Enye yamagundane amakhulu emhlabeni (okwesibili ngemuva kwama-capybaras), ama-beavers anamuhla (lat. UCastor) ahole umlando wokuba khona kwawo kusuka kubalaphi abakhulu basendulo abahlala eYurophu (izinhlobo I-Trogontherium) naseNyakatho Melika (buka AmaCastoroides) izigidi zeminyaka edlule.
Ubufakazi obutholakele bukhombisa ukuthi ama-beaver asendulo awakhi amadamu, ahlala emiseleni ebanzi, futhi impilo yawo yayihlangene kakhulu nezidumbu zamanzi njengezizukulwane zawo.
Ezigidini zeminyaka, ukubonakala kwalezi zigundane akukashintshi kakhulu, kepha ama-beavers wanamuhla awakwazi ukuziqhayisa ngamandla namandla okhokho bawo - ama-beaver amakhulu ayenezici ezibukhali ezingamasentimitha ayishumi nanhlanu ubude, umsila obukhulu obungaphezu kwengxenye yemitha, futhi awuzange aphansi ukuphakama kubhele leduna elimnyama.
Amakhulu amabili eminyaka edlule ayengeyona intokozo kunazo zonke empilweni yabaphuzi bezinwele - babeqothulwa ngentshiseko, bezingela uboya obufudumele, ngaleso sikhathi obabusetshenziswa njengemali. Futhi kule minyaka engamashumi amahlanu kuphela edlule isimo saqala ukuguquka saba ngcono, futhi lezi zilwane zasendulo ezihlakaniphile kancane kancane zithola isikhundla sazo endle.
Kuwo wonke umbuso wezilwane, abekho abakhi abanekhono ngaphezu kwama-beaver. Ngamandla abo okuguqula isimo esizungezile, basesimweni somuntu kuphela. Ama-Beavers angenye yezilwane ezimbalwa ezizenzo zazo zingahlali nje ekusetshenzisweni, kepha futhi kulwazi olutholakele, ziyakwazi ukufunda nokwenza ngcono amakhono wazo wobunjiniyela empilweni yonke.
Ithuluzi eliyinhloko le-beaver lingamazinyo angaphambili abukhali, ambozwe ngoqweqwe oluqinile. Lezi zigqozi ezine zikhulisa impilo yazo yonke, futhi i-beaver ayidingi ukukhathazeka ngokugqoka kwayo ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zihlala zilolwa njalo, zihlala ziyithuluzi elithembekile lokwakha.
Yonke imisebenzi yobunjiniyela beaver ibekwa yisifiso sokududuza nokuphepha. Bakha izikebhe zabo zasendlini - izindlubu - phakathi echibini, bese bedabula izindlela eziya kubo ezingaphansi kwamanzi ukuze bakhiphe noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kuzivakashi ezingamenyiwe. Amakamelo ngokwawo aqukethe amagatsha amakhulu ahlanganiswe ngodaka.
Ekwindla, ngaphambi kokuqala kwesithwathwa, ama-beavers aqinisa amakhaya awo ngenqwaba entsha yokungcola, okuthi, lapho iqhwa, iguqule indlu ibe yisakhiwo esihlala isikhathi eside esingamelana nesimo sezulu sasebusika.
Kodwa-ke, ukwakha isikebhe sendlu, okokuqala kufanele wakhe idamu elakha amanzi apholile emuva. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ama-beavers agawula izihlahla, bese, ngayo yonke imithetho yobuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe, awabeke emfuleni, anciphise ukuhamba kwawo.
Amadamu anjalo aba yindlu ethokomele hhayi nje kuphela ngokwakha ngokwabo, kodwa nakwabanye abaningi abahlala edamini - amasele, inhlanzi, izinyoni kanye nezimfudu.
Ama-Beavers awalokothi aqashe. Bachitha ubusika bonke endlini efudumele, embozwe yiqhwa ezungezwe ngumndeni wabo - insikazi namawundlu ayisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalombili. Ukuvikela inzalo ukuba ingabulawa yindlala, inhloko yomndeni igcina amagatsha ezihlahla, iwanamathisele ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphansi kwendawo yokuhlala. Noma ngaphansi kwengqimba yeqhwa, umndeni unikezwa konke okudingekayo.
Ama-Beavers abhukuda kahle futhi ayakwazi ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi cishe imizuzu eyishumi nanhlanu. Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, i-beaver iyashona ngokushesha, ishaye kakhulu umsila wayo oyisicaba onamanzi. Lapho bezwa lolu phawu, abanye abalongi basilandela ngokushesha isibonelo sakhe.
03.09.2018
I-Canada beaver (Latin Castor canadiens) iyi-rodent enkulu evela emndenini wakwaBeaver (uCastoridae). Abamele lolu hlobo badume ngamakhono abo wokwakha amangalisayo. Ngo-2007, bakha eCanada idamu elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni ngobude obungamamitha ayi-850. Ungawubonga umsebenzi onjalo wobuciko eWood Buffalo National Park, esifundazweni sase-Alberta.
Ngaphambi kwalokhu, idamu eli-beaver eliseduze nedolobhana elincane lamaFolor Forks esifundazweni saseMelika iMontana lalithathwa njengesakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke. Ukuqoshwa kwangaphambilini bekungama-652 m.
Ngokungafani ne-European beaver (iCastor fiber), ebisisondele kakhulu ekuqothulweni okuphelele ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lesi silwane sasinda ngempumelelo ekubukeni kwezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika ngabaseYurophu.
Usayizi wesibalo sawo njengamanje ulinganiselwa kubantu abayizigidi eziyi-10-15.
Ukubhebhetheka
Indawo le ihlanganisa cishe yonke insimu yaseNyakatho Melika. Isuka e-Alaska ngaphandle kwezifunda zasentshonalanga nasenyakatho nentshonalanga neCanada idlula e-United States iye enyakatho neMexico.
Ama-beaver aseCanada awekho eNevada, izingxenye zeFlorida, kanye nenyakatho yeCalifornia. Ezifundweni eziyi-15, inani labo lehle kakhulu ngenxa yokuzingela okungalawulwa nokwehliswa kwendawo yabo yokuhlala yemvelo.
Ngo-1946 balethwa esiqhingini saseTierra del Fuego, lapho batusa khona ngempumelelo futhi, ngenxa yokungabikhona kwezitha zemvelo, baphindaphindeka ngokushesha endaweni yeLake Fagnano.
Kuyo yonke le minyaka engu-50, isitoko sabo sesikhuphukile sisuka kwizimbili ezingama-25 siye kubantu abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu.
Ukuqinisekiswa kwalolu hlobo kwenziwa eFinland, Kamchatka nase Sakhalin.
Amagundane ahlala eduze nemifula, amachibi namachibi. Bakhetha ogwini olusembozwe ngokucebile ngezimila zasogwini kanye nezihlahla ezithambile ezilukhuni, ezisebenza njengokudla nezinto zokwakha zezindawo zokuhlala eziluhlaza.
Kuze kube manje, ama-systematics ahlukanisa ama-subspecies angama-24 weCastor canadiens.
Ukuziphatha
Amabhele waseCanada ahlala emaqenjini emindeni, akhiwa izizukulwane eziningana zabazali kanye nenzalo yabo. Izilwane ezivuthiwe zivame ukushiya imindeni yazo lapho ineminyaka engaba mibili. Abesifazane bavame ukubusa abesilisa.
Izinduku zihola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini. Ziyasebenza ebusuku, phakathi nosuku zingabonakala kakhulu kakhulu. Izilwane azikaze zisuswe kude kakhulu nemizimba yamanzi, ngengozi encane ecashile emanzini. Babhukuda futhi bangene ngokuphelele, bahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyi-10. I-alamu inikezwa ngokushaya umsila ebusweni bamanzi.
Kaningi eqenjini lomndeni kunabantu abangu-5-8. Avikela amazwe awo ekuhlaselweni yizizwe akubo futhi abeka uphawu emikhawulweni yawo ngemisebe yezinduna, ebeka phezu kwezinqwaba ezinodaka nosilika. Le mfihlo inephunga elizwakalayo elithi musky futhi futhi isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza nocwilisa uboya.
Ama-beaver akha izindlu zokhuni kusuka kumagatsha notshani, enamathisela izindonga zawo ngosilika. Iminyango emibili engaphansi kwamanzi ibalungele, isitezi saso simbozwe ngokhuni kanye nokufakelwa kwezinkuni. Ukuphakama kwezindlu kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1 kanye nobude obungamamitha ayi-2. Ngokuvamile anomumo oyindilinga.
Isilwane esisodwa ubusuku ngabunye siyakwazi ukusika futhi ngokuzimela sigcwalise isihlahla nge-trunk di cm amasentimitha angama-30 kuye kwangama-40. Ukuze enze lokhu, ume ngemilenze yakhe yangemuva aphumule umsila wakhe emhlabathini. Amaqabunga amancane nama-buds asebenza njengokudla, kanti izingxenye ezisele zisetshenziselwa ukwakha amadamu asiza ukulawula izinga lamanzi echibini. Abakhi bemisila bayakwazi ukusebenzisa iziqu ezinkulu ngisho namatshe lapho besakha.
Imisebenzi enjalo yokwakha ihlukaniswa ngamandla afinyelelekayo. Abanye babo bayakwazi ukumelana nehhashi kanye nomgibeli.
Umsoco
Ukudla kuqukethe kuphela ukudla komsuka wezitshalo. Ukwakheka kwesiqeshana esiswini kukuvumela ukuthi ugaye i-roughage. Amagciwane amancane akhona kuwo angakwazi ukudiliza i-cellulose. Ebusika, ikakhulukazi ebusika, amagxolo nezihlahla eziqinile ezigcwele phambili: i-willow (Salix), imephu (Acer), i-poplar (Populus), i-birch (i-Betula), i-alder (i-Alnus) ne-aspen (i-Populus tremula).
Izinhlobo zezitshalo zasemanzini nazo zidliwa ngokuzithandela, ngokuyinhloko umhlanga ojwayelekile (Phragmites australis) neminduze yamanzi (Nymphaea alba). Ekupheleni kwehlobo nasekwindla, izilwane zenza ukudla ebusika. Kwama-zoo, bayakujabulela ukudla izaqathe, ulethisi, amazambane, iklabishi kanye namazambane amnandi.
Nsuku zonke, lokhu kudla okumbondayo kudla ngokulingana kufika kuma-20% wesisindo sawo.
Abadala akuvamile ukuba babe inyamazane. Izimpisi (Canis lupus) coyotes (Canis latrans), baribals (Ursus americanus), amabhere grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis), wolverines (Gulo gulo), lynx (Lynx canadiens) kanye ne-otters (Lutrinae) iba yingozi enkulu esizukulwaneni esincane.
Ukuzala
Ama-Beavers akha imindeni eyindida eqhubeka kuze kufe omunye wabalingani. Ukuthomba kwenzeka eneminyaka emithathu. Inzalo ivela kanye ngonyaka. Eningizimu yebanga, inkathi yokuzalelisa isempumalanga kaNovemba nangoDisemba, futhi enyakatho ngoJanuwari noma ngoFebhuwari. I-Estrus ihlala amahora angama-12-24 kuphela.
Owesifazane uzala inzalo ngokuya ngezimo zezulu kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJuni. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-105-77. Kulitha olulodwa kukhona ama-beavers ayi-1-4. Izinsana zizalwa zibonwa futhi zakhiwa ngokuphelele, ihora emva kokuzalwa kwazo ziyakwazi ukubhukuda.
Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, isisindo sazo singama-250-500 g, futhi ubude bomzimba bufika ku-30-35 cm.
Ukuncelisa ubisi kuthatha izinyanga ezintathu, yize ama-beavers eqala ukunambitha ukudla kwezitshalo ekupheleni kweviki lesibili. Bobabili abazali bazibandakanya ekukhulisweni kwabo. Ngokokuqala ngqa, izingane zishiya i-huthouse ngezinsuku ezingama-7-10 ubudala. Umama uphonsa ngokucophelela amazinyane akhe echibini futhi ahambe nawo ayohlola isimo esiseduze.
Incazelo
Isilwane phakathi kwamagundane sesibili kuphela nge-capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) ngosayizi waso. Ubude bomzimba buyi-85-115 cm, kanti isisindo sisukela ku-19 kuye ku-32 kg. Isidumbu esinezicubu zomzimba simbozwe ngoboya obukhulu. Faka umbala obomvu onsundu noma onsundu ngombala omnyama.
Isifuba sibanzi, imilenze imfishane. Phakathi kwezinzwane emilenzeni ingemuva kukhona ulwelwesi lokubhukuda. Kwikhanda elifushane, kodwa elikhulu, kutholakala ama-auricles amakhulu; amehlo asondelene ndawonye.
Ubude bomsila obanzi bukhanyiswe phezulu bufika ku-20-25 cm, futhi ububanzi bube yi-13-15 cm. Ugcina ngethiphu ekhombe kancane ngezikali ezimnyama ze-keratinous. Izindlebe namakhala kusondele ngokwemvelo ngaphansi kwamanzi. Izinsimbi zembozo zimbozwe nge-koqweqwe lwawo obomvu-orenji. Phansi komsila kukhona indlala ebhangqiwe esekela ukukhululeka kwe-musky.
Isikhathi sokuphila komuntu obhontshisi waseCanada endle yiminyaka engu-15 ukuya kwengama-20. Ekudingisweni, ngokunakekelwa okuhle, uphila iminyaka engama-30.
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IHoliday Village "i-Fairy Tale"
Izikhungo ezingama-50 zokuzijabulisa ezingcono kakhulu esifundeni saseSaratov
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "Berezhok"
Iholide Village "Hut"
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "Dubrovka"
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "u-Oriole"
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "Residence Maria"
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "Revyaka"
I-Holiday Village "Gostiny Dom"
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "iKrasnaya Polyana"
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "Cape Verde"
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "I-Forest Nymph"
I-Holiday Village "Robin"
I-Holiday Village "Islet"
Isikhungo sokungcebeleka "Domostroitel"
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "ogwini lweVolga"
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "i-Glade"
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "VICTORIA"
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "Birch"
IHoliday Village "I-Sunny Beach"
I-Holiday Village "Imvula"
I-Holiday Village "Dewdrop"
I-Holiday Village "Prostokvashino"
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "iVolozhka"
I-Holiday Village "I-sunflower"
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "Lyubava"
Isikhungo sokuzijabulisa "u-Oriole"
"Ipulazi" lamaholide
Isikhungo sokuzithokozisa "i-Old Mill"
I-Holiday Village "Laguna"
Izilwane zesifunda Saratov
I-beaver ejwayelekile, noma i-beaver yomfula (i-Latin Castor fiber), iyisidalwa esidla ubhedu semfucumfucu se-rodent oda, omunye wabamele ababili banamuhla bomndeni we-beaver (kanye ne-beaver yaseCanada, eyayikade ibhekwa njengengosi yokubhaliswa). I-rodent enkulu kunazo zonke yezidalwa zoMhlaba Omdala kanye ne-rodent yesibili ngobukhulu ngemuva kwe-capybara. I-sea sea noma i-Kamchatka beaver iyi-otter yolwandle (i-sea otter), kanti i-swamp beaver yi-nutria. Abanayo ukuxhumana nomndeni wakwaBeaver. Lesi silwane sihola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini, sakha amadamu emifuleni nasemifuleni. Uboya bayo babhekwa kakhulu embonini yezobuhle, kanye nejethi yayo embonini yezemithi. I-Beaver ingelinye lamagundwe asebenza ngokuzikhandla kakhulu ahlala endaweni yezwe lethu amakhulu eminyaka. Kwakungabantu bakhe abakwazile ukwenza umfanekiso wesisebenzi sasehlathini, esinobukhulu baso obucwengekile, sokwehlisa isiqu somuthi omkhulu.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi igama elithi "beaver" lichaza uboya beaver, hhayi isilo uqobo. Igama elithi "beaver" lazalwa olimini lwangaphambi kwe-Indo-European, okwakhiwa ukuphindeka okungaphelele kwegama elinsundu, incazelo yokuqala yegama lakhe kwakungu "isilo esinsundu, esinsundu." Isisekelo esakhiwe kabusha * bhe-bhru-. Ngokusho kwemithombo yezilimi yango-1961, igama elithi beaver kufanele lisetshenziswe encazelweni yesilwane esivela ekuhlelweni kwamagundane ngoboya obalulekile, futhi kube yi-beaver ngokwencazelo yoboya balesi silwane: i-beaver collar, dress on beaver fur. Kodwa-ke, olimini lwe-colloquial, igama elithi beaver lisetshenziselwa endaweni yonke njengegama elifananayo le-beaver yegama (njengempungushe ne-fox, i-ferret ne-polecat).
Ubukhulu obujwayelekile beaver bufika cishe kumitha ubude nobude obungaba amasentimitha angama-25. Uboya bakhe bukhulu futhi bumsundu. Kepha umsila wesikhumba ongenalutho, osikhumbuza iflipper noma i-oar, ukhishwa ngokusobala. Umsila ubunjiwe oar, bukhothwe ngokuqinile kusuka phezulu kuya phansi, ubude bawo bufika ku-30 cm, ububanzi buyi-10-13 cm. Izinwele emsileni zisezithebeni zawo kuphela. I-beaver inemilenze emifushane enezikhafu ezinamandla. Phakathi kweminwe kukhona ulwelwesi lokubhukuda, olwakhiwe ngokuqinile emilenzeni yangasemuva futhi buthakathaka ngaphambili. Izihlakala ezintangeni ziqinile, zithambile. Uzipho lomunwe wesibili wamanqina asemuva lakhiwe ngamabili - i-beaver ihlanganisa uboya nayo. Lesi isilwane esondliwe kahle futhi esihlatshwayo esivikela ungqimba obukhulu lwamafutha angaphansi. Ngokubukeka, izindlebe ze-beaver zithobekile kakhulu, kepha lokhu kwanele ukuba ezwe ingozi ekude. Isistimu ecatshangelwe ikakhulukazi yokuvikela izinzwa emanzini. Lapho i-beaver igeleza, ijwabu leso lesithathu livale amehlo, namakhala nezindlebe zakhe zimane zivimbe izindinyana. Izisusa zakhe ezidumile ziyithuluzi elihlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka komlomo we-beaver kuyamangaza: ingakwazi ukuququda kalula isiqu emanzini, kodwa amanzi awusoze wangena emgodini womlomo.
I-Beaver inobuhle obuhle, obuqukethe izinwele zangaphandle eziqhakaziliwe kanye nothayela obukhulu obukhulu kakhulu. Umbala woboya ubususelwa esifubeni esikhanyayo uye onsundu omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi omnyama. Umsila nezitho zimnyama. Ukuhlanza kanye ngonyaka, ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, kepha kuyaqhubeka kuze kube sebusika.
Endaweni ye-anal kukhona izindlala ezibhangqiwe, i-adipose kanye nomsinga we-beaver uqobo, onikeza imfihlo yokunuka kakhulu - umfudlana we-beaver. Iphunga lomfudlana we-beaver lisebenza njengesiqondiso kwamanye ama-beaver mayelana nomngcele wokuhlala we-beaver, uhlukile njengezimpawu zeminwe. Imfihlo yeWen, esetshenziswa ngokubambisana nejethi, ikuvumela ukuthi ugcine uphawu lwe-beaver lude kwisimo “sokusebenza” ngenxa yesakhiwo esinamafutha, esinyuka isikhathi eside kunemfihlo yokusakazwa kwe-beaver.
IBeaver ihlala ogwini lwezindawo zokugcina ezinhlobonhlobo: amachibi amahlathi amancane, imifula egeleza kancane, izindawo zokugcina, imisele namachibi. Gwema imifula ebanzi nesheshayo, kanye nemithombo yokugcina ebanda ebusika. Kuma-beaver, kubalulekile ukuba nezihlahla nezihlahlana ezivela emithini elukhuni ngasogwini lolwandle, kanye nenqwaba yezimila ezinamanzi zasolwandle nezasolwandle ezakha ukudla kwazo. Ama-Beavers ayabhukuda futhi ashona ngokweqile. Amaphaphu amakhulu nesibindi kubanikeza okokugcina komoya kanye ne-arterial gazi okungukuthi i-beavers ingakwazi ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyi-10-15, ibhukude ize ifike kumamitha angama-750 ngalesi sikhathi.
I-beaver iyisidakamizwa, ehlobo idla amaqabunga kanye nezithombo ezincane zezihlahla nezihlahla, ama-rhizomes ezitshalo zasemanzini, ebusika zihamba ikakhulu emagatsheni nasegangeni lezihlahla. Zidla emagxolo nasezihlahleni zezihlahla, zikhetha i-aspen, umcamelo, ibhungane kanye ne-birch, kanye nezitshalo ezahlukahlukene ze-herbaceous (i-lily yamanzi, iqanda elincane, iris, ikhathalogi, umhlanga, njll. Amagama afinyelela kwangama-300). Ubuningi bezihlahla ezithambile ziyisimo esidingekayo sendawo yokuhlala yazo. IHazel, i-linden, i-elm, i-bird cherry nezinye izihlahla zibaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwazo. I-Alder ne-oki akuvamisile ukudliwa, kepha kusetshenziselwa izakhiwo. Ama-acorn adla ngokuzithandela. Inani lokudla nsuku zonke lifinyelela ku-20% wesisindo se-beaver.
Ngasekupheleni kokuwa, ama-beaver aqala ukwenza ukudla kwegatsha, okuthi kwesinye isikhathi kugawulwe izihlahla ezinkulu kakhulu, ziququde ngaphansi kwesiqu. Isilwane sidonsela izingxenye zomuthi echibini lazo, kwesinye isikhathi semba imisele ngamashumi noma amamitha amamitha ubude. Igcinwa ezansi phansi, emnyango wendlu yokuhlala.Umthamo wesitoko ungaba mkhulu - kuze kufike ku-60-70 cubic metres ngomndeni ngamunye.
Amazinyo amakhulu kanye nokulunywa okunamandla kuvumela ama-beavers ukuthi akwazi ukubhekana kalula nokudla okuqinile kwesitshalo. Ukudla okune-cellulose kugaywe nge-microflora emgodini wamathumbu. Ubude bamathumbu we-beaver budlula ubude bomzimba wakhe izikhathi eziyi-12. Ingxenye eyimpumputhe eyenziwe kahle yamathumbu, ihlalwa ngama-microorganisms, inomthelela ekugayweni kwama-roughage. Imvamisa, i-beaver idla izinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela zezihlahla ukudla, ukuze iguqukele ekudleni okusha kudinga isikhathi sokuzivumelanisa nezikhathi lapho ama-microorganisms ajwayelana nokudla okusha.
Uhlelo lokwakha amadamu nokufakwa kwe-beaver isayensi yezilwane yonke. Uhlela ilebhu yangempela lapho umuntu ongaziwa angalahleka khona nhlobo. Kodwa noma ngubani ongena endlini yakhe ngeke angenele: ukungena kuhlala kungaphansi kwamanzi, futhi kunezinto eziningi zokuphuma eziphuthumayo. Izindlu ze-beaver ngokuyinhloko zingumgodi oyinkimbinkimbi futhi ojulile ophuma ngaphandle kwamanzi. Kodwa-ke, uma ugu lolondolozi luphansi kakhulu noma lubhudile ngokweqile lapho kungafuneka khona izimbotshana, ama-beaver akha i-hut - inqwaba yesigaxa esenziwe ngesigaxa esakhiwe ngesitayela esifinyelela kumamitha amabili kuya kwamathathu ukuphakama, ngaphakathi bahlela ikamelo lokudlela - futhi ngendawo engaphansi kwamanzi.
Ama-beavers emhlabeni ayacothisa futhi angaba yisisulu sabazingeli abaningi, ngakho-ke azama ukuhlala nokubuyela emanzini, angene endaweni yokukhosela engabonakali ebusweni. Ukuze kugcinwe izinga lamanzi elihlala likho emfudlaneni noma emfuleni, ama-beaver akha amadamu ukusuka kweziqu zeziqu zezihlahla namagatsha, abaqinise ngefudu nangethusi. Imvamisa, lapho amanzi enyuka, izihlahlana zasogwini zisebenza njengezisekelo ezintsha zedamu elikhulayo. Idamu liyadingeka ukuze ukuphuma kwendawo yokukhosela kuhlale kungaphansi kwamanzi, futhi ebusika - ukuze iqhwa eliqandayo lingakuvimbeli lokhu ukuphuma.
Uma i-reservoir inezinga lamanzi elijwayelekile noma elingaphansi kakhulu namabhange aphezulu, ama-beavers angahlala kuwo ngaphandle kokwenza izakhiwo. Ngeshwa, ama-beaever ajwayele ukusebenzisa izindawo ezilula njengamapayipi amanzi okudonsa amadamu, azixhuma ngamagatsha nosilika okuholela ekukhukhulekeni noma ekuguguleni kwezingxenye zemigwaqo.
Ama-beavers ayasebenza ebusuku nakusihlwa. Ehlobo, bashiya amakhaya abo kusihlwa besebenza kuze kube ngu-4: 4 ekuseni. Ekwindla, lapho ukuvuna kokudla kwasebusika kuqala, usuku lokusebenza lulelwa emahoreni ayi-10-12. Ebusika, umsebenzi uyancipha futhi uhanjiselwa ukukhanya kwemini, ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka cishe akukho buhlalu obonakala ebusweni. Emazingeni okushisa ngaphansi kwe-−20 ° C, izilwane zihlala emakhaya abo.
Ukubona lezi zilwane eziqaphile, ezihola indlela yokuphila yesikhathi esizayo, inhlanhla enkulu iyadingeka, kepha iminonjana yokuhlala kwabo - amadamu, izindlu zangasese, izihlahla ezigwetshiwe neziwile - zingatholakala ezindaweni eziningi zamahlathi, kubandakanya nemaphethelo amadolobha amakhulu. Ngesikhathi sohambo lwakusihlwa eceleni kwamachibi amachibi, ungasabisa othwala abondlayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, isilo, esivame ukushona buthule ngokuphelele, sikhipha i-alamu - ngokushaywa okubukhali kushaya amanzi ngomsila wayo. Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, abokubhukuda beshaya imisila yabo phezulu ebusweni bamanzi naku-dive, okusebenza njengohlobo lwe-alamu.
Imikhawulo yempilo. Ukuba khona kwama-beavers ikakhulukazi kunqunywa ukulunywa kwesimilo. Amagatsha anciphile kune-amasentimitha. Ama-Beavers ane-bite yokudla khona lapho (okungekho okunye okokusebenza kwethu okungenza). Umuthi ugawula amazinyo embuthanweni, kuyilapho amamaki amazinyo abonakala kahle, njengokungathi ashiywe yisithsaba semicircular. Ngobukhona bezingodo ezinokulunywa okunjalo, umuntu angahlukanisa kalula idamu ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe ekwakhiweni okungokwemvelo. Eduzane nedamu eli-beaver, ungathola imigodi iwela kuwo ifinyelela kuhafu wemitha - iziteshi ezivumela izilwane ukuthi zifike ezindaweni zokuzondla, noma ukutholwa kwezinto zokwakha ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ezindaweni lapho ama-beavers ewela khona njalo emhlabathini esuka kwelinye ichibi kuya kwelinye, anyathela amathrekhi cishe angaba ngu-30 kuya ku-30 cm, awunazo ngokuphelele izimila zemvelo futhi ajwayele ukujula emhlabathini ongu-10-15 cm.
Umndeni ophelele uqukethe abantu abangama-5-8: umbhangqwana oshadile kanye nama-bea young - inzalo yeminyaka edlule neyamanje. Indawo yomndeni kwesinye isikhathi ibandakanyeka emndenini ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ipulazi elincane lihlala umndeni owodwa noma i-beaver eyodwa. Emizimbeni emikhulu yamanzi, ubude besakhiwo somndeni ngasogwini sisuka ku-0.3 kuya ku-2.9 km. Ama-beavers awasuswa kakhulu emanzini ngamamitha angaphezu kwama-200. Ubude bendawo buya ngenani lokuphakelayo. Ezindaweni ezicebile ngemifino, amasayithi angathinta futhi ahlangane. Ama-beaver amaka imingcele yendawo yawo ngemfihlo yezinduna ze-musk - umfudlana we-beaver. Amamaki asetshenziselwa izindunduma ezikhethekile zodaka, usilika kanye namagatsha angama-30 cm ukuphakama aze afinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.I-Beavers iyaxhumana nomunye usebenzisa amamaki amnandi, ukubanga, ukushaya umsila emanzini kanye nokukhala okufana nekhwela.
Ama-beavers ayengamuntu oyedwa, kubusa owesifazane. Amaqabunga alethwa kanye ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokukhwelana sithatha maphakathi no-Januwari kuze kube sekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, ukukhula kwemvelo kwenzeka emanzini ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-105-77. Ama-Cub (1-6 esihlanjini) azozalwa ngo-Ephreli nangoMeyi. Zibona ngamehlo, ziyi-pubescent kahle, zinesisindo esingu-0.45 kg. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-1-2 sezivele zibhukuda, lo mama ufundisa ama-beaver, azicindezele ngaphakathi kwephaseji elingaphansi kwamanzi. Eminyakeni yamaviki ama-3-4, ama-beaver adla ukudla ngamaqabunga kanye neziqu ezithambile zamakhambi, kepha umama uyaqhubeka nokubondla ngobisi kuze kuphele izinyanga ezintathu. Ukukhula okuncane okuncane ngokuvamile akushiyi abazali eminye iminyaka emi-2. Kutholakala kuphela eminyakeni emi-2 ama-bea young afinyelela ukuthomba futhi afuduke.
Ekuthunjweni, i-beaver ihlala kuze kube yiminyaka engama-35, ngokwemvelo ineminyaka eyi-10-16.
[hlela] Umsuka
Umndeni we-beaver owaqhamuka esikhathini seTertiary waziwa eNyakatho Melika usuka eLower Oligocene - eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-32 edlule, eYurophu - usuka e-Upper Oligocene, nase-Asia - kusukela ngaseMiocene. Ngakho-ke, emlandweni, i-genera ehlukile yaphumelela enye nenye noma yaba khona ngokufana.
Kuchazwa izinhlobo ezingama-22 zohlobo oluthile, futhi nabamele abanye babo bebengalingani ngobukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ePleistocene, i-European Trogontberium neNorth American Castoroides zafinyelela usayizi webhere elinsundu futhi zaba nesisindo esingama-200-300 kg.
Namuhla, i-beaver iyi-rodent enkulu kunazo zonke eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, ifinyelela isisindo esisondele ku-30 kg. Kwelinye i-hemisphere, eSouth America, umnikazi wamarekhodi uyi-capybara, futhi eyi-semi-aquent rodent enesisindo esingama-50 kg.
[hlela] Ukuchaza kafushane komndeni
Ama-beavers makhulu kunawo wonke wamagundane wesimanje, afinyelela ku-1 m ubude nesisindo esingama-30 kg, avumelaniswe nendlela yokuphila yasemanzini ekutholeni okokugcina amanzi.
Torso isitoko, squat, ifakwe ngaphambili futhi ibuthakathaka imilenze yangemuva eyisihlanu.
Ukubikezela ineminwe eyindilinga, nezindawo zokubheka ezigcwele zokubhukuda phakathi kwayo yonke iminwe.
Izinzipho kuyo yonke iminwe ikhule kahle, igobekile futhi igobile kancane. Uzipho lomunwe wesibili lomlenze wesinqe lubunjiwe, kanti ingxenye engezansi yalo ihamba iye phezulu. Isilo sihlanganisa izinwele zazo ngaso.
Umsila luyindilinga futhi lumbozwe izinwele kuphela ezisekelweni, ukuya ku-30 cm ubude, ububanzi obuyi-10-13 cm. Iningi lazo linqunu futhi limbozwe isikali esimnyama, phakathi lapho kuhlala khona izinwele ezimfushane nezihlanganayo. Maphakathi nomsila kukhona uphondo lukhuni lukhuni.
Ikhava ye-Fur kwehlukaniswe kakhulu i-awn awn ne-undercoat ethambile. Umbala woboya ubusuka kokukhanya kuye kofishi obumnyama.
Amehlo amancane, anama-membrane acwebezelayo.
Izindlebe imfishane, ebanzi, ayiveli ngaphezu kwesilinganiso soboya. Izimbobo nezindlebe zivala lapho kudonsela ngaphansi kwamanzi.
I-hairline mude, minyene futhi ithambile, ine-fluff ekhule kakhulu.
Amazinyo angapheli okugoqwe, okunomqhele ophakeme, nokukhula okungapheli.
[hlela] Izinhlobo nezinhlobo ezingaphansi
Uhlobo lwanamuhla lweBeaver lwehlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili.
- I-Beaver ejwayelekile (I-fiberor fiber), uhlala endaweni kusukela ogwini lwe-Atlantic, esifundeni saseBaikal naseMongolia
- I-Canadian Beaver (ICastor canadensis) - uhlala eNyakatho Melika.
Lezi zingabameli bokugcina abasindile bomunye wemindeni eyake yaba namagundane - ama-beavers.
Ezinye izazi zezilwane zibheka i-beaver yaseCanada njengengxenye ye-beaver ejwayelekile, kepha lo mbono uphikiswa yinombolo ehlukile yama-chromosomes (48 kokuvamile no-40 eCanada).
I-taxonomy yanamuhla ihlukanisa izindlela eziyisishiyagalombili ze-beaver ejwayelekile.
[hlela] Izinhlelo zangaphakathi zomndeni
- UCastor Linnaeus, 1758
- UCastor anderssoni † (Schlosser 1924)
- UCastor calicileicus † (Kellogg 1911)
- UCastor canadensis (Kuhl, 1820)
- I-Castor fiber (i-Linnaeus, 1758)
- Ama-Hystricops † (Stirton 1935)
- I-Hystricops browni † (UShotwell 1963)
- I-Hystricops venustus † (Leidy 1858)
- I-Sinocastor † (Encane 1934)
- I-Steneofiber † (UGeoffroy 1833)
- Ukudilizwa kwe-Steneofiber † (Mayet 1908)
[hlela] Ububanzi
Ngisho nangesikhathi somlando, ama-beaever ayehlala kakhulu ehlathini elisenyakatho yomhlaba, afinyelela inani elikhulu kunawo wonke ehlathini lamahlathi anwebekile futhi engena kanye kanye namahlathi ezikhukhula aze afike esifundeni se-semi-desert, steppe nehlathi-tundra.
Indawo enkulu enwebeka eningizimu enyakatho neMexico, iTranscaucasia, enyakatho neMongolia kanye nezindawo ezisenkabeni nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. bagqekeza baba ezindaweni ezihlukanisiwe.
Indawo yokuhlala yanamuhla eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu nase-Asia.
[hlela] Indlela yokuphila
Ama-beaver akhetha ukuhlala emifuleni ehlathini, emifuleni ehlathini, egeleza kancane noma kancane kancane. Kugwemeka amachibi amakhulu.
Babhukuda futhi bathelele kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, angahlala kuze kube yimizuzu engama-4-5 futhi anciphise ukubhukuda ngalesi sikhathi aze afike ku-750 m.
[hlela] Izakhiwo
Kwezilwane zezindlu zihlela imisele noma imijondolo.
Burrows bamba lapho kukhona ugu olusogwini. Ukungena komgodi kuhlale kutholakala ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Huts bakha ezindaweni lapho kungenakwenzeka khona ukumba, - ogwini olunamanzi amancane noma emijondolo.
Entwasahlobo ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, ama-beaver akha eziqongweni zezihlahla umbhede wamagatsha namagatsha onombhede wotshani obomile.
Kwesinye isikhathi endaweni eyodwa ebhekabheka kukhona nezindawo zokuhlala nezihlahla. I-Beavers ihlanzekile kakhulu, ayilokothi ichithe amakhaya ayo ngodoti wokudla nangokweqile.
[hlela] Imisele
Imisele iyageleza emabhange asezansi; lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi enamasango angama-4-5. Izindonga nophahla lomgodi zidonswa ngokucophelela futhi ziginqiwe. Igumbi lokuhlala ngaphakathi komgodi likhona ekujuleni okungadluli kumamitha ayi 1. Ububanzi begumbi lokuhlala lingaphezulu kwamamitha, ukuphakama ngamasentimitha angama-40-50.
Iphansi kufanele libe ngamasentimitha angama-20 ngaphezulu kwezinga lamanzi. Uma amanzi asemfuleni enyuka, i-beaver ikhuphuka phansi, ihlwitha umhlabathi kusuka ophahleni.
Kwesinye isikhathi ama-beavers abhubhisa uphahla lomgodi futhi endaweni yawo ahlele ukubekwa phansi kwamahlumela kanye ne-brashiwood, ajike umgodi ube uhlobo lokuphephela - umjondolo osisigamu.
[hlela] Huts
Ama-huts anokubonakala kwenqwaba enkulu ye-braswood, eqiniswe nge-silt, ifinyelela ku-1-3 m ukuphakama futhi ifinyelela ku-10 m ubukhulu.
Izindonga zendlu zihlanganiswe ngokucophelela nge-silt nobumba, ukuze iphenduke inqaba yangempela, engenakufinyeleleka kwabazingeli, umoya ungena ophahleni. Ama-beaver afaka ubumba ngezidladla zangaphambili.
Ngaphakathi kwendlu kukhona ama-manholes emanzini kanye nesiteji esikhuphuka ngaphezu kwezinga lamanzi. Ngeziqalo zokuqala, ama-beavers ngaphezu kwalokho afaka izimbotshana ngensimbi entsha yobumba.
Kuhlelwa umgodla obanzi ngaphakathi kwendlu, okuphuma kuyo okuholela emanzini. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa elihle ligcinwa ezindlini, amanzi awabandeli, kanti ama-beaver anethuba lokuphuma aye engxenyeni yeqhwa yedamu.
Kwiqhwa elinamandla phezu kwamahabhu kukhona umusi, okuwuphawu lokuhlala kwezindlu.
[hlela] amadamu
Ezindongeni ezinamazinga amanzi angazinzile, okuthi ngesikhathi sekwehla kungaholela ekutheni kukhishwe izikhala ezivela emiseleni noma ezindlini zokulala, ama-beaver akha amadamu ngaphansi kwendawo yokuhlala kusuka emithini yezihlahla, emagatsheni nakuma-brashi. Uma umzimba wamanzi unokugeleza okusheshayo futhi kukhona amatshe phansi, asetshenziswa futhi njengezinto zokwakha. Isisindo samatshe singafinyelela ku-15-18 kg.
Okwakhiwa kwedamu, izindawo lapho izihlahla zikhula khona eduze nomaphethelo wonxweme zikhethiwe. Ukwakha kuqala ngama-beaver anamathela ngokunamathisela amagatsha neziqu zawo phansi, kuqinisa izikhala ngamagatsha nomhlanga, kugcwalisa izikhala ngosilika, ngobumba nangamatshe. Njengefreyimu esekelayo, i-beaver ivame ukusebenzisa ukhuni oluwele emfuleni, kancane kancane ilufake ngezinto zokwakha ezivela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.
Ubude bedamu elijwayelekile bungama-20-30 m, ububanzi esisekelweni bungama-4-6 m, lapho iqhele khona yi-1-2 m. Ukuphakama kwedamu kuvame ukuba yi-2 m, yize lingafinyelela ku-4.8 m.
Uma okwamanje kunamandla kakhulu, khona-ke ama-beaver akha amadamu amancane angeziwe ngaphezulu komfula. Edamini, imvamisa kuvame ukuhlelelwa ukuze ingadabuli phakathi nesikhukhula.
Ngokwesilinganiso, umndeni we-beaver uthatha cishe isonto ukwakha idamu le-10 m. Ama-Beavers aqapha ngokucophelela ukuphepha edamini futhi alilungisile uma kuvuza. Kwesinye isikhathi imindeni eminingana esebenza amashifu ibamba iqhaza ekwakheni.
[hlela] Ukuvikelwa nesimo sezinhlobo
I-Beaver inika uboya bekhwalithi ephezulu, inyama edliwayo, "i-beaver river" isetshenziswa embonini yamakha. Kulokhu, izinhlobo zazihlushwa ukushushiswa kwabantu isikhathi eside.
Ngenxa yokudotshwa kakhulu, kwase kusondele ukuqothuka: ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, isibalo sonke besingangeqi kwizilwane eziyi-1000, izindawo zokuhlala ezingazodwa zahlala emigodini yeRhone, i-Elba, iDon, iDnieper, eNyakatho Trans-Urals, endaweni ephezulu yeYenisei. Kulondolozwe ezitokisini.
Kuthathwe izinyathelo ezinamandla zokubuyisa izinombolo zayo.
[hlela] Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Abasebenza eNational Park yaseCanada bathola ekhoneni elikude kakhulu i-Alfred Wood Buffalo Park idamu elikhulu kakhulu le-beaver nosayizi wamasimu webhola ayi-8 - 850 m. Ummeli wabaphathi bePaki uthe abasebenzi bathola ngaleli dolo eminyakeni engu-2 eyedlule futhi bakhe i-flyover, ngoba ayikho enye indlela yokubuka lesi sakhiwo esikhulu.
