Ngenhla: Izicucu ze-Aldiomedes angustirostris; ngezansi: skull ye-albatross Phoebastria nigripes, elinye lamalungu amancane omndeni.
UJean-Claude Stahl / Te Papa
Ama-Paleontologists achaze uhlobo olusha nohlobo lwe-albatrosses olwahlala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-3-3,4 edlule eNew Zealand, ngokusho kweNew Zealand, ngokusho kweNew Zealand. I-International Journal yesayensi ye-Avian. Wayeyilungu lomndeni eliphila kunabo bonke, futhi ekwahluleni ngesimo somlomo wakhe, wayezingela izinhlanzi ikakhulu. Akwaziwa ukuthi kungani efa ngaphandle. Njengoba abacwaningi besikisela, wayengeke akwazi ukumelana nomncintiswano nezinye izilwane zasolwandle.
Manje izinhlobo ezine zezinyoni zihlukaniswa emndenini wama-albatross, iningi lawo elihlala eSouth Hemisphere. Lezi yizinyoni zasolwandle ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi ezixhaphaza ama-cephalopods, ukuya kwinhlanzi encane kanye nama-crustaceans, yize zingadla i-carrion ne-zooplankton. Izinhlobo ezihlukile kanye neningi lama-albatross linemikhuba yazo yokudla, amanye adla kuma-cephalopods, amanye ikakhulukazi kuma-crustaceans noma izinhlanzi. Ama-Albatross anomqondo okhule kahle wephunga, eliwavumela ukuba afune inyamazane ngephunga. Abamele abakhulu bomndeni, ama-albatrosses asezingeni eliphansi naseningizimu, anamaphiko amamitha ayi-3.7 (lokhu kungumbhalo ophelele phakathi kwezinyoni zesimanje), futhi isisindo sawo singafinyelela kumakhilogremu ayi-11. Ama-albatross amancane kunawo wonke, anephunga elimnyama nezinyawo ezimnyama anesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-2,4- 32.4, kanti amaphiko awo afinyelela amamitha amabili.
Izinsalela ze-albatrosses ezindala kakhulu, Ukuzithoba kukaMurunkusatholakala e-Uzbekistan endaweni yaseMiddle Eocene (eminyakeni engama-37-47 ezigidi edlule). Kodwa-ke, le nyoni ibingafani nabameli banamuhla bomndeni, futhi ukuba khona kwayo eqenjini kuyangabaza. Enye inyoni Tydea septentrionalis, owayephila ekuqaleni kwe-Oligocene eminyakeni engama-30-31 yezigidi edlule, vele ubizwa ngokuthi yi-albatrosses. Ngobukhulu, ifana ne-albatross yesimanje enamakhanda amnyama, efinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-80-95, kanti amaphiko ayo ngamamitha ayi-2-2,5. Kwi-Middle Miocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-12-15 eyedlule), leli qembu laqala ukuhlukaniswa ngohlu lwezikhathi ezine zanamuhla. Lokhu kufakazelwa yizinsalela zezinyoni zohlobo I-Phoebastria nohlobo lwe-albatrosses (I-Diomedea) etholakala eCalifornia nase Oregon, ngokulandelana.
Izazi ze-Paleontologists uGerald Mayr weMnyuziyamu waseZenckenberg eFrankfurt no-Alan J. D. Tennison weMnyuziyamu waseNew Zealand bachaza uhlobo olusha nezinhlobo zama-albatrosses ahlala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-3,4,4 eyedlule eNew Zealand. Isikhumba sakhe esicishe sagcwala satholakala ku-Tangahoe Formation ngonyaka ka-2011.
Aldiomedes angustirostris, njengoba le nyoni yabizwa ngayo, yayiyincane kunawo wonke ama-albatross wesimanje. Ubude besigaxa sakhe sasingamaphesenti angama-90 wobudebe besikhumba samalungu amancane kakhulu omndeni, obhemayo u-albatross (I-Phoebetria). I-albatross yasendulo yayingafani nezanamuhla hhayi ngosayizi kuphela. Wayenomlomo omncane omncane ngokungafaniyo nemilomo yezinyoni zasolwandle ezazizingela izinhlanzi ezisesimweni. Ukudla kwezinhlobo eziningi zesimanje kuqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-cephalopods.
Kungani I-A.angustirostris wanyamalala, umuntu angaqagela nje. "Kungenzeka ukuthi ngesikhathi sePliocene, babehlala ezimotweni ezifana nezasolwandle, njengama-gannetwhales kanye nama-cormorants, ekugcineni bazinikela," kusho uHerald Mayr. "Kodwa-ke, ukuze kuhlolwe lo mbono, kuyadingeka izicucu ezengeziwe zezinyoni zangalesosikhathi."
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ama-albatross akuyona kuphela abanikazi bamaphiko amakhulu kakhulu phakathi kwezinyoni. Inyoni yasendle endala kunayo yonke, insikazi ye-albatross enomhlana obumnyama yabizwa ngokuthi i-Wisdom, yaqanjwa iqanda cishe ngonyaka we-1951, futhi yadlwengulwa ngo-1956. Ngonyaka odlule, inyoni eneminyaka engama-68 yaphinde yabeka iqanda.
Ukuhlaselwa
Ama-mosque akhethelwe lokhu kuhlasela ayengekude komunye nomunye. Lokhu kuhlasela kuqale cishe ngasikhathi sinye - e-Al-Nur Mosque eDeans Avenue ngasikhathi esingu-13: 40 (3:40 isikhathi saseMoscow), naseLynwood Masjid - ngabo-13: 45. Kwakunomhlaseli oyedwa kuphela mosque ngamunye, namaphoyisa abopha owesilisa egqoke umfaniswano eduze kwesikole nomunye wesifazane.
Isithombe: AP / TASS
Imininingwane eminingi iyaziwa ngokuhlaselwa kwe-Al-Nur, eyabulala abantu abangama-30. Umhlaseli - umhlophe - waqala ukudubula ngaphandle: la madoda amabili emi emnyango, kwathi ngemuva - eqeda ngentambo yomunye wawo, owayezama ukukhamba, wangena ngaphakathi, lapho wavula khona ngokudubula okungafanele. Izivakashi eziya mosque zifihlekile zididekile emakhoneni, omunye wazo, engenazo izikhali, wagxumela emcibisholo osendaweni eyakhiwe, kodwa akuzange kusize lokho.Ukuhlasela kuthathe imizuzu engaba yisithupha, lapho ekwazi ukubuyela emotweni kube nje eyolanda amabhokisi amasha.
Le ndoda iboshwe ngemuva kokuhlaselwa: umshayeli owayedlula edubula i-video yokuthi wabekwa kanjani phansi ngamaphoyisa. Kuyaziwa ukuthi vele ubhekene necala lokubulala, kusasa uzovela enkantolo.
Okuncane kuyaziwa ngokuhlaselwa kwesibili - umhlaseli wafika eSubaru yesiliva, kudutshulwe cishe khona amashumi amabili kule ndawo, kwathi amaSulumane ahlala kule ndawo amelana nawo futhi abuya nomlilo. Ngokwemibiko yakamuva, babalelwa ku-10 abantu ababulewe ngalokhu kuhlaselwa.
Izisusa
Abezindaba bathola igama lomhlaseli - lo ngumuntu oneminyaka engu-28 wase-Australia Isilinganiselo seBrenton, muva nje, ngokusho kweziphathimandla, bathuthele eNew Zealand. Ngaphambi nje kwalokhu kuhlasela, wathumela isithombe esinamakhasi angama-74 lapho ayekhuluma khona ngenzondo yenqubomgomo yezamasiko kanye nabafuduki, waphinde wazibiza ngokuthi “yi-ethno-nationalist and eco-fascist,” futhi isenzo sakhe kwakuwukuhlasela kwamaphekula.
Kuma-manifesto we-katekisimu, uTarrant uphendule imibuzo yakhe, ngasikhathi sinye ebhekisa kwizikhumbuzo ezazisakazekele emibuthanweni efanele. Ukwenza isibonelo, wazibiza ngokuthi “umchithi wama-kebabs” (okuyinkomba yokuqothulwa kohlanga kwaseBosnia ngo-1995), ihlaya lakhe labizwa nge-African American Candice Owens, owasekela ngokukhululekile amaRepublican (“Ngaso sonke isambulo, isifiso sobudlova kimi sahlula ukuthobeka”), kanye ubizele ukubhalisela enye ye-youtuber PewDiePie enkulu, ebikade isolwa ngokuxhasa ilungelo. "Dala, thumela, bese usabalalisa ama-memes. Bakwenzele kakhulu ubuzwe — kunanoma yiluphi uhlobo, ”kubhale yena.
Uzimele kusuka ekusakazweni kweBrenton Tarrant ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi
Ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa, wasakaza bukhoma kwi-Intanethi, futhi yize i-Facebook, Instagram ne-Twitter zisuse ngokushesha ama-akhawunti akhe, ukulayisha kabusha ukuqoshwa kusatholakala kwiWebhu. Uqale ukusakaza ngamagama athi “Masiqhubeke iqembu” ngenkathi eshayela emotweni ehambisana nengoma yokusakaza iSerbia eqinile, esihlalweni esingaphambili nasesiqwini wayephethe izibhamu eziningana ezazilayishe, ezazipendwe ngokubhaliwe. Umhlaseli uqobo wayegqoke umfaniswano.
Izintatheli zeDaily Sabah zitadishe okubhalwe phansi ezenzweni - ngaphezu kwesiqubulo esithi "Nangu, isivumelwano ngabantu abathutha" kanye "namagama ayi-14," uTarrant ubuye wabala lapho nezithombe zakhe okusolwa ngazo. Ikakhulu, kwakukhona amasosha aholela ekulweni noMbuso Wase-Ottoman (ngokwesibonelo, iqhawe lempi yaseTurkey-ne-Venetian yangekhulu le-17, uBayo Pivlyanin kanye nommeli waseRussia uDmitry Senyavin). UTarrant unaka abantu ayephila nabo - ngezibhamu, wabhala mayelana necala lase-Italy lokudubula abafuduki base-Afrika, uLuca Traini no-Alexander Bisonnett, abavulele ngomlilo mosque eQuebec.
Izithombe-skrini ezivela ku-akhawunti kaTrentant kaBrenton Tarrant
Manje sekubikwe ingozi enkulu ezweni lonke, wonke ama-mosque eNew Zealand avalelwe. Kuqale umbuso okhethekile eChristchurch kwaze kwahlwa: izikole bezivaliwe, izakhamizi zakule ndawo zacelwa ukuthi zingahambi ekhaya, kanti amaphoyisa asekhona. Kuyaziwa ukuthi bangobani abafileyo.
Enkulumweni yakhe, uNdunankulu waseNew Zealand, uJacinda Ardern, uphinde wabiza lesi sigameko ngokuthi ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula: "Ngingachaza ukuthi abahlaseli njengezishoshovu ezingekho indawo eNew Zealand kanti eqinisweni, kuleli zwe. Lokhu kuhlaselwa akwenzekanga ngoba sivumela ubandlululo futhi ukuqoqa okusahleliwe. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngoba simele umehluko. Siwumuzi walabo ababelana ngezindinganiso zethu, isiphephelo salabo abayidingayo. Futhi akukho kuhlaselwa kwamaphekula okuzocekela phansi lezi zisekelo. ”
I-Penguin inyoni eqabulayo!
Elinye lamaphuzu okufanele siwabone ohambweni lwethu oluya e-Argentina kwaba: ukubona amaphinifa eduze. Kunezindlela ezimbili zendabuko zalokhu: ukubhukelwa enhlonhlweni yaseValdes kanye nohambo olusuka e-Ushuaia. Kodwa-ke, ngoFebhuwari, iValdes ayisona isizini impela - ayikho imikhomo, futhi ngokunengqondo bekungasilungele neze. E-Ushuaia, bekukhona nezithiyo ezimbili: inani nohlelo. Noma ungahlehli esikebheni nhlobo (ukudabuka), noma uhambisane nenkampani kuphela evumela ukufika (ama-150US $ umuntu ngamunye, ungasondeli nakuma penguins).
Ngenxa yalokho, nganquma ukuthi ngamaphengwini sizoya edolobheni lasePuerto San Julian. Hhayi indawo yezivakashi, yokuba neqiniso. Uhambo luhlelwe yinkampani eyodwa. Nawu umkhumbi wethu:
Sekukonke, bekunabantu abayi-9 ababesesikebheni, kubonakala sengathi umuntu othile ubhalisele futhi indiza yesibili.
Ngenkathi uhamba ngesikebhe esiqhingini unamaphinifa, umuntu wayengabuka izilwane zasolwandle.
. amahlengethwa, namaphengwini ayaqhuma. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi bazithwebule izithombe, njengoba amahlengethwa ayeshesha kakhulu, futhi namaphiniphu ancipha isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba isikejana sisondele ngokwanele.
Kepha kusukela esikebheni ubonile ukubona komuzi (bobabili). Izindiza (izindiza zazisuselwa lapha ngesikhathi sempi kaMalvinas).
. kanye nemifanekiso yomkhumbi kaMagellan:
Ungagibela ugibele, kukhona imnyuziyamu encane, emuhle, kepha engeyona isithombe. Inani lezivakashi zakwamanye amazwe lingahlulelwa ukuthi umnakekeli ucele ukumthatha isithombe nathi. :) Kepha ngiphambukile esihlokweni. Ngakho-ke, safika esiqhingini:
Ngokushesha uzizwa njengomlingiswa ezincwadini zeJues Verne: esiqhingini, ihlathi lasendle, izinkulungwane zezinyoni ezingabesabi nhlobo abantu.
Kuliqiniso, kulokhu kufanele ubheke idolobha - liseduze kakhulu:
Amabhuqe ahamba kulesi siqhingi esidlekeni. NgoFebhuwari, ukukhula okuncane kungabonakala ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene zokuncibilika.
Ngaphezu kwamaphengwini, ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zihlala lapha:
Sasinesikhathi samahhala esiqhingini: ukaputeni kuphela wasicela ukuthi singayi kude.
Ungasondela kangakanani kuma-penguins? Yebo, yebo kunjalo:
Iningi lizolile kakhulu, kepha abanye, lapho bebona umuntu osondelayo, baqale ngokunikina amakhanda ngokuthukuthela.
Ngobucasha fihla ngekhono emagatsheni ezihlahla.
Ibhonasi engeziwe kwakuwukuvakashela amakoloni amabili e-cormorant.
Amawa ansundu ngaphansi kwamadolo awo awawona amadwala. Lokhu kungumthombo obaluleke kakhulu izimpi ezake zalwelwa - i-guano. Kuliqiniso, ungqimba lwawo lincane lapha, futhi iphunga alizange lizwakale ngokuphelele. Lapha asizange siye olwandle, kepha izinyoni zaziseduze ngokwanele.
Ekoloni lesibili, inani labantu lalincane kakhulu. Uhlobo oluhlukile nje lwe-cormorant.
Enye into enkulu yalolu hambo yintengo: sanikela cishe ngamadola ayi-110 ngamakhulu amahlanu. Futhi ntambama sihambe ngezinyawo ngasogwini ngomgwaqo omnandi ngokuphelele, kodwa ngaphezulu kulokho okulandelayo.
I-Pischa
IPisukha iyinyoni encane kusukela ku-oda kaPasseriformes, omele
mfokaPhumukh. Engxenyeni engenhla yomzimba, amapayipi ahlukahlukene, umsila ubomvu, kanti isisu simhlophe ngombala. Izimpaphe zomsila omude futhi zilukhuni ziyamsiza ukuba aqhubeke eqondile phezu kwesiqu sesihlahla. Uqhwaku mude, futhi lugobile. Ukudla kufakiwe esigabeni sezinyoni ezivamile emahlathini ethu, kodwa akuwona wonke amabanga abamba iso.
I-Pika iyinyoni ebukeka kabi. Ngenxa yombala weplamu, yena uqobo
ihlangana negxolo lezihlahla zehlathi. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncane, le nyoni kufanele idle kusukela ekuseni kuze kube kusihlwa, ngakho-ke ihlala ihambahamba futhi ifuna ukudla.
Indlela yokuhamba esiqwini sepika isikhumbuza kakhulu ukubamba okuthile. Kepha munye
umehluko obalulekile - isebenza kuphela kusukela ezansi kuya phezulu. Ukufika
omunye umuthi wokudla, lesi sidalwa esinemibala siyakubamba
womhlaba uqobo futhi uqala uhambo lwawo olusheshayo lubheke phezulu. Futhi ngakho ngaphandle kokuma. Kepha akathandi ikakhulukazi ukundiza.
Isikhathi sokuqala ngibone i-pika kwaba ngo-December 28, 2018. Yebo, yebo, kunjalo impela, ngiyawukhumbula lo mhlangano kuze kube manje, ngoba isithombe sakhe sokuqala safakwa emgomweni wami wezinyoni "wezithombe-zebestov". Ngokusobala, nami bengimthanda, ngakho-ke kusukela ngaleso sikhathi i-pika yahlangana njalo emehlweni ami. Kuyahlekisa, kepha imvamisa le nyoni iyakwazi ukubona ngokunembile ngombono we-peripheral. Ngoba, ngenxa yobungcweti bokufihliza, uyakubona ngokwengeziwe ukunyakaza, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekhoneni lamehlo.
Futhi, isigamu sezithombe asihambanga kahle ngesikhathi sokulayishwa
Zaryanka
Le nyoni enhle inamagama amaningana. Umhlaba umazi njengentathakusa, irobhothi, ukusa, kokusa. Kodwa ngesizathu esithile ngithanda ama-zaryanka kuphela.
IZaryanka inyoni encane, engaba ngu-14 cm. Isisindo somuntu omdala singama-gramu ayi-15 kuphela, amaphiko asuka ku-17 kuya ku-20 cm.
Izimpaphe zithambile futhi zithambile, azinamatheli emzimbeni, yingakho i-zaryanka ibukeka iyindilinga impela futhi ifudumele, njengelendle. Le nyoni inemilenze emide eqinile, igxuma ngokushesha emhlabathini. Inyoni ngokwayo ingwevu, ibunzi, umphimbo, isifuba nengxenye yekhanda kungololintshi, kanti isisu simhlophe.
Ngokokuqala ngqa ngathola i-zaryanka entwasahlobo ebandayo ka-2017. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kungabi yiqhwa, kwakudingeka ngihambe kakhulu ehlathini. Ngenxa yalokho engake ngathola khona leli bhola elibushelelezi, elinamahlwili lihleli egatsheni. Ngendlela, ama-zaryanki abekezela ngabangaphandle, futhi kwesinye isikhathi angathwebula kahle eduze. Zitholakala kulo lonke leli hlathi kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Okthoba.
UZaryanka unezwi elithandekayo futhi uhlabelela kusukela ekuntweleni (yingakho igama) kuze kuhlwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu bobabili ubulili bayacula, okuyinto engajwayelekile kumakhwaya ezingoma. Kanye ne-bluethroat ne-reed-badger, uphakathi kwabalandeli abathathu bezingoma zakhe - usabela ngokuqinile ocingweni oluvela ocingweni. Ngesikhathi sonyaka, ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphansi kwalesi simbozo somsindo, ngakwazi ukusondela kuma-zaryanik endaweni ebangeni elingenalutho, ebangeni eliphakeme ngamamitha ayi-2. Ngasikhathi sinye, babelalela “mina” ngokucophelela, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa, futhi babephendula ngokunqamula. Uthini, imikhuba emihle, hhayi njengokuxhashazwa kwe-Nightingale.
Lo nyaka ngiqale ukuhlangana ne-zaryanka ngokoqobo kosuku lwayizolo, yingakho nginqume ukuyibhala.
Ezithombeni ezi-4 zokugcina, kunentsha.
Inyoni yasendle endala kunazo zonke ebanjwe inyathi
Ekupheleni konyaka ophelile, sakhuluma ngenyoni yasendle endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni, intokazi eneminyaka engu-68 ubudala ene-albatross enobala omnyama okwathiwa yi-Wizdom: ngoDisemba, akazange abuyele kuphela endaweni yezidleke, kodwa futhi wabeka iqanda. Njengoba kwenzeka, konke kuhamba kahle emndenini we-albatross: manje ososayensi sebethole inyuku ebanjiwe. Ngokwezibalo zabo, lokhu kungenzeka kube yi "Wizdom" yengane engu-37.
Izingxoxo zeChatham Albatross
Esithombeni, amaphuphu ama-Chatham albatrosses (Thalassarche eremita) ahlala ezidlekeni, ngaphezulu njengemigqomo noma izimbiza zobumba. Izakhiwo ezinjalo ezinkulu ezivela enhlabathini nakubumba zakhiwa ama-albatross amaningi aseningizimu. Zivame ukudlela ogwini olunamatshe angenalutho, lapho iqanda liba sengozini yokugcwala ngokweqile, noma lihlephuke ngaphandle “kokuma” kobumba. Kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane baphatha imvuthuluka yenhlabathi emihosheni yabo, imichilo yotshani nemango nokunye okuvela eduzane kwesidleke, bese beyayihlaba ngamawele abo. Umbhangqwana ungasebenzisa isidleke esifanayo iminyaka eminingi, usihlaziya futhi usakhe.
UChatham Albatross, njengabanye abamele uhlobo lweMollimauk, uvame kakhulu ngokwesilinganiso se-albatross. Izimpiko zayo azidluli ku-2.2 m, kuyilapho kumeleli omkhulu womndeni wama-albatross ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-3.5 - ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi enye inyoni ephilayo. Amaphiko amade anjalo ayadingeka ngama-albatrosses ohlobo olukhethekile lwendiza - okubizwa ngokuthi yiDynamic flying, lapho izinyoni zingakwazi ukwenza amaphiko isikhathi eside: lokhu kuzivumela ukumboza amabanga amakhulu ngamandla amancanyana futhi zingafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-85 km / h. U-Advocate Chatham albatrosses uchitha iningi lonyaka ezulazula engxenyeni eseningizimu yoLwandlekazi iPacific - ukusuka e-Australia kuye eChile, ekhetha indawo esePeruvia yamanje.
Kepha ukuthola izidleke, bonke abameleli balezi zinhlobo bahlala bebuyela esiqhingini esisodwa esinamadwala - The Pyramid, eseningizimu yesiqhingi sesiqhingi saseChatham, esisempumalanga yeNew Zealand. Lesi siqhingi siphila ngegama laso: simile impela, asinazitshalo eziluhlaza ezinamatshe, cishe nedwala elivamile.
Ukuzalaniswa kwe-Albatross kuqala ngo-Agasti kuya ku-Ephreli. Kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-70 ukuthi lo mbhangqwana ugxilise iqanda elilodwa. Ngesikhathi sokunakekela amaphuphu, izinyoni ezindala zihlala ngaphakathi kwamakhilomitha angama-300 esiqhingi, futhi zingazondli izinhlanzi kuphela, ama-squid, izinqolobane kanye ne-krill, kodwa futhi namafutha esisu, akhiqizwa esiswini sazo se-glandular. Le nto yokuhogela engemnandi nayo isebenza njenge-ejenti yokuvikela - ikakhulukazi amachwane, angahlaselwa ngama-skuas, ama-gull amakhulu nezinye izinyamazane.
Amabhuqa achitha izidleke izinyanga ezingaphezu kwezine, empeleni ngaphandle kokuzishiya. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuhanjelwa ngabazali ngokudla kuya ngokuya kungathandeki, kepha amaphuphu asebenzisa izinqolobane ezinqwabelene zamafutha: ngesikhathi sokudla kakhulu, eba nzima kunabazali bawo. Isambatho esinciphileyo sithathelwa indawo yizimpaphe, izinyoni ezincane ngezikhathi ezithile zelula amaphiko azo, bese kuthi ngolunye usuku oluhle zimane zibalekele olwandle oluvulekile bese ziqala ukuzondla.
Njengezinye iziqhingi eziningi ezisolwandle iPacific, iChatham Archipelago yaziwa ngokuqoqwa kwayo kwezinyoni ezingafani nhlobo, ezingatholakali lapho. Cishe bonke bathinteka kakhulu ngemuva kokuba iziqhingi ziqale ukuthuthukisa abantu ngentshiseko. Ezinye izinhlobo, ezinjenge-Chatham's petroetics (Petroica traversi), zasindiswa ekuqothulweni, ezinye - phakathi kwazo i-Chatham penguin (Eudyptes chathamensis) - yanyamalala ngokuphelele. Indawo yokuhlala kwezinhlobo eziningi zeziqhingi incane kakhulu ngoba izithintelo zamanzi amakhulu azinakufinyeleleka kuzo. I-Albatrosses iyicala elihluke ngokuphelele: lezi zinyoni, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zingcono kunomunye umuntu ngokundiza phezu kolwandle olwandle. Kodwa-ke, i-oda le-petrel-shaped, noma i-tubular-nosed, okuyi-albatrosses okungokwayo, libhekwe ngezinga eliphakeme le-philopathy (kusuka kwelesiGrikhi elithi "uthando ngezwe" - ukunamathela endaweni yokuzalwa.
Chatham Albatross esidlekeni seqanda esisodwa. Isithombe esivela ku-nzbirdsonline.org.nz
AbakwaChatham albatrosses baqala ukuzalanisa ngonyaka wesithupha wesikhombisa wokuphila, futhi ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi bathola ngokungangabazeki leso siqhingi esincane lapho nabo uqobo bazalelwa khona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kulula: lapho amadlozi akho ahlala khona, ungazithola usungazala, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, kungenzeka kube nezinye izinyoni esiqhingini ezikulungele ukuhlangana. Ngale ndlela, amandla we-albatrosses enza impilo futhi ahlangane emjikelezweni olandelayo wokuzalela. Kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yokunamathiselwa okunjalo kumasayithi okuzalela, ukuhlala kabusha kuhamba kancane. Futhi uma bonke abantu abazalisayo begxile endaweni encane yogu, khona-ke inkathi eyodwa embi ingathinta kakhulu ikusasa lazo zonke izinhlobo.
Lokhu sekwenzekile ngeChatham albatross: ngonyaka ka-1985, isivunguvungu esinamandla sabangela ukulimala okukhulu enhlabathini nasezimila zalesi siqhingi, okunciphise kakhulu impumelelo yokuzalaniswa. Futhi ukukhula kwesibalo se-albatross kuhamba kancane kakhulu: izinyoni zizalela njalo eminyakeni emibili futhi zibekela iqanda elilodwa. Kuthathe iminyaka engaphezu kwe-15 ukubuyisa inani labantu, kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-2000s, inani labantu abahlala kulo lisahlala likhona noma lingaphansi kakhulu - cishe izinyoni eziyinkulungwane eziyi-16, zazo ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-11 ezihilelekile ekuzaleni. Ukuqhathanisa, inani lezidleke zabaningi kakhulu ama-albatrosses - amnyama-backed (Phoebastria immutabilis) - linamabili angaphezu kwesigamu sesigidi. Kepha isibalo sabo manje, yeha, siyancipha.
Izinga eliphakeme le-philopathy lingasiza futhi ekuveleni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane. Kungenzeka ukuthi kwakunguye owadlala indima ehlukanisayo ekuhlukaniseni i-Chatham albatross kanye nezinhlobo ezimbili eziseduze - i-albatross emhlophe eboshwe kanye ne-albatross ye-albatross. Lezi zinhlobo zazinenhlanhla enkulu kuneChatham Albatross: inani lazo laliphakeme kaningana, futhi amakoloni ambalwa okuzala ayaziwa yilowo nalowo. Kuze kube manje, zonke lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zihlala zifana kakhulu kangangokuba kuze kube muva nje bekucatshangwa ukuthi ziyizinhlobo ezincanyana, kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziya kwe-DNA kuqinisekisa isimo sezilwane ezizimele salelo nalelo fomu, yize kungenzeka ukuthi basitholile esikhathini esedlule esedlule.
Ikoloni “elingelona elenzelwe” laseChatham albatrosses endaweni evikelwe ugu lweChannelham Island. Amathoyizi Downy asuka koloni aya eziqhingini zasePyramid asondelene nezinhlobo zezinyoni ezindala, ezifaka isandla ekubambeni ukubukeka kwezinhlobo zazo. Izithombe ezivela taiko.org.nz
Namuhla, ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke kulungiselela izivivinyo ezintsha zezinyoni zezifunda: ikakhulukazi, manje sekukhona izivunguvungu ezingaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakoloni asolwandle avame ukuhlupheka ngamagundane nezinye izinhlobo zomzimba ezilethwa ngabantu, kanye nokuqoqwa kwamaqanda okungekho emthethweni. Ukuvikela i-albham ye-Chatham, abagcini bezokulondolozwa eNew Zealand, abahlanganiswe yiTaiko Trust yasendaweni, benza umsebenzi oncomekayo. Njengoba ama-albatross angafuni ukuzixazululela wona, azitholele ikoloni elisha, elenzelwe ukwenziwa.
Ngesikhathi sephrojekthi enkulu yokudluliselwa kwe-Albatross, amachwane angaphezu kwama-300 angaphansi kwe-Chatham albatross adluliselwa endaweni evikelekile futhi ebiyelwe ogwini olusentshonalanga yeChannelham Island, enkulu kunazo zonke eziqhingini zeziqhingi. Lapha kwakudingeka izimbiza zangempela zezimbali - zilingisa ngokuphelele izidleke zemvelo ze-albatrosses.
Amawadi wokugcina amachwane we-Chatham albatross athuthelwa endaweni yawo endaweni entsha esiQhingini saseChatham, ngaphambi nje kokusuka esidlekeni. Emuva yimodeli yenyoni endala. Izithombe ezivela taiko.org.nz
Ngemuva kokuhamba, ibutho lonke lamavolontiya londla amantshontsho lawo ngenhlanganisela yezinhlanzi kanye nama-squid. Kuleminyaka lesihlanu lephrojekthi - kusukela nga-2014 kuya ku-2018 - amachwane adinga amathani angaphezu kuka-18 wokudla! Futhi ngo-Ephreli 2018, i-albatross yokugcina yashiya isidleke sayo sokwakha. Ngonyaka olandelayo, izinyoni ezineminyaka eyisithupha ubudala, sezikhumbule indawo yaleli koloni elisha, sezingabuya futhi bese ziqala ukuzitika ngokoqobo. Le ndlela yokuhlala kabusha ihlolwe ngempumelelo kwezinye izinhlobo zama-albatross.
Kunezingozi eziningi ezilindele i-albatross ohambweni olude. Njengezinye izinyoni zasolwandle, ama-albatross ahambisana nemikhumbi yokudoba ngokuzithandela, edla olwandle oluphonswe olwandle. Imvamisa bafa ngenxa yokubanjiswa emanetheni okudoba (bheka iGillnetting) noma ukubamba izingwegwe zesikhwanyana zokudoba ngama-longline (bona futhi nokudoba iLongline). Ukulungiswa kwale ndlela yokudoba kusiza ukunciphisa kakhulu ukulimala - amadivaysi adonsayo, izimbiza ezikhethekile ezifaka ekujuleni okungafinyeleleki ezinyoni, kanye nokudoba ebumnyameni lapho izinyoni zingasebenzi. Ngeshwa, lezi zinyathelo azikaze zisetshenziswe yonke indawo, futhi ama-albatrosses angaphezu kuka-8,000, kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zasolwandle nezimfudu, ziyafa minyaka yonke ngenxa yokudoba nge-longline.
Ama-albatross futhi anezitha zemvelo - imikhomo ebulala, oshaka, amabhubesi olwandle nezingwe zolwandle. Ama-Albatrosses asengozini kakhulu eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila: ngokwesilinganiso, kuphela yi-10-20% yezinyoni ezisinda ekuvuthweni. Ezinyoni ezindala, ukufa kwabantu ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo kuyinto encane, futhi isikhathi sokuphila kwama-albatrosses sifinyelela eminyakeni engama-50 nangaphezulu - lokhu kunxephezela izinga eliphansi lokuzala. Sethemba ukuthi imizamo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo izosiza abakwaChatham albatross basuke emgqeni oyingozi lapho iningi labazalwane bakhe besondele khona.
Ungeniswa ehholo futhi ubekwe phambi kwekhamera. Lowo owabonakala njengesilo, kuvela ukuthi, akamude. Futhi uzama amahloni kanjani ukukhuluma nejaji. Le yi-Australia Brenton Tarrant. Owayengowokudabuka kuleli qembu, ungumuntu omhlophe ojwayelekile - le yindlela akhuluma ngayo uqobo.
Mashi 15, 13:30. UTarrant uqala ukusakazwa bukhoma. Kuqala, iculo laseSerbia lezikhathi zempi eYugoslavia lizwakala, imashi lamaGrenadier aseBrithani selivele liphambi kwestishi. Ngalesi sikhathi, abahambisana naye, nabo manje abasesitokisini, badubula enye mosque.
imizuzu emihlanu - 50 efile. Ukuphamba, ingabe wethukile ngempela? Kepha, ehleli ngemuva kwesondo, uzokuchaza ngalendlela: "Bengimatasatasa kakhulu, bekungekho ndlela yokuhlosa okujwayelekile, bekukhona imigomo eminingi." Futhi uqhubeke nokudubula usuka emotweni. Kuze kube yilapho amaphoyisa eya kuyo inqama ayibeka ubuso ku-asphalt. Esiqwini sizothola amadivaysi aqhumayo athuthukayo.
Ukuqhuma kanye nokuduma okuqhamuka edolobheni elithule laseChristchurch kuzobabaza iNew Zealand, nangaphezulu kwawo wonke umhlaba. Ngubani uBrenton Tarrant? Lo mbuzo uzoholela ngokushesha egameni lomunye amaphekula - u-Anders Breivik.
UBreivik wabulala labo ababememezela ukuthi izwe lingavulelekile. UTarrant uhlasele ama-mosque. Futhi ukufana nje kusaqala. UTarrant ushicilele i-manifesto kwiWebhu, njengoBreivik eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili edlule. Amakhasi angama-74 avela e-Australia - lokhu kungaphansi kwezikhathi ezingama-20 kuneNorway. Kepha amagama akhona afanayo: ukuzibulala ngamasiko, ukuqothulwa kwabantu kanye nokunye, ngombono wabo bobabili amaphekula, manje sekwenzeka nempucuko yaseNtshonalanga. Ubhale ukuthi konke lokhu kwenzelwa ukuba khona kwabantu bakithi nekusasa lezingane ezimhlophe.
UTarrant uzibuze imibuzo manifesto - UBreivik wasebenzisa indlela efanayo. Kuwo lo myalezo, uphendule lo mbuzo: kungani enqume ukuhlasela ama-mosque eNew Zealand, lapho amaSulumane akha khona okungaphansi kwephesenti?
Isilinganiselo seBrenton"Ukuhlasela okwenziwa eNew Zealand kuzobhekisisa ukuhlaselwa kwempucuko yethu nokuyindawo ephephe emhlabeni."
Futhi manje ngengxenye emnandi. “Ngibe nengxoxo emfushane noBreivik. Ubusise umsebenzi wami ngemuva kokuxhumana nabantu bakhe, ”kubhala uTarrant.
Ngenkathi uBrivik ezanywa, waphikisana: ngemuva kwakhe kumi inhlangano eyimfihlo ye-"templars" entsha. Noma eqamba amanga, kubonakala sengathi ukwazile ukuqasha i-novice ejele.
UGeir Lippestad, owayengummeli kaBreivik: “Ngithole iphakethe eligcwele amaswidi nezinhlamvu ezinhle. Lokhu akukhona okwami, kodwa ngenzelwe uBreivik kubangani bakhe abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba. ”
Kepha kungenzeka yini ukuthi kungabikho muntu ohlola okuqukethwe yilezi zincwadi nokuhlasela kwamaphekula eNew Zealand nakho ukungazwisisi kahle kwezinsizakalo ezikhethekile zaseNorway?
Kuneziphetho ezimbili, zombili ezivinjelwe ngokuphelele. Okokuqala: amaphekula awanabo ubuzwe futhi angakhuleka konkulunkulu abahluke ngokuphelele. Owesibili: umhlaba wethu ubukeka ufana nendlu yengilazi entekenteke lapho kufanele ungagibeli ngamatshe umakhelwane ngamatshe. Ubani, kuphi futhi nini impendulo ezolandela ukudubula kwabantu abaningi eChristchurch, manje akekho noyedwa ozifisayo.