Kuwo wonke umehluko wezinyoni emhlabeni wethu, izinyoni ezihlala phansi nezifudukayo ziyahlukaniswa. Ikakhulu izinyoni eziningi ezifudukayo zihlala ezifundeni ze-circumpolar, lapho kwakhiwa khona ama-venars real ehlobo - amaqembu amakhulu ezinyoni ezidla izindwani ogwini olunamadwala. Ekwindla, yonke le miningi ifudukela eningizimu, inqoba izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ezindaweni zobusika.
Kodwa kukhona eyodwa eyingqayizivele ngempela phakathi kwezinyoni ezifudukayo ezigudle u-Arctic, ezifanele ukunconywa nenhlonipho. Igama lakhe yi-Arctic Tern.
Le yiyona kuphela inyoni epulazini ebindizela ebusika hhayi emazweni afudumele asezindaweni ezishisayo, kepha kakhulu eningizimu, eSouth Pole. Ama-Arctic terns esidlekeni futhi azalela inzalo e-Arctic, eduze naseNorth Pole. Kepha ebusika bandiza lapho behlala khona impela indawo yokuhlala futhi lapho ngalesi sikhathi ihlobo elinamakhaza - ukuya ogwini lwe-Antarctica. Ngokusobala, ama-tern awatholanga indawo ekahle yokuhlala eduzane. Kuyavela ukuthi kubo impilo yabo yonke iyihlobo ehlobo lweminyaka yonke, phakathi kwabo bakulungele ukundiza baye emikhawulweni yomhlaba.
Esithombeni: amasayithi esidleke enziwe abomvu, amabala ebusika aboniswa ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi imicibisholo ikhombisa izindlela eziphambili zokufuduka kwe-Arctic terns
Lezi zinyoni ezimangalisayo zifudukela ezindaweni zobusika inyanga yonke, kuthi entwasahlobo zindize ngendlela efanayo. Ngakho-ke, ezindizeni bahlala isikhathi esingaba izinyanga ezimbili ngonyaka. Ngasikhathi sinye, ibanga abalimboza ngonyaka lifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-70,000.
Naphezu kwemithwalo emikhulu kangako, ama-polar terns awakhalazi ngempilo, futhi isilinganiso sokuphila kwawo esijwayelekile yiminyaka engama-25, esiphakeme kakhulu kunalezi ezinye izinyoni eziningi. Futhi abanye abantu, ngokusho kososayensi, bayakwazi ukuphila iminyaka engama-30.
Ama-Arctic terns ayizinyoni ezincane, osayizi bawo ahlukahluka kusuka kuma-35 kuye kwangama-45 cm. Zishona kahle futhi zidla impilo ehlukahlukene yasolwandle, izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-mollusks nezibungu, futhi azinandaba nokudla amajikijolo avuthwa ku-tundra ekwindla. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi la ma-terns angamadoda omndeni athembekile kakhulu futhi akha imibhangqwana impilo yonke.
Ama-Arctic tern anesinye isici sesici. Banesibindi esikhulu, futhi njengoba ngiqoqe ngamaqembu, ngingamelana kalula nokuhlaselwa kwezimpungushe ze-arctic futhi ngeke ngimesabe nomuntu uma zibona ukuthi uyingozi kubona. Lokhu kwesaba kwamukelwa ngokushesha ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ezaqala ukuhlala eduze kwama-Arctic tern ngethemba lokubalekela isimangalo sabazingeli.
Naphezu kokushintsha kwezindawo okuhlala kuzo, i-Arctic ingabhekwa njengekhaya lalezi zinyoni, ngoba lapha zizalela amaphuphu azo, futhi zona ngokwazo zazalwa ezindaweni ezisenyakatho nezamakhaza. Bahlala ogwini lwe-Arctic eCanada, i-Alaska, iGreenland, iNyakatho Yurophu, futhi, ezweni lethu kulo lonke ugu lwe-Arctic Ocean.
Ukusikisela
Yize i-polar tern yeduna nensikazi ihlala ihlukile unyaka, lezi zinyoni zakha amabanga amade wokuphila.
Njalo ngonyaka babuyela endaweni efanayo yezidleke. Ogwini naphakathi kwamawa asogwini, ama-polar terns akha amakoloni amakhulu ezidleke. Esikhathini sokudlekwa, i-polar tern yeduna yenza umdanso omuhle wokuhlanganisa. Ehambisana nowesifazane, indizela phezulu. Zombili lezi zinyoni zishaya amaphiko awo kancane, bese zibanda okomzuzwana emoyeni bese zishayela phansi ngokushesha. Isiko lomshado liyaqhubeka emhlabeni. Owesilisa unikeza isithandwa sakhe ukwelashwa - inhlanzi, kuyilapho ngokuziqhenya ehamba ezungeza insikazi enamaphiko phansi nomsila wayo uphakanyisiwe. Owesifazane ophethe inhlanzi ngoqhwaku lwayo uvame ukukhuphukela emoyeni. Njengesidleke, ama-terns asebenzisa indawo encane emhlabathini.
Izinyoni zimboza umgodi ngezitshalo. I-polar tern yesifazane ibekela amaqanda ama-1-3. Amaqanda ale nyoni anombala ovikelayo, ambozwe ngemichilo emincane, ngenxa yalokho acishe angabonakali phakathi kwesihlabathi namatshe amatshe. Batali bayabashisela bona. Izinkukhu zibambe ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20-25.
Amathole ezinsuku ezimbili ubudala asekhethiwe esidlekeni. Abazali babondla isikhathi esingange inyanga. Ukuvikela isidleke, izinyoni zihlasela noma ngubani ongaziwa, ngisho namachwane alezo tern esidlekeni esiseduze. Ama-terns amancane aba namaphiko ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20-30.
IJografi yokuhlala
Indawo esemqoka yokuhlala kwale nyoni ingahlulelwa ngegama layo, lezi zinyoni zihlala enyakatho yeCanada, i-Alaska, ngasogwini lwaseGreenland, eSifundeni SaseScandinavia, naseTundra yaseRussia ukusuka eNhlonhlo yeKola iye eChukotka. Lapho nje ekwindla ifika e-Arctic, le nyoni ihamba ibheke eningizimu ngangokunokwenzeka ize ifinyelele eqhweni i-Antarctic.
I-Arctic Tern ibheka inyamazane. I-Arctic tern ekuzingeleni. I-Arctic Tern. I-Arctic Tern ihlala ibambe amaphiko ayo phezulu.
Izindiza zezinyoni ze-Autumn
I-polar tern emangalisayo yayinenhlanhla - ukuphela kwenyoni ebona ihlobo kabili ngonyaka - ezindaweni ezingaseningizimu nasenyakatho. Lezi zingqwele ezinendiza yangempela - ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwazo kwaminyaka yonke zindiza cishe ngamakhilomitha angama-80,000, ngenxa yalokho, ngaphezulu kwendiza eyi-10 yonyaka, inyoni imboza ibanga elilingana nokundizela eNyangeni emuva.
Ngenxa yemishini yesimanje kanye ne-bird banding, ama-ornithologists akwazile ukulandelela indlela yezinyoni. Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthola ukuthi izinyoni zindizela ngaseningizimu, ngaphandle kokujaha, zime lapho zihlala khona, ngokwesibonelo eNewfunlandland, izitobha ezinjalo zihlala zifinyelela ezinsukwini ezingama-30. Ukundiza konke kwenyoni kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-70 kuye kwezingu-130, ngakho-ke ijubane elijwayelekile lenyoni lingamakhilomitha angama-330 ngosuku. Izinyoni zasehlobo zase-Arctic zivame ukuchitha ogwini loLwandle lwe-Weddell.
Ama-Terns aphuma e-Arctic ekuqaleni kuka maphakathi no-Ephreli, abuya ngokushesha okukhulu futhi akemi isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke asekhaya ngezinsuku ezingama-36-50, manje isivinini sendiza yawo siseduze kwama-500 km ngosuku.
I-Arctic terns etsheni. I-Arctic Tern: isithombe senyoni indiza.
I-Arctic Tern / Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763
Thayipha Igama: | I-Arctic Tern |
Igama lesi Latin: | ISterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763 |
Igama lesiNgisi: | I-Arctic Tern |
Igama lesiFulentshi: | I-Sterne arctique |
Igama lesiJalimane: | Kustenseeschwalbe |
Izivumelwano zesiLatin: | ISterna macrura Naumann, 1819 |
Izivumelwano zaseRussia: | tain eside tern |
Isigcawu: | I-Charadriiformes |
Umndeni: | Ama-Gulls (uLaridae) |
Ubulili: | I-Krachki (Sterna Linnaeus, 1758) |
Isimo: | Izinhlobo zezilwane ezifudukayo. |
Ukubukeka
Inyoni ephakathi nendawo ephakathi ngokubukeka kwayo ifana kakhulu ne- "hanzvadzi" yayo yomfula i-tern. Ubude bomzimba wenyoni buyi-35-45 cm, amaphiko cishe angama-80-85 cm, isisindo sale nyoni sisuka kumagremu angama-85 kuye kwangama-130.
Ukuphuma kwenyoni kuyavumelana kahle. Ezinyoni ezindala, izimpaphe esifubeni nasesiswini ziba mpunga ngombala, kwesinye isikhathi ngombala opinki. Ekhanda “lesigqoko” esinemikhonto yezimpaphe ezimnyama. Imvunulo yenyoni ihlanganiswe ngengubo emhlophe engwevu, ingaphezulu lamaphiko nayo idwetshwe, kanti izimpaphe ziba mpunga okhanyayo emaphikweni angenhla nasembathweni. Izimpaphe zamaphiko ziyashintshana ngemicu emincane emnyama emaphethelweni.
Imilenze yenyoni imfishane ebomvu. Uqhwaku lwentambo, njengemilenze, lupendiwe obomvu ngokugqamile, kanti kwezinye izinyoni ngoMashi noma ngo-Agasti, isiqhwaku sesiqhwaku lubonakala mnyama. Ekwindla, umlomo wenyoni uphenduka umnyama, bese ebusika ibunzi liba mhlophe.
Kwabantu abasha, isembatho esidlekayo sinomsila omfushane namaphiko abukhali kakhulu kunenyoni endala. Amathoyizi aqobayo e-Arctic tern afana kakhulu namazinyane emfuleni we-tern, umehluko kuphela oyiphunga elimnyama emqaleni nasemabunzini. Umsila wale nyoni umhlophe ngenhla nompunga okhanyayo, obunjwe ngemfoloko ngezansi.
I-dimorphism yezocansi kulezi zinyoni ayikho.
I-Arctic Tern etsheni. I-Arctic tern ogwini etsheni elinezimpiko eziphakanyisiwe. I-Arctic Tern enezimpukane.
Umsoco
Ukudla izinkukhu kuya ngesizini. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile, ama-tern aphethwe izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-krill, ama-mollusks kanye nama-crustaceans. Ukuze ibambe inyamazane, inyoni ikhuphuka ifinyelele kumamitha ayi-10-11 bese ibheka emanzini, ngokushesha lapho kutholakala ukuthi "ukudla", izinyoni ziyageleza ngemuva kwayo, kepha kuphela ekujuleni okujulile. Izindiza ezinje zibizwa ngokuthi ama-diving izindiza, uma kwenzeka behluleka ukubamba inyamazane, i-tern iphishekela inyamazane yayo ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa, i-tern idla izibungu nezinambuzane zamanzi amancane, izidumbu zomhlaba, izinhlanzi ezincane - azikho ngaphezu kwama-50 mm. Kwesinye isikhathi ukudla kwezitshalo kuvela ekudleni - kuphela amajikijolo.
I-Arctic tern nenhlanzi emqhonyeni wayo. I-Arctic Tern idla izindiza.
Sikuphi isidleke se-Arctic Tern?
Ngokudlekelwa kwazo, ama-tern akhetha le ndawo ngasogwini lolwandle olubandayo olusenyakatho, ngoba kuhlale kunala ukudla kwawo. Imvamisa iba ugu lwaseGreenland, enyakatho yeCanada, iRussia, i-Alaska kanye neziqhingi ze-circumpolar. Imvamisa, ezinye izinyoni zihlala ku-tundra, eduze namachibi nasezinkingeni, zidla izinambuzane zamanzi nezinhlanzi. Amakoloni amancane ezinyoni abonakala nasenyakatho yeBrithani, e-Ireland.
Izinyoni zidla amakoloni, ngokuvamisile - ngamabili ahlukene emadwaleni noma ezweni elingenalutho eduze kwamanzi, nazo zingakha isidleke emadwaleni. Izindawo zokudla izidleke zezinyoni cishe zingenazo izimila ngokuphelele (ngenxa yemimoya nesiphepho), ngakho ama-terns akha izidleke zawo emhlabathini ongenazihibe, kwesinye isikhathi akhethe indawo evulekile kakhulu ukuze kungabikho muntu ongazondli. Isidleke sifakwe kahle ngotshani bolwandle, izingcezu zokhuni namagobolondo.
Umzabalazo wensimu uvame ukwenzeka ngaphakathi koloni lwenyoni - enkabeni yendawo yokuhlala, ithuba lokusindisa amaphuphu liphakeme kunasemaphethelweni, lapho abantu bezinye izizwe abasha behlala khona.
Izimbotshana ze-polar tern esibhakabhakeni. I-Arctic Tern. I-Arctic tern etsheni eligcotshwe nge-moss. I-Arctic tern endizeni, ukubuka emuva.
Ukuzala
Ama-Arctic terns avuthwa ngokocansi eneminyaka engu-3-4 ubudala. Kodwa-ke, imfucumfucu yokuqala ihlala ifa, ngenxa yokuntuleka kweqiniso likamama omncane wokondla inzalo.
Ama-polar terns ayizinyoni ezikhulu kakhulu, enza amabhangqa, agcina enye nenye ethembekile, impilo, noma kunjalo, naphezu kwalokhu, iningi lonyaka agcinwa kude nomunye.
Njalo ngonyaka babuyela endaweni efanayo yezidleke. Ngesikhathi semidlalo yokuzalelisa, owesilisa wenza umdanso wokuqoma phambi kowesifazane, khona-ke lo mbhangqwana uyandizela phezulu, umzuzwana ulenga emoyeni bese ushona phansi ndawonye. Ngemuva kokufika, owesilisa unikeza insikazi ukwelashwa - inhlanzi, uma seyamukele leyo ntokazi eyemukelayo.
Ekulumbeni kwe-polar tern, kuvame ukuba namaqanda asusela ku-1 kuya ku-3 wombala ompunga onamabala achazwe kahle, umbala ovikelayo onjalo wenza amaqanda angabonakali phakathi kwamatshe. Kunomashi owodwa kuphela ngonyaka. Umama nobaba bayashintshana ngokuqhakaza amachwane, bavikele i-clutch kunoma yisiphi isisulu, futhi bahlasele noma yisiphi isilwane, noma ngabe ingozi ingesiyo eyabo, kodwa isidleke esingumakhelwane. Izinyoni ezihudayo zithatha izinsuku ezingama-20-25.
Amachwane asanda kuzalwa asephansi futhi ancike ngokuphelele kubazali bawo. Zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-14 zenza imizamo yokuqala yokuphuma esidlekeni. Ngenyanga yokuqala yokuphila, abazali banesibopho sokudla kwabo, naphezu kokuthi ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20-25 izinyoni ziba namaphiko. Amachwane amancane avumelaniswa kahle nesimo sezulu esibi, ngakho-ke phakathi kwawo isilinganiso sokusinda esiphakeme sama-82%.
Mating polar terns. I-Arctic Tern enamachwane. I-polar tern endizeni yondla inkukhu. I-Arctic Tern yondla inkukhu endala. Teen polar tern.
ISIQINISO
I-Arctic Tern yaziwa ngokufuduka kwayo ebangeni elide - phela, le nyoni iyazifihla eLwandlekazi Oluseningizimu nase-Antarctica. Ama-polar aseYurophu naseSiberia endiza agudla ugu lwase-Eshiya aze asentshonalanga, bese ehla ngasogwini loLwandlekazi i-Atlantic ngaseningizimu. Ama-polar terns endiza aseMelika andiza ogwini olusentshonalanga nasempumalanga yeNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika.
Ukufuduka kwalezi zinyoni kuhlala izinyanga ezine. Ngokuvamile, ama-terns andiza ukusuka ku-20,000 kuya ku-30,000 km. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, izinyoni zihlala eduze kwamanzi ukuze uhlale ukuthola ukudla. Ukufuduka, ama-terns njalo ngonyaka enza uhambo emhlabeni wonke.
YINI UKUDLA
I-Arctic Tern isebenzisa ngokuyinhloko inhlanzi nezinhlanzana ezincane, ngakho-ke ithola kalula ukudla ngesikhathi sezindiza ezinde. Lapho ifuna ukudla, i-tern iyandiza iwela ngaphezu kwamanzi, kwesinye isikhathi iqhume emoyeni bese ishesha amaphiko ayo. Ebona inyamazane, ngokushesha wehla phansi abambe inhlanzi ngoqhwaku lwayo. Ukuphonswa okunjalo inyamazane kuthiwa yindiza yokumba. Abaphenyi bakwazile ukuthola ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, yilowo nalowo mzamo wesithathu ophumelelayo. Uma ukuphonsa kokuqala kungaphumeleli, i-tern iphishekela inyamazane engaphansi kwamanzi: inyoni ingena emanzini isikhashana bese ibamba ngayo ngoqhwaku lwayo.
Ama-Arctic terns, njengasemanzini olwandle, aqapha lapho abangane bawo abazingela khona, ngoba kulezi zindawo ungathola isikole senhlanzi encane.
Amaqiniso ATHANDAYO, UKWAZI.
- I-Arctic Tern, eyayi-ringe ngo-June 1966 eWales, yatholakala e-Australia ekupheleni kukaDisemba walowo nyaka. Ngenxa yalokho, landiza amakhilomitha ayi-18,056 - irekhodi lezinyoni ezifudukayo.
- Imvamisa, imidlwane ihlala eduze nekoloni lama-polar terns. Yize i-Arctic Tern iyinyoni encane kunalokho, iyaqapha futhi inolaka olukhulu. Ngakho-ke, izingwekazi zasolwandle, ezihlala eduze kwamakholoni alo, ziyazivikela ezitheni.
- EGreenland, kuye kwaqashelwa ama-polar tern, ayehlala ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayikhulu ukusuka eNorth Pole.
- I-colony yesidleke yama-polar terns igadiwe yi "patrol" ekhethekile. Lapho izinyoni eziqaphile ziphakamisa i-alamu, lonke leli koloni ligijimela esitheni.
IZIPHUMA ZOKUCHWEPHESHA KOKUFUNA KWAMAPOLISA. ISIHLOKO
Beak: eside, wakhomba. Ehlobo kubomvu, ebusika kumnyama.
Umqondo: insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-1-3 esidlekeni. Anombala ovikelayo, onamabala.
I-Plumage: amahlombe nohlangothi olungaphezulu lwamaphiko luphuzi. Izimpaphe ezingaphansi zilula, ikepisi elimnyama ekhanda.
Indiza: ihamba kalula futhi iqonde. Lapho efuna ukudla, uyandiza, amvikele amaphiko akhe.
Umsila: inyoni inomsila oboshelwe. Izimpaphe zomsila zinde kunezimpaphe zephiko (zinde kunalezo tern ezejwayelekile).
- Izindawo zokubonela
- Ubusika
IYAPHI IMISEBENZI YAMAPOLISA
I-Arctic tern ijwayelekile eduze kwazo zombili izigxobo. Ihlala ezindaweni ezise-Arctic nase-subarctic zaseNyakatho Melika, Greenland naseNyakatho ye-Eshiya. Ihlobo lide liphume liye ngaseningizimu kanti ubusika butholakala e-Antarctica naseningizimu ye-Afrika, eNingizimu Melika nase-Australia.
UKUVULA, UKUVIKELA
I-Polar tern ayisongeli ukuqothulwa, ngakho-ke, ayidingi ukuvikelwa okukhethekile.
Izici ezijwayelekile nezimpawu zensimu
I-Krachka yobukhulu obuphakathi, enomfula, ofana kakhulu. Inomsila omude (inyoni ehleli ngayo ifinyelela ngaphezu kwemikhawulo yamaphiko asongelwe), ukusuka kuS. h. hirundo, ngaphezu kwalokho, umbala omnyama womzimba ophansi, kanye no-S. h. i-logipennis - ngomlomo obomvu. Izinyoni ezincane ensimini cishe azikwazi ukwahluka. Uhlobo lendiza, njengethanti lomfula. Ukuze inyamazane, inyoni iyantshontsha impukane. Ihamba kancane futhi iyenqikanqika emhlabathini; enyinyini ehleliyo, umthwalo omfushane (omfishane kunowomfula) udonsela ukunaka.
Izwi lifana kakhulu nezwi le-tern yomfula, kepha liphakeme kancane. Ukukhala kwe-alamu kuzwakala kumangele kakhudlwana kunokwethoni lomfula, njenge-"kerrr" noma i- "krrr". Ngesikhathi se-alamu esekholoni, kuvame ukukhala okuthi “cue”, okukhishwa yizinyoni ezindiza phezu kosizi. Ukukhala kwensimbi ebuyela kololoni (Ukukhangisa-ngocingo ngo: Cramp, 1985) kuzwakala njenge- “kriyr” noma i- “pir”, cishe njalo kuya ekuculeni okumangazayo okufana ne- “kiti-ki-kiyer, kiti-ki-kiyer. "Noma" kiti-ki-kiri. ". Isikhalo esifanayo senziwa owesilisa ondla insikazi (owesibili, ocela ukudla, uthambisa kancane "i-pee-pee-pee." Noma "tee-tee-tee."), Kanye nama-terns ngesikhathi sokuxabana. Esimweni esilandelayo, umuntu angazwa uthayela owomile wokuqhekeka (kusetshenziswa futhi ngenkathi yokuxosha abamelene abanemibala) kanye nokuchofoza okuyi-sonorous noma ukuqhuma kwemisindo (ukuthola imininingwane engaphezulu bheka: Anzigitova et al., 1980, Cramp, 1985).
Incazelo
Umbala weplamu ucishe ufane nalowo we-tern yomfula, kepha ikhephu elimnyama lehla kancane lisuka ezinhlangothini zekhanda, umbala womzimba ongenhla uphuzi ngokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka no-ashen omncane, futhi umbala ompunga womzimba ophansi uqine kakhulu kunowomfula, uvuke esihlathini nasezihlathini eziphansi. Izimpaphe ezinde ezinomswakama ezinemingcele emhlophe eyehlukene, izimpaphe zomsila zivame ukuba mhlophe, kodwa ezingaphandle kuphela zingwevu zombhangqwana odlulele obabili, bese kuthi uhlangothi olungaphandle lube nombala onsomi ompunga. Amaflaya asisekelo, anjengemifula yomfula, kepha insimu emhlophe yangaphakathi ibanzi, phakathi kwayo neshevu lezinsalela kusele umucu ompunga kuphela ngo-1.5-2,5 mm ububanzi.Umbala omhlophe eziqongweni kanye nama-webs angaphakathi ama-flyworms amancane athuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe. Uqhwaku lubomvu okhanyayo, kwesinye isikhathi ngesipikili esimnyama, imilenze ibomvu, i-iris imnyama nsundu.
Owesilisa nowesifazane ngubo ebusika. Ifana kakhulu ne-terns yomfula ekugqokeni okuhambisanayo, ihlukaniswa imibala yezinyoni ezindiza zokuqala nezesekondari (bheka ngenhla), nangokukhula okuncane kombala onsomi ngakwesokunxele emuva, imbozo ephezulu yomsila kanye nomsila.
Izingubo zokulala. Ifana kakhulu nengubo yokwehla yomfula i-river tern, phansi amajakethi alezi zinhlobo ezimbili ahlukile ngobunzima hhayi ngokuthembekile. Ithoni yombala ejwayelekile ephezulu iyahlukahluka ukusuka kokukhanya okumpunga kuya kokwe-t, amabala amnyama namachashazi asakazeke ngokuzungeza lokhu ngemuva. Ibunzi, ibhuloho nomphimbo zimsundu kuya nsundu; i-chin imhlophe akuvamile. Umzimba ophansi umhlophe, ezinhlangothini nasiswini ngesikhumba esimpunga noma esimdaka. Uqhwaku, uthingo kanye nemilenze, njengama-terns asemfuleni.
Ngubo yokugqoka. Umbala wekhanda nomzimba ufana nse we-tern yomfula, kepha okuphakathi emuva nokuphansi komsila ongaphezulu kumhlophe. Izindwangu ezingaphandle zabasizi bempunga zingwevu, iziphetho nezinsimbi zangaphakathi zazo zimhlophe. Umbala wamaphiko uhluke kancane kunowamaphiko we-river tout: stripal strip is light and nyembamba, amaphiko aseceleni akhaphukhaphu kunezivikelo ezinkulu zephiko (futhi azimnyama kunama-terns omfula), umbala omhlophe emaphethelweni awo uthuthuke kakhulu, ukhula lwangaphakathi lungezimpaphe zokuqala ezinamaphiko ngensimu emhlophe ebanzi . Uqhwaku lumnyama ngombala onsomi noma owolintshi, ngoSepthemba luvamisile ukuba mnyama ngokuphelele, imilenze ibomvu klephuzi, ibomvana ebomvana noma ibhulunga mpunga, uthingo lube nsundu.
Izingubo zokuqala zobusika. Ngemuva kwe-molt egcwele, kubukeka njengengubo yokugcina yasebusika, noma kunjalo, i-carp band isalokhu iphiko. Entwasahlobo nasehlobo lonyaka wekhalenda lesibili, ama-terns awagqoki ingubo yomshado, alondolozela ubusika. Umuntu ngamunye ngalesi sikhathi angavela endaweni engasenyakatho; zihlukile emifudlwaneni yasemfuleni ngengubo efanayo nangezinyoni ezindala zasebusika, kanye nangendlela yokuncibilika kwezimpungushe zasendulo. Ngonyaka wekhalenda lesithathu, ama-tern agqoka okokugqoka, kepha ezinye izinyoni (cishe 11%) zinezimpaphe ezingafani zengubo yangaphambilini ebusika ezimpondweni zazo, ebunzini, kubhuloho nesisu.
Ukwakheka nobukhulu
Isayizi yabantu (mm) (ZM MSU) nesisindo somzimba (g) (Bianchi, 1967):
Ubude bephiko:
Abesilisa: (n = 44) -257-286 (isilinganiso 268),
Abesifazane: (n = 20) - 246-276 (isilinganiso 265).
Ubude Beak:
Abesilisa: (n = 41) - 26.2–33.8 (isilinganiso 30.3),
Abesifazane: (n = 20) - 26.7-31-31 (isilinganiso, 28.8),
Ubude be-Pin:
Abesilisa: (n = 43) −13.7-16.7 (isilinganiso 15.3),
Abesifazane: (n = 21) - 13.8-16.7 (isilinganiso 15.1).
Isisindo somzimba:
Abesilisa: (n = 56) - 82–135 (isilinganiso esingu-104),
Abesifazane: (n = 37) - 89-153 (isilinganiso esingu-107).
I-Molting
(ECramp, 1985). Ukuhlanza engutsheni yokuqala yasebusika kuqedi, kuqala ebusika. Kodwa-ke, izimpaphe zekhanda, umzimba ophansi, emuva nezimpaphe zamahlombe ngezinye izikhathi ziqala ukuguquka ngo-Okthoba, ngesikhathi sokufuduka. NgoFebhuwari, ukuncibilika kwamapayipi amancane nezimpaphe zomsila kuphelile, ukuguqulwa kwamaphiko endiza kuqala ngoDisemba - Januwari futhi kuphele, ngokusobala, ngoMeyi. Kwezinye izinyoni, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuncibilika kwezimbungulu zokuqala zivele ngaphambili, njengakwabadala. Ukucwilisa ingubo yesibili yasebusika kwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye nakubantu abadala. Ukuhlikihla engubeni yesibili yokuhlanza kuqala ngemuva kwabadala, bese kuthathwa ingxenye encane yeplamu: wonke amaphiko angaphezulu asemboze, ingxenye yezimpaphe zomhlane nezimpaphe zomuntu ngamunye zangaphambili nesisu azithathelwa indawo. Kuqabukela kakhulu ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo ama-flywheel angama-1 wangaphakathi angathathelwa indawo.
I-molting elandelayo yenzeka kabili ngonyaka: i-prenuparti ephelele kanye nengxenye ngokweqile. Ukuncibilikisa ngemuva kokudlula kwesinye isikhathi kuqala ebusika. Izinsuku ngqo zokuqala kwayo azaziwa - ngokusobala, ukuphela kukaSepthemba - ukuqala kukaNovemba. NgoJanuwari, lezi zinyoni sezivele zisebusika elisha elingashoni ebusika, izimpaphe zokuqala zithathelwa indawo ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari - ekuqaleni kukaMashi. Ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kwenzeka ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari - Mashi, futhi kuphele ngokuqala kokufuduka kwentwasahlobo. Izimpaphe zekhanda, isiqu, umsila nezimpiko zokumboza ezinye ziyathathelwa indawo, ngokungafani nomfula, ukushintshwa kwezimpukane zasendlini zokuqala nezangaphandle akwenzeki.
Ukubhebhetheka
Ububanzi be-Nesting. Izinhlobo zezimbali ezijikelezayo, ezigcwala izindawo zase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika eduze kwe-Arctic Ocean, iziqhingi kanye nogu lweNorth Atlantic neNyakatho Pacific. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, kwaqoshwa izidleke e-Iceland, esiqongweni saseJan Mayen, eBear Island, eSvalbard, ogwini lweGreat Britain, i-Ireland, iNetherlands, iDenmark, iJalimane, iGerman Democratic Republic, iNorway, futhi luhlala lonke ugu lweBaltic lwaseSweden naseFinland, nasenyakatho kula mazwe - namanzi angaphakathi nezwe. Izindawo zokuhlala ezingekho emthethweni ziye zabikwa eFrance, eBelgium nasePoland (eCramp, 1985).
Umdwebo 80. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwe-Tern
1 - Indawo yokwakha izidleke (umugqa onamachashaza ukhombisa umngcele ongacaciswanga), 2 - izidleke endaweni emincane yasogwini nendawo yokuhlala eyodwa, 3 - iziza ezinqwenelekayo zokwakha izidleke, 4 - indawo yokufuduka, 5 - izindawo zobusika, 6
E-USSR, izindawo zokuhlala izidleke ziyaziwa emazweni aseBaltic, ikakhulukazi eziqhingini ezisentshonalanga nasenyakatho ne-Estonia (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970, Aumees, 1972, Renno, 1972, Aumees et al., 1983). Ngo-1978, kwafakazelwa isidleke se-polar tern eseduze kweRiga (Strazds, 1981, Strazds, Strazds, 1982), kulindeleke ukuthi sivele eLatvia ngemuva kweminyaka yama-1950s (Viksne, 1983). emlonyeni we-Vyborg Bay (Khrabry, 1984), kwezinye izindawo zeLeningrad Region. manje ayihlali, yize ngo-1940s, ikoloni latholakala ogwini olusempumalanga yeLake Ladoga (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Ngasenyakatho ye-Arctic tern, kuhlala oLwandle iBarents noLwandle oluMhlophe lweNhlonhlo yeKola, kufaka phakathi i-Ainu Islands, iziqhingi eziyisikhombisa nezinye iziqhingi (Uspensky, 1941, Blagosklonov, 1960, Kishchinsky, 1960a, Malyshevsky, 1962, Bianchi, 1967, Kokhanov, Skokova ugu lolwandle i-White Sea, kubandakanya iSolovetsky Islands (Spangenberg, Leonovich, 1960, Kartashev, 1963, Korneeva et al., 1984). INesting yaqoshwa emachibini amakhulu aseKola Peninsula (Vladimirskaya, 1948), futhi ayondli emachibini aseningizimu yeKarelia (Neufeldt, 1970).
Umdwebo 81. Indawo ye-polar tern e-USSR
1 - Indawo yokwakha isidleke (umugqa onamachashaza ukhombisa umngcele ongacaciswanga), 2 - isidleke endaweni emincane engasogwini, 3 - izindawo ezihlukene, 4 - izindawo okusolwa ukuthi zakha izidleke, izindiza ezinhlanu, 6 - izinkomba zokufuduka kwentwasahlobo, 7 - ukufuduka kwasentwasahlobo okufanayo.
Ngaphezulu kwempumalanga, umngcele oseningizimu webanga usuka ogwini futhi ngaphezulu noma kancane uhambisana nomngcele oseningizimu wesifunda se-tundra, kwesinye isikhathi wehlela ehlathini-tundra ngisho ne-taiga esenyakatho (Dementiev, 1951, Uspensky, 1960). Umngcele osenyakatho webanga elingukhulukazi udlulela ogwini loLwandle i-Arctic neziqhingi eziseduze. AbakwaKrachki bahlala eM Malozemelskaya naseBolyzezemelskaya tundra (Gladkov, 1951, 1962, Lobanov, 1975, mineev, 1982), isidleke kulo lonke i-Yamal (Danilov et al., 1984), lapho-ke umngcele oseningizimu wobubanzi budlula, ngokusobala, eduze kwe-Arctic Circle, e-Yenisei - eduze ne-Igarka (Skalon, Sludsky, 1941, Rogacheva et al., 1983). Kunobufakazi bokuthi izidleke zalesi zinhlobo ziqonde eningizimu - ngapakathi kwe-Ob eduze kwaseSurgut nasesigabeni esiphakathi nomfula. IVakh (Vdovkin, 1941, Sharonov, 1951, ZIN), ngokusobala, iyisidleke esiyingqayizivele, njengoba i-Arctic tern yayingabhaliwe eningizimu yeLabytnangi eLower Ob (Danilov, 1965). Ngasempumalanga futhi, i-polar tern igcwele i-Taimyr, yize ingekho yonke indawo ngokufana: kwezinye izindawo enhlonhlo ayisiyo indawo yokudlela (Krechmar, 1966, Zyryanov, Larin, 1983, Kokorev, 1983, Matyushenkov, 1983, Pavlov et al., 1983, Yakushkin , 1983, Morozov, 1984). Esigodini saseKhatanga, umngcele ngokusobala udlula endaweni eyi-68 ° N. (Ivanov, 1976).
Emfuleni ILena, umngcele oseningizimu yebanga ungasenyakatho ka-68 ° 30 ′ N (Labutin et al., 1981), e-Indigirka - eningizimu ye-69 ° 30 ′ N (Uspensky et al., 1962), eKolyma - phakathi kuka-67 ° no-67 ° 30 'N (Buturlin, 1934; Labutin et al., 1981). I-Nesting of Arctic terns yaphawulwa e-Alasea (Vorobev, 1967), eChaun Bay nase-Aion Island (Lebedev, Filin, 1959, Zasypkin, 1981), empumalanga yeChukotka (Tomkovich, Sorokin, 1983), kuwo wonke umfula osebeni lomfula. I-Kanchalan (Kishchinsky et al., 1983). Umngcele oseningizimu wobubanzi obuqhubekayo wedlula phakathi nenkambo yomfula. I-Anadyr kanye nomngcele osenyakatho weKoryak upland, akha indawo emincane kakhulu yokuzwelana nge-river tern (Kishchinsky, 1980). Ngokusobala, ihlala kuyo yonke iChukotka, kepha izidleke lapha ngezikhathi ezithile (ePortenko, 1973). Ngaseningizimu komngcele wobubanzi obuqhubekayo, izindawo zokuhlala eziyizidlwengula ezimbalwa ziyaziwa: eParapolsky dol (Dementyev, 1940: Lobkov, 1983), emaphethelweni aphansi omfula. IKaragi (Lobkov, 19816), eHek Bay ezindaweni ezingezansi zomfula. IGatymynvayam (Firsova, Levada, 1982), esiqhingini saseKaraginsky (Gerasimov, 1979a), ogwini olusentshonalanga lweKamchatka ngasemfuleni. I-Tigil (Ostapenko et al., 1977) kanye nomzana. I-Kirovsky (Lobkov, 1985). Nesting emfuleni ophansi kuthiwa. Ama-Penzhins nasogwini lwePenzhinskaya Bay (Yakhontov, 1979), nasogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeKamchatka esifundeni i-Ust-Bolsheretsky (Glushchenko, 1984a).
Ama-Arctic tern nawo ahlala eziqhingini zase-Arctic. INesting yaphawulwa eFranz Josef Land (Gorbunov, 1932, Parovshchikov, 1963, Uspensky, 1972, Tomkovich, 1984), eNovaya Zemlya (okungenani ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga nasenyakatho nentshonalanga), eVaigach Island (Belopolsky, 1957 , Uspensky, 1960, Karpovich, Kokhanov, 1967), akukho mininingwane eqondile ngokudalwa kwalolu hlobo esiqhingini saseKolguev (iDementiev, 1951). Ngaphezu kwempumalanga, izidleke zaqoshwa esiQhingini saseBolshevik (Bulavintsev, 1984); akukho mininingwane ethembekile ngokudlekwa kwezinye iziqhingi zeNorth Earth (Laktionov, 1946). Izidleke ze-Arctic tern nazo eziqhingini zaseNovosibirsk naseWrange Island (iDementiev, 1951, Rutilevsky, 1958, Portenko, 1973).
Ukufuduka
Ama-Arctic terns of the White and Barents Seas, futhi, ngokusobala, izinyoni ezivela ogwini loLwandle lwaseKara, iTaimyr (okungenzeka kusuka ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga ethe xaxa) zindizela ngasentshonalanga ekwindla, bese uqhubekela ngasogwini olusenyakatho nolwentshonalanga ye-Europe nasogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Afrika, okufika ezindaweni zobusika e Novemba - Disemba. Izinyoni ezivela engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika zindiza ngendlela efanayo, zixhuma ne-West-Pale-Arctic terns ogwini lweNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ama-Arctic terns oLwandle iBering ne-Alaska andiza eningizimu ogwini olusentshonalanga Melika. Ngokusobala, ama-terns ezifundeni zasempumalanga ze-USSR andiza ngendlela efanayo (Cramp, 1985).
Ukufuduka okufundwe kakhulu kwezinyoni zoLwandle oluMhlophe (Bianchi, 1967). Ukuhamba kwesixuku se-Arctic terns kusuka eKandalaksha Gulf kuqala maphakathi namashumi amabili kaJulayi futhi kugcina ekuqaleni - maphakathi no-Agasti; ngasekupheleni kuka-1960s, izinyoni zalesi sizwe zakhombisa ukuthambekela ukundiza ngesikhathi esizayo - ezinsukwini ezingama-20 kamuva kunangaphambilini (Bianchi, Ngobuhlakani, 1972). Kusukela ngo-Agasti, ama-terns aqhubekela eningizimu-ntshonalanga, endiza kuLwandle iBaltic nasogwini lwaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. NgoSepthemba, izinyoni eziningi zisaqoshwa eYurophu, nokho, ezithuthukile sezivele zifinyelela ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Afrika eshisayo. Ngo-Okthoba - Novemba, ama-terns ayaqhubeka nokuya eningizimu ogwini olusentshonalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika kanti ngoDisemba afika ezindaweni zobusika emanzini ase-Antarctic. Ukubuyela emuva kuyaqala, ngokusobala, ngoMashi, nasekupheleni kweshumi lesibili likaMeyi, kuvela izinyoni zokuqala eKandalaksha Bay (iminyaka engu-17 yokubhekwa, isikhathi sokuvela kwama-terns okuqala ahluka ukusuka ku-6 kuye ku-23V, usuku oluphakathi luyi-16.V), kanye nasekwindla , izinyoni entwasahlobo azihambi ngokuzungeza iNhlonhlo yeKola, kepha zindiza phakathi koLwandle iBaltic, eFinland neSifunda saseLeningrad. Ukufuduka kwentwasahlobo okungasho lutho kugijimisa engxenyeni eseningizimu mpumalanga yeLake Ladoga ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi nasekuqaleni kukaJuni (Noskov et al., 1981).
Ezinye izinyoni, ikakhulukazi ezincane, zingaphambuka endleleni enkulu yokundiza, zitholakala ekujuleni komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, izinyoni ezisencane zika-27.VIII 1958 no-30VIII zango-1960 zatholakala esifundeni saseChelyabinsk, kwathi eNtshonalanga Ukraine (esifundeni saseKhmelnitsky), nazo zaphawulwa eBlack Sea (Bianchi, 1967).
Esiqhingini i-Ainu (West Murman), kuvela izinyoni zokuqala ngomhlaka 8-25.V, isilinganiso seminyaka engu-21 ubudala 18.V (Anzigitova et al., 1980), esiQhingini SaseSikhombisa (East Murman) - 24–31.V, ngokwesilinganiso 28 .V (Belopolsky, 1957), kumachibi eLapland Nature Reserve - 21.V-6.VI, ngokwesilinganiso iminyaka engu-11 29.V (Vladimirskaya, 1948), kuFranz Josef Land - 7-24.VI, ngokwesilinganiso 18 .VI noma kancane ngaphambili (Gorbunov, 1932, Parovshchikov, 1963, Tomkovich, 1984). Kwi-Malozemelskaya tundra, ama-terns wokuqala we-polar abonwa ngo-25- 31.V., EBolshezemelskaya tundra - ngomhlaka 31.V-3.VI (Mineev, 1982), eningizimu yeYamal - 28-V - 8.VI, imvamisa ekuqaleni kukaJuni (Danilov et al. ., 1984), eWest Taimyr ngeminyaka ehlukene nangamaphuzu ahlukile - kusuka kwabathathu kuya kwabangu-21VI (Krechmar, 1963, 1966), endaweni ephansi yeYenisei enyakatho ne-Igarka - eshumini sokuqala sikaJuni (Rogacheva et al., 1983). Izinsuku ezifakwe kuhlu, ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi ziyahlukahluka unyaka nonyaka kuye ngenkambiso yasentwasahlobo, zikhombisa ngokusobala ukunqunyelwa kwe-Arctic terns entwasahlobo isuka entshonalanga iye empumalanga iye eTaimyr. Ngokusobala, ama-terns andizela e-East Taimyr, asuka empumalanga, esuka eChukchi nase Bering Seas, avela lapha ngo-11-15.VI futhi andiza abuyele empumalanga ngo-Agasti (Matyushenkov, 1979, 1983). Ngasempumalanga yeTaimyr, ama-polar terns avela ezindaweni ezidlekayo ngaphambili: ePrikolymsk tundra ngomhlaka-27, e-Alazey ngomhlaka 31.V, e-Yano-Indigir tundra ngo-30. V- 1.VI (Vorobyov, 1963, 1967), eChaun lowland 1 .VI ( I-Kondratyev, 1979), e-Uelen 31.V, esisemngceleni weSiphambano 1 .VI, e-Wrangel Island - 12.VI (Portenko, 1973). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isikhathi sama-terns e-tundra asenyakatho-mpumalanga yeYakutia ngaphambili ngaphesheya kogu lweChukotka. Uma lokhu kungewona umphumela onobungozi wokufudumala nokufudumala kwangaphambilini ngesikhathi sokubuka, singacabanga ngokufuduka kwama-terns kudlula ezweni elithile endaweni eseduze neShelikhov Bay kanye nePenzhinsky Bay. Kunoma ikuphi, ogwini olusempumalanga lweKamchatka esifundeni saseTigil, ama-terns aqapheleka engxenyeni yesibili kaMeyi (Ostapenko et al., 1975), nango-1972-1973. izinyoni ezifudukayo zahlangana ne-22-26.V emfuleni. U-Omolon (Kretschmar et al., 1978).
Ekwindla, ama-polar terns anyamalala ezindaweni ezidleke kakhulu ngo-Agasti. Ukubambezeleka ngaphambi kokuqala - maphakathi no-Septhemba kwabonwa kuphela eningizimu ye-Yamal (Danilov et al., 1984), eBolshezemelskaya tundra (mineev, 1982) naseFranz Josef Land (Parovshchikov, 1963, Tomkovich, 1984). Ngokuqondene nokuqondiswa kokufuduka kwasekwindla kwabantu abahlukahlukene, akusekho ukucaciseleka, singacabanga nje ukuthi ekwindla izinyoni ziyahamba, ngokuvamile, ezindleleni ezifanayo njengasentwasahlobo, kepha zibheke ngaphesheya. Izindiza ezindizayo zabantu abafinyelela kwabangu-100 ukuya ku-3050 eduze nase-Uelen zivela eminyakeni eyishumi yesithathu ka-Agasti (uTomkovich noSorokin, 1983).
Ezinyangeni zasehlobo zonyaka osenyakatho, ama-terns anonyaka azulazula kuyo yonke indawo enkulu esuka e-Antarctica ayiswa ezindaweni zokudlela e-Arctic. Ngokusobala, okufanayo kuwuphawu lwezingxenye zezinyoni ezineminyaka emibili ubudala (iBianchi, 1967). Ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwentwasahlobo, ama-polar terns avama ukundiza ngamaqembu abantu abaningana, okuvame kakhulu emihlambini yezinyoni eziyi-100-150 (i-mineev, 1982, ne-Danilov et al., 1984). Imihlambi yezimvu nemihlambi yezinyoni ngesikhathi sasebusika imvamisa inkulu (Cramp, 1985).
Ngokungeziwe kulokhu okushiwo ngenhla, amarekhodi ezinsimbi zepolar aqoshwa esifundeni se-Pskov (Zarudny, 1910), Czechoslovakia, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Turkey, Algeria, neCyprus (Cramp, 1985). Uhambo lwe-Fram lwafaka i-Arctic Tern ngomhlaka 27.VII 1895: at 84 ° 32 ′ N (Dementiev, 1951).
Inombolo
Ezifundeni eziningi ze-USSR azichazwanga. Isidleke sababili esingu-10-25 esidlekeni saseLatvia (Strazds, 1981, Strazds, Strazds, 1982), mayelana nenani elifanayo esiQhingini saseBirch saseGulf of Finland (Brave, 1984), nase-Estonia cishe ngabayizinkulungwane eziyishumi (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970, Renno , 1972), ngokusho kweminye imithombo, ngababili abayizinkulungwane eziyi-12,5 (uThomas, 1982, okhonjiwe ngu: Cramp, 1985). Okungenani izinkulungwane ezingama-25 ngazimbili zahlala oLwandle Olumhlophe ngeminyaka yo-1960s, futhi cishe ngamawaka ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi ahlala ogwini lwaseMurmansk (Bianchi, 1967). Inani labantu baseWhite Sea selinciphile selokhu lehle (Bianchi, Khlyap, 1970; Bianchi, Boyko, 1972); ngokusobala, kwenzeka okufanayo ngenani labantu abanzima baseMurman asentshonalanga (Anzigitova et al., 1980). Akuzange kube khona amakhaza amaningi ku-Franz Josef Land - ngonyaka we-1981 awekho ama-pairs angaphezu kwama-30 ahlanganiswe eGraham Bell Island (Tomkovich, 1984), ambalwa empumalanga yeTaimyr (Matyushenkov, 1983), angavamile empumalanga yeChukotka (Tomkovich, Sorokin , 1983) futhi, ngokuvamile, bambalwa e-Chukchi Peninsula nase-Wrangel Island (Portenko, 1973).
Leli tern livame kakhulu eTundra yaseYakutia (Vorobyov, 1963) nakwezinye izindawo eziningi: eChaun Lowland nase-Ayon Island (Lebedev, Filin, 1959), eKolyuchinskaya Bay (Krechmar et al., 1978), emaphethelweni aphansi e- . I-Kanchalan (Kishchinsky et al., 1983). Kubonakala sengathi izidleke ezingamakhulu ambalwa zama-polar terns zidleke esiQhingini saseKaraginsky (Gerasimov, 1979a). Ngokuvamile, ama-polar terns maningi kakhulu entshonalanga, engxenyeni ye-Atlantic ebangeni le-Palearctic: ngokwesibonelo, isidleke ngababili abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu e-Iceland kuphela, nababili abayizinkulungwane ezingama-21 eNorway (Cramp, 1985). Inani eliphelele lezinhlobo ezise-USSR, cishe, ngamakhulu ambalwa ezinkulungwane okuzala.