IGyurza - usayizi omkhulu, ofinyelela ubude ngomsila wamamitha amabili, inyoka enobuthi yomndeni wakwa-Vipers. Ngamanye amagama, inyoka yeLevantine ibizwa. Isisindo esijwayelekile somuntu omdala sifinyelela amakhilogremu amathathu.

Abameli abaningi bezinhlobo banobukhulu obedlula usayizi wesandla somuntu. Inyoka kaGyurza ihluka ngekhanda elibanzi nelikhulu, i-monophonic noma iphethini yamabala nama-arcs.

Inyoka kaGyurza

Intamo incane futhi icacile ngaphandle kwekhanda. Amehlo nomfundi kuqondile. Isikhumba simbozwe esikalini, isisu nomsila zinezibazi. Umdwebo nemibala ngokwahlukahluka kakhulu. Inyoka kaGyurza (njengoba kubonwe ku Izithombe) yi-monophonic: nsundu, nsundu futhi imnyama, imvame ukuba nsomi.

Kwesinye isikhathi ingambozwa ngezindawo ezimnyama ezinsundu. Ihlala emazweni ase-Asia nase-Afrika. Ukusuka esikhaleni se-USSR yangaphambili, lapho le nhlobo yezilwane ezihuquzelayo yathathwa njengommeleli omkhulu we-fauna, kwenzeka inyoka ye-gyurza eDagestan, eNyakatho neCaucasus, Kazakhstan naseAzerbaijan.

Yizinhlobo ezingandile futhi ezisengozini eRussia futhi zibhalwe ku-Red Book ngenxa yalesi sizathu. Usayizi wesibalo salokhu okuhlukahlukene kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo wehla kakhulu ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwabo okuningi.

Kodwa-ke, kuma-expanses ezifuywayo lokhu kuyingozi kakhulu futhi kuyabulala inyoka, ukuluma gyurza qhathanisa ne-cobra yase-Asia kuphela. Ubuthi bayo busebenza kakhulu futhi buyizinto eziyingozi ze-hemolytic, kanti amamilogremu angama-50 anele ekufeni.

Lapho ubuthi bungena egazini lomuntu, ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazini kuyabhujiswa. Njalo ngonyaka, abantu abafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni eziningana baba yizisulu zaloluhlobo lwenyoka emhlabeni. Kungakho kungcono ukwazi: inyoka ye-gyurza ibukeka kanjaniukuvikela ingozi engaba khona ngesikhathi.

IGyurza ithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esomile futhi ihlala ezindaweni ezinamagwadule, agqunywe kakhulu nezihlahla. Kuyenzeka nasezindaweni ezathathwa ngumuntu ngenxa yempilo yakhe.

Kwenzeka kaningi ukuthi izinyoka zihlale emaphethelweni amadolobha amakhulu nasemiseleni yokunisela, ezihlala emazweni atshaliwe. Ikakhulu, okuningi kuyaziwa mayelana kizlyar gyurza – izinyokabahlala eduze kwezakhiwo zokuhlala namakamu ezwe. Bahlukaniswa inani elincane lamabala kanye nemikhuba eminingi esifundeni sesisu.

Isimo nendlela yokuphila yenyoka ye-gyurza

Izici zokuziphatha kanye nemikhuba ye-gyurza kuncike ngqo, njengasezilwaneni eziningi, ngesikhathi sonyaka. Ezikhathini ezishisayo nezomile, ukhetha ukuqhuba impilo esebenzayo ebusuku kuphela, ecashe elangeni elihangayo. Futhi ngezikhathi ezinhle, entwasahlobo noma ekwindla, ubamba indlela yokuphila yansuku zonke.

Izinyoka ezisebenzisa ngokweqile, zakha amaqembu amancane abantu abayi-5-12, zicashe ezindaweni zokukhosela ezingatholakala emaweni noma ngaphansi kwamatshe. Kepha bayakwazi ukuhlala ebusika bodwa. Zikhulela emvelweni bese zidlulela empilweni esebenzayo lapho okujwayelekile kosuku lokushisa komoya kuba ngu-+10 ° C bese kuba ngaphezulu.

I-gyurza yowesifazane nowesilisa

IGyurza luhlobo lwenyoka enobuthi evela emndenini wakwa-Viper (uhlobo lwezinyoka ezinkulu.) Le nyoka iyingozi kakhulu kubantu nasezilwaneni ezifuywayo. Uyakwazi ukwenza ukuphonsa obukhali ohlangothini lomphikisi ngaphezu kobude bawo wonke umzimba.

Ngisho nababambi bezinyoka abanolwazi babevame ukuba yizisulu zalenyoka embi kangaka, ngoba, lapho bezama ukukhulula ikhanda layo, i-gyurza yenza amajikijolo abe yingozi aqine kakhulu.

Izinyoka Ezinobuthi: Izinhlobonhlobo

Kunezinhlobo zezinyoka: ezinobuthi futhi azinabungozi. Eyokuqala (eyingozi kakhulu) ifaka i-viper eyaziwayo ne-cobra, imamba emnyama engajwayelekile, i-gyurza, njll.

Izinyoka ezivamile (cishe wonke umuntu uyazi) zihlala cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zaseRussia. Singahlangana naye kunoma iyiphi indawo: emahlathini, ezintabeni, emaphethelweni, emasimini, ezixhotsheni nasezindalini. Lesi ngesinye sezinyoka ezimbalwa ezingaphila ngisho nezimo sezulu ezibandayo.

I-cobra inyoka enkulu (enobuthi) ephakamisa engaphambili yomzimba wayo engozini, ngenkathi ikhulisa intamo yayo ngendlela yediski. Yinyoka ebukwayo ehlala ikakhulukazi e-Afrika, India naseNingizimu Asia.

Imamba emnyama iyingozi ngendlela emangalisayo futhi iyabulala, ibhekwa njengenye yezinyoka ezicashile kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Wathola igama lakhe ngenxa yombala omnyama wangaphakathi komlomo (oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Yinyoka enobuthi esheshayo, enolaka futhi ebulalayo. Ihlala ema-savannah nasezintabeni zamadwala e-Afrika (izingxenye eziseningizimu nasempumalanga). Uyinyoka ende enobuthi e-Afrika (kufika kumamitha ayi-4,5).

UGyurza - inyoka enobuthi: incazelo

Unekhanda elikhulu kakhulu futhi elibanzi, isizalo sakhe siyindilinga, amehlo akhe kanye nomfundi wakhe ziqonde. Izikali ezibunjiwe zitholakala kuwo wonke umhlaba wekhanda. Ngombala, imvamisa i-monophonic, kepha kwesinye isikhathi itholakala iphethini eyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela yamabala nama-arcs. Akukho zihlangu ngaphezulu kwamehlo akhe.

Isibalo esikalini esiphakathi kwesiqu sicishe sibe ngu-23 kuya ku-27, kwi-peritoneum - sisuka ku-126 siye ku-181 nangaphansi komsila - sisuka kumabili ngamathathu kuya kwangama-53.

Le nyoka enobuthi inethoni yezimpawu ezimpunga ngaphezulu komzimba. Ngokusho kwephethini, abantu ngamunye atholakala womabili ama-monophonic (amnyama noma ansundu), kanye nama-brown hues. Ngasemuva kunezindawo ezimbalwa ezimnyama ezinqamlezayo, futhi ezinhlangothini zikhona, kepha zincanyana ngosayizi. Isisu senyoka sikhanya, sinamabala amancane amnyama.

Ukubhebhetheka

Lezi zinyoka zivamile eNyakatho-Ntshonalanga Afrika, eziqhingini zaseMedithera, eningizimu, eNtshonalanga naseCentral Asia. Izinyoka zalolu hlobo lwezilwane ezifuywayo zihlala ezifundeni zamazwe alandelayo: iSyria, iNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia, u-Israyeli kanye namabhange omfula (osentshonalanga) nomfula iJordani, i-Iraq, ne-Iran, ne-Iraq, ne-Afghanistan, neTurkey, neNyakatho-Ntshonalanga neNdiya neNtshonalanga Pakistan.

Zitholakala nakumariphabhulikhi angaphambili e-Union: eCaucasus, e-Azerbaijan, enhlonhlo ye-Absheron nakulo lonke i-Asia Ephakathi.

Iseningizimu yeKazakhstan yindawo lapho namuhla icishe iqothulwe khona futhi kunqabile ukuba yi-gyurza.

Inyoka eDagestan ihlala emiphakathini eminingi engayodwa. Inani kule republic liphansi kanti ngokwesilinganiso ezindaweni zalo umuntu oyedwa kumahektha ayi-13. Kulezo zindawo lapho kunabantu abaningi khona bendawo abahlala kuyo, umuntu oyedwa ku-0,8 ha. Lapha ungahlangana nenyoka enamabala amnyama ansundu ezinhlangothini. Ubude bawo bungamamitha ayi-1.

Le nyoka yendawo iyabulala. I-20% yenani eliphelele lezisulu ezilunywe nguye ziyafa.

Izindawo zokuhlala zeHurza

Ihlala ogwadule, ogwadule oluyindawo enezintaba nezindawo ezisezintabeni. Kutholakala ezintabeni, kugcwele amachibi, emithambekeni, ezintabeni ezomile, emahlathini akhanyayo (i-pistachio), emifantwini enamadwala enemifudlana, ezigodini zemifula, osebeni lwemisele.

Ungahlangana nabo ngisho emaphethelweni amadolobha, lapho abanokudla okuhle ngesimo samagundane. Ezintabeni, angakhuphuka ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle aze afike kumamitha angama-2500 (Pamir) aze afike kumamitha angama-2000 e-Armenia naseTurkmenistan.

Ukuzingela

IGyurza inyoka izingela ngokumangazayo. Emhlabathini noma etsheni elithile, lilinda isisulu, lapho isondela lapho i-gyurza iphonsa khona ngokubukhali, okusheshayo kombani. Lapho esebambile, akakhululi inyamazane, kepha alindele isenzo sobuthi, abese eyiginya. Njengoba isifiso salezi zinyoka sihle kakhulu, isikhashana ngemuva kokudla ukudla, uyaqhubeka nokuzingela kwakhe.

IGyurza, njengezinyoka eziningi, iyathanda ukubhukuda, ngenkathi ibamba izinyoni zifika emgodini wokunisela.

Indlela yokuphila ye-Gyurza, imikhuba

Entwasahlobo (Mashi - maphakathi no-Ephreli), abesilisa bambalekela ngaphandle kwezizathu zokuqala zobusika, kuthi ngemuva kwesonto, izinsikazi. Ekuqaleni, ahlala eduze kwezindawo zawo zokuhlala zasebusika (ezintabeni noma ezansi kwamawa), abese eya ezindaweni zokuhlala zasehlobo. Futhi ekwindla babuyela ezindaweni zabo zobusika.

I-Gyurza - inyoka ebanda ubusika noma ngamaqembu ezihlobo zayo (cishe izinyoka eziyi-12). Isikhathi sabo sokungasebenzi ngokwesilinganiso sithatha izinsuku ezingama-130-150 (iTranscaucasia). Umsebenzi wansuku zonke wezinyoka ngokuya ngesizini: entwasahlobo nasekwindla - isikhathi sasemini, ehlobo - ekuseni nakusihlwa, futhi kusukela kusihlwa kuze kube yingxenye yokuqala yobusuku.

Lapho kuqala isikhathi esishisayo, atholakala eduze kweziphethu noma ezinye izindawo ezixakile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu ngamunye unendawo yakhe yokuzingela. Kakhulu bahlala kakhulu eduze neziphethu nemifula.

Umsoco

Ukudla okujwayelekile kune-gyurza. Inyoka endala idla kakhulu izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane (amagundane, amaphaya, ama-gerbils), lapho ivama ukubamba izibankwa, futhi kaningi kakhulu - izinyoka ezikanye nazo.

Entwasahlobo nasekwindla, ezindaweni lapho izinyoni zindizela khona (izinqola, oatmeal namachwane azo), izinyoka zilinda inyamazane yazo, zikhuphuke ezihlahleni. Bangakwazi nokulinda inyamazane esivinini. Akuvamile, kepha izinyoka ezisanda kuzalwa zingadla izinambuzane.

Ngenxa yokuqothulwa okukhulu, inani labantu balesi reptile lehlile. Futhi ekuthunjweni kaningi, i-gyurza ingaphila izinyanga ezimbalwa. Ngokuphathelene nezimo ezinjalo, i-gyurza ibhalwe kuRus Red Book futhi manje isivikelwe umbuso.

Izindatshana ezifanayo

Izinyoka eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Lapho abantu bezwa ngezinyoka, indlela abasabela ngayo ivele ihluke ngokuphelele: othile uyabasaba, othile ufuna ukuba nesilwane esinjalo, bese umuntu ekhumbula inyoka ehehayo. Lezi zidla zepancake ezingenamlenze zingatholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba, ziza ngobude obuhlukile nemibala ehlukene. Futhi eziningi zazo zinobuthi futhi ziyingozi kubantu. Ekubuyekezweni kwethu, izithombe zochwepheshe ezibonisa izinyoka.

Ukusakazwa kweGyurza

Ephreli-Meyi - isizini yokuzalelisa eGyurz. Ekwindla yokuqala, izinyoka zizalwa. Kodwa-ke, bazalwa ngendlela ehlukile. Ensimini enkulu yokuhlala kwakhe, kuzalwa amathole bukhoma (amadlozi aphilayo) eGyurza, kuthi eCentral Asia abeke amaqanda. Isikhathi sokufakwa kwabo singafika ezinsukwini ezingama-40.

Amaqanda abekwe embozwe ngegobolondo elincanyana, elinesidwaba, imibungu ithuthukiswa impela. Kudingeka igobolondo elincanyana ukuze kube lula ezinganeni ezikhulile ukuphuma futhi zithole umoya-mpilo owanele. Njengoba sebenze umgodi omncane egobolondeni leqanda ngaphambi kokusuka, izinyoka aziphuthumi ukushiya indawo yazo yokuhlala isikhathi esingaphezu kosuku.

Amancanyana aqanduselwa emaqanda angama-23- 24 cm ubude futhi anesisindo esingu-10- 14 g. Isibalo samaqanda ku-clutch noma izinyoka ezisanda kuzalwa ngu-15-20. Kodwa-ke, kukhona okuhlukile, kubhalwe ukuthi icala linye lapho i-gyurza eyodwa enkulu ekudingisweni yabeka amaqanda angama-43.

Ukuziphatha kweGyurza

Ukuvela kwe-gyurza - i-torso yayo ebanzi ne-curly, kungadukisa umuntu ongazi lutho, kuphakamise ukuthi uyephuza futhi muhle. Eqinisweni, lesi yisidalwa esihlakaniphe kakhulu futhi esihlakaniphile: igibela amagatsha ngokuphelele, emhlabathini iyakwazi ukunyakaza okusheshayo nokungalindelekile, igxume, ibona ingozi, ngokushesha isuka icashe futhi icashe. Kodwa-ke, uma enza isithiyo esisongela lesi simo, khona-ke i-gyurza iqala ukukhala kakhulu futhi ngokwesabisa futhi iphonsa ngokubukhali ngomzimba wayo wonke isitha.

Izinyoka ezinkulu zenza lokhu kuzuba kwalo lonke ubude bomzimba wazo, ngakho-ke umzingeli uphoqelekile ukusabela ngokushesha ngokugxumela ohlangothini. IGyurza inomzimba omangalisayo futhi omangalisayo ngokungajwayelekile. Ukubamba i-gyurza enkulu ngesandla sakho kunzima kakhulu. Ngazo zonke izindlela, inyoka izama hhayi ukusonta kuphela, kepha futhi nokugwaza owonile (umzingeli), futhi kwesinye isikhathi ilume ngisho nomhlathi wayo ophansi.

Ubuthi be-Gurza

Ukulunywa yi-Gyurza kuyingozi kakhulu kubantu. Lapho inyoka iluma, cishe u-50 mg wobuthi ungena emzimbeni, okunobuthi obukhulu futhi ungowesibili ebugebengwini be-cobra.

Ukwakheka kwesihlungu se-gyurza kufaka phakathi ama-enzyme angabhubhisa amaseli abomvu egazi nezindonga zemithambo yegazi, abangele ukuqina kwegazi.

Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokuvela kwenyoka, kuphume izicubu eziningi ezingaphakathi nangaphakathi, imithambo emincane iqhume ngaphansi kwesenzo sobuthi, i-edema enamandla kakhulu ivela endaweni yokuluma, imithambo yegazi enkulu naphakathi ivalekile. ukuhlangana kwegazi kwenzeka. Konke lokhu kuhambisana nobuhlungu obukhulu, isiyezi, nokugabha.

Uma izinyathelo ezifanele zingathathwanga, umphumela ungathandeki kakhulu, kuze kube sekufeni (kuze kufinyelele ku-10% wamacala). Usizo ngesikhathi nangendlela efanelekayo ngokusetshenziswa kwe-anti-venum serum igwema umphumela obulalayo wokulunywa yi-herza. Kodwa-ke, kwezokwelapha nakwa-chemacology, ubuthi be-gyurza busetshenziswa kabanzi.

Ngakho-ke, e-USSR yangaphambili, kwadalwa izithombo ezikhethekile zezinyoka lapho ubuthi butholakala khona ezinyoka. Lezi zingane zitholakala eTashkent, Frunze naseThemuez. Ama-gyurzes agcinwa eningi lapho. Lezi zinyoka zinamandla, zihlala isikhathi eside ekudingisweni futhi zinikeza ubuthi obuningi, zinde kunezinye ezihuquzelayo, ikakhulukazi i-0.1-0.2 g (ngesimo esomile) ngokuthatha (ukusenga). Ubuthi lobu busetshenziselwa ukuthola i-serum ye-antidote kanye nokwenziwa kwemithi ehlukahlukene.

Ngokwesakhiwo sayo, ubuthi be-gyurza buhlukile futhi budlula ubuthi cishe bazo zonke izinyoka zezinyoka. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali nezakhiwo kufana kakhulu nobuhlungu benyoka ye-chain. Ososayensi abavela ebuchosheni be-gyurza bakha i-lebetox yezidakamizwa, edingekayo kubantu abane-hemophilia (isifo sofuzo - ukugoqwa kwegazi lokuzalwa). Lesi sidakamizwa sisetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-hemophilia ye-etiologies ehlukahlukene.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isihlungu se-gyurza sisetshenziselwa ukuthola izifo ezahlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengezilonda ezinesihluku ezisesigabeni sokuqala sokukhula sochoko. I-Pharmacology isebenzisa kabanzi ubuthi be-gyurza, ingaqukatha izidakamizwa ukwehlisa umfutho wegazi, i-anesthetize futhi iphathe i-asthma ye-bronchial, i-rheumatoid arthritis, i-radiculitis, i-neuralgia.

Ngokuphathelene nenani eliphakeme le-gyurza ubuthi, izazi zezilwane zitadisha indawo yokuhlala kwe-gyurza, ikhomba amaqoqo amakhulu - ama-bird foci. Ezindaweni ezinjalo kwakhiwa izingcwele zezinyoka, lapha kuvikelwa izinyoka, imfuyo yazo isebenza njengokuphindiselwa kwezindawo zokuhlala izinyoka lapho kutholakala khona ubuthi benyoka.