Amasayizi wabamele abathile beqembu asukela enkingeni kuya ku-goose. Imizimba yabo icindezelwa kamuva futhi ivumelaniswe nokuhamba phakathi kwamathanga ezimila eziminyene, amaphiko nomsila mfushane kakhulu. Isici esikhumbulekayo kakhulu sokubukeka kwabanye abelusi - Iminwe emide ngokungajwayelekile, evumela izinyoni ukuba zizungeze izindawo ezinamathushana futhi zikhuphuke ngeziqu zomhlanga. Abelusi bandiza kabi futhi ngokungabaza. Kuyamangaza ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi ezihlala eziqhingini ngokuvamile zaphelelwa amandla endiza futhi zaba sengozini enkulu. Babengavikeleki ngokuphelele kubazingeli nezinye izilwane ezethulwa ngabaseYurophu, ngokushesha baba ezingavamile noma zanyamalala ngokuphelele.

Indlela yokuphila

Abelusi abaningi abavamile kangako, kodwa kunzima kakhulu ukubabona, ngoba baphila impilo yokugcina imfihlo kakhulu. Abaningi babo bayasebenza ebusuku futhi bazenza bazizwe kuphela ngemisindo emangalisayo, kepha-ke, imisindo yabo kayifani ngothile - lokhu kuyisethi ehlukahlukene yokukhohlakala, ukweqa, ukububula, ukuqhuma kweziqhumane.

Izici ezijwayelekile

Isici esiyingqayizivele se-cowgirl uwucu olugobile kancane. Umuntu omdala angakhula afike kuma-28 cm ubude ngesisindo esilingana nesingafika ku-170 g. Isikhumba sasemanzini sineminwe emifushane, enezimpiko ezibanzi nezindilinga. Kude kubukeka sengathi abelusi banombala we-feather emnyama. Eqinisweni, izinyoni ezindala zinenqwaba yemibala emnyama enamabala amakhulu amnyama. Ezinhlangothini zezilwane imivimbo yezithunzi ezimhlophe namnyama. Umbala we-cowgirl ungahluka ngokuya ngesikhathi sonyaka.

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Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni, phakathi kwazo lapho indawo yokuhlonipha ihlala khona ngumelusi-cod, wasebukhosini, waseCentral American, eMadagascar kanye nomelusi waseColombian.

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Ukuziphatha Nempilo

Abelusi bafihla imfihlo kakhulu futhi kuyaqabukela baphume baye kuma-sillies angajulile noma emaphethelweni esikebhe. Abakuthandi ukubhukuda, kepha uma kunesidingo bangakwazi nokuntywila. Ngenkathi zihamba izinyoni ziphakamisa imilenze nomsila wazo, zizisongela ngendlela engathandeki. Uma isilwane sizwa ingozi, masinyane sibaleke siyocasha emathangeni.

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Isikhathi esisebenzayo kakhulu i-cowgirl kusihlwa nobusuku. Inyoni empeleni ayindiza futhi ikhuphukela emoyeni kuphela ngokwesaba. Njengomthetho, izilwane zihlala zodwa, kepha futhi zingahlala ngababili. Kwesinye isikhathi endle ungahlangana neqembu labelusi, elinabantu abangama-30. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi noma imuphi umndeni ugcina uqhekekile, ngoba izilwane zinolaka kakhulu maqondana nomunye.

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Izinyoni ziqinisekisa ubukhona bazo ngokukhala okunesigqi, kwesinye isikhathi okufana nokuncibilika kwengulube.

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Ekudleni komelusi, ama-invertebrates ayaziqhenya ngendawo. Izinyoni nazo zingadla kuma-vertebrates. Esikhathini esisebenzayo, izilwane zibamba izinhlanzi, izinduku, amasele futhi zidla amaqanda.

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Ukuzala

Ngenkathi yokuzalela, izinyoni zakha izidleke zazo, ezinesimo esibonisa inkomishi. Njengezinto zokwakha, amaqabunga neziqu zezitshalo zemashi zisasetshenziswa. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ayisikhombisa kuya kwayi-9, nabazali bobabili abawacwilisa. I-masonry inombala o-buffy noma ompunga omhlophe, lapho amabala amancanyana ama-violet-grey noma amabala amakhulu ansundu abonakala kahle.

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Ukubukeka

Yinyoni encane enobukhulu bogwaca noma i-corncrake, ubude bayo bungama-23- 26 cm, isisindo buyi-100-180 g. Ngaphandle, kubukeka njengekhorali noma umhlambi, kepha ivelele phakathi kwabo inomlomo omude, amasentimitha angama-3-4,5, ogobile kancane ekugcineni. Umzimba uyindilinga futhi ucindezelwe ngokuqinile kamuva. Intamo yinde ngokwanele, lapho ihamba emhlabeni welulele phambili. Uqhwaku lude, lumfishane, lubheke kancane phansi, umlomo futhi ekugcineni komlomo kumnyama nge-tint ebomvu, lonke uqhwaku lububende obomvu noma obomvu kokhonkolo. I-iris ibomvu i-orange. Izinsimbi zekhanda, intamo kanye nesisu sesisu somzimba kukhona i-brownish-iron, ezinhlangothini futhi kancane esiswini kunemivimbo yokukhanya ebonakalayo ebanzi ebanzi nebanzi futhi emincane. Umgogodla omhlophe. Izembozo ezingemuva nezinamaphiko zinsundu omnqumo ngombala omnyama obanzi. I-flywheel eyinhloko eyi-10, eqondisa u-12. Umsila umfishane, uthambile, uvame ukunyusa futhi ukugoba uma ushukuma. Imilenze mide, ibomvu-nsundu, inezinzwane ezinde. Abesilisa nabesifazane akufani ngombala, kodwa abesilisa babukeka bakhulu. Izinyoni ezincane zihlukile kubantu abadala - imiphimbo yazo kanye nentamo imhlophe, kanti isifuba kanye nesisu sangaphambi kwesisu kugcwele amabala amnyama. Engutsheni yezidleke zabelusi kunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa ngombala kwezinye izinyoni ezihlobene, kodwa-ke, endaweni engokwemvelo engokwaloluhlobo, umlomo omude ubakhipha kalula. Kwezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lukamalusi, ezinamanzi zihlukaniswa ngemibala yombala wazo - uqhwaku obomvu, izinhlangothi ezimthende nezimhlophe kanye nemilenze emnyama nsundu.

Ngokuya ngosayizi nombala, kunezinhlobo ezingama-4 zomalusi wamanzi, ezihlukaniswe ngokwezindawo kusuka kwenye nenye:

• I-Allus aquaticus aquaticus I-Linnaeus, 1758 - Subpecies Engamagama. I-Europe, North Africa kanye ne West Asia.
• Ama-rallus aquaticus hibernans ISalomonsen, 1931 - Iceland.
• Isibonakaliso se-Allus aquaticus I-Blyth, 1849 - iMongolia, iSiberia, iMpumalanga Ekude, iKorea, neNyakatho Japan. Ubusika eLower Bengal, Thailand, Laos, Southeast China, Taiwan naseNingizimu Japan.
• URallus aquaticus korejewi I-Zarudny, ngo-1905 - Ukusuka eLwandle lwe-Aral kuya eLake Balkhash. Ngaseningizimu kuya e-Iran, eKashmir nasentshonalanga nasenkabeni yeChina.

Vota

Ukukhala kukamalusi kukhethekile, akuqhathaniswa nezinye izinyoni ezikububanzi. Izinketho eziningi ziyahlukaniswa, kufaka phakathi ukukhala okubonakalayo okufana nokuncibilika kwengulube. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoni ziyakwazi ukukhipha amakhwela amafushane, into enjenge- "whit", bese zoma ngokuchofoza "ikhekhe", ezivame ukuphindwa.

Indawo

Abelusi badla insimu enkulu ye-Eurasia, kanye naseNyakatho Afrika. E-Yurophu, zibaxakile, ngaphandle kweScandinavia enyakatho kanye nezindawo ezisenyakatho neRussia, kepha kuyenzeka njalo - kusuka kwezinye izindawo kunemibiko yezindawo zokudlela izidleke, kuyilapho ezinye zinendawo efanayo. Zitholakala e-Brithani, e-Faroe, e-Balearic Islands nase-Iceland. Kunabantu abaningi ababodwa e-Asia. Izinhlobo zasentshonalanga kweTurkey, eTranscaucasia, mhlawumbe enyakatho ye-Iran ne-Iraq, eCentral Asia, Kazakhstan, China, Korea naseJapan. Imininingwane mayelana nesibalo sabantu baseNdiya iyaphikisana - Imithombo ehlukahlukene iqinisekisa noma iyaphika iqiniso lokuthi izinyoni ezidlekayo zikulesi sifunda.

Engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, umngcele osenyakatho webanga uvela emachibini aseKarelian Isthmus, eLadoga, ePlescheevo naseZabolotsky, eningizimu yesifunda saseKirov, iBashkiria neChelyabinsk. ENtshonalanga yeSiberia, izinyoni zitholakala kuphela eningizimu kanye nomngcele weKazakhstan - e-Altai, ezifundeni zaseTyumen, Omsk naseNovosibirsk. EMpumalanga yeSiberia, kudlalwa eTransbaikalia, eSifundeni i-Irkutsk, eVitim Plateau, esigodini soMfula iVilyui eningizimu ka-64 ° N, emfuleni i-Lena river eningizimu kuka-61 ° N. w. Kusatshalaliswa esifundeni sase-Ussuri enyakatho kuya emlonyeni we-Amur, eSakhalin naseSouth Kuril Islands.

Ukufuduka

Cowgirls of the subspecies abaphakanyisiwe R. a. aquaticus izinyoni ezihlala ngokwengxenye futhi ezifudukayo. Ebusika, izidleke eNyakatho naseMpumalanga Yurophu ziqhubekela eningizimu naseningizimu-ntshonalanga: kuya eMedithera, eNyakatho Afrika kanye nasogwini oluseningizimu nasempumalanga yoLwandle lweCaspian. Abelusi abangaphansi R. a. hibernans kusuka e-Iceland mhlawumbe kusebusika e-Faroe Islands, kanye nase-Ireland. Ukulandela okulandelayo R. a. korejewi ezifudukayo ngokwengxenye - ebusika lezi zinyoni zingatholakala esifundazweni sasePakistan iSindh, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya kanye nasePhalamende lase-Arabia. Abelusi abangaphansi R. a. inkomba ukufuduka kakhulu - thuthela eSoutheast Asia (kuya esiqhingini saseBorneo), eziqhingini zaseJapan eziseningizimu (ukuya e-Okinawa).

Habitat

Ngesikhathi sokuzalela nokugcina ubusika, ihlala ngasogwini olunamanzi lwezindawo zokugcina ezinhlobonhlobo, imile noma igeleza kancane, ezindaweni ezinamashashazi ngamathanga omhlanga, umhlanga, i-talnik, amathafula, izidleke, ezimeni ezimanzi ezinamakhambi, izingxabano ezindala zekhephu ezinesihlahla. Isimo esidingekayo sokudlekwa ubukhona bezimila eziphakeme zamanzi aseduze namanzi asemanzini angajulile, lapho izinyoni zithola khona ukuziphilisa. Ngokuyinhloko igcinwe emathafeni, ezintabeni ezansi ngaphansi kwezinga lolwandle.

Umsoco

Idla ikakhulu kuma-invertebrates amancane asemanzini nawasemhlabeni - izinambuzane nezibungu zawo, izibungu, izimbaza, izicabucabu, njll. Kude ngezinga elincane, wondla ekudleni kwezitshalo - imbewu yezitshalo zasemanzini. Kwesinye isikhathi kudambisa izidleke zezinye izinyoni noma ukuzingela ama-amphibians amancane noma izinhlanzi. Ngokuzithandela udla i-carrion.

Ithola inyamazane ebusweni bamanzi, ngaphansi kwodaka ngaphansi kwedamu, phansi, ebusweni bezitshalo zasemhlabeni noma zasemanzini.

I-Wajian Cowgirl (Ranei - Cowgirl)

Yonke insimu yeBelarus

Ama-Cowgirls omndeni - iRallidae.

E-Belarus - R. a. i-aquaticus (ama-subspecies ahlala kuyo yonke ingxenye yaseYurophu ebangeni lezinhlobo).

Izinhlobo ezimbalwa zokuzalela ezifudukayo, ngezikhathi ezithile zobusika. Esifundeni esiningi aziningi, kuvame ukutholakala ezifundeni eziseningizimu futhi ezindaweni ezivame kakhulu noma ezingaphansi (Brest region). Ihlala kuyo yonke indawo ye-Belarusian Lake District, kepha isatshalaliswa ngokungalingani.

Ubukhulu bomalusi buphindwe izikhathi eziyi-1.5-2 kunenkanyezi. Ihluka kwabanye abelusi ngomlomo omude, ocwebezelayo omncane obheke ezansi ngombala obomvu okhanyayo. Owesilisa nowesifazane bangaphandle ngokungaqondakali. Amapayipi ohlangothi lwe-dorsal lomzimba nezivikelo zingwevu yomnqumo ngombala omnyama omfishana omude. Izinhlangothi zekhanda, intamo ngaphambili, umgogo kanye nesisu sangaphambi kwesisu kukhona okumpunga okumpunga. Izinhlangothi zomzimba nesisu zigcwele imisho emnyama nomhlophe. Ngemuva kwesisu ku-buffy; ukugcotshwa kumhlophe. Izimpaphe nezimpaphe zomsila zinsundu. Kwinyoni egijima phakathi kwamathanga ezinyoni, umsila uvame ukukhushulwa futhi izimpaphe zomsila omhlophe zibonakale kahle. Izimpaphe ebunzini zilukhuni njengamabhulashi. I-mandible imnyama kakhulu, i-mandible ibomvu orange, imilenze ibomvu-nsundu ngezinzwane ezinde. I-rainbow orange-ebomvu.

Izinyoni ezincane zihluka kubantu abadala abanomphimbo omhlophe kanye nosiba olumnyama.

Isisindo somzimba wesilisa entwasahlobo nasehlobo singama-83-160 g, izintokazi - 80-120 g, ekwindla singafinyelela ku-180 no-135 g ngokulandelana. Ubude bomzimba (bobabili ubulili) 27-30 cm, amaphiko angama-38-42 cm. 4 cm

Izindawo ezihlalwa nyoni ngamachibi amancanyana naphakathi nendawo anwebile. Ithanda izixakaxaka ezinkulu zamakhathidethi nomhlanga eceleni kwemiphetho yamantombazane amadala, izindawo ezinamanzi nezixhaphozi kanye nezikhukhula zemifula. Imvamisa ihlala kumifino egcotshwe ngotshani ngasogwini lolwandle olunezikhukhula zamanzi, ezindaweni eziphansi ezigcwala amanzi kanye nezingxabano ezindala zephayini. ELakeland ithanda amachibi amancane, akhula kakhulu ngamachibi omhlanga, anamachibi amanzi avulekile. Itholakala emachibini, emifuleni emincane, ngaphansi kokugcwala kakhulu kogu lolwandle. Izifundo eziyisipesheli ezindaweni zokugcina ezincane, ezigcwele kakhulu zikhombisa ukuthi isilinganiso sobukhulu bomalusi kulezi zinhlobo ezingama-0.23 ngababili / ha. Ubuningi besilinganiso somalusi kumachibi akhula kakhulu ngamabili ngabili / km².

Isikhathi esiningi kuholela indlela yemfihlo yokuya kusihlwa, okungukuthi, isebenza kakhulu ekuseni nangemva kokushona kwelanga, noma kusihlwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, ibonakala emaphethelweni emithi, noma emaphethelweni emithi, emaphethelweni amanzi emaphethelweni angenasisekelo nasezindaweni ezigobekayo, ngaphansi kovimba wegatsha eliningi lamagatsha ezihlahla ezimanzi. Ngasikhathi sinye, inyoni igwema izindawo ezinkudlwana ezivulekile futhi kuyaqabukela ishiye umphetho wethafa.

Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, ukukhala kwezinyoni kuzwakala cishe ubusuku nemini. Ngokuqala kwamachwane, aqala ukuhola indlela yokuphila yasemini, ebusuku amantshontsho alala esidlekeni. Ukudla kuvunwa imini nobusuku. Ekwindla, ziyabonakala ekuntweleni kokusa, lapho zibheka emibhedeni yomhlanga emaphethelweni wazo, zigijimisa ezingxenyeni ezidalulwe amanzi zifuna ukudla. Le nyoni igijima ngokushesha, ibhukuda kahle. Lapho ephoqelelwa ukuba akhuphukele emoyeni, umelusi uyandizela phezulu emhlabathini, anciphise imilenze yakhe, futhi ngobunzima obubonakalayo ukundiza ibanga elifushane, uphuthuma emhlabathini futhi abuye anyamalale otshanini obukhulu.

Abelusi bandizela ezindaweni eziseningizimu yeBelarus engxenyeni yokuqala ka-Ephreli. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, izinyoni zindiza ebusuku. Ukufika kwentwasahlobo eBelarussian Lakeland kuqala maphakathi no-Ephreli futhi kuya kuze kube maphakathi noMeyi.

Njengoba sezisabalalise ngaphezulu kwezindawo ezidlekayo, abesilisa bazigada ngokucophelela, zixosha abafokazi abahlaselayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, kusihlwa nasebusuku, ungakuzwa ukukhala okukhulu kwezinyoni. Umelusi womfazi oyedwa, isb., Owesilisa nowesifazane bakha umbhangqwana ongapheli futhi bendawonye banakekela isidleke nenzalo. Izinhlobo ngokuzala ngokwehlukana.

Isidleke sihlelwe mhlawumbe eduze kwamanzi uqobo, noma i-10-15 cm ngaphezu kwamanzi (okuqabukela phezulu), emisebeni yeziqu ezomile zomhlanga noma ikhathalogu, ekuhlanganiseni kwamagatsha ezihlahlana, ngezikhathi ezithile esiqeshini esincanyana phakathi kwamanzi endaweni yokubhukuda, emaphethelweni esiqhingi esincane noma emafuleni. ELakeland, isidleke sihlela ukubekwa kumakhathuni noma kudwenguleke phezu kweziqu zeziqu ezomile, kwesinye isikhathi emibhedeni yomhlanga.

Cishe kuzo zonke izimo, isakhiwo esidlekayo esikhulu sifihlwe kahle yizimila ezungezile neziluhlaza ngonyaka odlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kunesidingo, inyoni iyasinameka ngokwedlulele, igoba futhi isongele isigaxa sotshani esiseduze kakhulu nesidleke ngendlela yophahla. Imvamisa isidleke sithinta ingaphezulu kwamanzi noma ukungcola ngesisekelo saso. Ukuze enze buthule afike esidlekeni, umalusi unyathela umgodi otshanini obukhulu, futhi uma isidleke siphakanyisiwe ngenhla komhlaba noma amanzi, ngesinye isikhathi uhlela isisekelo esikhethekile sakhiwe ngotshani obomile.

Isidleke ngokwaso sakhiwe ngendlela yesitsha esingaxhunyiwe ku-izingcezu zezimila zonyaka odlule. Izinto zokwakha kwesinye isikhathi ziyizingcezu zamaqabunga omaqabaka ome, kepha zivame futhi ukuba yi-sedge eyomile, amahhashi, namaqabunga omhlanga. Ukuphakama kwesidleke kungamasentimitha angama-7,5-16, ububanzi kungu-13-25 cm, ukujula kojantshi kungama-cm angama-4-7, ububanzi kungama-11- 19 cm. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile bezidleke eLakeland yilezi: ububanzi ngo-12- 24 cm, ukuphakama ngo-13 cm, ububanzi 18 cm, ukuphakama kwethreyi 5-7 cm.

Ku-clutch ephelele yamaqanda ayi-6-12 (imvamisa iba ngu-7- 7), ezimeni ezihlukile kungahle kube nama-16 (i-clutch enjalo iphawulwe eYurophu). Uma kwenzeka kufa, izidleke zenyoni zingakha isidleke kaninginingi, kepha awekho ngaphezu kwamaqanda ama-4-7. Shell nge-sheen encane. Ngokuphikisana nekhilimu enokhilimu (ophuzi ophuzi noma ophuzi), obomvana obomvana, noma ompunga, okotshani obomvu onsomi (ikakhulu endaweni ephakathi nendawo), kanye namabala namachashazi ansundu aluhlaza. Kwezinye izikhathi, amaqanda e-cowgirl afana kakhulu ngombala namaqanda we-cornelian, kuphela isizinda sangaphambilini esivame ukukhanya, futhi amabala mancane futhi angavamile. Isisindo seqanda 13 g, ubude 35 mm (33-37 mm), ububanzi 26 mm (25-27 mm).

Umelusi uqala ukubeka amaqanda ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi (eLakeland, ukubeka amaqanda kuqala ngemuva kwesikhashana - maphakathi noMeyi), kodwa amafulethi amasha eBelarus angatholakala ngisho ngoJulayi. Lokhu akuchazwanga kuphela isikhathi sokudalwa, kepha, mhlawumbe, ngeqiniso lokuthi ngonyaka kungaba khona ama-broods amabili (njengasezifundeni eziseduzane zaseYurophu). I-Hatching ihlala izinsuku ezingama-19-21, ngokuqala ngokubekwa kweqanda lokugcina noma lokuthosa. Womabili amalungu alo mbhangqwana abamba iqhaza kuwo, yize owesifazana ematasa ngalesi sikhathi esithe xaxa.

Amahlosi ashiya amaqanda awo ekuqaleni kukaJuni cishe ngasikhathi sinye sosuku olulodwa. Ziqhwa zikhule ngokuphelele, zimbozwe ngokuphelele nge-fluff emnyama emnyama, yize umlomo wazo umhlophe. Ngosuku lokuqala basesidlekeni, abazali babo bayazishisa. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukunakekelwa kwamachwane kuyaqhubeka ngaphesheya kwesidleke, kumaqhubu, ezisekelweni kanye nasezidlekeni ezikhethekile. Ekuqaleni, amaphuphu athola ukudla okuvela kubazali bawo - izinambuzane ezithambile, izibungu, ngemuva kwesonto zingakuthola futhi zikuhlwithe ukudla ngokwazo, ngemuva kwelinye isonto zizondla ngokuphelele. Maphakathi nenyanga afinyelela isigamu sokukhula kwabo okugcwele. Ekupheleni kukaJuni, izimpaphe ezincane zisagcwele amabhubhu kwabancane. Isikhathi sokudla siyizinsuku ezingama-20-30. Ibaleke ngokuphelele futhi ikwazi ukudonsa amachwane eneminyaka eyi-2 izinyanga.

Ukuphela kwehlobo nokwindla ngaphambi kokusuka, ama-broods ayenziwa kulezo zindawo ahlala kuzo. Ngalesi sikhathi, bobabili abadala nezinyoni ezincane bakhuthele kakhulu futhi bondla okuningi. Uma ulele emahlathini ekuseni kakhulu noma kusihlwa kusihlwa, ungezwa amazwi abo okugcwala ubone izinyoni uqobo, zifuna ukudla.

Lapho ingxenye enkulu yemashi nezigodi zemifula zigawulwa, abelusi bayafuduka, babuthana emihlanjini eduze kwamanzi uqobo, nasezihlahleni zemivini ezigodini zemifula.

Umelusi akenzi iziqu ezinkulu. Ekwindla, indiza yayo yenzeka kancane kancane futhi akubonakali kalula. Ukuhamba kwe-Autumn ne-ndima kuthiwa kuhla ngoSepthemba - Okthoba. Isikhathi esinembile kakhudlwana sokufuduka kwekwindla asizange silandelwe. ELakeland, ukusuka ezindaweni zokuzalela kwenzeka sekwephuzile - ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba. Abantu abahlukene bahlala ezitolo kuze kube maphakathi noNovemba. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, izinyoni zenzeka ngokuzwakalayo noma kubantu abaningana, imvamisa ezindaweni zokudla. Zindiza ebusuku, kuthi phakathi nosuku zime ezindaweni ezijwayelekile eziseduze-kwamanzi nezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi. Abanye abantu bahlala kulo lonke uNovemba, futhi ezimweni ezingandile (ePolesie) baze ngisho nobusika emifuleni engenalo iqhwa.

Izinyoni ezindala zidla izinambuzane ezincane zasemanzini nezisemhlabeni, izibungu zazo, izicabucabu, ama-mollusks, izibungu nama-amphibians amancane. Okubaluleke kakhulu yimbewu yezitshalo zamanzi. Uqoqa ukudla emhlabathini, ezindaweni ezivulekile zamanzi, emanzini angajulile nangaphezulu kwamanzi. Kwesinye isikhathi izidleke zezinyoni ezincane zidilizwa ngokudla amaqanda nam amaphuphu amancane. Ama-cookies adliswa ikakhulukazi yizinambuzane nezibungu zawo.

Njengoba iziteshi zokwalusa zomalusi zivakashelwa kakhulu abantu ngenxa yokungafinyeleleki, into ephazamisayo ayibalulekile kuye. Naphezu kwendawo yokugcina imfihlo, izidleke nokwenziwa lula kwabelusi konakaliswa yizilwane ezidla ezinye, ezinye izidleke zingakhukhulwa ngesikhathi sezikhukhula kanye nomoya, futhi zife ngesikhathi semililo yasentwasahlobo - imililo. Ubusika obukhulu kakhulu bubangela ukulimala okukhulu kwenani labelusi bamanzi, lapho befa ngamanani amakhulu ngenxa yendlala nokubanda, abantu ababuthakathaka baba izisulu ezilula zabazingeli abazibambayo zivela emoyeni noma izidumbu ezingena emanzini eqhweni (ezinemilenze emine). Inani elikhulu lezinyoni ziyafa ngenkathi indiza, igqekeza ibe izintambo, imibhoshongo ye-TV kanye nemalambu, ifa ngenxa yezinyamazane ngesikhathi sokuma okuphoqelekile eziteshini zewypical.

Ukwehla okuncane kokuchichima kwabonwa ngokwehla kwamazinga amanzi eminyakeni eyomile. Ukuzingela akunawo umthelela obonakalayo esimweni senqwaba yezinyoni zamanzi, ngoba akukho okuzingelayo okufanelekile, kutholakala ngengozi, ngenkathi ukuzingela izinyoni zamanzi kanye nezinyoni zemashi ngenani elincane. Emapulazini okuzingela esifundeni saseVitebsk azikho izibalo ngokukhiqizwa kwawo. Yize njengomdlalo, inkomazi inezimpawu ezinhle impela.

Inombolo eBelarus ilinganiselwa ku-8-14 izinkulungwane zamabili, ezinzile. Ukuqagela kokuqala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eLakeland (ngonyaka we-2011) kungamabili ama-2-3.

Ubudala obukhulu obubhaliswe eYurophu buyiminyaka engu-8 izinyanga eziyi-11.

Umalusi, noma njengoba ibizwa nangokuthi ngumalusi wamanzi, inyoni encane yomndeni womalusi, ehlala ikakhulu ezixhaphozini nasezindaweni zamanzi eziseduzane. Kubhalwe ku-Red Book kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yesibalo esiphansi kakhulu kulezi zindawo.

Lalelani izwi lesigoga samanzi

Umelusi wamanzi uhola indlela ehlukile, angavamile ukuhlangana ngamaqembu abantu abangama-25-30. Kepha ngenxa yolaka olwandayo, izinhlangano ezinjalo zisheshe zihlukane. Ngokwemvelo, abelusi baphila iminyaka eyi-8-9.

Ngokuqondene nokudla, lezi zinyoni zidla izikelemu ezahlukahlukene, izinambuzane kanye nama-invertebrates amancane asemanzini kanye nemollusks. Uma kungekho ukudla kwezilwane, bayakujabulela ukudla imbewu yezitshalo zasemanzini, kodwa abakwazi ukuzondla njalo. Ukudla okumnandi okumelwe kukhethwe umelusi ukugcwala nenhlanzi, kwesinye isikhathi inyoni ebamba ngomdlandla.

Umehluko

Ukusuka kwezinye izinyoni nokubhaliwe komndeni womelusi, kungahlukaniswa ngalezi zici ezilandelayo:

• Izinzwani, noma zinde, zimfushane kunezinye izinhlobo.
• Uqhwaku lude, lugobile kancane ekugcineni kwalo.
• Ihlukahluka kusuka kubadwebi ngemivimbo eqonde phezulu ezinhlangothini zomzimba.
• Uma ehamba, uphakamisa imilenze yakhe phezulu, nomsila nawo uphakanyisiwe.
• Imilenze imsundu kakhudlwana, noma ibomvu ikhona.

I-Molting

Ukulandelana kokushintshwa kwezingubo zokugqoka: phansi - isidleke - ubusika bokuqala - ukuqala kokukhula (kokugcina) - ubusika (okokugcina).

Isambatho sokuqala sokwehla sakhiwe ngogqinsi obukhulu obumnyama phansi. Eminyakeni engu-10-30 yezinsuku, i-fluff ithathelwa indawo izimpaphe ze-hemp ezivelayo. Izingubo zokugqoka ezigcwele ngokugcwele zikhula zibe yizinsuku ezingama-35-45. Izinyoni ezincane ziguqula izingubo zazo zokungena esidlekeni sokuqala konyaka (ubusika) sekwephuzile ngaphambi kokuhamba, ezinye izinyoni ziqeda ukuncibilikisa ubusika. Ukuncibilikisa ngokuphelele kumunye ngonyaka, kwenzeka ngoJulayi -August lapho uqeda ukwenziwa kabusha. I-Flywheel ne-steering ziyawa ngasikhathi sinye. I-plourage plum nayo iguquka ngokuphelele. UMoult uphela ngo-Okthoba - Novemba. Imininingwane yokuncibilikisa ngaphakathi kwe-USSR ayifundwanga. Inwetshiwe kakhulu kubantu abahlukile. Ingxenye engaphambili yokuqunjelwa kwethamo lamapulangwe ne-fluff kwenzeka ngoFebhuwari - Ephreli phakathi nobusika (Grekov, 1965a, Cramp, Simmons, 1980). Iqiniso elikhangayo linikezwa ngabakwaSpangenberg (19516): ngo-Agasti 25 eduze nase-Olekminsk owesilisa olayini wayengakwazi ukundiza, engenakukwazi ukundiza, izimpukane zokuqala zanda ngamamitha angama-36 kuye, ngokusobala umolt wagubungela ukuphela kwenqubo yokuzalanisa ngenxa yokufushane kwezimo ezinhle. Ngokusobala, abapheli amandla ngesikhathi sokufuduka, ngenxa yabelusi abangama-200 abashonile endlini yokukhanyisela eNetherlands, bambalwa kuphela ababenezimpaphe ezikhulayo (eCramp naseSimmons, ngo-1980).

I-Subspecies taxonomy

Kunama-subspecies ama-4 ahlukene ngosayizi nombala: ukuba khona noma ukungabikhona komucu osinsundu ngokunqamula iso kuye endlebeni, izinga lokugcwala kombala ezitsheni ezisohlangothini lwe-dorsal kanye nombala wesisu (Glutz, 1973, Stepanyan, 1975, Ripley, 1977). Ukubhaliswa abathathu bahlala e-USSR (Fig. 69, 70).

Umdwebo 69. Ukusakazwa kwe-cowgirl yamanzi
a - ndawo, b - izindawo ezinobusika, umaki wombuzo - uhlobo lokuhlala alucaci. 1 - I-Rallus aquaticus aquaticus, 2 - R. a. korejewi, 3 - R. a. inkomba, 4 - R. a. hibernans.

Umdwebo 70. Uhla lwabazizi bamanzi e-USSR
a - ububanzi, b - umngcele ocacisiwe ngokungafanele wobubanzi bokuzala, c - izindawo zobusika, uphawu lombuzo - ukuhlala akucacile. 1 - I-Rallus aquaticus aquaticus, 2 - R. a. korejewi, 3 - R. a. inkomba.

1. URallus aquaticus aquaticus L., 1758. Umbala ojwayelekile umnyama. I-United Kingdom.

2. URallus aquaticus korejewi Zarudny, 1905. Umbala ojwayelekile ulula. Imifula eyisikhombisa, iBukhara, iTedjen, iMurghab kanye neMpumalanga ye-Iran.

3. I-Rallus aquaticus isibonakaliso seBlyth, 1849. Umucu osinsundu udlula esweni uye endlebeni, umbala ophuma esiswini, umphimbo omhlophe. Okukhulu kunokubili okwedlule. I-Bengal esezansi nayo yonke i-India.

Amanothi we-taxonomy

Naphezu kokuhlukaniswa ngokwezindawo kwezindawo zokuhlala, umehluko wokuziphatha ophakathi kwabo uvezwa ngokungafanele futhi wehluka ochungechungeni. Imininingwane yosayizi nemibala iyahlukahluka ngawodwana nobudala. Okuhlukaniswe kakhulu yiR. A. inkomba. Ukuhlala kuzinze e-Iceland futhi mhlawumbe e-Faroe Islands R. a. ama-hibernan anomlomo omfishane kunangaphansi kokubhalwayo okuqokiwe.

Ubudlelwano bendawo yezindawo ezintathu ezingaphansi kwezwekazi elisendaweni ethintana nabo enkabeni ye-Asia akucaci. NgokukaStepanyan (1975), uR. A. i-aquaticus iya empumalanga iya eTuva; eningizimu, ububanzi bayo babamba i-Altai esenyakatho nentshonalanga kanye neZaysan Depression. Kusuka ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga zeTuva, indawo yokusatshalaliswa ka-R. A. inkomba. Ukubhaliswa kwesithathu R. a. I-korejewi ithatha izikebhe zeBalkhash ne-Alakul eKazakhstan, kodwa akucaci ukuthi iyadlulela eZaysan. Uma kudlula, khona-ke amabanga ka-R. A. i-aquaticus ne-R. a. i-korejewi igqagqene ekucindezelekeni kweZaysan kanye (noma) eTheku lase-Altai, kanye nobubanzi be-R. a. i-aquaticus ne-R. a. inkomba - eTuva.

Ukubhebhetheka

Ububanzi be-Nesting. I-Eurasia: isuka eNtshonalanga Yurophu iye eJapan. Ububanzi bunamabala, kepha ezindaweni eziningi, kungenzeka ukuthi ukubukwa kwakubukwa, enyakatho ne-Afrika: ezindaweni ezise-Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Moror (?), Egypt. I-Asia: I-Asia Minor, i-Afghanistan (?), I-Iraq (?), I-Iran, empumalanga yeNhlonhlo yase-Arabia, izifundazwe ngazinye e-China, Korea (?), ENyakatho Japan (Ripley, 1977, Etchecopar, Nye, 1978, Cramp, Simmons, 1980) . ENdiya, ngokungafani nayo yonke inkomba ekufingqeni, azihlanganisi (Ali, Ripley, 1969). Kuhlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi aseYurophu (eNorway, kuthiwa ifinyelela kuma-63 ° N) naseziqhingini: iBritish, i-Iceland, iCarlada, iBalearic, iCorsica, iSardinia, iSicily, neCyprus. Kukhona izimpukane ezaziwayo eziqhingini zaseSvalbard, Jan Janen, Greenland, Azores naseCanaries (Vaurie, 1965, Cramp, Simmons, 1980). E-USSR: ngokulandelana kwezidleke zenani elilinganiselwe eMoldova, e-Ukraine, kufaka phakathi iCrimea (Kostin, 1983), eBaltic States inezindawo eziningi (iValius et al., 1977, birds of Latvia, 1983).

Kujwayelekile emaBelarus amaningi, futhi amaningi ePolesie (Fedyushin, eDolbik, ngo-1967), kwavama kakhulu ezifundeni zaseLeningrad nase Psych, ezitholakala ogwini oluseningizimu yeLake Ladoga (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Ihlala esidlekeni esiphakathi sendawo yaseYurophu yezwe: eSmolensk, eGorky, eMoscow, eTula, eRyazan, eTambov, ePenza, e-Ulyanovsk, eSaratov, ezifundeni zaseKirov naseBashkiria (Spangenberg, 19516, Vorontsov, 1967, Popov, 1977, njll.). Enyakatho, okutholakele kuyaziwa eVesyegonsk esifundeni saseYaroslavl. (ULakes Pereslavl kanye neZabolotskoe), eningizimu yesifunda saseKirov. Ngaphezulu kwempumalanga, umngcele wehlela e-Ufa, eChelyabinsk. Izidleke ezivame kakhulu endaweni ye-chernozem (Barabash-Nikiforov, Semago, 1963).

ENtshonalanga Siberia, isatshalaliswa emaphethelweni amancanyana eningizimu, etholakala enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Altai, esifundeni sase-Omsk naseNovosibirsk (Kuchin, 1976, Koshelev, Chernyshov, 1980), ezifundeni eziseningizimu yesifunda saseTyumen, eduze naseKrasnoyarsk naseMinusinsk (Spangenberg, 19516). EKazakhstan kusakazeke kabanzi, kepha ngokugqamile: emlonyeni we-Urals, amagquma aseVolga-Ural, e-Ilek, emachibini aseduzane nedolobha lase-Irgiz, endaweni ephansi yeTurgai, eNaurzum enyakatho yesifunda saseKustanai, eZaysan, esigodini saseBalkhash-Alakul , emaphethelweni ezansi kweDzungarian neZailiysky Alatau, eduzane nase-Alma-Ata, ezigodini zemifula yaseChu, eSyr Darya, indawo ephansi yemifula iChir-chik neKeles (iDolgushin, 1960). ETajikistan, ukuhlala phansi, ukufuduka ngokwengxenye, izidleke eziseceleni kwezigodi zemifula, ngaphandle kwePamirs (Abdusalyamov, 1971). E-Kyrgyzstan, kuvamile endaweni yokuhlala izidleke esigodini saseChuy, e-Issyk-Kul, futhi futhi nama-hibernates lapha (Yanushevich et al., 1959). E-Uzbekistan, ihlala emachibini asesigodini seSyr Darya ne-Amu Darya, ezindaweni ezigcotshwayo nasezakhiweni zokwenziwa, eTurkmenistan kwenzeka esifundeni saseTashauz. (Spangenberg, 19516).

Kubukeka sengathi akukho magebe ebangeni phakathi kokubhalwe phansi nokuqokwa kwe-East Asia, ngoba bobabili batholakala eTuva (Stepanyan, 1975). ETransbaikalia, kwatholakala umalusi ezindaweni eziningi, ethafeni laseVitim ezigodini zaseChary naseBarguzin (Izmailov, 1967), eduze naseKyakhta kanye nasesigodini saseTunkinsky (Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973) emfuleni. I-Arguni (Spangenberg, 19516). Itholakala eningizimu yesifunda i-Irkutsk, eVilyui eduze naseKirensky, emfuleni iLena eduze nase-Olekminsky (61 ° N) naseYakutsky (62 ° N), kungenzeka ukuthi idleke kwi-Middle Amur (Spangenberg, 19516). Kusatshalaliswa ePrimorye emfuleni. I-Ussuri, enyakatho iya emlonyeni we-Amur, kodwa endaweni ephansi yaseKhanka, ngokwesibonelo, endaweni yedolobhana. Ukutakula akuhlali, kepha kwenzeka kuphela ekufudukeni ekwindla (Glushchenko, 1979). Kuyivelakancane eSouthern Primorye, etholakala kwisiza esidlekayo eB.Pelis Island kanye naseLake Lake. Hassan (Vorobiev, 1954, Nechaev, 1971, Panov, 1973).

Izinhlobo zasendaweni eSakhalin, eShantar Islands naseSouth Kuril Islands (Nechaev, 1969). Ushintsho olungokomlando ebangeni lomalusi alusilandelwa kahle. Ukunwetshwa kobubanzi bawo eLatvia (Izinyoni zaseLatvia, 1983) kanye nasezifundeni zaseLeningrad naseP Pskov (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983) kuyabonakala ukuthi kwaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, ngasikhathi sinye, ukunyakaza kwasenyakatho kwabonwa eSweden kanye nokuvela eFinland (eCramp, Simmons, 1980), kodwa eBavaria (Germany) ngonyaka we-1961 - 1981. inani labelusi lehlile ngezikhathi ezingama-20 (Reicholf, 1982).

Ubusika

Itholakala kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. EFrance naseGreat Britain, abelusi badla ubusika eNetherlands, naseNetherlands bezalanisa eJalimane nasemazweni aseScandinavia (Kroon, 1984). Umngcele osempumalanga wendawo ebusika ugeleza lapha eceleni kwe-zero isotherm kaJanuwari. Ubusika buseningizimu e-Italy, eGrisi, eziqhingini zoLwandle iMedithera (eCorsica, eCyprus, eCrete, eMalta), e-Arabia Arabia naseSinayi Peninsulas, eMorocco, eTurkey, e-Iran, e-Afghanistan, ePakistan, enyakatho yeNdiya, esiQhingini saseRyukyu (Japan), eningizimu I-Asia E-Eshiya. I-Winters njalo ngenombolo enkulu ezindaweni eziseningizimu ye-USSR: esifundeni esisenyakatho ntshonalanga yeBlack, eCaucasus, kufaka neLake Sevan, esifundeni saseCrimea (Spangenberg, 19516, Kostin, 1983, esikuqaphelile eduze kwase-Odessa ngo-1981-1993). Ubusika bebodwa engabodwa eBelarus (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967). EKazakhstan, kuvamile emifuleni engenamaqhwa ezintabeni ezintabeni zaseZailiysky naseDzhungarsky Alatau, izindawo ezingaphansi kweCharyn, eduze naseDzarkark, eChimkent, abantu ababodwa babonwa ngaseKustanai (Dolgushin, 1960). Imvula yayiba njalo eTajikistan, eKyrgyzstan e-Issyk-Kul, eTurkmenistan kanye nasezigodini zaseMurgab, Tejen, Atrek, Amudarya imifula, kanye nolwandle lonke oluseningizimu yeTashkent kuya eSamarkand e-Uzbekistan.

Isikhala somalusi wamanzi sibanzi kakhulu futhi sifaka yonke insimu eseningizimu yendawo yezidleke. Ngesikhathi sendiza, abelusi bangatholakala kuyo yonke imizimba yamanzi nasezindaweni ezingafanele impela, kufaka phakathi izindawo ezisezintabeni naseziwugwadule, bagxila emachibini amakhulu, ezindaweni zokudlela imifula emikhulu yaseningizimu.

Ukufuduka

Kufundwe ngokungafanele, okuhlotshaniswa nendlela yokuphila yokucasha nendiza yasebusuku yenkomo yasemanzini. Kufinyelelwa kuphela izinsuku zokufika nezokuhamba. Ngokusobala, abelusi bamanzi bandiza ngaphambili ngaphandle kweziteshi ezihlukile. Izikhombisi-ndlela eziphambili: ekwindla kusukela eningizimu-nentshonalanga kuye eningizimu naseningizimu mpumalanga, entwasahlobo ephambene. Eskhathini, abelusi bagcina ngamunye ngamunye, kuyaqabukela kwakheka amaqoqo ahlukene ezinsukwini ezindaweni zokudla zabantu abangu-5 - 20. Indiza yenzeka ebusuku. Ngokusobala zindiza zombili ngobude obukhulu futhi ziphansi ngaphezu komhlaba, njengoba kufakazelwa ukutholwa kwabelusi abafile ezindlini zokukhanyisa, kwithelevishini nasemisakazweni, nangaphansi kwezintambo zikagesi kanye nezentambo.

Ukuqala kokufuduka kwentwasahlobo kunqunywa yinkathi yentwasahlobo, ukufika kukodwa kuguqulwe ekushiseni komoya okujwayelekile kosuku ngo-0 ° С, ukuncibilika kweqhwa neqhwa emathangeni asogwini. Ifika eMoldova maphakathi no-Ephreli (Averin, Ganya, 1971), kugujwa eBelarus ngasikhathi sinye (Fedyushin, Dolbyk, 1967), kusho iBaltic. Esifundeni saseLeningrad livela engxenyeni yokuqala kaMeyi, eqhubeka kuze kube kuphela uJuni (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). ECrimea, indiza entwasahlobo ngoMashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, yahlangana ngase-Alushta ngoMashi 12 no-28 (Kostin, 1983). Ngaphansi kukaKherson kuvela ngasekupheleni kukaMashi, esifundeni saseKharkov. - Mashi 28 - Ephreli 29 (Spangenberg, 19516). Esifundeni iVolga-Kama, ibonwa ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi (uPopov, 1977), ngaseChkalov engxenyeni yokuqala kaMeyi, eSifundeni sase-Ulyanovsk. - Umhlaka 21 Ephreli. Uvela e-Western Siberia ekuqaleni kukaMeyi (Koshelev, Chernyshov, 1980), e-Altai - engxenyeni yokuqala kaMeyi. Iphinde ifike sekwephuzile eKazakhstan, izinyoni zokuqala eziqoshwe eSyr Darya ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, ngobuningi ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kanye ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Bebehamba ngendiza e-Ili delta kusukela ngoMashi 15, ezindaweni eziphansi ezise-Ilek ngoMeyi 1-5, eduze nedolobha lase-Irgiz kusukela ngo-Ephreli 23 (iDolgushin, 1960). EPamir-Alai bandiza kusuka ngoMashi 22 kuya ku-Ephreli 15 (Ivanov, 1969). ENingizimu yeCentral Asia kuvela ngasekupheleni kukaMashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli. EPrimorye, abelusi bamanzi bavela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kanye ekuqaleni kukaMeyi.

Ukusuka kwe-Autumn kanye nokufuduka kuqala kusenesikhathi futhi kunwebekile kakhulu, abantu bokugcina batholwa endaweni yonke ngemuva kokuqothulwa ngokuphelele kwezidumbu zamanzi. Esifundeni saseLeningrad ukundiza kuze kube ngu-Okthoba 27, emazweni aseBaltic - kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Okthoba. Zindiza zivela eBelarus phakathi kuka-Okthoba kuya maphakathi no-Novemba, eMoldova - ngo-Agasti nangengxenye yokuqala kaSepthemba, kuze kube uSepthemba 17. ECrimea bandiza engxenyeni yesibili kaSepthemba nango-Okthoba; izinyoni zobusika zitholakala ngoDisemba nangoJanuwari. Esifundeni iVolga-Kama zindiza ngoSepthemba, eduze kweKharkov ukundiza kuze kube nguNovemba 15, eduze kwaseKherson - ngoNovemba, ngaseKuibyshev - kuze kube uSepthemba 28, eduze kwaseRyazan - kuze kube ngu-Okthoba 9, esifundeni saseMosco. - kuze kube Septhemba 28 (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Enyakatho yeNtshonalanga yeSiberia, indiza isendaweni yeLake. Amawashi abekhona ngaphambi kukaSepthemba 26 - Okthoba 20, eduze kwaseTomsk - kuze kube uSepthemba 13 (Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977), endaweni yase-Altai - kuze kube ngu-Okthoba 5.EKazakhstan, nazo ezindiza zisuka nje, zindiza kusukela ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba kuye engxenyeni yokuqala ka-Okthoba, emfuleni. Noma - kuze kube nguNovemba 6, ezinye izinyoni ebusika baseningizimu. ETurkmenistan, indiza iqala ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba iye engxenyeni yokuqala kaNovemba; ukutholwa kwenyoni okuqala kunguJulayi 29. Ezintabeni zePamir-Alai indiza ngoSepthemba 17-Novemba 30 (Ivanov, 1969). EPrimorye, indiza isuka ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti iye ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba.

Kucatshangwa ukuthi entwasahlobo yabelusi bendiza banda ngamabili abangelwa ubusika (Spangenberg, 19516), futhi sebevele bahlala lapho ezindaweni ezinomkhawulo, baxosha ezinye izinyoni. Ezindongeni ezinkulu kakhulu (amachibi, amachibi ezikhukhula), abelusi bavame ukwenza ingxenye yohambo ngezinyawo beya lapho beya khona, nalapho sekuhwalala. Okosuku, izinyoni kwesinye isikhathi zime ezindaweni ezingalindelekile, lapho zizobamba khona kokusa. ECentral Asia, bacasha emiseleni yezilwane ezincelisayo, izinqwaba ezigoqwe nge-saxaul, izinhlaka zabantu, emahlathini aseTamarisk nase-saxaul (Spangenberg, 1951b).

Habitat

Esikhathini sokudlekwa kwemvula, ihlala ezindaweni ezigcina amanzi ezigcwele ogwadule, indawo eyihlane, indawo yokuma, indawo yamahlathi kanye nezindawo ezisehlathini nasezintabeni, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-2000-2, 300 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. m. Izidleke kakhulu emathafeni. Isimo esikhulu ukubakhona kwamachibi amade ngokwanele anama-mudbanks, okunokudla okuningi kwezilwane emithonjeni yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu nendawo: ama-steppe, amachibi asezintabeni nawezikhukhula, emfuleni wamachibi, amachibi nezindawo zokugcina amanzi, imalimboleko yomhlanga, imigodi yedigital, imashi emamaki , osebeni lwemifula, okhiye nemifudlana. Ihlala umhlanga, ikati, umhlanga, udoti nezihlahla ezingamaxhaphozi, izimbotshana ezingafinyeleleki kanzima ezinamathanga aminyene wewillow, alder, birches young kanye nomhlanga, sedge shrubberies.

ENtshonalanga Siberia naseNyakatho Kazakhstan, ingena shí emachibini asogwini nasogwini lwangaphakathi echibini. Ensimini yaseYurophu yezwe akugwemeli ukusondelana kwabantu, idonsa ngisho nasemachibini amancane nasemigodini eyakhiwe ngokugcwala eduzane nemizana. Izindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokwakha izidleke ziyisicaba, izindawo ezinamanzi amaningi asezikhukhuleni zeDanube, iDniester, iDnieper, izimbotshana zasePinkk eBelarus namachibi asezingeni le-steppe. Ekufudukeni nasebusika, unamathela eziteshini ezifanayo, ubusika buningi emikhakheni yezokwelapha imfucumfucu yemvelo (ngokwesibonelo, eduze ne-Odessa), emasimini erayisi ezindaweni ezinamanzi ezikhukhula eDanube, ezindaweni ezifuywayo zasolwandle nasezihlanjeni zolwandle.

Umsebenzi wansuku zonke, yokuziphatha

Izimbaza zamanzi zisebenza kakhulu ekuntweleni kokusa, kusihlwa nasekuseni kakhulu. Ukukhala kwemishado kukhishwa kaningi kusuka emahoreni ayi-18 kuye kwangama-22, yize kungashiwo cishe ubusuku nemini. Okuphakelayo kugcinwa kokubili ngesikhathi sasemini nasebumnyameni. Ngokuqala kwamachwane, abelusi baphendukela kwindlela yokuphila yasemini, ebusuku amantshontsho alala esidlekeni. Njengoba amachwane ekhula, amahora omsebenzi aqala ukusebenza aze afike ekuseni kakhulu, futhi phakathi nosuku lapho izinyoni ziphumula, kanye nalokhu ungabona amathole ezondla nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku. Ukuhamba kwenzeka ebumnyameni kuphela.

Ngesikhathi sokungazalisi, zigcinwa ngokuhlabelela futhi ngamaqembu amancane aqinile, aqoqana ama-3-5 ezindaweni zokudla, bese ebusika enamaqembu afinyelela kubantu abangama-30 noma ngaphezulu. Imvamisa ehlanganisiwe yamalungu abelusi bamanzi, ama-moorhen, ama-chipper-crumbs ayakhiwa, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabo bungathathi hlangothi (Koshelev, Chernyshov, 1980).

Kukhwela ukulala ngeziqu eziwile emahlathini aminyene, kuvame ukwenyuka kumagatsha aphansi esihlahla nasezihlahleni. Esikhathini sokudlekwa, amantshontsho alala izidleke, amaphuphu ngaphansi kwabazali bawo, esixukwini esiminyene. Babeka amakhanda abo phezu kwabafowabo noma banamathele phakathi kwabo. Ngesikhathi sokuphumula okufushane, abelusi bame ngemilenze emibili noma eyodwa, isikulufu, bahudule ikhanda emahlombe, isikhathi esiningi ikhanda alibeki emhlane, kanti uqhwaku lufihlwe ezimpaphe zephiko. Ukulala ubusuku nemini kuhlangana ngezigaba zomsebenzi futhi kuvame ukuhlala isikhashana.

Izitha, izici ezingezinhle

Ubusika obukhulu kakhulu bubangela ukulimala okukhulu kwenani labelusi bamanzi, lapho befa ngamanani amakhulu ngenxa yendlala nokubanda, abantu ababuthakathaka baba izisulu ezilula zabazingeli abazibambayo zivela emoyeni noma zingene emzimbeni wamanzi eqhweni (ezinemilenze emine). Inani elikhulu lezinyoni ziyafa phakathi nokudlula, ziqhekeza izintambo, imibhoshongo ye-TV kanye nemalambu, kufe izinyamazane ngesikhathi sokuma okuphoqelekile eziteshini zangaphakathi. Izidleke nokwenziwa lula kwabelusi, ngaphandle kokuba yindawo yazo yokucasha, kuchithwa nezilwane ezidla ezinye, ngokusobala, ezinye izidleke zigcwala ngenkathi yezikhukhula ngokuzumayo nemimoya edonsa ngamandla, bese zifa ngesikhathi somlilo wasentwasahlobo - "amabhodlela". Njengoba iziteshi zokwalusa zomalusi zivakashelwa kakhulu abantu ngenxa yokungafinyeleleki, into ekhathazayo ayidlali indima enkulu kuye. Isilinganiso sempilo esiphakeme ngokwe-banding yiminyaka emi-5 izinyanga eziyi-6 (Rydzewski, 1974).

Isigaxa samanzi e-USSR sithwalwa ngama-helminths siqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zomndeni; e-Ukraine, kwatholakala izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye zamapharafini - ama-trematode ayi-7 nama-2 nematode (uSergienko, 1969; uSmogorzhevskaya, 1976).