Ichibi - Ingxenye ye-hydrosphere, okuwumzimba owenzeka ngokwemvelo, ogcwele ngaphakathi esitsheni sechibi (embhedeni echibi) ngamanzi futhi ungaxhunyiwe ngqo olwandle (olwandle). Amachibi ayisihloko sokutadisha isayensi ye-limnology. Sekukonke, kunamachibi acishe abe yizigidi ezi-5 emhlabeni.

Ngokombono wokubuka komhlaba, leli chibi liyinto ezinzile ngesikhathi nasendaweni, ligcwele into esigabeni soketshezi, ubukhulu bawo buba nendawo ephakathi nolwandle echibini.

Ngokombono wokubukwa kwesimo, ichibi lingukudangala okuvaliwe komhlaba, lapho kungena khona amanzi futhi anqwabelana. Amachibi awayona ingxenye yolwandle.

Noma ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali lwamachibi kuhlala njalo isikhathi eside, ngokungafani nomfula, into egcwaliswayo iyabuyekezwa kaningi, futhi imisinga ekhona kuyo akuyona into eyonquma ukubusa kwayo. Amachibi alawula ukugeleza kwemifula, agcine amanzi angenalutho emigodini yawo futhi awanikeze ngezinye izikhathi. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka emanzini amachibi. Ezinye izinto zidlula zisuka emanzini ziye kolwandle, kanti ezinye - okuphambene nalokho. Ezichibini eziningi zamachibi, ikakhulukazi ngaphandle kokudonsa amanzi, ukugcwala kosawoti kuyanda ngenxa yokuhanjiswa kwamanzi. Umphumela uba ushintsho olukhulu ekubunjweni kukasawoti nokwasawoti wamachibi. Ngenxa yokugcwala okukhulu kwesisindo samanzi, amachibi amakhulu athambisa isimo sezulu kanye nokushisa kwezindawo eziseduzane, kunciphisa ukuguquguquka konyaka nonyaka kwezakhi zezulu.

Ukwakheka, ubungako kanye ne-topography yangaphansi kwezichibi zamachibi kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokuqongelelwa kwezihlabathi zangaphansi. Ukweqa amachibi kudala ukuguquguquka komhlaba okusha, okucaba noma okukhona okugqamile. Amachibi, futhi ikakhulukazi amadamu okugcina amanzi, kuvame ukudala isikebhe samanzi asemuva komhlaba esibangela ukugcwala komhlaba wezindawo eziseduzane. Njengomphumela wokuqongelela okuqhubekayo kwezinhlayiya ze-organic kanye namaminerali kumachibi, kwakhiwa umugqa obukhulu wokudonsela phansi. Lama diphozithi aguqulwa ngokuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe kwezindawo zokugcina kanye nokuguqulwa kwazo kube ngamaxhaphozi noma umhlaba. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ziguqulwa zaba ngamadwala ezinemvelo eziphilayo.

Amachibi e-Tectonic: izici, izibonelo

Amachibi e-Tectonic yizidumbu zamanzi ezakhiwa ezindaweni zamaphutha nasekuguqukeni komhlaba wokuqothuka komhlaba.

Umdwebo 1. Amachibi eTectonic. Author24 - Ukushintshaniswa online kwemisebenzi yabafundi

Ngokuyisisekelo, lezi zinto zimincane futhi zijulile, futhi futhi ziyahlukahluka emabhange aqondile, aqinile. Amachibi anjalo akhiwe ikakhulu ekujuleni kwama-gorges. Amachibi e-tectonic aseRussia (izibonelo: UDalnee noKurilskoe eKamchatka) baboniswa phansi okuphansi. Ngakho-ke, isiqiwu saseKurilskoye sigeleza engxenyeni eseningizimu yeKamchatka, esigodini esinemibala ejulile. Le ndawo izungezwe izintaba ngokuphelele. Ukujula okukhulu kwechibi kungamamitha angama-360, futhi inani elikhulu lemifudlana yezintaba ihlala yehla ivela emabhange. Kulesi sihlambi kugeleza uMfula i-Ozernaya, ogwini lapho kuvela khona iziphethu ezishisayo. Maphakathi nendawo yokugcina kuneziqhingi ezisesimweni sokuphakama okuncane okubizwa ngokuthi “itshe lenhliziyo”. Eduze kwechibi kunezindawo ezihlukile zokufaka ama-pumice okuthiwa i-Kutkhiny Bata. Namuhla, Ichibi laseKurilskoye lithathwa njengendawo yokubhuka futhi kuthiwa yisikhumbuzo sendalo semvelo.

Buza umbuzo kochwepheshe futhi uthole
phendula ngemizuzu engu-15!

Ngokuthabisisayo, amachibi e-tectonic atholakala kuphela kumashubhu wokuqhuma nakuma-craters aqothulayo. Amachibi anjalo avame ukutholakala emazweni aseYurophu. Isibonelo, amachibi aqhuma intaba-mlilo abonwa esifundeni i-Eifel (eJalimane), eduze nalapho kuboniswa khona ukubonakaliswa okubuthakathaka komsebenzi wentaba-mlilo ngendlela yeziphethu ezishisayo. I-crater egcwaliswe ngamanzi iyona hlobo oluvame kakhulu lwamachibi anjalo.

Ukwenza isibonelo, iCrater Lake yaseMazama Volcano e-Oregon yakhiwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyisi-6,5 edlule.

Ububanzi bayo bufika kumakhilomitha ayi-10 kanye nokujula okungaphezulu kwamamitha angama-589. Ingxenye yalesi sigodi yasungulwa ngezigodi zezintaba-mlilo lapho kuvinjelwa ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwe-lava, okugcina kuqoqe amanzi futhi kwakha ichibi. Ngale ndlela, kwaqhamuka indawo yokubeka iKivu, okuyindawo eyisikebhe yohlaka lwe-East African rift, olusemngceleni weZaire neRwanda. UMfula iRuzizi, ogeleza eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-7 edlule usuka eTanganyik, ugeleza udabula isigodi saseKivu uya ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, ubheke eNayile. Kepha kusukela kuleso sikhathi, isiteshi "sasivalwe" ngokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo eseduzane.

Iphrofayili engezansi yamachibi e-tectonic

Izindawo ezigcina umhlaba ze-tectonic zithole ukuphumula okuchazwe kahle, okuvezwe ngesimo sejika eliphukile.

Izinqubo ezitholakalayo kanye nokufakwa kwe-glacial emadimeni akuzange kube nomthelela omkhulu ekukhululekeni kwemigqa yesikebhe, kodwa ezimweni ezikhethekile eziningi ithonya lingabonakala kakhulu.

Amachibi we-glacial tectonic amachibi angaphansi angaphezulu ambozwe "izibazi" kanye "namabunzi enqama", ongabonakala ogwini olunamadwala naseziqhingini. Lezi zakamuva zakhiwa kakhulu edwaleni eliqinile, elingakwazi ukukuguguleka. Njengomphumela wale nqubo, izinga elincane lokuqongelela kwezulu lenzeka. Izimbumbulu ezifanayo ze-tectonic zaseRussia, izazi zokuma komhlaba zihlobene nezigaba: a = 2-4 kanye = 4-10. Umphezulu wamanzi ajulile (ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-10) wevolumu ifinyelela cishe ku-60-70%, angajulile (aze afike ku-5 m) - 15-20%. Amachibi anjalo abonakala ngamanzi ahlukahlukene ngokwezinkomba ezishisayo. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi lamanzi aphansi lihlala phakathi nesikhathi sokushisa komhlaba okuphezulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuma okuzinzile okushisayo. Imifino kulezi zindawo ayivelakancane, ngoba kungenzeka ukuyithola kuphela ogwini ezindaweni ezivaliwe.

Amachibi emvelaphi ye-tectonic

Isayensi yezifundo zamazimu Ngokwemvelaphi, ososayensi bahlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana, phakathi kwazo kukhona amachibi e-tectonic. Akhiwa njengomphumela wokuhamba kwamapuleti e-lithospheric kanye nokuvela kokudangala kokuqhuma komhlaba. Ngakho-ke kwakheka ichibi elijulile kakhulu emhlabeni - iBaikal nelikhulu kunazo zonke endaweni - uLwandle lweCaspian. Kuhlelo lwe-East African rift, kwavela iphutha elikhulu, lapho kwahlanganiswa khona amachibi amaningi:

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• Tanganyika,
• Albert
• Nyasa
• U-Edward,
• Ulwandle Olufile (liyichibi eliphansi kunawo wonke emhlabeni).

Ngokwesimo sazo, amachibi e-tectonic ayimizimba emincane kakhulu futhi enamanzi ajulile, onogquma abaziwayo. Phansi kwawo, njengomthetho, kutholakala ngaphansi kolwandle. Inonqenqemeni olucacile olufana nentambo egobekile egobekile. Imisuka yezimo ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba itholakala ezansi. Ugu lwamachibi e-tectonic ahlanganiswe namadwala aqinile, futhi angathinteka kalula ekuguguleni. Ngokwesilinganiso, indawo enamanzi ajulile amachibi alolu hlobo aze afike ku-70%, namanzi angajulile - hhayi ngaphezulu kwama-20%. Amanzi amachibi e-tectonic awafani, kepha ngokuvamile anezinga lokushisa eliphansi.

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Izici zokwakheka kwezidumbu zamanzi

Amanzi avela ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene. Abadali bawo bemvelo yile:

Phezu komhlaba, imicengezi ngokuvamile ihlanzwa ngamanzi. Ngenxa yesenzo somoya, kudalwa ingcindezi, kuthi emva kwalokho iqhwa liqhume umgodi, bese intaba iwa kancane kancane ilimaza isigodi somfula. Lokhu kwakha umbhede wesichibi esizayo.

Imvelaphi yechibi ihlukaniswe:

• amachibi emifula
• amachibi olwandle
• amachibi asezintabeni
• amachibi glacial
• amanzi edamu
• amachibi e-tectonic,
• amachibi amabi.

Amachibi e-Tectonic avela ngenxa yokugcwalisa imifantu encane ku-crust ngamanzi. Ngakho-ke, uLwandle lweCaspian, umzimba wamanzi amakhulu kunawo wonke eRussia nakuyo yonke iplanethi, lwakhiwa ngamashifu. Ngaphambi kokukhuphuka kogu lweCaucasus, uLwandle lweCaspian lwaluxhumeke ngqo noZimnyama. Esinye isibonelo esidabukisayo sokuqhekeka okukhulu komhlaba okomhlaba yisakhiwo seMpumalanga Afrika, esisuka esifundeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yezwekazi siye enyakatho siye empumalanga mpumalanga ye-Asia. Nalu uchungechunge lwamachibi we-tectonic. Abadume kakhulu yiTanganyika, Albert Edward, Nyasa. Kuhlelo olufanayo, ochwepheshe babandakanya uLwandle Olufile - ichibi eliphansi kakhulu le-tectonic emhlabeni.

Amachibi olwandle ayizixuxu nezichibi, ezitholakala ikakhulu ezindaweni ezisenyakatho zoLwandle i-Adriatic. Enye yezinto ezicacisiwe zezindawo zokugcina ezilahlekile ukunyamalala kwazo nokuvela kwazo ngendlela ehlelekile. Le nto yemvelo ixhomeke ngqo ekushintsheni okungafani kwamanzi omhlaba. Isibonelo esihle sale nto sibhekwa njengeLake Ertsov, etholakala eSouth Ossetia. Amachibi asezintabeni akhiwe ezigodini zomgogodla, futhi amachibi acwebezelayo avela lapho ubukhulu beqhwa le-perennial lisuswa.

Asitholanga mpendulo
embuzweni wakho?

Bhala nje lokho wena
usizo luyadingeka

Amachibi amakhulu kakhulu e-tectonic emhlabeni

Kunamachibi amakhulu futhi aphakathi nendawo e-tectonic echibini lomfula iSuna:

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• Randozero
• IPalle
• Salvilambi
• ISandalwood
• Sundozero.

Phakathi kwamachibi emvelaphi ye-tectonic yaseKyrgyzstan, umuntu kufanele aqambe igama elithi Son-Kul, Chatyr-Kul no-Issyk-Kul. Kukhona futhi amachibi ambalwa endaweni yeTrans-Ural Plain, eyakhiwe ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwe-tectonic kwegobolondo elinzima lomhlaba. Lezi ngu-Argayash noKaldy, uWelgi noTishki, uShablish noSukoyak. E-Asia, kusekhona amachibi ama-tectonic Kukulor, Khubsugul, Urmia, Biwa kanye noVan.

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EYurophu, futhi kunamachibi amaningi emvelaphi ye-tectonic. Lezi yiGeneva ne-Weettern, iComo neBoden, iBalaton neLago Maggiore. Phakathi kwamachibi aseMelika avela ku-tectonic, kufanele kukhulunywe ngamachibi amakhulu aseNyakatho Melika. I-Winnipeg, Athabasca neBig Bear Lake zingezinhlobo ezifanayo.

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Amachibi e-Tectonic atholakala emathafeni noma endaweni yemikhombe emaphakathi. Banokujula okukhulu nosayizi omkhulu. Ngenqubo yokwakhiwa kwezigodi zamachibi, akuwona kuphela umkhondo we-lithosphere obamba iqhaza, kepha futhi uphuka ekuqhekekeni komhlaba. Ngaphansi kwamachibi e-tectonic angaphansi kwezinga lolwandle. Lezi zindawo zokugcina zitholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi omhlaba, noma kunjalo, inani lazo elikhulu kakhulu litholakala ngokuqondile ekuqhekekeni kokuqhekeka komhlaba.

Ezinye izihloko ezihlobene

Isimangaliso eMfuleni i-Hangan
"Ukuthi ingane ibona, izwa futhi ihlangabezane nokuningi, lapho ifunda kakhulu, izici zomsebenzi wayo inolwazi kakhulu, izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezikhiqizayo, ezinye izinto ezilinganayo, kuzoba yi-TV yakhe.

Izisekelo zamalahle zokubaluleka kwaphakathi kwesifunda
Izwe lethu linezinsizakusebenza ezinkulu zamalahle, izinqolobane ezifakazelwe ezingama-11% omhlaba, kanye nezinsizakusebenza zezimboni (amathani ayizigidi eziyi-3.9) zikhulu emhlabeni, zibala ama-30% omhlaba. Imali ebekelwe ibhalansi ifinyelela ngaphezulu kwamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 wamalahle. .

Izici ezijwayelekile

Ngokuya ngeplanethi yemvelo, leli chibi liyinto ekhona esigcawini nasesikhathini, igcwaliswe ngodaba oluwuketshezi. Ngomqondo wokuma komhlaba, kuvezwa njengokudangala komhlaba okuvaliwe, lapho amanzi aqokelele khona nokuthi kuphi. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali lwamachibi kuhlala kuhlala isikhathi eside. Ukugcwaliswa kwento kuyenziwa kuvuselelwe, kepha kuningi kakhulu kunasemfuleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisinga ekhona kuwo ayisebenzi njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ekunqumeni umbuso. Amachibi ahlinzeka ngokuqondisa kokugeleza komfula. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka emanzini. Ngesikhathi sokusebenzelana, ezinye izinto zihlala emathambekeni aphansi, ezinye zingene emanzini. Kweminye imizimba yamanzi, imvamisa ngaphandle kokubaleka, okuqukethwe usawoti kuyakhuphuka ngenxa yokuhwamuka. Ngenxa yale nqubo, ushintsho olukhulu ekwakhiweni kwamachibi nosawoti kumachibi kwenzeka. Ngenxa ye-inertia enkulu eshisayo, izinto ezinkulu zithambisa izimo zezulu zezindawo eziseduze, zinciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesikhathi sonyaka nokwenzeka konyaka.

Izigxobo ezingezansi

Ngesikhathi sokuqongelela kwazo, kwenzeka izinguquko ezibalulekile ekukhululekeni nasosayizi bezisekelweni zamachibi. Ngokugcotshwa ngokweqile kwezidumbu zamanzi, kwakheka amafomu amasha - acacile futhi aqhakaza. Amachibi ahlala akha izithiyo zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu, nakho, kubangela ukugcwala kwamanzi ezindaweni eziseduze kwendawo. Emachibini kukhona ukuqongelela okuqhubekayo kwezinto zamaminerali nezinto eziphilayo. Njengomphumela, kwakhiwa umugqa we-sedimentary strata obukhulu. Ziyaguquka ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka okuthe xaxa kwezidalwa zamanzi nokuguqulwa kwazo zibe ngumhlaba noma ukubhukuda. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, izimbotshana eziphansi ziguqulwa zibe ngamaminerali asezintabeni avela ku-organic organic.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Ngokwemvelaphi yazo, izidumbu zamanzi zihlukaniswe zaba:

1. Amachibi e-Tectonic. Akhiwa ngenxa yokugcwaliswa kwemijondolo ku-crust ngamanzi. Ngakho-ke, uLwandle lweCaspian, ichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke eRussia nakuyo yonke iplanethi, kwakheka izindawo zokuhlala. Ngaphambi kokunyuka kogibe lweCaucasus, uLwandle lweCaspian lwaluhlotshaniswa nabamnyama. Esinye isibonelo sephutha elikhulu kakhulu i-East African Rift Structure. Kusuka esifundeni eseningizimu mpumalanga yezwekazi kuye enyakatho kuya eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia. Lapha kulele uchungechunge lwamachibi e-tectonic. Abadume kakhulu yiChibi. Albert, Tanganyika, Edward, Nyasa (Malawi). Ulwandle Olufile lungehlelo olufanayo. Kubhekwa njengechibi eliphansi kakhulu le-tectonic emhlabeni.
2. Amachibi omfula.
3. Amachibi asolwandle (izigodi zezihlambi zamanzi, izihlambi). Okudume kakhulu yi-lagoon yaseVietnam. Itholakala esifundeni esenyakatho ye-Adriatic Sea.
4. Amachibi amabi. Enye yezinto ezifakwa kwezinye zalezi zindawo zokugcina ukubukeka kwazo nokunyamalala kwazo ngezikhathi ezithile. Le nto incike kumandla athile wamandla komhlaba. Isibonelo ejwayelekile sechibi le-karst yiChibi. I-Ertsov, etholakala eningizimu. Ossetia.
5. Amachibi asezintabeni. Zitholakala emgodini womgogodla.
6. Amachibi amangalisayo. Bakha lapho ubukhulu beqhwa buguqulwa.
7. IDamu Ichibi. Amachibi anjalo akhiwa ngesikhathi sokuwa kwengxenye yentaba. Isibonelo sechibi elinjalo yiChibi. IRitsa, etholakala e-Abkhazia.

Amachibi emililo

Amachibi anjalo atholakala kuma-crores aqothulayo kanye namashubhu okuqhuma. Amachibi anjalo atholakala eYurophu. Isibonelo, amachibi wentaba-mlilo akhona esifundeni i-Eifel (eJalimane). Eduze kwabo, kubonakaliswa ukubonakaliswa okubuthakathaka komsebenzi wentaba-mlilo ngendlela yeziphethu ezishisayo. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwamachibi anjalo i-crater egcwele amanzi. Oz. I-crater yaseMazama Volcano e-Oregon yasungulwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingaphezu kuka-6.5 edlule. Ububanzi bayo bungamakhilomitha ayi-10 kanti ukujula kwayo kungamamitha angama-589. Amanye amachibi akhiwa lapho kuvinjelwa khona izigodi zentaba-mlilo ngokugeleza kwezihlahla zamaphiko. Kancane kancane, amanzi anqwabelana kuzo kanye namafomu okusindisa. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, wavela echibini. IKivu iwumgodi we-East African Rift Structure, esemngceleni weRwanda neZaire. Lakanye liphuma echibini. UMfula iTanganyika URuzizi wayegeleza esigodini saseKivu enyakatho, elibangise eNayile. Kepha kusukela ngesikhathi isiteshi sivinjiwe ngemuva kokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo esiseduze, kwagcwalisa umgodi.

Ezinye izinhlobo

Amachibi angakheka kuma-limestone voids. Amanzi ancibilikisa leli tshe, akha imihume emikhulu. Amachibi anjalo angenzeka ezindaweni ezifakwa ngaphansi kosawoti komhlaba. Amachibi angaba okwamakha. Zenzelwe, njengomthetho, wokugcina amanzi ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Imvamisa ukudalwa kwamachibi okufakelwa kuhlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zomsebenzi wasemhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izikhathi, ukubukeka kwabo kuyimiphumela emibi kubo.Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, amadamu okugcina akhiwa ekwakhekeni kwethala. Phakathi kwamachibi amakhulu kunabo bonke okufanele ubone iLake. INasser, esemngceleni weSudan neGibhithe. Yakhiwa ngokubiza isigodi somfula. INile. Esinye isibonelo sedamu elikhulu lokufakelwa echibini. Mid. Kuvele ngemuva kokufakwa kwedamu emfuleni. IColorado. Njengomthetho, amachibi anjalo asebenza iziteshi zamandla kagesi endawo futhi ahlinzeka ngamanzi ezindaweni zokuhlala eziseduze nezindawo zezimboni.

Amachibi amakhulu kakhulu e-glacial tectonic

Enye yezizathu ezinkulu zokwakheka kwezidumbu zamanzi ukunyakaza kokuqhuma komhlaba. Ngenxa yalokhu kususwa, amaqhwa akhwela kwezinye izimo. Amachibi ajwayelekile kakhulu emathafeni nasezintabeni. Zingatholakala kuzo zombili izisekelo futhi phakathi kwamagquma emafulethini. Amachibi we-Glacial-tectonic (izibonelo: ILadoga, i-Onega) zivame kakhulu eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Ama-Avalanches azishiyile ukucindezelwa okujulile ngemuva kwawo. Amanzi ancibilikile anqwabelana kuzo. Amadiphozithi (moraine) aqeda ukucindezelwa. Ngakho-ke, kwakhiwa izindawo zokugcina amanzi esifundeni iLake District. Phansi kweBolshoi Arber kukhona ichibi. I-Arbersee. Lo mzimba wamanzi wasala ngemuva kwenkathi yeqhwa.

Amachibi e-Tectonic: izibonelo, izici

Amachibi anjalo akhiwa ezindaweni zamaphutha angenamaphutha namaphutha. Imvamisa, amachibi omhlaba we-tectonic ajulile futhi mancane. Ziyahlukahluka ngasogwini lolayini oluqondile. Lezi zidumbu zamanzi zitholakala ikakhulu ngama-gorges ajulile. Amachibi e-tectonic aseRussia (izibonelo: iKurilskoye neDalnee eKamchatka) ahlukaniswa indawo ephansi (ngaphansi kweleveli yolwandle). Ngakho-ke, ichibi IKurilskoye itholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yeKamchatka, endaweni enhle ejulile. Le ndawo izungezwe izintaba. Ukujula okuphezulu kwesibambiso kungamamitha angama-360. Inamabhange asezingeni, lapho imifudlana eminingi yezintaba igeleza kuyo. Ukusuka kwichibi kugeleza p. Ichibi. Iziphethu ezishisayo zifika ebusweni ngasogwini. Maphakathi echibini kukhona ukuphakama okuncane - isiqhingi. Ibizwa ngokuthi "itshe lenhliziyo." Eduze kwechibi kunezindawo ezihlukile zokufaka ama-pumice. Babizwa ngokuthi ama-Kutkhins baht. Namuhla iChibi I-Kurilskoye iyindawo yokugcina imvelo futhi iveze isikhumbuzo sendalo yemvelo.

Ukubhebhetheka

Kukuphi, ngaphandle kweKamchatka, atholakala kuphi amachibi e-tectonic? Uhlu lwezindawo zokugcina odume kakhulu ezweni zifaka izinto ezinjengalezi:

Lezi zidumbu zamanzi zitholakala esisekelweni soMfula iSuna. Ehlathini-steppe Trans-Urals, amachibi e-tectonic nawo ayenzeka. Izibonelo zezidumbu zamanzi:

Ukujula kwezidumbu zamanzi eTrans-Ural Plain akudluli kumamitha ayi-8-10. Ngomsuka wazo, adluliselwa emachibini ohlobo lokuguguleka-kwe-tectonic. Ukudangala kwabo kwaguqulwa, ngokulandelana, ngaphansi kwethonya lenqubo yokuguguleka. Izidumbu eziningi zamanzi eTrans-Urals zitholakala emigodini yasendulo yomfula. Lawa ikakhulukazi, amachibi e-tectonic anjengeKamshshye, i-Alakul, i-Peschanoe, i-Etkul nabanye.

Ichibi elihlukile

Engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-Eastern Siberia kunechibi. IBaikal iyichibi le-tectonic. Ubude bawo bungaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-630., Futhi ubude basogwini bungama-2100 km. Ububanzi besilondolozi buyahlukahluka kusuka ku-25 kuye ku-79 km. Indawo yonke echibiniamamitha ayi-31,5. km Leli chibi libhekwa njengelijule kakhulu emhlabeni. Inomthamo omkhulu wamanzi amasha eMhlabeni (izinkulungwane ezingama-23 m 3). Lokhu kungu-1/10 wesitokwe somhlaba wonke. Ukuvuselelwa ngokuphelele kwamanzi endaweni yokugcina amanzi kwenzeka ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-332. Iminyaka yayo ingamalitha ayizigidi eziyi-15- 20. IBaikal ibhekwa njengenye yamachibi amadala kunabo bonke.

I-Terrain

IBaikal ilele ekucindezelekeni okujulile. Sizungezwe yizintaba ezimbozwe nge-taiga. Indawo eseduze nendawo yokugcina amanzi ibonakaliswa impumuzo eyinkimbinkimbi, ehluke kakhulu. Kude buduze nechibi uqobo, kuphawulwa ukwandiswa okuphawuliwe kwentambo yentaba. Ububanzi bugijima lapha ngokufana komunye nomunye ekuqondeni kusuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga. Bahlukaniswe yimidwebo engenalutho. Izigodi zemifula zigudla ezansi ngaphansi kwazo, futhi kwakhiwa amachibi amancane e-tectonic kwezinye izindawo. Ukudalulwa kokuqothuka komhlaba kwenzeka endaweni namuhla. Lokhu kukhonjiswa ukuzamazama komhlaba okuvama kakhulu eduze komgodi, ukuvela kweziphethu ezishisayo ebusweni, kanye nokwehliswa kwezindawo ezinkulu zogu. Amanzi echibini aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kubonakala ngokusobala okusobala nobumsulwa obuhlukile. Kwezinye izindawo, ungabona ngokucacile amatshe elele ekujuleni kwe-10-15 m, akhule nge-algae. I-disc emhlophe eyehliselwe emanzini iyabonakala ngisho nangamamitha angama-40.

Izici ezihlukanisayo

Ukwakheka kwechibi lenyanga ecrescent. Indawo yokugcina itholakala phakathi kwama-55 ° 47 'no-51 ° 28' ayihlwanyelayo. latitude ne-103 ° 43 'ne-109 ° 58' empumalanga. ubude. Ububanzi obukhulu phakathi nendawo bungamakhilomitha angama-81, ubuncane (maqondana nentaba yoMfula iSelenga) buyi-27 km. Leli chibi litholakala ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-455. Imifudlana nemifudlana igeleza emzimbeni wamanzi. Ingxenye yamanzi ingena isuka emfuleni. USelenga. Kugeleza umfula owodwa echibini - i-Angara. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi emphakathini wesayensi kusenezingxoxo mayelana nenani eliqondile lokugeleza okuphuma emzimbeni wamanzi. Iningi lososayensi liyavuma ukuthi bangaphansi kuka-336.

Into engamanzi egcwalisa ichibi ibhekwa njengehlukile emvelweni. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, amanzi acacile ngendlela emangalisayo futhi ahlanzekile, acebe umoya-mpilo. Esikhathini esedlule esedlule, bekubhekwa nokwelashwa. Izifo ezahlukahlukene zaphathwa ngamanzi eBaikal. Entwasahlobo, ukuvezwa kwayo kuphakeme. Ngokuya ngezinkomba, isondela kwelejwayelekile - ulwandle iSargasso. Kuyo, ukuvezwa kwamanzi kulinganiselwa kumamitha angama-65. Ngesikhathi sokugeleza kwenqwaba kosawoti, inkomba yaleli chibi iyancipha. Noma kunjalo, noma ngalesi sikhathi ekuthuleni okuphuma esikebheni ungabona phansi ekujuleni okuhle nokuhloniphekayo. Ukucaca okuphezulu kubangelwa umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yabo, ichibi alinawo amandla amaminerali. Amanzi ayalingana ngesakhiwo ukuze athuthukiswe. Ukubaluleka kweChibi I-Baikal kunzima ukuyidla ngokweqile. Kulokhu, umbuso uhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okukhethekile kwemvelo kule ndawo.

Izici Zokuziphatha Kwamachibi

Ngemuva kokutadisha amachibi isikhathi eside, ososayensi baveze izici ezimbalwa ezikhona kulolu hlobo lomzimba wamanzi.

1. Indawo yesibuko samanzi.
2. Ubude bolwandle.
3. Ubude bechibi. Ukukala lokhu, kuthathwa amaphuzu amabili akude kakhulu osogwini. Ngesikhathi sokulinganisa, ububanzi obuphakathi kunqunywa - lesi yisilinganiso sendawo ubude.
4. Umthamo webheshi eligcwele amanzi unqunywe.
5. Ukujula okuphakathi kwesibekeli kusethiwe, futhi ukujula okuphezulu kunqunywa futhi.

Ichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni iCaspian, futhi ekujuleni kweLake Baikal.

UMax. indawo engaphezulu, izinkulungwane km 2

Yiliphi izwekazi elikhona

Umsuka wamachibi

Onke amachibi akhona ahlukaniswe ngaphansi komhlaba kanye nomhlaba. Izimbiza ngokwazo zingaba ngemvelaphi engaphandle kwendabuko. Le nto inquma ukwakheka nosayizi wedamu. Emigodini emikhulu kunayo yonke, kukhona amachibi e-tectonic. Zingatholakala ema-tectonic depression, njenge-Ilmen, kumabhulokhi (eBaikal) noma ezindaweni eziphansi ezansi nasezifuleni zezintaba.

Amabheshi amaningi amakhulu anomsuka onzima we-tectonic. Ekwakhekeni kwabo bekubandakanya ukunyakaza okugoqiwe, okugoqiwe. Onke amachibi e-tectonic ahlukaniswa ngosayizi omkhulu nokujula okukhulu, ubukhona bezindawo ezinamadwala. Ngaphansi kwemizimba eminingi yamanzi isezingeni lolwandle, kanti izibuko ziphezulu kakhulu.

Kunephethini elithile ekuhlelweni kwamachibi e-tectonic: ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile emaphutheni omhlaba noma ezindaweni ezivulekile, kepha angakha izihlangu. Izibonelo zamachibi anjalo yiLadoga ne-Onega, etholakala eduze kweBaltic Shield.

Izinhlobo Zamachibi

Kukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwamachibi nguhulumeni wamanzi.

1. Ayisebenzi. Imifula igeleza kulezi zinhlobo zemizimba yamanzi, kodwa akukho noyedwa wayo ogelezayo. Iningi lazo zitholakala ezindaweni ezinomswakama onganele: ogwadule, i-semi-desert. ICaspian Sea-Lake ibhekiswe kulolu hlobo.
2. Indle. Imifula igeleza kulamachibi, futhi nawo avela kuwo. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zivame ukutholakala endaweni yomswakama ngokweqile. Inani elihlukile lemifula ligobhoza amachibi anjalo, kepha imvamisa iyaphuma. Isibonelo selichibi le-tectonic lohlobo lokukhuculula indle yiBaikal, Teletskoye.
3. Amachibi agelezayo. Imifula eminingi igelezela kulamachibi futhi iphumele ngaphandle. Izibonelo yiLake Ladoga ne-Onega.

Kunoma yimuphi umzimba wamanzi, ukondleka kwenzeka ngenxa yezulu, imifula, imithombo engaphansi kwamanzi. Ngokwengxenye, amanzi aphuma ngaphandle ebusweni bezindikimba zamanzi, aphuma noma ahamba ngaphansi komhlaba. Ngenxa yalesi sici, inani lamanzi echibini liyahluka. Isibonelo, iChad ngesikhathi sesomiso ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha skwele ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili, kepha ngesikhathi semvula, ichibi lihlala endaweni ephindwe kabili kunayo - cishe amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-24.

IBaikal

Ichibi elijulile nelikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni elinamanzi amasha. IBaikal itholakala eSiberia. Indawo yalesi bheshi ingaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-31, ukujula kungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1500. Uma ubheka iLake Baikal ngokuya ngevolumu yamanzi, khona-ke kuthatha indawo yesibili kuphela ngemuva kweCaspian Sea-Lake. Amanzi eBaikal ahlala ebanda: ehlobo - cishe ama degree ayisishiyagalolunye, futhi ebusika - kungadluli kathathu. Leli chibi lineziqhingi ezingamashumi amabili nambili: elikhulu kunazo zonke yi-Olkhon. Imifula engu-330 igeleza iBaikal, kepha kuphuma eyodwa kuphela - i-Angara.

IBaikal inomthelela esimweni sezulu saseSiberia: ithambisa ubusika futhi yenza ukubanda kwehlobo kube ngcono. Ukushisa okujwayelekile ngoJanuwari cishe -17 ° C, futhi ehlobo +16 ° C. ENingizimu nasenyakatho, inani elihlukile lezulu liwela phakathi nonyaka - ukusuka ku-200 kuye ku-900 mm. Kusukela ngoJanuwari kuze kube uMeyi, iBaikal imbozwe yiqhwa elibonakalayo. Lokhu kungenxa yamanzi ahlanzekile kakhulu futhi asobala - ungabona konke okwenzeka emanzini ngokujula okufika kumamitha angama-40.

Ezinye izinhlobo zamachibi

Kukhona amachibi acwebezelayo avela ekucutshungulwe yi-gloss ye-tectonic depressions yomhlaba wokuqhuma komhlaba. Izibonelo zamachibi anjalo yi-Onega, eLadoga. EKamchatka naseKuril Islands kukhona amachibi aqhuma intaba-mlilo. Kunamabhishi echibi avelayo ngenxa yokushiswa kwezwekazi.

Ezintabeni, amanye amachibi akhiwa ngenxa yokuqhuma, isibonelo, iLake Ritsa eCaucasus. Amachibi amancanyana avela ngaphezulu kwe-karst dips. Kunamachibi amise okomcibisholo okwenzeka emadwaleni aqinile. Lapho amathanga we-permafrost, kungaba namachibi angajulile.

Amachibi omsuka we-glacial-tectonic awatholakali ezintabeni kuphela, kodwa nasemathafeni. Amanzi agcwalisa izimbotshana ezilinywa ngokoqobo ngamaqhwa. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba kweqhwa kusuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga kuye eningizimu-mpumalanga eceleni komfula, iqhwa lalibonakala sengathi lenza umsele. Kwakugcwele amanzi: kwakhiwa imizimba eminingi yamanzi.

Ichibi leLadoga

Elinye lamachibi amakhulu acwebezelayo yiLadoga. Itholakala esifundeni saseLeningrad naseKarelia.

Indawo echibini elingaphezulu kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nesikhombisa: ububanzi bendawo yokugcina icishe ibe ngamakhilomitha ayi-140, futhi ubude bungama-219 km. Ukujula kulo lonke ubheshi akulingani: engxenyeni esenyakatho isukela kumashumi ayisishiyagalombili kuya kumakhulu amabili amamitha, kuthi eningizimu - kufinyelele kumamitha angamashumi ayisikhombisa. Imifula engama-35 isuthiswa yiLadoga, kanti kuqalwa eyodwa kuphela - iNeva.

Kukhona iziqhingi eziningi echibini, phakathi kwazo ezinkulu kukhona iKilpola, Valaam, Mantinsari.

ILake Ladoga iqina ebusika, futhi ivulwa ngo-Ephreli. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi ebusweni alilingani: engxenyeni esenyakatho icishe ibe ngamadigri ayishumi nane, kuthi engxenyeni eseningizimu icishe ibe ngama degree angamashumi amabili.

Amanzi echibini loluhlobo lwe-hydrocarbonate enezimbiwa ezibuthakathaka. Ihlanzekile, ukubonakala kwayo kufinyelela kumamitha ayisikhombisa. Kuwo wonke unyaka kuba nezivunguvungu (iningi lakho lisesikhathini), ezolile (imvamisa kakhulu ehlobo).

I-Onega namanye amachibi

Iningi leziqhingi esiQhingini se-Onega: zingaphezu kwenkulungwane. Omkhulu wabo nguKlimetsky. Imifula engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu igeleza kule ndawo yokugcina amanzi, futhi yi-Svir kuphela evela khona.

Kunamachibi amaningi e-tectonic eRussia, phakathi kwawo kukhona indawo yokubamba indawo, kubandakanya i-Ilmen, Saimaa, iLake Onega.

Kukhona amachibi emvelaphi efanayo eKrasnaya Polyana, isibonelo iKhmelevskie. Ukwakheka kwabo kwahlinzekwa yi-deflection eyavela ezinqubweni zokubhujiswa kokuqothuka komhlaba. Ukuduka okubangelwe yilokhu kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwemigodi eyayigcwele amanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka amachibi eKhmelevsky kule ndawo, aba yipaki yezwe. Kunamachibi amakhulu amane nezindawo zokugcina ezingashoni eziningi, ukubhukuda.

Amachibi amakhulu akhiwe eRussia abaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho. Lokhu kunikezwa kwamanzi amaningi amasha. Ukuzulazula kwakhiwa emanzini amachibi amaningi amakhulu. Izikhungo zokuzithokozisa zitholakala emabhange, izindawo zokudoba zinezixhobo. Kumachibi amakhulu kakhulu, njengeLadoga, ukudoba kuyaqhubeka.