele amathathu. Emhlabeni, i-newt ekhulile iphuma ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili.
Ukubukeka
I-newt ejwayelekile ingenye yezinto ezintsha ezintsha. Ukubhaliswa okungu-9 kuyaziwa. Isikhumba sibushelelezi noma sibunjiwe kahle. Ukwehlukanisa phakathi kokubomvu, okuluhlaza okotshani nokuphuzi. I-openers ihlelwe ngemigqa ehambisanayo, ijika kancane emuva. Umugqa omude omude udlula iso. Umsila umfishane, ulingana, noma mude kunomzimba nekhanda. I-Adult newt sheds kanye ngeviki. Isidumbu sowesilisa simbozwe amabala amnyama amnyama (unyaka wonke), ezingekho ezesifazane. Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, owesilisa ukhula i-crest - isitho esengeziwe sokuphefumula. Ikamu linikezwa ngokucebile ngemithambo yegazi, ekhulisa kakhulu isilinganiso sokuphefumula kwesikhumba. I-crest ye-newt iqinile, inamadolo amancane phezulu, umngcele we-orange nomugqa ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ovela ngezansi. Esikhathini sowesifazane, i-crest ayikhuli. Isipiliyoni esitholile sisetshenziswa impilo yonke. Umuzwa wokuhogela uthuthuke kahle: inani lamaseli e-receptor nge-1 cm 2 yeling ye-olvilory ifinyelela ku-200,000.
Habitat
Entwasahlobo kanye nangesikhathi sokuzalela, i-newt ejwayelekile ihlala emizimbeni yamanzi engajulile enezimila ezicebile (pH 5.6-7.8) yamahlathi aqobayo futhi ahlanganisiwe. Igcinwa ekujuleni okungamasentimitha angama-5,50. Ngemuva kokusakazeka, iqhubekela emahlathini amanzi ansundu ehlathini lodoti. Kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala kude nebanga lama-300 m ukusuka emzimbeni wamanzi oseduze. Angahlali ezindaweni ezigcwele kakhulu ezigcwele i-oksijini nokushoda kwamanzi avulekile.
Ukudla / Ukudla
Emanzini, i-newt ejwayelekile isebenzisa izibungu zomiyane, ama-crustaceans amancane, ama-mollusks, izinambuzane, izibungu zamasele otshani, kwesinye isikhathi ama-toad tadpoles, amaqanda enhlanzi, ama-shrimps kanye neminenke yamanzi. Emhlabeni, idla iminyundu, iminyundu, amabhungane, izimvemvane, amacimbi, izibungu zesikotini, izicabucabu nezinye izitho zangaphansi. Isisu seNewt, ngenkathi ihlala emanzini, igcwele 70-90%, futhi isemhlabeni - 65%.
Isiko lokuqomisana
Owesilisa ulinde insikazi echibini. Lapho kuvela intokazi, iyasondela kuye, ibhukuda eduze, ithinte isizalo sayo nezihlakala. Ngemuva kokuqikelela ukuthi insikazi iphambi kwakhe, owesilisa uqala umdanso wakhe. Uqhubekela phambili futhi, azithole ephambi kobuso besifazane, enze umehluko. Cishe ngemizuzwana eyishumi, insikazi imi ezansi ibheke phezulu, iphakamise umzimba wayo iphakeme futhi incike kuphela emahlweni ayo angaphambili. Kujejeza, ikhanda lowesilisa lihlala cishe endaweni eyodwa lapho lalikhona, umzimba wehla, umsila ugoba ngamandla futhi uphonsa amanzi ngqo kowesifazane. Owesilisa we-newt uthatha ikhefu, khona-ke, ema maqondana nowesifazane, ugoba umsila wakhe bese usishaya ngokushesha ngokwawo. Lapho-ke uyama, nesihloko somsila wakhe kusonteke. Owesifazane uqala ukuhamba kancane, owesilisa - ngemuva kwakhe.
Owesifazane
Intuthuko
Izibungu ezisanda kuzalwa ezinobunzima obuyi-8-10 millimeter. Umbala ulula, ucishe ube monotonous, unamabala agqamile akhanyayo ezinhlangothini, emuva kungombala ophuzi noma okhanyayo obomvu ophuzi. Zinomsila ovezwe kahle, ozungezwe umgoqo omude, kukhona iziqalo zemibono yangaphambili kanye nama-girrus angaphandle. Izinsuku zokuqala zokuphila, izibungu ze-newt ziphefumula ngama-gill, futhi lapho sekufika isikhathi se-lazval ziphendukela ekuphefumuleni kwe-pulmonary. Amagilebhidi anyamalala lapho kuqhubeka inqubo ye-metamorphosis. Ama-Suckers awekho, kanti ukuphuma kweglandular kutholakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda - amabhaluni anyamalala ngokushesha.
Iziqalo zemilenze yeselekazi ziyavela ngosuku lwe-20 lokuphila. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu kuthatha izinyanga ezingama-2-3. Amahora okuqala wezibungu akasebenzi. Ekupheleni kosuku lokuqala lokuphila, kukhonjiswa igebe lomlomo kubo, kuthi ngosuku lwesibili, kuqhume umlomo bese izibungu ziqale ukuzondla. Izibungu ziqala ukubona isikhuthazo sosuku lokuphila ngosuku lwesithathu lokuphila. Kusukela ngosuku lwesine, ivuseleli le-olodoory lingadala ukwesaba ezinjeni, futhi kusukela ngosuku lwe-9-12 baqala ukusebenzisa umqondo wabo wephunga ukucinga ukudla. Ukuzingela kwama-larvae, ukucasha emahlathini, kuzijikijela empangweni ngokujikijela okubukhali (ama-crustaceans amancane nezibungu zemiyane) ngemilebe yawo evulekile. Esigabeni se-larval, ukufa kwabantu kuphezulu. I-metamorphosis ephelele yenzeka ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-60-70. Ubude bama-tritons abasha lapho befika ezweni ngu-3-4 cm, ngaleso sikhathi amageyimu kanye nokugoba okuphelele kunyamalale. Ngemuva kwe-metamorphosis, izidumbu zidla umhlabathi kuphela.
Isimo sabantu / ukulondolozwa
I-Newt entsha ebhalwe kwiBhuku eliBomvu laseRussia, eAzerbaijan. Uhlobo olunqabile e-UK. Kufakwe kwi-Berne Convention (Isijobelelo III). Kutholakala emhlabathini ngabantu abangashadile, emizimbeni yamanzi isibalo singama-0.016-16000 abantu / amahektha, futhi ezindaweni kufinyelela abantu abayi-110 / m 3 wamanzi.
Kuyathakazelisa: Isikhumba seTriton isikhumba si-caustic, kepha ubuthi abubi yingozi kubantu. Kwezilwane ezinegazi elifudumele, umthamo obulalayo ngu-7 mg nge-1 kg yesisindo somzimba. Ubuthi bubangela ukwanda kwengcindezi yegazi, ukubhujiswa kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu nokwakheka kwezigaba zegazi, ezimweni ezinzima, ukukhubazeka komzimba kwenzeka, ukuphefumula kuyeka, ukushaya kwenhliziyo kuyaphenduka bese isilwane sifa.
Indlela i-newt ejwayelekile ebukeka ngayo: isithombe nesincazelo esifushane
Lokhu kungenye yezinto ezintsha kunazo zonke: ubude obujwayelekile akuvamile ukuba ngaphezu kwe-10 cm, cishe no-5 cm ngomsila ngamunye. Izimbambo zithuthukiswe kahle, ziyefana ngobude. Isikhumba sibushelelezi noma sibunjiwe kancane.
Umbala wangemuva uluhlaza okomnqumo oluhlaza okotshani noma onsundu onamabala amnyama, uhlangothi lwe-ventral luwolintshi olunamabala amnyama ansundu. Kuzo zonke ezinye izinto ezintsha, ezejwayelekile zihluka ngokubakhona kwemivimbo emide yobude ezinhlangothini zekhanda.
Ngentwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sokuzalela, abesilisa bathola ingubo ekhethekile - umbala wangemuva uyagqama, futhi kusukela esiphundu kuze kube sekupheleni komsila kuqhume intambo enkulu evundile enomngcele we-orange nomugqa ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukhula. Emilenzeni yemilenze yangasemuva kwakhiwa izinhlanga zobed. Umbala wezinsikazi ngalesi sikhathi ubuye ukhanye.
Ngemuva kwenkathi yokuzalela, igeja lesilisa liyawa bese abasha beya esimweni sokuphila emhlabeni.
Habitat
I-newt ejwayelekile yande ukusuka eNgilandi iye e-Altai, ukusuka eTyumen eningizimu yesifunda seSaratov. Akukhona kuphela eCrimea, eningizimu yeFrance, eSpain nasePortugal.
Ihlala emahlathini acashileko futhi axubile, ezihlahleni, emabhande amahlathi avikelayo, nasemapaki nasezingadini. Izindawo zokuvimbela zivula: amasimu amakhulu, izitebhisi, njll. Entwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sokuzalela, i-newt ihlala emanzini amile okwesikhashana noma emzimbeni ogeleza unomphela.
Imidlalo yomshado, ukubonakala kwenzalo
Ngasekupheleni kukaMashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, ama-newts ajwayelekile ashiya izindawo zokuhlala zasebusika futhi athuthele emanzini. Emachibini, baqala imidlalo yokuphelisa. Izindlela ezintathu zamathayi, owesilisa uvame ukuthinta umsila womzimba wesifazane. Ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukubhukuda, manje sebendindizela ngokuqinile, bese besuka komunye nomunye. Owesilisa udlulisa umsila wakhe kanzima futhi nzima, insikazi ishaya ngokwengeziwe. Ekugcineni, ubeka iphakethe le-gelatinous - i-spermatophore, elithathwa ngumfazi e-cesspool.
Kuyo yonke inkathi yokuzalanisa, insikazi ibekela amaqanda angama-60 kuye kwangama-700. Ubeka iqanda ngalinye eshidini lesitshalo esicwilisiwe bese ugoba ukuphela kwalo ngemilenze yangemuva, uliguqule libe uhlobo “lwesikhwama”. Igobolondo leqanda linamathele, futhi iqabunga eligoqiwe libambelele ngokuqinile, livikela amaqanda.
Cishe ezinsukwini eziyi-14 kuya ku-15, isibungu esingcolile esingaba amamitha ayi-6.5 ubude siphuma eqandeni. Ezinhlangothini zekhanda lakhe, kubonakala izimbotshana zezimpaphe, ngaphansi kwazo imidwebo yemilenze yangaphambili ivezwe kancane. Emini, izibungu ziyabulawa, zicashe phakathi kwezimila ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Ngosuku lwesibili, kwehla igebe lomlomo kuye bese eqala ukuzondla, ebamba isifiso sokuphamba, izivunguvungu, nezibungu zomiyane. Izibungu ze-newt azilandeli inyamazane, kodwa zilindele lapho ziqamekele.
Izibungu ze-newt ezinamaqabunga apinki apinki aphuma kumagemeni angaphandle muhle kakhulu. Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-3, asevele anamabili amabili emilenze futhi angaphandle afana namathoyizi amadala. Ukulungiswa kabusha kwangaphakathi nakho akubalulekile kakhulu.
Emvelweni, i-metamorphosis iphela ezinyangeni ezi-2-2,5. Ngalesi sikhathi, amagebula angaphandle ayanyamalala, ukuphefumula kwamaphaphu kuqala. Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho yebanga noma ehlobo ebandayo, izibungu ezinama-gill angaphandle zihamba ziyodonsa ubusika bese ziqedela i-metamorphosis entwasahlobo elandelayo.
Ama-Tritons ajwayele ukugcinwa ezindaweni zasemanzini - ahlangana kahle ekudingisweni futhi angaphila iminyaka engama-28! Emvelweni, baphila ngokulandelana kobukhulu - isilinganiso seminyaka eyi-10-14, akumangazi, ngoba endaweni yabo yemvelo banezitha eziningi.