I-Chomga iyinyoni ethokozisayo ehlala emizimbeni eminingi yamanzi amasha yezwe lethu. Kusatshalaliswa cishe yonke indawo. Lesi sidalwa esinamaphiko sitholakala hhayi kulo lonke elaseYurophu nase-Asia kuphela, kodwa nase-Australia, e-Afrika naseNew Zealand.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala
Chomga - mkhulu inyoni, nesisindo sayo iyahlukahluka kuhla ukusuka kumagremu angama-600 kuya kwekhilogremu eyodwa nohhafu. Abesilisa bavame ukuba bakhulu kunabesifazane, futhi ubude bawo bephiko bungadlula amasentimitha angama-20. Amapayipi ale nyoni ikakhulukazi amnyama ansundu, nekhanda nomzimba ophansi uvame ukumhlophe noma kukhanye.
Ehlobo, iChomga kulula kakhulu ukuyazi ngisho nakude, ngoba inokubukeka okubonakala sengathi yilezi, izimpaphe ezinemibala ezikhula ekhanda ngesimo “sezimpondo” ezingafani nalutho. Okunye okubonakala ngokubonakala kwe-chomga "yikhola" ekhethekile, etholakala ngqo entanyeni futhi imvamisa ine-hue ebomvu esifubeni.
Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo "izimpondo" ze-chomga zifushane kakhulu, futhi "ikhola" inyamalala ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokulandela. Chomga Inomlomo osicaba, ovame ukuba nombala obomvu ngethiphu elikhanyayo.
Esikhathini samanje, ama-ornithologists azi cishe izinhlobo eziyi-18 zezinyoni, nezinhlobo ezi-5 chomgi - encwadini ebomvu, futhi ukudubula kwayo kujeziswa ngokuqinile ngokomthetho osebenzayo.
Namuhla, i-chomga inendawo enhle ebanzi, futhi ayitholakali kuphela kuyo yonke i-Europe yanamuhla, kodwa nezwekazi lase-Afrika, e-Australia, New Zealand, e-Asia kanye nasemazweni ase-Baltic.
E-Russia, i-chomga ihlala eNtshonalanga naseCentral Siberia, eduze naseNizhny Novgorod naseningizimu ebheke eKazakhstan. UChomga uthanda ukuhlala phakathi kwe-taiga, izitebhisi kanye nezindikimba zamanzi ezimile. Imvamisa futhi iyayithanda indawo ephakathi kwezimila ezizungeze ichibi kanye namazinga osayizi aphakathi nendawo amakhulu.
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
Izibalo zeChomgi kaningi kutholakala emathangeni omhlanga notshani obude eduze kwamachibi anamanzi amile noma ngesisi esibuthakathaka, kanye nokuba khona kwezinhlanzi kuzo, okuthi, empeleni, zidla inyoni, kumele kube yinto edingeka kuqala.
Insimu kumele ivuleke futhi ifudumale kahle ukukhanya kwelanga. I-chomga indiza lapha ngokuqala kwezinsuku zasentwasahlobo, lapho iqhwa liqala ukuncibilika kakhulu, futhi kuzwakala izimo ezinhle kakhulu zempilo ephelele yale nyoni.
I-Chomga Duck, ekhetha ukuhlala ngababili, kepha kwezinye izimo kuyenzeka ukuthi ihlangane yonke imindeni yalezi zinyoni, evele ngokuqondile ezungeze amadamu ngezimo ezinhle nenani elikhulu lezinhlanzi.
Izinduna zihlukaniswa iqiniso lokuthi zivame ukubhukuda ngqo ebusweni bamanzi, ezimweni ezingandile ziphumula phansi kwechibi noma ikhanda. Ngakho-ke, le nyoni izivikela ezitheni zayo, enayo ngobuningi obanele.
Ukuya maphakathi nedamu namachwane aso esidlekeni, ama-chomga aphephile, futhi uma kwenzeka kusondela inyanga yenkangala noma enye inyamazane, ifihla inzalo yakhe embizeni yayo, igxume nayo yonke le “ngcebo” ezansi, lapho ihlala khona kuze kube yilapho inqobo nje uma ingozi ingekho eceleni.
Ngoba chomga manje Inemilenze emincane emifushane, ayinakulungeka ukuba inyukele ezweni. Ngakho-ke, uzizwa ekhululekile ngokwengeziwe ebusweni baphezulu kwamanzi. Ngisho nangaphansi kwamanzi, inyoni ihamba ngokushesha okukhulu, isebenzisa amakhono ayo amancane, okunika amandla athile ngenkathi ihamba kule nto.
UChomga undiza kakhulu, uvama ukwenza indiza ephuthumayo ebusika kuphela. Kuyo yonke inkathi, le nyoni izizwa iqiniseka ngokwengeziwe, ibhukuda futhi igxila ngaphansi kwamanzi ifuna ukudla.
Incazelo yokubukeka
Inyoni kaChomga ngeyezinyoni zasemanzini zomndeni wakwaPogankov, ezithathwa njengejwayelekile. Ngobukhulu, incane kancane kunedada elikhulile. Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-46-61, futhi ngamaphiko angama-85-90 cm. Unentamo emile noqhwaku olude lwesimo obomvu oluqondile. Isisindo sayo singasukela ku-700 g kuya ku-1.5 kg. Abesilisa bahlala bekhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane futhi banesisindo esithe xaxa.
Ezinyoni, umzimba wonke uguqulwa ukubhukuda. Imilenze yabo isebenza njengezikulufo futhi kuphela yi-chomg enalesi sici. Iminwe ifakwe amafolda akhethekile esikhumba. Bangaguquka bangama-90 °, babe kanye nangaphambi kokunyakaza. Le nyoni icwila kalula emanzini njengamanzini. Iminza kalula ifinyelele kumamitha ayi-6-7 futhi ingabhukuda ngamamitha angama-50-60 ngesigamu nje somzuzu. Ukweleta lokhu ngemilenze yakhe ehlukile.
Ebusika, ikhanda lenyoni limnyama grey elinamabala amabili akhanyayo engxenyeni ye-occipital. Emuva kunezimpaphe ezimnyama ezinomngcele okhanyayo emaphethelweni. Isifuba nesisu se-chomga simhlophe. Lapho kuqala isikhathi sokuzalela, kuvela ikholaji engcolile ye-orange entanyeni. Izimpaphe ezimnyama zikhula ekhanda, ziyefana nezindlebe.
Yagcotshwa igama lakhe ngokuthi i-grice enkulu ngenxa yenyama engenanambitha. Inephunga elingathandeki nelingathandeki.
Umsoco
Njengoba into eyintandokazi yendawo yokuhlala yeChomga iyisici samanzi, kalula futhi izingela zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene (kusuka kubameleli abancane kakhulu kuya kwabalingisi abakhulu).
Kwesinye isikhathi inyoni ihlukanisa ukudla kwayo ngamaxoxo, izinambuzane zasemanzini, ama-crustaceans, izimila ezitholakala emabhange nasezindongeni zezindikimba zamanzi, nokunye ukudla okufanayo. Indlela eyinhloko yokuzingela, esetshenziswa yi-chomgy ngenkuthalo, ihamba shí ekujuleni kwamamitha amane, lapho inyoni ilandelela izinhlanzi ngobuhlakani bese ibonakala ngaphezulu nayo.
UChomga udla izinhlanzi
Yonke inqubo ayimthatheli imizuzwana engaphezu kweshumi nesikhombisa, nokho, ngenkathi ebandayo, kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe kuye ukuba ayizingele, ngakho-ke ubude nokujula kukhuphuka ngandlela thile.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Njengokuningi kokuphila, imidlalo yokuzalela yalezi zinyoni yenzeka, njengoba kungenzeka uqagela, emanzini. Ungabheka isithombe chomgyukuze babheke mathupha ukuguqulwa kwabesilisa ngalesi sikhathi esijabulisayo: baqala ukwelula izintamo zabo ngokumangazayo, bathathe izindlela ezikhohlisayo futhi bavule amaphiko abo ngomsindo.
Imidlalo yokumatanisa ye-chomga yowesilisa nowesifazane
Ngemuva kokuba umbhangqwana usuqaliwe, inqubo yokwakha isidleke iyaqala, futhi abesilisa basiza ngenkani izinsikazi kulo msebenzi obalulekile, bahlinzeka "indawo yokwakha" ngezinto ezifanele kakhulu kulezi zinhloso: amaqabunga, amagatsha nezinye izimila.
Kwelinye i-clutch, insikazi kuvame ukuletha amaqanda angabi ngaphezu kwesikhombisa, okuthi kuwo inyanga eyodwa lapho amaphuphu aqale ukukhipha. Ukukhula okuncane kuqala ukushiya imingcele yesidleke sabazali ngqo ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila: babhukuda bezungeza, bangene futhi bafunda ukuhlakanipha kokuthola ukudla.
Umama kaChomga ophethe amachwane ngemuva
Ngemuva cishe kwezinyanga ezimbili nengxenye, amaphuphu ekugcineni akhiwa futhi athunyelwa empilweni yabantu abadala ephelele. Ekuthunjweni, i-chomga ingaphila iminyaka eyi-25, endle, isikhathi esiphakathi sokuphila kwezinyoni cishe iminyaka eyi-15 kuye kwayi-20.
Igama lenyoni
E-Russia, le nyoni ibizwa ngokuthi yi-grebe enkulu, noma i-chomga. Ungowomndeni wamafutha. Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, lapho uDahl ehlanganisa isichazamazwi, igrebe elikhulu lalingelomndeni wama-loon. Igama elithi Chomga lemvelaphi yaseTurkic.
Ulimi lwesi-Uzbek lunegama elithi shobeni's, elisho ukudonsa, ukuntywila. ETatar - i-urchin - igxiliwe, yathuxwa. IGreater Grebe ibizwa nangokuthi i-creeded dive, noma i-chomga eguquliwe. Babembiza ngamafutha njengenyama emnyama engenamunyu enikeza inhlanzi ebolile. Kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezingaba yishumi nambili emndenini kaPogankov.
Incazelo Nezici
Naphezu kwegama layo elingasebenzi (i-toadstool), chomga - inyoni ibukeka kahle. I-tummy emhlophe qhwa iqhwa ngokushelela iba izinhlangothi ezibomvu. Ngaphakathi, amaphiko nawo amhlophe qhwa, okubonakala lapho inyoni indiza amaphiko ayo. Umhlane nesikali ekhanda kumnyama.
Ikhanda libekwe entanyeni ende, ethambile. Ngokungafani namadada, i-chomga inobuhlakani obude obucashile obudonsa izinhlanzi. Amehlo abomvu krwe. Iyaqhubeka igcwele isithunzi, umuntu angahle athi - kubalulekile.
Kepha unake futhi ugxile. Yize kunjalo, uChomga uzobona inhlanzi ezintantayo emfuleni, futhi ngasikhathi sinye angabi ukudla kwekati uqobo. UChomga uthandeka kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Kuqhamuka intamo yakhe emnyama entanyeni, nesigaxa ekhanda. Ngalokhu, izinyoni zibatshela ukuthi bakulungele ukuvuthwa.
Amaphawu we-chomga aluhlaza okomnqumo ngombala, amafushane, aqine, atholakala eduze nomsila. Yisakhiwo lesi esimvumela ukuthi athathe i-vertical pose ngenkathi emi emanzini. Izinyawo ezingenawo ama-membranes, isimilo esihle kakhulu samanzi amaningi.
Esikhundleni salokho, kukhona imigoqo enzima yesikhumba ezinhlangothini zomunwe ngamunye. Iminwe emithathu ikhomba phambili, kanti eyokugcina ibheke emuva. Ama-Chomgi paws awasebenzi njengamadada noma amalogi. Uyazidonsela emuva, futhi zisebenza kuphela nengxenye enyakazayo yemikhawulo engezansi, ifana nama-propeller blade. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi izitho zeleadstool zihamba kakhulu futhi zepulasitiki. Lapho ama-paws eqanda ku-chomga, ubaphakamisa ngaphezu kwamanzi bawabeke eceleni, njengomuntu wokuzivocavoca kwi-twine.
Lihamba kahle futhi lishesha, imilenze ye-chomga ayihambelani kahle nomhlaba. I-Toadstool ihamba ogwini ihamba kancane futhi ikhathazekile. Umzimba ngenkathi uhamba phansi uthatha indawo eqondile futhi ufana nepenguin.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuthandana udansa emanzini, ugijima ngokushesha okukhulu, asheshise ngomunwe imilenze yakhe, futhi ajabulele inqubo. IToadstool igijimela emanzini lapho izama ukuthatha uhambo, noma ngesikhathi semidlalo yokuthandana. Usayizi we-chomga mncane kunedada. Inesisindo esisuka ku-6 kuye ku-1.5 kilogramu. Ngombala, insikazi yehluka kancane kumlingani wayo, kepha ubukhulu bayo buphansi.
Ngendlela, emindenini eminingi yezinyoni nohlobo, abesilisa bahlukaniswa ngombala okhanyayo, obukeka ngamehlo, ngokungafani nabesifazane, abazinwele zabo zinemibala efanayo. Ububanzi bephiko le-Drake eligoqiwe buyi-avareji engama-20 cm. Izimpiko ezindizayo zifinyelela kuma-85 cm. Ubude bomzimba bungaba yingxenye yemitha.
Emvelweni, cishe izinhlobo eziyi-15-18 zama-grebes ziyaziwa. Inyoni yeChomga, - owaziwa kakhulu ngama-grebes ahlala eRussia. UDahl esichazamazwini sakhe ukhulume nge-chomga esetshenzisiwe, enezimpondo, umhluzi, obomvu, okhozi Kuhlukaniso lwesimanje, ama-chomgy aqanjwa ngokuhlukile.
Baphinde baqanjwa kabusha, noma bashona ngaphezu kwekhulu nesigamu. By the way, inani lezinhlobo zalezi zinyoni empeleni lehlile eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Isizathu salokhu umsebenzi womnotho wabantu. Ithebula libonisa ezinye izinhlobo eziphilayo ze-grebes, izici zabo ezihlukile.
Ama-Toadstools adla izinhlanzi makhulu, futhi izintamo zawo zinde kunalezo toadstools ezidla izinambuzane noma ama-mollusks.
Izinhlobo zeToadstools | Habitat | Ukwehluka kwezinhlobo zangaphandle | Isisindo sosayizi | Okudingayo |
I-Motley beak, noma i-Karolinskaya | Womabili la mazwekazi aseMelika, aqhamuka eningizimu yeCanada. E-Arctic North Canada nase-Alaska, le nyoni ayikho. | Ehlobo, kuvela umngcele omnyama ngogongolo olude, olukhombekile, lapho laqanjwa ngalo. Umbala oyinhloko wezimpaphe ungumbala onsundu. | Umzimba uphakeme ngamasentimitha angama-31 38, isisindo esingu-300-600 gr. I-Wingspan efinyelela ku-60 cm. | Kakhulu amanzi izinambuzane |
Encane | ISouthernasiaasia kanye cishe nezwekazi lonke lase-Afrika. | Umhlane unombala onsundu, ucishe umnyama, iplamu lesisu liyisiliva. Uqhwaku lukhethi loshokholethi ngensimbi ekhanyayo. Ehlobo, ingxenye yekhanda nentamo zidwetshwe i-auburn nge-tint yethusi. Ngobusika, iplamu le-chestnut liyanyamalala. | Isisindo silinganiselwa ku-100-350 gr. Ubude bephiko bungamasentimitha angama-9-11. Ubukhulu bamaqanda bungama-38-26 mm. | Izinambuzane, izibungu zazo, ama-mollusks, ezincwila ziye ezansi ngaphansi kwedamu, izinhlanzi ezincane |
USeroshcheka. E-Russia naseBelarus kungaphansi kokuvikelwa kombuso, kufakwe kwi-Red Book. | Ihlala cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi omhlaba osenyakatho, ikhetha izindawo ezisehlathini. Ukuze uthole isidleke, ukhetha amachibi anotshani obukhulu obude ngasogwini. | Ngemuva kwentamo, emuva, ingxenye yamaphiko inentambo emnyama. Izimpaphe esiswini nezihlathi ekhanda zimhlophe qwa. Ingaphambili lentamo liwukugqwala okuwolintshi. | Umzimba ubude ngu-42-50 cm. Isisindo singama-kilometre angama-0.9-1. Ubude bamaphiko endizeni bungamasentimitha angama-80-85. Amaqanda -50x34 mm. | Idla izinambuzane, i-roach, gazinga. |
Kuboshwe ngezinwele, noma kunophondo | E-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Izakhamizi zaseningizimu engaseningizimu nethokomele enyakatho ziyafuduka. | Ekwindla nasebusika linombala olimpunga okhanyayo. Kuphela ekhanda kukhona isigreyidi esimnyama esimnyama futhi umphambili wentamo umhlophe. Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, iChomga ebomvu enamakhanda iyashintsha: Kuvela izimpaphe ezibomvu obomvu ekhanda, entanyeni nasezinhlangothini. | Ubude bomzimba - 20-25 cm. Isisindo -310-560 gr. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile beqanda yi-48 × 30 mm. | Idla izinambuzane, ebusika - izinhlanzi ezincane. |
Okumnyama, noma okonisiwe | Ihlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica ne-Australia. Zihlala enyakatho, izinyoni zindizela eningizimu ehlobo. | Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, ikhanda nentamo zimnyama ngombala wamalahle. Eduze kwamehlo, njengemisebe ye-coquette - izimpaphe zegolide, zibonakala kahle ngemuva emalahle. Ngo-ekwindla, iplamu liyaphela, lithola umbala ompunga. Umhlane unombala onsundu, izinhlangothi zigcwele ukugqwala, isisu sikhanya. | Ubude bomzimba - 28-34 mm, bunesisindo esingu-300-600 gr. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile beqanda yi-46x30 mm. | Kakhulu ama-arthropods. |
IClark's Toadstool | Ihlala ikakhulukazi ogwini olusentshonalanga yezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika | Uhlaza lukaClark lukhulu kakhulu kuneRussia ama-toadstools. Izitshalo zidonswa amanzi ngomdiliya, zi-mhlophe, ezihlukanisa nezinye izinhlobo zama-grebes. Abantu abadala banomhlane ophuzi onsundu nesisu esimhlophe qhwa. | Enye enkulu kunazo zonke emndenini wama-grebes. Ubude bomzimba obungu-55-75 cm, isisindo esingu-700-1700 amagremu. I-Wingspan-90 cm. | Ubhoboza inyamazane ngomlomo, njengesibaya. Okuphakelayo ezinhlanzini. |
Ihlala kuphi futhi kanjani i-chomga?
UChomga wazinza cishe kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Europe. Ubuye ahlangane:
- e-Australia,
- E-New Zealand
- ogwini lwaseMpumalanga naseNingizimu Afrika.
Izakhamizi zaseNyakatho ziphila impilo yokufuduka. Izinyoni ezihlala endaweni engaphansi kwendawo eshisayo nezishisayo ziphila impilo yokuhlala. UChomga nabanye abameleli bama-grebes abahlali enyakatho ekude nase-Antarctica kuphela.
Amagrabha amakhulu ahlala emachibini nasemachibini, khetha imizimba yamanzi entsha. Imilenze emifushane ye-griga ayijwayelaniswe kahle ngokuhamba emhlabathini. Iphinde indize kuyaqabukela, kodwa kahle kakhulu futhi ngokushesha. Iyakwazi ukuhamba ngezindiza amabanga amade.
Ngaphambi kokuthi athathe uhambo, ugijimela emanzini, azisize ngokhonkolo lwamaphiko aqinile. Kodwa noma kunjalo ukhetha isakhi samanzi, lapho azizwa engcono kakhulu. Uhlanza futhi ugcobe izimpaphe ze-chomga futhi emanzini, zilele ngapha nangapha. I-plumage yenyoni inezindawo ezinhle kakhulu ezingasebenzisi amanzi.
Ukuze izidleke, i-chomga ikhethe amachibi anezimila eziningi: imihlanga, umhlanga. Futhi-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi i-toadstool ibe nokuhamba kancane echibini. Futhi kungcono ukungabi khona nhlobo.
Okudingayo
Ama-grebe amakhulu adla kakhulu izinhlanzi, futhi njengoba kubonakala esithombeni, akude nokujula. Ifaka ekudleni ngamaxoxo, ama-mollusks, izinambuzane zamanzi, nokuncane kakhulu - i-algae. I-chomga inombono omuhle kakhulu, ibona inhlanzi ejulile emanzini.
Iyakwazi ukuntywila ekujuleni kwamamitha ama-4, icindezele amaphiko emzimbeni futhi isebenza kuphela ngama-paws. UChomga ushona ngokugxuma okubukhali, okusheshayo ekhanda phansi. Kulokhu, umzimba ukhuphuka ngaphezu kwamanzi ngekhandlela bese ngokushesha engena ngaphansi kwamanzi ngokuqinile ngokuthe nkqo, noma i-perpendicular ebusweni bamanzi. Kuyabonakala ukuthi i-chomga idla izimpaphe zayo.
Lokhu kungabonakala kuyinqaba uma ungasazi isizathu. UChomga ugwinya inhlanzi zonke.Futhi ukuze amathambo enhlanzi abukhali angalimazi amathumbu enyoni, izimpaphe ezithambile zisebenza njengohlobo lwesibhakela esivikela umzimba wenyoni ekulimaleni. Mhlawumbe uChomga udla ulwelwe ngenhloso efanayo. Ukuze uthuthukise ukugaya ukudla okulukhuni, okungesikho ukugaya, i-chomga iginya amatshe amancane.
Isikhathi sokuphila
AmaChomgy aphile iminyaka engaba ngu-10-15. Kunezimo lapho inyoni yasinda yafika eminyakeni engama-25. Izitha zayo ziyizinyoni ezidla inyama, izilwane zasendle. Emhlabathini, i-chomga isengozini enkulu yezitha, ngoba ayikwazi ukundiza ivela emhlabathini, futhi ihamba ngemilenze yayo emifushane kabi.
Ngenkathi uqandula, i-chomgu ixoshwa yikhwabanisi nomhlanga. Lapho insikazi ithatha amaqanda ifuna ukudla, lezi zidlova zilimaza izidleke ze-toadstool futhi zintshontsha amaqanda. Kungakho idrakethi kufanele ivikeleke lapho kungekho khona umlingani. Izinhlanzi ezi-carnivorous zivame ukuthumba amaphuphu okubhukuda.
Ukuphila isikhathi eside kwama-toadstools kuthinteka ngokuyisisekelo ukunganakwa komuntu kokuphilisana kwendalo nemvelo. Ukulahlwa kwemfucuza eyingozi yezimboni ibe yimizimba yamanzi kunciphisa inani lezinyoni kanye neminyaka yobukhona bayo obabelwe ngokwemvelo.
IJografi yokuhlala
Izinyoni zalolu hlobo zivamile eYurophu, e-Asia, e-Australia naseNew Zealand, eMpumalanga kanye naseNingizimu Afrika, zingaholela ezindleleni zokuhamba ezifudukayo nezihlala phansi. Ezindaweni zokuhlala kuhlala khona yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwendawo enyakatho ekude.
Lezi zinyoni zihlala emachibini nasezichibini, zidleke ezindaweni ezinomswakama, eduze namanzi acwebile, isimo esiyisisekelo sokukhetha indawo yokwakha izidleke isamba esikhulu sezimila zasemanzini.
Inkukhu yaseChomga noma igriga enkulu. Izimbotshana ze-chomg.
Ukubukeka
Esithombeni se-chomga, kungabonakala ukuthi imizimba yabo ihlelisiwe, i-valky, nensimbi eminyene. I-chomga enkulu akuzona izinyoni ezinkulu, ubude bomzimba bungama-46 - 59 cm, kanti isisindo sisuka kumagremu angama-600 kuye kwangama-1500, kuthi izinsikazi zincane kakhulu kunabesilisa. Lezi zinyoni zinentamo ende futhi emincane, ecishe ibe mpo. Iqiniso elihehayo ukuthi i-chomga ayinazo izicucu zokubhukuda eziqhubekayo emilenzeni yayo, futhi izinzwani ngamunye uhlukaniswe ibanga lokugingqa elibanzi. Imilenze yezinyoni iluhlaza okomnqumo. Amaphiko e-chomga awamude futhi kunalokho emincane, umsila mfishane kangangokuba ucishe ungabonakali.
Ngenkathi yokuzalela, izimpaphe zangemuva zinemibala emnyama nsundu, kanti isisu nentamo kumhlophe nge-satin. Kuvezwa “ikhola” elibomvu esifubeni ekhanda, kuthiwe izimpaphe ezimbili zise mqhele ekhanda. Ebusika, lokhu kuhlangana kwekhola nezimpaphe kuyanyamalala. I-dimorphism yezocansi ayikho.
Chomga. Chomga.
Kungani uChomga abizwa ngeGreat Grebe?
Le nyoni imele iqembu lama-grebe-like. Kepha akunakwenza lutho ngamakhowe anobuthi. Le nyoni yaqanjwa ngokuthi iBig Grebe ngoba inyama yayo inephunga elithile elimnandi. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukudla, ngoba ukunambitheka kushiya ufisa kakhulu.
Isici esifanayo sisindisa i-chomga kubazingeli. Ngalezo zikhathi lapho ukuzingela amadada kuvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni, akekho umuntu ophazamisa impilo yalesi sidalwa esinemibala.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane?
Umbala we-plumage kubantu bobulili obuhlukile ucishe ufane. Zombili izintokazi nezinsikazi zimdaka onsundu, kanti ikhanda nomzimba ophansi kumhlophe, abe-beige noma aphuzi ngokuphuzi. Emsamo kukhona uhlobo lwe "khola" yensimbi ebomvu-ye-chestnut. Kodwa ungayibona kuphela ngenkathi efudumele. Ehlobo, le nyoni futhi kulula ukuyibona ngezimpaphe ezinemibala ekhula ekhanda layo, efana nesimo sazo esifana “nezimpondo”. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, baba mfushane, bese "ikhola" inyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo.
Ukuthola ubulili balesi sidalwa esingajwayelekile kungenzeka kuphela ngosayizi wayo. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile benyoni ngamasentimitha angama-40- 40, futhi inesisindo esingama-0.5 - 1,6 kilos. Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane. Lokhu kuyabonakala ikakhulukazi ngosayizi wamaphiko awo, ubude bawo bungaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-20. Ubukhulu bawo bukhulu kakhulu, ngamasentimitha angama-85-90.
UChomga wakhe izidleke zakhe phezu kwamanzi
UChomga uhlela indawo yakhe yokuhlala ezungeze amadamu anamanzi amile, endaweni yokuma noma yendawo ye-taiga. Izinyoni zakha izidleke zazo ngqo phezu kwamanzi. Amathanga omhlanga, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngisho naphansi echibini, asebenza njengokusekelwa kwezikejana zasendlini. Ilungiselelo elinjalo lezindlu livumela isidalwa esinamehlo ukuba sizivikele kanye nenzalo yaso ezitheni. Ngokuvamile, impilo enhle, lezi zidalwa zidinga indawo evulekile lapho imisebe yelanga ingena ngokukhululekile. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi izinyoni zihlale eduze kwalezo zindawo lapho kunokudla okwanele.
UChomga ubhukuda omuhle kakhulu
Emhlabeni, le nyoni izizwa ingakhululekile. Imilenze emincane emfishane ayimvumeli ukuthi ahambe ngokushesha emhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, le nyoni ikwenza kube nzima kakhulu.
Kepha iChomga ibhukuda masinyane ngokwanele, ihlangana ngokuzimela ngosizo lwemilenze yayo. Lesi sidalwa esimangalisayo sazi nokuthi singangena kanjani ekujuleni okukhulu kakhulu - ngamamitha angama-25-30. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, kungaba imizuzu emi-3-4. Kepha kulokhu sekwanele ukuzivikela wena namazwana akho ezitheni. Uma kusongelwa, amaphuphu acasha emaphaketheni akhethekile, atholakala kwi-chomga ngaphansi kwamaphiko. Kanye nezinsana ezifihlwe ngokuphepha, umane ugxumela ezansi alindele ingozi yokubadlula.
Ngabe kwenzeka kanjani ukuzalanisa i-chomga?
Ngaphambi kokukhwelana, owesilisa nowesifazane benza "umdanso wokulinganisa". Ozakwethu bazungeza isikhathi eside phezu kwamanzi, begwilika phambi kwabo. Ngemuva nje kwenkathi yokuzalela, lo mbhangqwana wakhe isidleke samaqabunga namagatsha. Ngemuva kwalokho insikazi ibekela amaqanda amabili kuya kwayi-6, aqandula womabili amaqabane. Amathanga aqhamuke ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-27- 29. Amaviki amathathu okuqala, abazali babathwala emhlane futhi bavikele ngokucophelela ezingozini. Izingane zineshubhu encane ebunzini labo. Uma egcwalisa ngegazi futhi aphenduke abomvu kulokhu, khona-ke lokhu kusho ukuthi iphuphu lilambe kakhulu. Abazali bondla izingane zabo izinhlanzi ezincane nezinye izakhamuzi zasemanzini ezincane. Ngemuva kwamaviki ayi-10-11, amaphuphu azimela ngokuphelele.
Ezimweni zemvelo, izinyoni ziphila iminyaka engu-15-20. Ekuthunjweni, bavame ukuhlala kuze kube yiminyaka engama-25. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-chomga zithathwa njengeziyivelakancane. Zibhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu futhi ukuzingela kwazo kwenqatshelwe ngokuphelele.
Habitat
Lolu hlobo lwezinyoni lubanzi, kepha iningi lazo zonke izidleke ze-chomga kule ndawo:
Uyahola yokuphila kokuhlala kuphela ezindaweni eziseningizimu. Ebusika indizela ezindaweni ezifudumele. Ngokuyisisekelo bathuthela engxenyeni eseningizimu yeYurophu ne-Asia. Amathoyizi amakhulu fudukela ezindaweni eziseningizimu ngesimo sezulu esifudumeleuma ezindaweni zabo amanzi ebusika embozwe yiqhwa.
Ukuze zidleke khetha okokugcina ngamanzi amile noma okuhamba kancane. Izitshalo eziminyene emachibini ziyisidingo sokudlela imifino yamadada.
Indlela yokuphila
Ngaphakathi kweSushi, i-chomga izizwa ingakhululekile. Uhamba kabi kuye, ngoba unezihlakala ezimfushane. Enye into amanzi, lapho inyoni ihamba kahle, ngoba iyakwazi ukubhukuda nokuntywila ngokuphelele. Ingaphansi kwamanzi, isebenzisa kuphela ama-paws ayo, inqoba amabanga amade ngaphansi kwamanzi. Idada lama-grebe licindezela amaphiko alo emzimbeni, athuthukisa ama-hydrodynamics. Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, i-chomga ngokushesha ingena shí ekujuleni.
IGreater enhle kakhulu kuyaqabukela indiza empilweni yansuku zonke. Zenzelwe ubusika kuphela, lezi zinyoni zihamba amabanga amade ngendiza. Leli dada lichitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwalo emanzini. Ingabonakala ngaphansi kwamanzi noma emanzini, kuyaqabukela ekundizeni futhi cishe ayikaze ifike ogwini. Bangakwazi ukuya olwandle kuphela ukuze bahlale befudumele noma behlanzekile. Emhlabeni, chomgy clumsy futhi uhambe kanzima, ngakho bashesha ukubuyela esimweni sabo abajwayelekile nabanethezekile.
Izinyoni ezidla izitha eziyinhloko yedada lama-grebe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
Lezi zinyoni zidla izidleke ze-chomg ngokudla amaqanda. Lapho amachwane avela, kufanele aqaphele izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezidla ezinye.
Kunesikhathi lapho i-chomg yayivame ukuzinzwa ngenxa yezimpaphe. Lokhu kungenxa yemfashini yemihlobiso yoboya kusuka ezimpaphe zegreyidi enkulu. Ukuqothulwa okunjalo kwaholela ekunciphiseni kwenani lezinhlobo. Manje inkinga ixazululwa futhi inyoni ayesongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Ama-Toadstools yiqembu lezinyoni elihluke ngokwekhadi ngokwe-anatomy yazo. Kuqala bekukholelwa ukuthi bahlotshaniswa nama-loon, okubuye kube yizihambi zamanzi abahamba ngezinyawo, futhi yomibili le mindeni yahlukaniswa njengeyunithi elilodwa. Ngeminyaka yama-1930s, lokhu kwachazwa njengesibonelo sokuguqulwa kwemguquko okubangelwa amandla okukhetha abhekene nezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingahambisani ezihola ngendlela efanayo yokuphila. Amalobolo nama-grebes manje ahlukaniswa njengamayunithi ahlukene wePodicipediformes kanye ne-Gaviiformes.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: Ucwaningo lwama-molekyuli kanye nokuhlaziywa kokulandelana akuvumeli ukulungiswa okufanele kobudlelwano phakathi kwama-grebes nezinye izinhlobo. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi lezi zinyoni zakha umugqa wasendulo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kungaba ngaphansi kwengcindezi ekhethiwe yokufika ezingeni lamangqamuzana, engaxhunyiwe yi-loons.
Ucwaningo olunzulu kakhulu lwe-bird phylogenomics, olushicilelwe ngonyaka we-2014, luveze ukuthi ama-grebes nama-flamesos angamalungu eColumbea, igatsha elihlanganisa namajuba, i-grouse ne-mesitic. Izifundo zakamuva zamamolekyuli ziveze ubudlelwane nama-flamesos. Zinezici okungenani eziyishumi nanye zokuziphatha ezingekho ezinye izinyoni. Eziningi zalezi zimpawu zahlonzwa ngaphambilini kuma-flamesos, kepha hhayi kuma-grebes. Izinhlobo zika-Fossil zeminyaka yeqhwa zingabhekwa njengokushintsha okuphakathi nendawo phakathi kwama-flamesos nama-grebes.
Ama-grebes eqiniso atholakala kumalahle eLate Oligocene noma eMiocene. Ngenkathi kunezindlela eziningana zokuzalwa ezingama-prehistoric manje eseziqothule ngokuphelele. UTiornis (Spain) noPliolymbus (e-USA, Mexico) babuyela emuva esikhathini lapho cishe yonke imidwebo ekhona yayivele ikhona. Njengoba ama-grebes ayehlukaniswe ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, aqala ukutholakala ezinsaleleni zeNyakatho Nenkabazwe, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi avela eNyakatho Nenkabazwe.
Ividiyo: Chomga
Ama-Toadstools angama-46 kuye kwangama-52 cm ubude futhi anamaphiko ama-cm angama-59 kuye kwangama-73. Amasisindo aphakathi kuka-800 no-1400 g. Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu futhi bane-collar ebanzi ebanzi ne-hood ende ekugqokeni kwabo. Uqhwaku lubomvu kuzo zonke izingubo ezinezintambo ezinsundu kanye nenhla eliqhakazile. Iris yombala obomvu ngendandatho elula yewolintshi emboza umfundi. Imilenze nama-lobes ezintantayo aluhlaza grey.
Amachwane asanda kunyakathwa asanda kudotshwa anezingubo ezimfishane futhi eziminyene. Ikhanda nentamo kudwetshwe emigqeni yemibala emnyama nomhlophe etholakala emikhondweni emide. Kuvela amabala ansundu osayizi abahlukahlukene emphinjeni omhlophe. Ngemuva nezinhlangothi zomzimba ekuqaleni aziqhathaniswa, zinemibala e-brownish nebala elimnyama. Umzimba ophansi nesifuba kumhlophe.
Ihlala kuphi i-chomga?
Photo: Inyoni Chomga eRussia
Ama-grebes amakhulu akhonjwe izakhamizi zaseNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga Yurophu, eGreat Britain nase-Ireland, izingxenye eziseningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Afrika, i-Australia neNew Zealand. Izizwe zitholakala eMpumalanga Yurophu, eningizimu yeRussia naseMongolia. Ngemuva kokufuduka, kutholakala ubusika lapho kutholakala khona amanzi asogwini lwaseYurophu, eningizimu ye-Afrika nase-Australia, kanye nasemizimbeni yamanzi kuyo yonke i-Asia eseningizimu.
Izinhlobo zeChomga ezindaweni zezitshalo zamachibi anamanzi ahlanzekile. Izingqinamba P. s. UCristatus utholakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseAsia. Ihlala entshonalanga ethe xaxa yobubanzi bayo, kepha ifuduka ezindaweni ezibandayo kakhulu iye kwez ezifudumele. Ubusika emachibini anamanzi acwebile namachibi noma ogwini. Izingosi zase-Afrika P. s. infuscatus kanye subspecies yase-Australia P. c. australis iningi lihlala phansi.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: IChomgi ingatholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zasemanzini, kufaka phakathi amachibi, amachibi okufakelwa, imifula egeleza kahle, amachibi, amachilo kanye nezichibi. Izindawo zokuzalela zinezindawo zokugcina amanzi ezivulekile ezingenawo amanzi ahlanzekile noma akhiwa ngamabhuleki. Kufanele futhi kube nezimila ogwini nasemanzini ukuhlinzeka izindawo ezifanele zezidleke.
Ebusika, abantu abathile bathuthela echibini elisesimweni sezulu esifudumele. ILake Geneva, iLake Constance neChibi leNeuchâtel kuphakathi kwamachibi aseYurophu, lapho ezinyangeni zobusika kukhona ama-chomgs amaningi. Babuye nobusika ogwini lwase-Atlantic eNtshonalanga Yurophu, lapho befika khona ngamanani amakhulu ngo-Okthoba nangoNovemba futhi bahlala kuze kube kuphela kukaFebhuwari noma ekuqaleni kukaMashi.
Ezinye izindawo ezibalulekile ebusika ubusika uLwandle lweCaspian, uLwandle Olumnyama kanye namanzi athile angaphakathi eCentral Asia. EMpumalanga Asia, ubusika eningizimu-mpumalanga naseningizimu yeChina, iTaiwan, Japan naseNdiya. Lapha futhi ikakhulukazi zihlala esifundeni esisogwini.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Chomga noma Great Grebe
AmaChomgi awagcini ezweni izinyanga zasebusika, iningi lazo ziyizinyoni zodwa. Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, amafomu ngababili, naphakathi kwamabili ahlukene kuvame ukuxhumana okuncane. Amakoloni angazinzile aqukethe amabhangqana amaningana ayakheka ngezikhathi ezithile. Amakholoni angakheka uma kuba nokushoda kwezindawo ezifanele zokufuya noma uma izindawo zokuhlala ezizaliswayo ziqoqiwe.
Ababili bendabuko bavikela iziza ezidlekayo. Ubungako bensimu ngokwayo buyehluka kakhulu phakathi kwemibhangqwana nabantu. Abesilisa nabesifazane ngababili ngababili bavikela izihlobo zabo, isidleke namachwane. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, ukushayisana kaningi kwabonwa kwenye yezindawo zokuzalela. Ukuvikelwa kwenkundla kuyaphela ngemuva kokuzala sekuqediwe.
Iqiniso elihehayo: uChomgi udla izimpaphe zazo. Bazigaya kaningi lapho kunezinto ezimbalwa ezigayayo ekudleni, futhi kukholakala ukuthi le kuyindlela yokwakha ama-pellets angaphonswa kude ukunciphisa ukubonakala kwezinambuzane ohlelweni lwesisu.
AmaChomks iningi lezinyoni ezidonsayo futhi akhetha ukutshuza nokubhukuda kunokundiza. Bephakathi kwezinyoni ezishintshayo, futhi bafuna ukudla kuphela ekukhanyeni kwemini. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuphola, amazwi abo anokuzwakala ebusuku. Izinyoni ziphumula futhi zilala emanzini. Kungaleso sikhathi sokuzalela kuphela lapho kwesinye isikhathi basebenzisa amapulatifomu endlala wesikhashana noma izidleke ezishiywe ngemuva kokuqokwa. Basukuma emanzini emva kokugijima isikhashana. Ukundiza okusheshayo ngokushaywa okusheshayo kwamaphiko. Ngesikhathi endiza, athulula imilenze emuva nangentamo phambili.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Chomga Chick
Izinyoni zeChomgi azifinyeleli ekuthweni kuze kube sekupheleni konyaka wokuqala wokuphila, kepha ngokuvamile azizali ngempumelelo ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila. Bahola inkathi yomshado ongashadi. Bafika eYurophu endaweni yokuzalanisa ngoMashi / Ephreli. Ukuqala kwesikhathi sokuzalela kuqalwa ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kuya ngasekupheleni kukaJuni, ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezinhle, kepha futhi ngoMashi. Zikhula kusuka kwesinye isigaxa ukuya kwesinye samakhulu ngonyaka. Amabili angaqala ukwakha ngoJanuwari. Lapho besezindaweni zokuzalela, i-chomgi iqala ukwenza imizamo yokuzala kuphela uma kuvela izimo ezifanele.
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ekunqumeni ukuqala kokuzalela:
- inani lendawo etholakalayo yokwakhiwa kwezidleke ezivikelekile,
- izimo zezulu ezithandekayo
- izinga lamanzi emizimbeni yamanzi,
- ukuba khona kwenani elanele lokuphakelayo.
Uma izinga lamanzi liphezulu, iningi lezimila eziseduze lizogcwele amanzi. Lokhu kuhlinzeka ngesembozo esengeziwe sezidleke ezivikelwe. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme nokudla okunothile nakho kungaholela ekuzalweni kwangaphambili. Izinzwa zakhiwa kusuka kukhula lwamanzi, umhlanga, amathanga kanye namaqabunga e-algae. Lezi zinto zokwenziwa zifakwa ezitshalweni zamanzi ezikhona. Izindlovu zimiswa emanzini, ezivikela ukubumbeka kubantu abaxhaphaza umhlaba.
“Isidleke sangempela,” lapho kubekwa khona amaqanda, sikhuphuka emanzini futhi sihlukile kuzingxenyekazi ezimbili ezizungezile, esinye sazo singasetshenziselwa ukukopisha, kanti esinye sokuphumula ngesikhathi sokufakwa nokufakwa ekufakwelweni. Usayizi we-Clutch wehluka kusuka emaqanda ama-1 kuye kwangama-9, kepha ngokwesilinganiso 3 - 4.I-Incubation ihlala izinsuku ezingama-27 - 29.Abesilisa nabesifazane bagcwala ngokulinganayo. Ngokusho kwezifundo zaseRussia, i-chomga ishiya izidleke zazo isikhathi esiyimizuzu engu-0.5 kuya kwengama-28.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Incubation iqala ngemuva kokubekwa iqanda lokuqala, elenza ukukhula kwe-umbungu nokuhoxa kwalo kuhlukane. Lokhu kubangela ukuphathwa kwezingane zakwezingane lapho amachwane elandwa.
Isidleke siphonswa ngemuva kokuba inyamazane yokugcina ibanjiwe. Usayizi we-brood uvame ukuba ngamachwane ama-1 kuye kwayi-4. Le nombolo ihluka ngosayizi wokubamba ngenxa yokuncintisana kwezingane, isimo sezulu esibi, noma ukuphazamiseka kokubekeka. Amachwane amancanyana enza isibambiso eneminyaka engama-71 kuya kwengama-79.
Izitha zemvelo zeChomga
Abazali bamboza amaqanda ngezinto ezivela esidlekeni ngaphambi kokushiya. Lokhu kuziphatha kuvikela ngempumelelo ekulweni nezinyamazane eziyinhloko, i-coot (iFulica atra), edla amaqanda. Lapho kwenzeka ingozi, umzali uvala amaqanda, agxibhe emanzini bese entanta endaweni eyiqhelile esidlekeni. Enye indlela yokulwa nokudla inyamazane esiza ama-chomgahs ukufihla amaqanda ukwakheka kwezidleke ezimiswe ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye emanzini. Lokhu kuvikela amaqanda kunoma yiziphi izisulu zomhlaba.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Ukugwema ukuqagela, abantu abadala bathwala amachwane emhlane kuze kufike emavikini ama-3 ngemuva kokubanjwa.
Ama-ravens scavenger kanye nemilingo ihlasela i-chomg encane lapho abazali bayo bebashiya. Ukushintsha amazinga wamanzi kungenye isizathu sokulahleka kwenzalo. Ngokwezifundo ezahlukahlukene e-UK, ezwekazini lase-Europe naseRussia, kusuka ku-2.1 kuya ku-2.6 cubs kuwela ku-clutch ngayinye. Amanye amachwane afa yindlala ngoba alahlekelwa ukuthinta inyoni yomzali. Izimo zezulu ezingezinhle nazo zinomthelela omubi enanini lamachwane asindayo.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ukuvikelwa kwe-chomga ngekhulu le-19 kwaba umgomo oyinhloko weBritish Association for the Protection of Izilwane. Amapayipi aminyene, acwebezelayo wesifuba nesisu ayesetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezemfashini. Abaqambi bemfashini bamenzela izingcezu zekhola, izigqoko nezihlanganisi. Ngenxa yemizamo yokuvikela i-RSPB, le nhlobo igcinwe e-UK.
Njengoba izinhlanzi zingumthombo oyinhloko wokudla we-chomga, abantu bebelokhu bekulandela. Usongo olukhulu kakhulu luvela kubathandi bezokudoba, abazingeli kanye nabathandi bezemidlalo bamanzi abavakashela ngokuningana amachibi amancane nezindawo zabo ezisogwini, ngakho inyoni, yize ilondolozwa izindawo zemvelo, iya ngokuya ingavamile.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: Duck Chomga
Ngemuva kokuthi inani le-chomgas lehlile ngenxa yokungenelela kokuzingela kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, kwathathwa izinyathelo zokunciphisa ukuzingela kwabo, futhi nokwanda okukhulu kwesibalo sabantu kuchaziwe kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubuka kuyikhulise kakhulu indawo yayo. Ukwanda kwamanani nokwanda kwensiza kungenxa yokutholakala kwamanzi ngokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi zomzimba futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukulethwa kokudla okungcono, ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi ezimhlophe. Ukwakhiwa kwamachibi ezinhlanzi kanye namachibi nawo kube nomthelela.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Inani labantu eYurophu lisuka kuma-300,000 laya kuma-450,000 ngokuzalanisa izithombo. Inani elikhulu kunazo zonke labantu likhona engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia, lapho kutholakala khona izimbotshana ezingama-90,000 kuya kwezingu-150,000. Amazwe anezimbiwa ezingaphezulu kuka-15,000 zokuzalela yiFinland, iLithuania, iPoland, iRomania, iSweden ne-Ukraine. ECentral Europe, kuboshwe phakathi kwama-63,000 kuya kuma-90,000 amabhulukwe okuzala.
AmaChomg abekade azingelwa ngokudla eNew Zealand namaplamu eBrithani. Azisongelwa ngokuzingela, kepha zingasongelwa yimithelela eyenziwe ngabantu, kufaka phakathi ukuguqula amachibi, ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha, ukuvela kwabaqhudelana, ukubukeka kwabazingeli, amanethi okudoba, ukuchitheka kawoyela nomkhuhlane wezinyoni. Kodwa-ke, njengamanje, ngokwe-IUCN, banesimo sokulondolozwa kwendalo, okuyinto engathandabuzekiyo.
Chomga enye yezinhlobo zezilwane ezizothinteka kakhulu ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Iqembu lokucwaninga elifunda ukusatshalaliswa kwezinyoni zezidleke zaseYurophu ngokusekelwe kumamodeli wesimo sezulu lilinganisela ukuthi indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo izoshintsha kakhulu ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-21. Ngokuhambisana nalesi sibikezelo, indawo yokusabalalisa izokwehla cishe ingxenye yesithathu futhi ngasikhathi sinye iya enyakatho-mpumalanga. Izindawo zokusabalalisa ezingaba khona esikhathini esizayo zifaka i-Kola Peninsula, ingxenye esenyakatho nentshonalanga yeRussia.